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control and therapeutic management of bovine tropical theileriosis in crossbred cattle.bovine tropical theileriosis (btt) is a disease of worldwide economic importance in cattle, caused by theileria annulata, a protozoan parasite, and transmitted cyclically by ticks. the disease is one of the serious constraints to dairy industry in endemic areas like india, leading to fatal infections in exotic cattle and significant mortality in cross-bred cattle and zebu cattle. the present report demonstrates the clinical manifestation, haematological alteration and therapeutic management of t ...201627065628
flow cytometry based profiling of leukocytes: a new method for diagnosis of tropical theileriosis in crossbred cattle.in india, dairy industries are important for the livelihood of small scale farmers and dairy owners. tropical theileriosis, mostly affecting dairy cattle and buffaloes is a major threat to dairy and related industries. tropical theileriosis is caused by theileria annulata, a hemoprotozoan parasite transmitted by ixodid ticks of hyalomma spp. in the present study, we examined the clinical signs, hematological parameters and flow cytometric profile of whole blood in 30 theileriosis affected crossb ...201527047047
comparison of molecular and microscopic technique for detection of theileria annulata from the field cases of cattle.tropical theileriosis is fatal hemoprotozoal disease of dairy animals caused by theileria annulata. the aim of the present study was to detect the t. annulata and comparison of results of molecular and microscopic techniques.201527047045
no change in mrna expression of immune-related genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells challenged with theileria annulata in murrah buffalo (bubalus bubalis).water buffaloes (bubalus bubalis) act as carrier to theileria annulata and show less clinical sign of tropical theileriosis as compared to indigenous and exotic cattle. differential expression of immune-related genes such as major histocompatibility complex, class ii, dq alpha 1 (mhc-dqα), signal-regulatory protein alpha (sirpa), prion protein (prnp), toll-like receptor 10 (tlr10), c-musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog (cmaf) and v-maf avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene ...201626997138
in vitro screening of the open-source medicines for malaria venture malaria box reveals novel compounds with profound activities against theileria annulata schizonts.intracellular schizonts of the apicomplexans theileria annulata and theileria parva immortalize bovine leukocytes and thereby cause fatal diseases. the hydroxynaphthoquinone buparvaquone is currently the only option for the treatment of theileriosis, and resistance development has been reported. it is therefore tempting to investigate the repurposing of compounds effective against related apicomplexan parasites, such as plasmodium here, we present the results of a screen of 400 compounds include ...201626976863
validation of reference genes for quantitative real-time pcr in bovine pbmcs transformed and non-transformed by theileria annulata.theileria annulata is a tick-borne intracellular protozoan parasite that causes tropical theileriosis, a fatal bovine lymphoproliferative disease. the parasite predominantly invades bovine b lymphocytes and macrophages and induces host cell transformation by a mechanism that is not fully comprehended. analysis of signaling pathways by quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) could be a highly efficient means to understand this transformation mechanism. however, accurate analysis of qpcr data relies on ...201626951977
identification and characterization of theileria ovis surface protein (tosp) resembled tasp in theileria annulata.ovine theileriosis is an important hemoprotozoal disease of sheep and goats in tropical and subtropical regions which caused high economic loses in the livestock industry. theileria annulata surface protein (tasp) was used previously as a tool for serological analysis in livestock. since the amino acid sequences of tasp is, at least, in part very conserved in t. annulata, theileria lestoquardi and theileria china i and ii, it is very important to determine the amino acid sequence of this protein ...201626833323
first report of the tick hyalomma scupense (natural vector of bovine tropical theileriosis) on the french mediterranean island of corsica.hyalomma scupense (acari, ixodidae) is a common tick species found in several areas in north africa, asia and south europe and an efficient natural vector of bovine tropical theileriosis (theileria annulata), a livestock disease with an important economic impact. for one year, 1938 ticks were collected on cattle in several corsican slaughterhouses; 168 of them were morphologically identified as h. scupense. this result was confirmed by genetic identification using sequences of mitochondrial cyto ...201626801592
molecular and phylogenetic analysis revealed new genotypes of theileria annulata parasites from india.tick borne diseases impinge cattle worldwide causing mortality and resulting in huge economic losses. theileriosis is one of the important tick borne diseases mainly caused by theileria annulata and one of the commonly occurring infections among the livestock. t. annulata causes immense loss to the livestock industry and therefore, efficacious eradication and control strategies are needed for the control of the disease. genetic diversity among t. annulata parasites is another important aspect wh ...201526381127
detection of theileriosis in cattle and buffaloes by polymerase chain reaction.bovine tropical theileriosis caused by theileria annulata is a tick-borne disease of great economic importance in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. the present study was undertaken to detect theilerosis in cattle and buffaloes by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the diagnosis of theileriosis is usually carried out by blood smear staining technique, which is not sufficiently sensitive to detect the piroplasms in the carrier animals. in this study, a total of 116 samples were collecte ...201526345061
apiap2 factors as candidate regulators of stochastic commitment to merozoite production in theileria annulata.differentiation of one life-cycle stage to the next is critical for survival and transmission of apicomplexan parasites. a number of studies have shown that stage differentiation is a stochastic process and is associated with a point that commits the cell to a change over in the pattern of gene expression. studies on differentiation to merozoite production (merogony) in t. annulata postulated that commitment involves a concentration threshold of dna binding proteins and an auto-regulatory loop.201526273826
molecular epidemiology, risk factors and hematochemical alterations induced by theileria annulata in bovines of punjab (india).bovine tropical theileriosis, caused by theileria annulata, is one of the economically important fatal tick borne haemoprotozoan diseases of dairy animals. the aim of present investigation was to map the distribution of t. annulata in bovines of punjab state of india in relation to various risk factors including age, sex of animals, location and management of farms. in a cross sectional study, a total of 1278 blood samples were randomly collected from twenty districts falling in five major agro- ...201526204174
detection of theileria annulata in blood samples of native cattle by pcr and smear method in southeast of iran.theileria annulata, a protozoan parasite of cattle is causes tropical theileriosis. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used to assess the presence and the frequency of t. annulata infection in blood samples obtained from carrier cattle in kerman, southeast of iran. blood samples were collected in citrate solution from 150 native cattle with mean age of 1 year which selected randomly. primarily, a thin layer smear was prepared from their ear sublime vein blood and was fixed with methanol and sta ...201526064010
sequence polymorphism of cytochrome b gene in theileria annulata tunisian isolates and its association with buparvaquone treatment failure.buparvaquone (bw 720c) is the major hydroxynaphtoquinone active against tropical theileriosis (theileria annulata infection). previous studies showed that buparvaquone, similarly to others hydroxynaphtoquinone, probably acts by binding to cytochrome b (cyt b) inhibiting the electron transport chain in the parasite. several observations suggested that t. annulata is becoming resistant to buparvaquone in many endemic regions (tunisia, turkey and iran), which may hinder the development of bovine li ...201526061414
theileria-transformed bovine leukocytes have cancer hallmarks.the genus theileria includes tick-transmitted apicomplexan parasites of ruminants with substantial economic impact in endemic countries. some species, including theileria parva and theileria annulata, infect leukocytes where they induce phenotypes that are shared with some cancers, most notably immortalization, hyperproliferation, and dissemination. despite considerable research into the affected host signaling pathways, the parasite proteins directly responsible for these host phenotypes remain ...201525951781
first molecular evidence of the transplacental transmission of theileria annulata.bovine tropical theileriosis (btt) is a serious hindrance in the cattle upgradation programme using the exotic germplasm. there is a wide range of variations in the pathobiology alongside clinical symptoms of the animals suffering from btt. the present paper communicates the first report about the transplacental transmission of t. annulata in a cross bred 2-day old calf. t. sergenti, t. lestoquardi and t. equi are known to undergo transplacental transmission, but baring a single citation in lite ...201525934144
development of a multiplex pcr assay for detection and discrimination of theileria annulata and theileria sergenti in cattle.aim to construct a simple and efficient diagnostic assay for theileria annulata and theileria sergenti, a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method was developed in this study. following the alignment of the related sequences, two primer sets were designed specific targeting on t. annulata cytochrome b (cob) gene and t. sergenti internal transcribed spacer (its) sequences. it was found that the designed primers could react in one pcr system and generating amplifications of 818 and 393 bas ...201525895064
a duplex pcr-based assay for simultaneous detection of trypanosoma evansi and theileria annulata infections in water buffaloes.trypanosomosis and bovine tropical theileriosis are important vector-borne protozoan diseases imposing some of the serious constraints on the health and productivity of domestic cattle in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. following recovery from primary infection of both these conditions, animals become persistent carriers and act as reservoirs of infection thereby playing a critical role in disease epidemiology. the present study describes development and evaluation of duplex polym ...201525846571
prevalence of bovine theileriosis in north central region of algeria by real-time polymerase chain reaction with a note on its distribution.to determine the presence and distribution of bovine theileriosis in the north central region of algeria, 358 dna samples and 359 blood smears were analyzed from nine provinces. theileria dna extracted from cattle blood was amplified by fluorescence resonance energy transfer polymerase chain reaction (fret-pcr). blood smears were examined for theileria piroplasms by microscopical examination (me) of giemsa-stained slides. while microscopical identification revealed only 42 animals being infected ...201525827097
qualitative and quantitative assessment of theileria annulata in cattle and buffaloes polymerase chain reaction.bovine tropical theileriosis caused by theileria annulata is a tick-borne disease associated with high morbidity and mortality in the livestock. the conventional method of diagnosis is by the demonstration of the parasite stages by microscopic examination. this method suffers from low sensitivity, making it even more difficult to detect piroplasms in the carriers. pcr based assays are known to be more sensitive. the present study was undertaken to detect and quantify t. annulata in the blood of ...201425776598
detection of tropical bovine theileriosis by polymerase chain reaction in cattle.tropical bovine theileriosis, a tick borne disease, caused by, theileria annulata with marked clinical signs of pyrexia (102-105 °f), enlargement of lymphnodes etc., causes heavy economic losses in terms of high mortality and morbidity rates. diagnosis of theileriosis is mainly based on clinical symptoms and microscopic examination of stained blood smears and lymph node biopsy smears but limitations of these methods against theileria sp. limits the specificity. hence, to overcome the limitations ...201525698860
the mrna expression of immune-related genes in crossbred and tharparkar cattle in response to in vitro infection with theileria annulata.tropical theileriosis is a major protozoan disease of cattle and is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. indigenous cattle (bos indicus) are less affected by this disease than exotic and crossbred cattle. genetic basis of resistance to tropical theileriosis in indigenous cattle is not well studied. recent reports suggest that number of immune response genes expressed differentially in exotic and indigenous breeds play an important role in breed specific resistance to tropical t ...201525697418
vector identification and clinical, hematological, biochemical, and parasitological characteristics of camel (camelus dromedarius) theileriosis in egypt.the objectives of the present study were to identify a possible tick vector and to determine the prevalence of camel theileriosis in egypt using blood smears stained with giemsa's stain and pcr assay. hemogram and serum biochemical constituents were also investigated. a total of 243 camels, aged 3-5 years, were examined. the results revealed that 75 (30.86 %) camels were infected with theileria spp. of giemsa-stained blood smears. hyalomma dromedarii was identified as the carrier tick of theiler ...201525677167
hif-1α induction, proliferation and glycolysis of theileria-infected leukocytes.within 2 h of infection by theileria annulata sporozoites, bovine macrophages display a two- to fourfold increase in transcription of hypoxia inducible factor (hif-1α). twenty hours post-invasion sporozoites develop into multi-nucleated macroschizonts that transform the infected macrophage into an immortalized, permanently proliferating, hyper-invasive and disease-causing leukaemia-like cell. once immortalized theileria-infected leukocytes can be propagated as cell lines and even though cultivat ...201525620534
hematobiochemical alterations and direct blood polymerase chain reaction detection of theileria annulata in naturally infected crossbred cows.the aim was to determine hemato-biochemical changes and rapid diagnosis of theileria annulata in naturally infected crossbred cows.201527046990
a quantitative reverse-transcriptase pcr assay for the assessment of drug activities against intracellular theileria annulata schizonts.intracellular schizonts of the apicomplexans theileria annulata and theileria parva immortalize bovine leucocytes thereby causing fatal immunoproliferative diseases. buparvaquone, a hydroxynaphthoquinone related to parvaquone, is the only drug available against theileria. the drug is only effective at the onset of infection and emerging resistance underlines the need for identifying alternative compounds. current drug assays employ monitoring of proliferation of infected cells, with apoptosis of ...201425516828
direct detection of theileria annulata in bovine blood samples using standard and isothermal dna amplification approaches.tropical theileriosis is a tick-borne disease responsible for important health problems in cattle, caused by the hemoprotozoan theileria annulata. traditionally, detection of theileria pathogens in infected animals requires the microscopic examination of stained-blood smears and serological methods. molecular diagnostic assays have been developed for the detection of theileria parasites, including pcr-based and reverse line blotting approaches, but these methods usually demand qualified personne ...201525399096
engineering attenuated virulence of a theileria annulata-infected macrophage.live attenuated vaccines are used to combat tropical theileriosis in north africa, the middle east, india, and china. the attenuation process is empirical and occurs only after many months, sometimes years, of in vitro culture of virulent clinical isolates. during this extensive culturing, attenuated lines lose their vaccine potential. to circumvent this we engineered the rapid ablation of the host cell transcription factor c-jun, and within only 3 weeks the line engineered for loss of c-jun act ...201425375322
cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation of theileria annulata schizont surface proteins.the invasion of theileria sporozoites into bovine leukocytes is rapidly followed by the destruction of the surrounding host cell membrane, allowing the parasite to establish its niche within the host cell cytoplasm. theileria infection induces host cell transformation, characterised by increased host cell proliferation and invasiveness, and the activation of anti-apoptotic genes. this process is strictly dependent on the presence of a viable parasite. several host cell kinases, including pi3-k, ...201425077614
morphed and moving: tnfα-driven motility promotes cell dissemination through map4k4-induced cytoskeleton remodeling.cell dissemination from an initial site of growth is a highly coordinated and controlled process that depends on cell motility. the mechanistic principles that orchestrate cell motility, namely cell shape control, traction and force generation, are highly conserved between cells of different origins. correspondingly, the molecular mechanisms that regulate these critical aspects of migrating cells are likely functionally conserved too. thus, cell motility deregulation of unrelated pathogenesis co ...201428357238
identification and characterization of theileria annulata heat-shock protein 90 (hsp90) isoforms.heat-shock proteins (hsps) refer to a group of proteins whose synthesis is enhanced upon sudden increase in temperature or exposure to a variety of other stressors. in this study, theileria annulata (t. annulata) hsp90 was identified and characterized as a first step to understand the function of this molecule in t. annulata-infected cells. our results indicated the existence in the genome of t. annulata of two hsp90 genes: one located in chromosome one (tahsp90-chr1) and the other in chromosome ...201324589114
targeting tams-1 gene results in underestimation of theileria annulata infection in diseased cattle in egypt.tropical theileriosis is considered one of the most economically important tick borne diseases that cause significant mortality and morbidity to livestock. in the context of epidemiological studies on livestock in egypt, this report investigated the spread of theileria annulata among diseased farm cows (bos indicus) over one year. blood samples collected from 130 cows were investigated by routine staining and 64 samples were investigated by pcr assay using two different probes targeting tams-1 g ...201424570053
molecular surveillance of theileria ovis, theileria lestoquardi and theileria annulata infection in sheep and ixodid ticks in iran.a molecular study was undertaken to detect theileria ovis, theileria lestoquardi and theileria annulata in sheep and tick vectors. investigation was conducted from 2010 to 2011 in the south of khorasan razavi province, iran. a total of 150 blood samples were collected from 30 different sheep flocks. in addition, ixodid ticks were sampled from the same flocks. the stained blood smears were microscopically examined for the presence of piroplasms and a semi-nested polymerase chain reaction-restrict ...201324396911
genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis of tams1 of theileria annulata isolates from three continents between 2000 and 2012.theileria annulata, which is part of the theileria sergenti/theileria buffeli/theileria orientalis group, preferentially infects cattle and results in high mortality and morbidity in the mediterranean, middle east, and central asia. the polypeptide tams1 is an immunodominant major merozoite piroplasm surface antigen of t. annulata that could be used as a marker for epidemiological studies and phylogenetic analysis. in the present study, a total of 155 tams1 sequences were investigated for geneti ...201426155166
infection of small ruminants and their red blood cells with theileria annulata schizonts.theileria annulata, the causative agent of tropical theileriosis, is a protozoan parasite that also causes lymphoproliferative diseases in cattle. in vivo, parasitized cells undergo clonal expansion and infiltrate both the lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues of the infected host. to determine whether the small ruminants and their red blood cells (rbcs) were invaded by t. annulata schizonts or not, t. annulata schizonts were used to infect bovine, ovine and caprine rbcs in vitro, and sheep and goat ...201424316464
pcr-based detection of theileria annulata in hyalomma asiaticum ticks in northwestern china.this study aimed to detect theileria annulata infection using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification in hyalomma asiaticum ticks. sequence analysis showed that the 28 analyzed sequences obtained from 81 h. asiaticum ticks had an identical length and sequence which were closely related to that of t. annulata. this study is the first to report on the presence of t. annulata in h. asiaticum ticks in china.201424252264
the level of h₂o₂ type oxidative stress regulates virulence of theileria-transformed leukocytes.theileria annulata infects predominantly macrophages, and to a lesser extent b cells, and causes a widespread disease of cattle called tropical theileriosis. disease-causing infected macrophages are aggressively invasive, but this virulence trait can be attenuated by long-term culture. attenuated macrophages are used as live vaccines against tropical theileriosis and via their characterization one gains insights into what host cell trait is altered concomitant with loss of virulence. we establis ...201424112286
filopodia and membrane blebs drive efficient matrix invasion of macrophages transformed by the intracellular parasite theileria annulata.recent technical advances have broadened our understanding of processes that govern mammalian cell migration in health and disease but many of the molecular and morphological alterations that precede and accompany movement of cells - in particular in three-dimensional (3d) environments - are still incompletely understood. in this manuscript, using high-resolution and time-lapse microscopy imaging approaches, we describe morphodynamic processes during rounded/amoeboid cell invasion and molecules ...201324086576
phylogenetic analysis of bovine theileria spp. isolated in south india.the objective of the present study is to determine the phylogenetic position of the theileria organisms in blood of cattle of southern india using molecular tools. theileria annulata (namakkal isolate, tamil nadu) and three theileria field isolates (free of t. annulata) from wayanad, kerala (wayanad 1, 2, 3) were used. the small subunit ribosomal rna (ssu rrna) and major piroplasm surface protein (mpsp) gene products were cloned, sequenced and the phylogenetic tree constructed. ssu rrna gene of ...201323959494
recruitment of eb1, a master regulator of microtubule dynamics, to the surface of the theileria annulata schizont.the apicomplexan parasite theileria annulata transforms infected host cells, inducing uncontrolled proliferation and clonal expansion of the parasitized cell population. shortly after sporozoite entry into the target cell, the surrounding host cell membrane is dissolved and an array of host cell microtubules (mts) surrounds the parasite, which develops into the transforming schizont. the latter does not egress to invade and transform other cells. instead, it remains tethered to host cell mts and ...201323675298
revisiting the tams1-encoding gene as a species-specific target for the molecular detection of theileria annulata in bovine blood samples.tropical or mediterranean theileriosis is a tick-borne hemoprotozoan disease that poses important health problems in cattle. the etiological agent is the apicomplexan parasite theileria annulata that occurs around the mediterranean basin, middle east, and southern asia. pcr-based assays have been developed for detecting theilerial infections, and the gene encoding an immunodominant major merozoite/piroplasm surface antigen of t. annulata (tams1) is a commonly used genomic target. however, severa ...201323246094
detection of theileria and babesia infections amongst asymptomatic cattle in portugal.piroplasmosis caused by tick-borne hemoprotozoans of several theileria and babesia species has a major impact on livestock production worldwide. a reverse line blotting assay that includes genus- and species-specific probes for theileria and babesia species was used to assess the occurrence of these parasites in blood samples collected from 1407 healthy bovines throughout mainland portugal. the global prevalence of piroplasm-infected animals was 36.8%, although significant differences were found ...201323238244
elevated serum cardiac troponin i in cattle with theileriosis.theileria annulata is a blood parasite affecting ruminants. hemolytic anemia, secondary hypoxia, and vasculitis are the most important features of tropical theileriosis.201623186228
phylogenetic analysis of theileria annulata infected cell line s15 iran vaccine strain.bovine theileriosis results from infection with obligate intracellular protozoa of the genus theileria. the phylogenetic relationships between two isolates of theileria annulata, and 36 theileria spp., as well as 6 outgroup including babesia spp. and coccidian protozoa were analyzed using the 18s rrna gene sequence.201223109949
cloning, and molecular characterization of polymorphic iranian isolate theileria annulata surface protein (tasp).because of the strong immunologic responses of surface protein tasp in theileria annulata infected host, we tried to characterize this protein in a t. annulata isolate from iran.201223109943
molecular epidemiology of theileria annulata and identification of 18s rrna gene and its regions sequences variants in apparently healthy buffaloes and cattle in pakistan.a molecular epidemiological survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of piroplasms in buffaloes and cattle from sheikhupura and okara districts of punjab, pakistan using reverse line blot (rlb) hybridization assay. the genetic diversity within 18s rrna gene and its regions sequences of various obtained theileria species (spp.) was also investigated. briefly, 102 blood samples from buffaloes and cattle in the study districts were collected on blood collection cards and brought to the labo ...201323059196
clinicopathological findings of a natural outbreak of theileria annulata in cattle: an emerging disease in southern iran.theileriosis is an economically important hemoprotozoal disease with high morbidity and mortality in cattle. the present study reported the pathological features of a natural outbreak of tropical bovine theileriosis due to theileria annulata in fars province, southern iran. t. annulata was confirmed by the presence of t. annulata piroplasms in the blood smears and also by polymerase chain reaction test. on necropsy, pale mucous membranes and petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages in the mucosal an ...201322968949
naturally occurring infections of cattle with theileria lestoquardi and sheep with theileria annulata in the sudan.theileria annulata is endemic in northern sudan, hindering all efforts at upgrading cattle for milk production. t. lestoquardi clinical cases occur throughout the year and causes annual outbreaks that result in substantial losses in sheep. in the northern sudan both cattle and small ruminants are frequently raised together and/or share common grazing grounds at river banks. in an attempt to evaluate field cross infectivity of theileria lestoquardi and t. annulata in cattle and sheep respectively ...201322951302
actin-mediated plasma membrane plasticity of the intracellular parasite theileria annulata.pathogen-host interactions are modulated at multiple levels by both the pathogen and the host cell. modulation of host cell functions is particularly intriguing in the case of the intracellular theileria parasite, which resides as a multinucleated schizont free in the cytosol of the host cell. direct contact between the schizont plasma membrane and the cytoplasm enables the parasite to affect the function of host cell proteins through direct interaction or through the secretion of regulators. st ...201222891986
serum acute phase proteins in control and theileria annulata infected water buffaloes (bubalus bubalis).this study was carried out to ascertain the changes in acute phase proteins (apps) and pro-inflammatory cytokines in theileria annulata infected water buffalo. thirty infected water buffaloes and 20 parasitologically free were used. in the present study there was significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase in haptoglobin (hp), serum amyloid a (saa), ceruloplasmin, α1-acid glycoprotein (agp) and fibrinogen levels (2.18 ± 0.29 g/l, 156.58 ± 3.48 mg/l, 31.23 ± 1.25mg/dl, 370.23 ± 33.21 mg/l and 16.17 ± 1.18 g/ ...201222785130
current situation of tropical theileriosis in the sudan.tropical theileriosis has long been recognized as a hindrance to the development of sound dairy industry in the sudan and is a cause of major economic losses. serological surveys indicated that theileria annulata infection is widespread in the country but the disease mostly affects exotic dairy breeds and their crosses with indigenous breeds. the disease has recently been identified in darfur and southern parts of blue nile state in dairy farms around large urban areas where it has never been de ...201222565402
vaccine potential of recombinant antigens of theileria annulata and hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum against vector and parasite.in an attempt to develop vaccine against hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and theileria annulata, three antigens were expressed in prokaryotic expression system and protective potentiality of the antigens was evaluated in cross bred calves. two groups (grs. 1 and 4) of male cross-bred (bos indicus × bos taurus) calves were immunized with rhaa86, a bm86 ortholog of h. a. anatolicum, while one group of calves (gr. 2) were immunized with cocktails of two antigens viz., surface antigens of t. annulata ...201222546546
modulation of activation-associated host cell gene expression by the apicomplexan parasite theileria annulata.infection of bovine leucocytes by theileria annulata results in establishment of transformed, infected cells. infection of the host cell is known to promote constitutive activation of pro-inflammatory transcription factors that have the potential to be beneficial or detrimental. in this study we have compared the effect of lps activation on uninfected bovine leucocytes (bl20 cells) and their theileria-infected counterpart (tbl20). gene expression profiles representing activated uninfected bl20 r ...201222533473
living with the enemy or uninvited guests: functional genomics approaches to investigating host resistance or tolerance traits to a protozoan parasite, theileria annulata, in cattle.many breeds of cattle with long histories of living in areas of endemic disease have evolved mechanisms that enable them to co-exist with specific pathogens. understanding the genes that control tolerance and resistance could provide new strategies to improve the health and welfare of livestock. around one sixth of the world cattle population is estimated to be at risk from one of the most debilitating tick-borne diseases of cattle, caused by the protozoan parasite, theileria annulata. the paras ...201222482839
[survey of theileria annulata and theileria buffeli/orientalis complex in cattle in the kırşehir region using multiplex-pcr].to investigate the presence of t. annulata and t. buffeli/orientalis complex in the blood of 172 cattle selected from 9 different regions of kırşehir.201222450914
loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assays for the detection of theileria annulata infection in china targeting the 18s rrna and its sequences.we have developed two loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assays for the detection of theileria annulata, an economically important cattle disease in china that occurs in subtropical and tropical areas. these assays target the ribosomal rna (18s rrna) and its lamp sequences. the primer set for each gene target consists of four primers, and each set recognizes six distinct regions on the target gene to allow for the highly specific detection of t. annulata. the specific ladder bands wer ...201222370125
a comparison of two different techniques for the detection of blood parasite, theileria annulata, in cattle from two districts in khyber pukhtoon khwa province (pakistan).the present study was carried out to determine the prevalence of theileria annulata in large ruminants from two districts, peshawar and kohat, in khyber pukhtoon khwa (pakistan). blood samples were collected from 95 cattle. data on the characteristics of animals and herds were collected through questionnaires. no significant risk factors were found associated with the spread of tropical theileriosis in the study area. two different parasite detection techniques, pcr amplification and screening o ...201222314246
point mutations in the theileria annulata cytochrome b gene is associated with buparvaquone treatment failure.theileriosis is an economically important haemoprotozoal disease with high morbidity and mortality in cattle. buparvaquone is very effective in the treatment of theileria infections in cattle. the present study reported an outbreak of bovine tropical theileriosis in fars province, southern iran with buparvaquone treatment failure associated with mutations in drug-binding sites of its causative agent. the infected animals (n=8) exhibited poor condition, fever, anemia, rough coat and superficial l ...201222305656
a study of ticks and tick-borne livestock pathogens in pakistan.as obligate blood-feeding arthropods, ticks transmit pathogens to humans and domestic animals more often than other arthropod vectors. livestock farming plays a vital role in the rural economy of pakistan, and tick infestation causes serious problems with it. however, research on tick species diversity and tick-borne pathogens has rarely been conducted in pakistan. in this study, a systematic investigation of the tick species infesting livestock in different ecological regions of pakistan was co ...201728650978
seasonal prevalence of blood parasitic diseases in crossbred cattle of mysore and its surrounding districts of karnataka.the present study report the seasonal prevalence of blood parasitic diseases in cross bred cattle in mysore and its surrounding districts of karnataka such as mandya, chamaraj nagar and kodagu. the study was undertaken for a period of 2 years from august 2013 to july 2015. a total of 1655 blood samples were collected from clinically suspected cattle for blood parasitic diseases with clinical symptoms of anorexia, high fever, anaemia, salivation, enlargement of superficial lymphnodes, haemoglobin ...201728848277
molecular investigation of piroplasma infection in white yaks (bos grunniens) in gansu province, china.piroplasmosis, including theileriosis and babesiosis, is a tick-borne haemoprotozoan disease responsible for huge economic losses to livestock industry. in china, the biology of piroplasms infective to cattle was well understood on the basis of pathogen isolations and molecular epidemiological surveys in the past few decades. but very limited information about the infection status of piroplasms in white yak (bos grunniens), a semi-wild and endemic breed, has been recorded, so far. a total of 350 ...201728427963
haematological and biochemical indicators of tropical theileriosis diseased cattle in wilaya of sétif (north east algeria).the authors investigated biochemical and haematological parameters in 40 healthy and 40 tropical theileriosis (theileria annulata) clinically infected cattle in el eulma region (north east algeria). the mean haematological and biochemical parameters including the number of erythrocytes, haemoglobin, haematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and mean corpuscular haemoglobin were estimated. the mean hematological and biochemical parameters including the numbe ...201728615875
a rare case of theileria annulata induced corneal opacity in a calf.a 10 months old male cross-bred calf was presented in opd medicine, referral veterinary polyclinic, icar-indian veterinary research institute, izatnagar with the history of anorexia, impaired vision, heavy tick infestation and diarrhoea for the last 1 week. the clinical examination revealed enlarged pre-scapular lymph nodes, prominent cloudiness in eyes and exophthalmos. the presence of koch blue bodies in biopsied lymph nodes and a pcr assay confirmed it to be bovine tropical theileriosis assoc ...201728615856
identification of candidate transmission-blocking antigen genes in theileria annulata and related vector-borne apicomplexan parasites.vector-borne apicomplexan parasites are a major cause of mortality and morbidity to humans and livestock globally. the most important disease syndromes caused by these parasites are malaria, babesiosis and theileriosis. strategies for control often target parasite stages in the mammalian host that cause disease, but this can result in reservoir infections that promote pathogen transmission and generate economic loss. optimal control strategies should protect against clinical disease, block trans ...201728583072
molecular surveillance of theileria parasites of livestock in oman.theileriosis is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases of livestock in the arabian peninsula, and causes high rates of mortality and morbidity in sheep and cattle. however, there is a paucity of information on the distribution of theileria spp. over the whole region and their impact on different hosts. the present study carried out a country-wide molecular survey for theileria spp. of livestock in oman across four governorates. the aim of the survey was to define the prevalence of theiler ...201728558992
selection of genetic markers to determine diversity in theileria annulata populations after recombination.selecting polymorphic mini- and microsatellite markers to determine genetic diversity and chromosomal regions exhibiting elevated rates of recombination in theileria annulata populations after recombination.201728483728
functional and structural characterization of the pentapeptide insertion of theileria annulata lactate dehydrogenase by site-directed mutagenesis, comparative modeling and molecular dynamics simulations.lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) is an important metabolic enzyme in glycolysis and it has been considered as the main energy source in many organisms including apicomplexan parasites. differences at the active site loop of the host and parasite ldh's makes this enzyme an attractive target for drug inhibitors. in this study, five amino acid insertions in the active site pocket of theileria annulata ldh (taldh) were deleted by pcr-based site-directed mutagenesis, expression and activity analysis of mu ...201728477574
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