| a seroepidemiological survey of toxocariasis among eosinophilia patients in chungcheongnam-do. | there have been several reports on the relationship between toxocariasis and eosinophilia, but all have been limited to the areas of seoul or gangwon-do. in the present study, we investigated the seroprevalence of toxocariasis among eosinophilia patients in chungcheongnam-do, the central district of korea. among the 101 patients tested, 51 (50.5%) were identified as positive by toxocara elisa, and 46 (45.5%) were confidently diagnosed with toxocariasis because of absence of any other cause of eo ... | 2012 | 22949755 |
| prevalence of intestinal parasites in pet shop kittens in japan. | the present study examined the prevalence of intestinal parasites in kittens from five pet shops in east japan. fresh faecal samples were collected from 555 kittens (aged 1-3 months) on a single occasion. the samples were tested for the presence of giardia species coproantigen using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. other intestinal parasites were identified microscopically using the formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation technique. the overall prevalence of intestina ... | 2013 | 23635413 |
| high infectivity of toxocara cati larvae from muscles of experimentally infected rats. | the organ distribution of toxocara cati larvae in albino rats rattus norvegicus (n=6/group) experimentally inoculated with 1000 embryonated eggs was examined 1, 2, 3, 7, 30, 90, and 180 days post inoculation (dpi), and the infectivity of recovered larvae was evaluated by bioassay in mice. the intestines, liver, lungs, muscles (carcass) and other organs (heart, brain, spleen, kidneys and genital organs) were digested for larval recovery. larvae were recovered from all rats, with the mean number o ... | 2013 | 23566406 |
| toxocariasis and epilepsy: systematic review and meta-analysis. | human toxocariasis is a zoonotic infection caused by the larval stages of toxocara canis (t. canis) and less frequently toxocara cati (t. cati). a relationship between toxocariasis and epilepsy has been hypothesized. we conducted a systematic review and a meta-analysis of available data to evaluate the strength of association between epilepsy and toxocara spp. seropositivity and to propose some guidelines for future surveys. | 2012 | 22905274 |
| advances in molecular identification, taxonomy, genetic variation and diagnosis of toxocara spp. | the genus toxocara contains parasitic nematodes of human and animal health significance, such as toxocara canis, toxocara cati and toxocara vitulorum. t. canis and t. cati are among the most prevalent parasites of dogs and cats with a worldwide distribution. human infection with t. canis and t. cati, which can cause a number of clinical manifestations such as visceral larva migrans (vlms), ocular larva migrans (olms), eosinophilic meningoencephalitis (eme), covert toxocariasis (ct) and neurotoxo ... | 2012 | 22569289 |
| the epidemiology and public health importance of toxocariasis: a zoonosis of global importance. | toxocariasis, caused by infection with larvae of toxocara canis, and to a lesser extent by toxocara cati and other ascaridoid species, manifests in humans in a range of clinical syndromes. these include visceral and ocular larva migrans, neurotoxocariasis and covert or common toxocariasis. toxocara canis is one of the most widespread public health and economically important zoonotic parasitic infections humans share with dogs, cats and wild canids, particularly foxes. this neglected disease has ... | 2013 | 23954435 |
| [cardiovascular manifestations of human toxocariasis]. | toxocariasis is a parasitic infection produced by helminths that cannot reach their adult stage in humans. for their etiological species (toxocara canis and toxocara cati), man is a paratenic host. infection by such helminths can produce a variety of clinical manifestations, such as: visceral larvae migrans syndrome, ocular larvae migrans syndrome and covert toxocariasis. in the visceral larvae migrans syndrome, the organs that are mainly involved include liver, lungs, skin, nervous system, musc ... | 2013 | 23462238 |
| genetic analysis of toxocara cati (nematoda: ascarididae) from guangdong province, subtropical china. | toxocara cati (cat roundworm) is a common parasitic nematode that infects humans and other hosts, causing toxocariasis. although its significance as a pathogen, the epidemiology, genetics and biology of t. cati remain poorly understand in china. in the present study, genetic variation in mitochondrial (mt) cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene and internal transcribed spacer (its) of rdna region among t. cati in guangdong province, subtropical china was examined. a portion of the cox1 (pcox ... | 2017 | 28141958 |
| frequency of gastrointestinal parasites in cats seen at the university of são paulo veterinary hospital, brazil. | the frequency of gastrointestinal infections in 502 cats seen at the veterinary hospital of the university of são paulo, sp, brazil, between 2005 and 2014, was measured. the samples were analyzed using methods of flotation and sedimentation. the results were compared with those from studies published previously using fecal samples from the same hospital at different times. associations between the frequency of positivity for each parasite and age, breed, sex, diarrhea and use of anthelmintic wer ... | 2016 | 27925073 |
| a case report of ocular toxocariasis. | ocular toxocariasis is prevalent among children. the symptoms and signs may mimic other ocular pathologies such as malignancies and other infectious diseases (such as toxoplasmosis and syphilis). we presented a case of progressive blurring of vision in a single eye of a 9-year-old boy. the presence of anti-toxocara antibody in serum samples helps to confirmation the diagnosis in our patient. despite of treatment, the boy had lost his vision on the affected eye. | 2011 | 23569750 |
| helminth infections and gut microbiota - a feline perspective. | investigations of the relationships between the gut microbiota and gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes are attracting growing interest by the scientific community, driven by the need to better understand the contribution of parasite-associated changes in the composition of the gut flora to both host malnutrition and immune modulation. these studies have however been carried out mainly in humans and experimental animals, while knowledge of the make-up of the gut commensal flora in presence or ab ... | 2016 | 27912797 |
| prevalence and risk factors for patent toxocara infections in cats and cat owners' attitude towards deworming. | the prevalence of and risk factors for shedding toxocara eggs in cats older than 6 months were determined by examining 670 faecal samples collected in 4 cross-sectional studies in the netherlands. additionally, cat owners provided information on their attitude towards routine deworming. samples were examined using the centrifugal sedimentation flotation method. overall toxocara prevalence was 7.2 %. multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that young age and living in rural areas were ... | 2016 | 27637227 |
| a rare cause of hypereosinophilia: a case report. | toxocariasis is a parasitic disease caused by the larval stage of toxocara cati and t. canis, which live in the intestinal system of cats (t. cati) and dogs (t. canis). infective eggs can enter the gastrointestinal system by the oral route via foods contaminated with feces of dogs or cats or via dirty contaminated hands. the larvae penetrate the small intestine and migrate to visceral organs by systemic circulation. hypereosinophilia is a common finding in the tissue invasion of parasites. serol ... | 2016 | 27594294 |
| first report of toxocara cati in the domestic land snail rumina decollata. | the prospective role of the land snail rumina decollata as a potential paratenic host of toxocara cati for domestic cats was studied. r. decollata specimens and cats' feces were collected from the open spaces of a buenos aires city hospital. cats' feces were analyzed and snails were digested to identify t. cati stages, by morphological and molecular analyses. t. cati larval eggs were recovered from 23.5% (4/17) of the sampled feces. twenty percent of snail pools (5/25) were confirmed to be posit ... | 2017 | 27567520 |
| modified method to enhanced recovery of toxocara cati larvae for the purposes of diagnostic and therapeutic. | human toxocariasis, extraintestinal-migration of toxocara species, is a worldwide helminthic zoonosis in many places of the undeveloped countries. toxocara cati is one of the common helminths in cats and it is a potentially preventable disease. its diagnosis and treatment depend on the demonstration of specific excretory-secretory toxocara antibodies from toxocara larvae by immunological assays. this study provides a simple manual technique which can be performed in any laboratory for recovering ... | 2016 | 27502936 |
| a cross-sectional study of tritrichomonas foetus infection in feral and shelter cats in prince edward island, canada. | a cross-sectional study examined the occurrence of tritrichomonas foetus, and other intestinal parasites, in feral and shelter cats in prince edward island (pei). fecal samples were collected from 100 feral cats, 100 cats from the pei humane society, and 5 cats from a private residence. the occurrence of t. foetus, based on fecal culture, was 0% in feral and shelter cats. a single positive sample was obtained from an owned abyssinian cat that was imported to pei. intestinal parasites were identi ... | 2016 | 26933262 |
| stray animal and human defecation as sources of soil-transmitted helminth eggs in playgrounds of peninsular malaysia. | soil contaminated with helminth eggs and protozoan cysts is a potential source of infection and poses a threat to the public, especially to young children frequenting playgrounds. the present study determines the levels of infection of helminth eggs in soil samples from urban and suburban playgrounds in five states in peninsular malaysia and identifies one source of contamination via faecal screening from stray animals. three hundred soil samples from 60 playgrounds in five states in peninsular ... | 2015 | 25273274 |
| toxocara cati larvae in the eye of a child: a case report. | toxocariasis is a consequence of human infection by toxocara larvae. there are symptomatic (visceral, ocular) and asymptomatic course of toxocariasis. the ocular form is very rare. we present a 6-year-old patient who developed an ocular form of toxocariasis caused by toxocara cati. he demonstrated lesions in the peripheral retina of the right eye. white granuloma was present in the superior peripheral retina. a positive immunological assay for toxocariasis essentially completed the outcomes. on ... | 2014 | 25183145 |
| helminths in feline coprolites up to 9000 years in the brazilian northeast. | the identification of parasites in animal coprolites has been an important tool to promote knowledge about parasites infecting different zoological groups in the past. it also helps the understanding of parasites causing zoonoses, which is especially important for animals that were part of the diet of prehistoric human groups. nevertheless, the study of feline coprolites is still scarce. this study analyzed 30 feline coprolites from southeastern piauí taken from archeological sites used by human ... | 2014 | 25124856 |
| experimental infection with toxocara cati in pigs: migratory pattern and pathological response in early phase. | experimental inoculations of approximately 100,000 infective toxocara cati larval eggs were done in twelve pigs. the t. cati eggs used for inoculation were collected from cat's feces. another group of three pigs served as an uninfected control. groups of infected pigs were euthanized at seven, 14, 21, and 28 days post-inoculation (dpi). tissue samples were taken for digestion and histopathology changes in early phase. the number of larvae recovered from the lungs peaked at seven and 14 dpi and w ... | 2015 | 25076437 |
| a toxocara cati eggs concentration method from cats' faeces, for experimental and diagnostic purposes. | toxocariosis is a zoonotic parasite infection worldwide distributed, now considered a neglected disease associated to poverty. for experimental infection in animals and to develop the diagnosis in humans it is necessary to obtain large number of toxocara spp. larval eggs. toxocara cati eggs recovered percentage from faeces of infected cats was determined employing a novel egg concentration method. the mcmaster egg counting technique and the concentration method were applied on 20 positive cats' ... | 2014 | 24959943 |
| efficacy of a novel topical combination of fipronil, (s)-methoprene, eprinomectin and praziquantel against adult and larval stages of toxocara cati in cats. | the efficacy of a novel topical combination of fipronil 8.3% (w/v), (s)-methoprene 10% (w/v), eprinomectin 0.4% (w/v), and praziquantel 8.3% (w/v) (broadline(®), merial) was evaluated against adult and larval toxocara cati in four controlled studies. all studies included experimentally infected, purpose-bred, short-haired cats. in two studies, 22 or 20 cats harbouring patent infections as confirmed by pre-treatment faecal examination, were included. within each study, cats were allocated to one ... | 2014 | 24703074 |
| a retrospective investigation of feline gastrointestinal parasites in western canada. | between 1998 and 2008, feline fecal specimens were submitted to provincial veterinary diagnostic laboratories in regina and saskatoon, saskatchewan, for sucrose centrifugation-flotation (n = 635), parasite identification (n = 17), and/or giardia (n = 283) or cryptosporidium (n = 266) commercial direct immunofluorescence assay (ifa). the most commonly detected parasites on flotation were toxocara cati (4.7%), isospora (3.8%), and taeniid eggs (echinococcus or taenia) (1.3%). cats less than 2 year ... | 2013 | 24082162 |
| toxocara nematodes in stray cats from shiraz, southern iran: intensity of infection and molecular identification of the isolates. | toxocara is a common nematode of cats in different parts of iran. despite the close association of cats with human, no attempt has been done so far for molecular identification of this nematode in the country. therefore, current study was performed on identification of some isolates of toxocara from stray cats in shiraz, fars province, southern iran, based on morphological and molecular approaches, and also determination of intensity of infection. | 2013 | 25516741 |
| age-dependant prevalence of endoparasites in young dogs and cats up to one year of age. | the results of parasitological examination of faecal samples from 1,206 cats and 2,319 dogs of known age up to one year were analysed. eggs of toxocara canis were detected in dogs for the first time at the beginning of the 3rd week, oocysts of isospora spp. and cysts of giardia spp. at the beginning of the 4th week p.p. high infection rates with giardia spp. (52.5 %) were demonstrated in the 12th week, i. canis (30.0 %) in the 15th week, i. ohioensis complex (44.0 %) in the 6th week, isospora sp ... | 2013 | 23779224 |
| visceral larva migrans presenting with hypereosinophilia. | toxocariasis is an infection caused by the ingestion of larvae of the dog toxocara canis or the cat toxocara cati. a 2.5 year old boy was admitted to our clinics with fever, abdominal pain and loss of appetite. his medical history included geophagia (pica) and amebiasis infection. on admission, the physical examination revealed hepatomegaly and pallor. there was marked eosinophilia with leukocytosis, anemia, hypergammaglobulinemia and elevated serum ig e titers. toxocariasis was confirmed by ant ... | 2013 | 23619050 |
| molecular identification of nematode larvae different from those of the trichinella genus detected by muscle digestion. | although larvae of the genus trichinella are the most common parasite species detected in vertebrate muscles using artificial digestion, nematode larvae belonging to other genera are sometimes detected and incorrectly identified as trichinella. however, it is often very difficult to identify these larvae at the species, genus or family level using microscopy because of the absence of specific morphological characters or cuticle damage, and the only means of identification is pcr and sequencing o ... | 2013 | 23433986 |
| a comparative histopathology, serology and molecular study, on experimental ocular toxocariasis by toxocara cati in mongolian gerbils and wistar rats. | the aim of this study was to compare the performance of three in-house diagnostic tests, that is, histopathology, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), and polymerase chain reaction (pcr), for the diagnosis after experimental infection with toxocara cati. twenty mongolian gerbils and wistar rats were divided into ten groups (n = 2/group). toxocara cati infections were established in mongolian gerbils and wistar rats by administering doses of 240 and 2500 embryonated toxocara cati eggs by ga ... | 2013 | 24069585 |
| lung histopathology, radiography, high-resolution computed tomography, and bronchio-alveolar lavage cytology are altered by toxocara cati infection in cats and is independent of development of adult intestinal parasites. | this study presents clinical findings after oral ingestion of toxocara cati eggs which resulted in rapid pulmonary lung migration and parenchymal disease, noted on clinically relevant diagnostic methods. further, the study investigated the efficacy of pre-infection applications of preventative medication on larval migration through the lungs. a third aim of the study was to determine if adult cats infected with t. cati developed lung disease. cats in infected groups were administered five oral d ... | 2013 | 23411376 |
| toxocara cati larva migrans in domestic pigs--detected at slaughterhouse control in norway. | routine trichinella meat inspection at the slaughterhouse detected one larva in a pooled batch of 100 pig samples. the larva was sent to the norwegian veterinary institute (nvi) for species identification.morphological examination revealed that the larva was not trichinella spp. molecular analysis was performed. pcr and sequencing of 5s/its identified the larva as toxocara cati. a second round of digests was carried out at the meat inspection laboratory, in smaller batches to try to identify the ... | 2012 | 23171732 |
| endoparasites of the eurasian lynx (lynx lynx) in finland. | we sampled 339 fecal samples, 296 intestines, and 82 lungs from 371 lynx hunted during the 2010-2011 season in finland. the fecal samples were analyzed for endoparasites by a quantitative flotation method, and helminths from intestines were studied morphologically, while lungs were investigated for pulmonary parasites. from fecal samples, eggs and oocysts of at least 6 different endoparasite species were identified, with a mean of 1.5 (range 0-4) parasite species per host. in the intestines, at ... | 2013 | 23016871 |
| longitudinal myelitis caused by visceral larva migrans associated with toxocara cati infection: case report. | | 2012 | 22424728 |
| endoparasites of eurasian lynx (lynx lynx) (linnaeus, 1758) from an enclosure of western pomeranian nature society in jablonowo | the aim of this study was to describe parasites of three lynx living in an enclosure of western pomeranian nature society in jablonowo. during analysis of 3 gram faecal samples eggs of toxascaris leonina, toxocara cati, ancylostoma sp. and oocysts of cystoisospora felis were found. to our knowledge this is the first report of c. felis infection in lynx from poland. presented research show that wild cats in captivity are particularly exposed on parasitic infections and demand regular examination. | 2017 | 28601059 |
| gastrointestinal parasites in stray and shelter cats in the municipality of rio de janeiro, brazil. | the increasingly urban nature of the population has led many people to choose independent pets, such as cats. this situation has also made it possible for these animals to be abandoned, thus increasing the numbers of cats on the streets and in shelters. these animals can act as a source of infection for other hosts. between 2014 and 2015, the frequency of gastrointestinal parasites in captive and stray cats in the municipality of rio de janeiro was analyzed. ninety-one fecal samples were collect ... | 2017 | 28678896 |
| road killed carnivores illustrate the status of zoonotic helminthes in caspian sea littoral of iran. | carnivore carcasses on the roads can be regarded as study materials in parasitology and eco-epidemiology. stray carnivores such as dogs and cats are known to harbor so many different pathogens like zoonotic helminthes. the current investigation, apparent the status of the helminthic parasites found in road killed carnivores from different parts of guilan province north of iran. | 2017 | 28761483 |
| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for coproantigen detection of ancylostoma caninum and toxocara canis in dogs and toxocara cati in cats. | we report the development and field validation of 2 elisas for the detection of ancylostoma caninum or toxocara canis coproantigens in the feces of dogs with experimental and natural infections, and evidence of cross-reactivity with respective feline counterparts. a. caninum-specific coproantigens were detected in feces of experimentally infected dogs starting at 9 d post-infection (dpi), whereas eggs were not seen until 23 dpi. t. canis-specific coproantigens were detected in 3 of 5 experimenta ... | 2017 | 28424002 |
| gastrointestinal helminths and ectoparasites in the stray cats (felidae: felis catus) of ahar municipality, northwestern iran. | the stray cats are considered as the sources of emerging humans and domestic livestock pathogens and the zoonoses of public health importance. the present study was aimed to elucidate intestinal helminth infections and infestation with ectoparasites of the stray cats of ahar city, northwestern iran. | 2017 | 28761492 |
| efficacy of a new spot-on formulation of selamectin plus sarolaner against ancylostoma tubaeforme and toxocara cati in cats. | the efficacy of a new spot-on formulation of selamectin plus sarolaner for cats was evaluated against induced infections with ancylostoma tubaeforme (hookworm) and toxocara cati (roundworm). five laboratory studies were conducted using adult, purpose-bred cats. four of the studies were designed to evaluate efficacy of the combination against a. tubaeforme, the dose-limiting gastrointestinal nematode species for selamectin. in two of these studies non-interference between selamectin and sarolaner ... | 2017 | 28395755 |
| treatment of larva migrans syndrome with long-term administration of albendazole. | larva migrans syndrome is a food-borne parasitic disease in humans, caused by accidental ingestion of eggs or larvae of ascarid nematodes, namely, toxocara canis, toxocara cati, or ascaris suum, the roundworms commonly found in the intestines of dogs, cats and pigs respectively. when a patient is diagnosed as having larva migrans syndrome, oral-administration of albendazole is recommended, however, the regimen remains controversial worldwide. in japan, the duration of albendazole administration ... | 2017 | 28754237 |
| prevalence of toxoplasma gondii and other gastrointestinal parasites in domestic cats from households in thika region, kenya. | gastrointestinal (git) parasites of domestic cats (felis catus) not only cause morbidity but are also potential zoonotic agents. the current study aimed at establishing the prevalence of git parasites in cats kept by households in thika region, kenya. fecal samples were collected randomly from 103 cats and analyzed for presence of parasites using standard parasitological methods. in descending order, the prevalence of the detected protozoa parasites was isospora spp. 43.7% (95% ci: 40.4-47%), cr ... | 2017 | 28691033 |
| assessment of u.s. pediatrician knowledge of toxocariasis. | toxocariasis, one of a group of parasitic diseases known as neglected parasitic infections, is a disease caused by the larvae of two species of toxocara roundworms, toxocara canis, from dogs, and less commonly toxocara cati, from cats. although most infected individuals are asymptomatic, clinical manifestations may include fever, fatigue, coughing, wheezing, or abdominal pain (visceral toxocariasis) or vision loss, retina damage, or eye inflammation (ocular toxocariasis). to assess u.s. pediatri ... | 2017 | 28820703 |
| the 33.1 kda excretory/secretory protein produced by toxocara canis larvae serves as a potential common biomarker for serodiagnosis of toxocariasis in paratenic animals and human. | toxocariasis is a prevalent zoonosis disease caused by the closely related nematode species toxocara canis and toxocara cati which parasitise canidae and felidae respectively. in paratenic hosts, larvae of these worms cause multiple organ damage. however, how these paratenic hosts response to these worms and whether any common biomarker can be applied for diagnosis are still unclear. | 2017 | 28761463 |
| [toxocariasis, a neglected disease in switzerland ?] | toxocariasis is a zoonotic disease that occurs when humans are infected by the parasites toxocara canis or toxocara cati. toxocariasis is highly prevalent in tropical areas, but can also be found in industrialized countries, particularly in rural areas. clinical presentation can range from asymptomatic infection to more severe disease. diagnosis of toxocariasis is based on suggestive clinical findings, eosinophilia and a positive serological testing. albendazole represents the first-line treatme ... | 2017 | 28727331 |
| differentiation of toxocara canis and toxocara cati based on pcr-rflp analyses of rdna-its and mitochondrial cox1 and nad1 regions. | the definitive genetic identification of toxocara species is currently based on pcr/sequencing. the objectives of the present study were to design and conduct an in silico polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method for identification of toxocara species. in silico analyses using the dnasis and nebcutter softwares were performed with rdna internal transcribed spacers, and mitochondrial cox1 and nad1 sequences obtained in our previous studies along with relevant sequ ... | 2017 | 28682773 |
| environmental contamination with toxocara spp. eggs in public parks and playground sandpits of greater lisbon, portugal. | toxocarosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease transmitted from companion animals to humans. environmental contamination with toxocara eggs is considered to be the main source of human infections. in portugal, knowledge regarding the current situation, including density, distribution and environmental contamination by toxocara spp., is largely unknown. the present study investigated environmental contamination with toxocara spp. eggs, in soil and faecal samples collected from public parks and playg ... | 2017 | 28545900 |
| abnormal neurobehaviour and impaired memory function as a consequence of toxocara canis- as well as toxocara cati-induced neurotoxocarosis. | neuroinvasive larvae of the worldwide occurring zoonotic roundworms toxocara canis and t. cati may induce neurotoxocarosis (nt) in humans, provoking a variety of symptoms including cognitive deficits as well as neurological dysfunctions. an association with neuropsychological disorders has been discussed. similar symptoms have been described in t. canis-infected mice, whereas data on t. cati-induced nt are rare. therefore, it was aimed to obtain insights into the impact on neurobehaviour as well ... | 2017 | 28481889 |
| monoclonal antibody against toxocara cati second-stage larvae. | | 2017 | 28636499 |
| treatment of third-stage larvae of toxocara cati with milbemycin oxime plus praziquantel tablets and emodepside plus praziquantel spot-on formulation in experimentally infected cats. | toxocara cati is the most prevalent gastrointestinal helminth in cats worldwide, with cats of all ages at risk of infection. an anthelminthic treatment that not only affects the gut-dwelling stages of this parasite but is also effective against developmental stages in the tissue has the advantage that the pathology caused by migrating larvae is minimized and the need for repeated treatments is reduced. this study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of milbemycin oxime/praziquantel tablets (mi ... | 2012 | 22864864 |
| tolerance to low temperatures of toxocara cati larvae in chicken muscle tissue. | infectivity of toxocara cati larvae in muscle tissue of chickens after storage at 4°c and -25°c was assessed in a mouse bioassay to provide information on the risk of meat-borne toxocarosis. muscle tissue samples of 30-day old t. cati infections were stored at 4°c for 14 and 28 days and at -25°c for 12, 24 and 48 h, whereafter, larvae were released by digestion. for each experimental group, the released larvae were inoculated in six mice. after 15 days, mice were euthanized and larval burden was ... | 2012 | 22647462 |