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identification of papain-like cysteine proteases from the bovine piroplasm babesia bigemina and evolutionary relationship of piroplasms c1 family of cysteine proteases.papain-like cysteine proteases have been shown to have essential roles in parasitic protozoa and are under study as promising drug targets. five genes were identified by sequence similarity search to be homologous to the cysteine protease family in the ongoing babesia bigemina genome sequencing project database and were compared with the annotated genes from the complete bovine piroplasm genomes of babesia bovis, theileria annulata, and theileria parva. multiple genome alignments and sequence an ...201120655912
development and laboratory evaluation of a lateral flow device (lfd) for the serodiagnosis of theileria annulata infection.several dna-based and serological tests have been established for the detection of theileria annulata infection, including polymerase chain reaction, reverse line blot and loop-mediated isothermal amplification, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), and competitive elisa. in this study, we have applied knowledge from the development and application of a recombinant protein-based indirect elisa and competitive elisa to establish a rapid test for point-of-care diagnosis of t. annulat ...201020680339
detecting and differentiating theileria sergenti and theileria sinensis in cattle and yaks by pcr based on major piroplasm surface protein (mpsp).theileria sergenti and theileria sinensis are closely related members of benign theileria species found in cattle and yaks in china. they are morphologically indistinguishable. a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) targeting major piroplasm surface protein of t. sergenti and t. sinensis was developed in this study. the newly developed oligonucleotide primer set was able to specifically amplify the dna of t. sinensis and in conjunction with primers for t. sergenti and these two species could be detec ...201020685208
application of highly sensitive saturation labeling to the analysis of differential protein expression in infected ticks from limited samples.abstract:201020704695
sequence analysis of theileria annulata surface protein in chinese isolates.to study the tasp polymorphism in three chinese isolates of theileria annulata.201020806505
population diversity and multiplicity of infection in theileria annulata.the tick-borne apicomplexan parasite theileria annulata is endemic in many sub-tropical countries and causes the bovine disease tropical theileriosis. although the parasite is known to be highly diverse, detailed information is lacking on the genetic structure of natural populations and levels of multiplicity of infection in the cattle host. with the widespread deployment of live attenuated vaccines and the emergence of drug-resistant parasites in the field, it is vital to appreciate the factors ...201120833170
evaluation of cytochrome b as a sensitive target for pcr based detection of t. annulata carrier animals.bovine tropical theileriosis, caused by the tick-borne protozoan theileria annulata, imposes a serious constraint upon breed improvement programmes and livestock production in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. animals that recover from primary infection serve as carriers and play a critical role in the epidemiology of the disease, acting as reservoirs of infection. however, conclusive identification of carrier animals can be problematic. this study describes assessment of candidate ...201020880635
identification of different theileria species (theileria lestoquardi, theileria ovis, and theileria annulata) in naturally infected sheep using nested pcr-rflp.ovine theileriosis is an important hemoprotozoal disease of sheep and goats in tropical and subtropical regions that leads to economic losses in these animals. a nested pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) was carried out to identification theileria species in sheep in some area in western half of iran (sari, rasht, urmia, ilam, and ahvaz). two hundred and fifty blood samples were taken from sheep during tick activating season (summer of 2008). microscopic examination revealed tha ...201020978792
detection of babesia and theileria species infection in cattle from portugal using a reverse line blotting method.babesiosis and theileriosis are tick-borne diseases widespread in tropical and sub-tropical regions with high economic impact worldwide. in portugal there are at least 4 tick vectors known to be competent for the transmission of babesia and theileria sp. identified: rhipicephalus bursa, rhipicephalus (boophilus) annulatus, ixodes ricinus and haemaphysalis punctata. all these potential babesia and theileria tick vectors are widely distributed in portugal, although they are predominant in the sout ...201021036481
theileria annulata promotes src kinase-dependent host cell polarization by manipulating actin dynamics in podosomes and lamellipodia.theileria annulata is an intracellular protozoan parasite that infects b cells and macrophages of ruminants. macrophages infected with t. annulata are de-differentiated and display tumour cell properties and a metastatic behaviour. how parasitized cells adapt their morphology, motility and invasive behaviour has not yet been addressed in detail. in this study, i investigated the regulation of host cell actin dynamics in t. annulata-transformed macrophages and how this affects host cell morpholog ...201021091599
extensive polymorphism and evidence of immune selection in a highly dominant antigen recognized by bovine cd8 t cells specific for theileria annulata.although parasite strain-restricted cd8 t cell responses have been described for several protozoa, the precise role of antigenic variability in immunity is poorly understood. the tick-borne protozoan parasite theileria annulata infects leukocytes and causes an acute, often fatal lymphoproliferative disease in cattle. building on previous evidence of strain-restricted cd8 t cell responses to t. annulata, this study set out to identify and characterize the variability of the target antigens. three ...201121300773
a study on the prevalence of a tick-transmitted pathogen, theileria annulata, and hematological profile of cattle from southern punjab (pakistan).the present study was carried out to determine the prevalence of theileria annulata in large ruminants in southern punjab (pakistan). blood samples were collected from 144 large ruminants, consisting of 105 cattle and 39 buffaloes, from six districts of southern punjab including multan, layyah, muzaffar garh, bhakar, bahawalnagar, and vehari. data on the characteristics of the animals and herds were collected through questionnaires. the age of animals (p?=?0.02), presence of ticks on animals (p? ...201121451992
alterations of erythrocyte antioxidant mechanisms: antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation and serum trace elements associated with anemia in bovine tropical theileriosis.in order to investigate the alterations of erythrocyte protective antioxidant mechanisms, lipid peroxidation and trace elements associated with anemia in bovine tropical theileriosis, an infected group comprised of 50 crossbred holstein cattle, about 1-2 years old, naturally infected with theileria annulata, were divided into 4 subgroups according to their parasitemia rates (<1%, 1-3%, 3-5%, >5%) and also 10 healthy cattle as control were selected. blood samples were taken and hematological para ...201121481533
prevalence of theileria annulata infection in hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum in punjab state, india.the study was conducted to assess the prevalence of theileria infection in tick vectors collected from healthy animals to record the natural infection level of theilerial parasite in the field condition. a total of 156 male and 110 semi-engorged female of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum were collected from cattle and buffaloes of two different agro climatic zones of punjab, dissected and their salivary glands were stained with methyl green pyronin (mgp) stain. the prevalence, intensity and abunda ...201021526034
modulation of growth relative to division regulates expression of a theileria annulata infection associated antigen in hl-60 cells differentiating towards granulocytes.the protozoan parasite theileria annulata has the ability to immortalise the bovine leukocyte in which it resides. immortalisation is known to be associated with a number of molecular and antigenic alterations to the host cell. in this study cells of related lineage were compared with t. annulata infected cells, using a monoclonal antibody which detects an infection associated glycoprotein on the host cell surface. the results show that this antibody recognises a 160 kda antigen in hl-60 cells, ...199721528292
corpuscular oxidation in newborn crossbred calves naturally infected with theileria annulata.erythrocytic lipid peroxidation has been implicated as a cause of anemia in theileria annulata infection in cattle. the present study aimed to evaluate oxidative damage of membrane lipids and proteins in addition to hemoglobin (hb) as three criterions of erythrocyte oxidation and their relation to erythrocyte deformability and anemia of newborn crossbred calves (friesian×egyptian balady breed) naturally infected with t. annulata. twenty-five t. annulata-infected calves (aged 20-30 days) along w ...201121658844
detection of theileria orientalis in iran by semi-nested pcr.in order to identify and differentiate theileria orientalis in cattle which may be infected with theileria annulata simultaneously, a semi-nested pcr was performed. thus, 160 blood samples were collected from apparently healthy native cattle in golestan province of northern iran, during 2009 to 2011. the tbs-s/tbs-a primer set derived from the 18s rrna encoding gene was used for first pcr amplification, and the amplified sequence weight by this primer set for theileria sp. was 426-430 bp. then, ...201121755408
development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for detection of theileria lestoquardi.a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay was developed for the diagnosis of theileria lestoquardi infection. the primers were designed based on the clone-5 sequence of t. lestoquardi. the specificity and sensitivity of the assay were established. analysis of the specificity showed that the selected lamp primers amplified the target sequence from t. lestoquardi dna successfully, while no amplification was seen with dna from theileria annulata, theileria ovis, babesia ovis, anaplasma ...201121744022
evaluation of indirect tasp enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of tropical theileriosis in cattle (bos indicus) and water buffaloes (bubalus bubalis) in egypt.the aim of the present study was to evaluate the validity of theileria annulata surface protein (tasp)-elisa, in comparison with traditional microscopic test, for the diagnosis of t. annulata infection among egyptian baladi cattle (bos taurus) and water buffaloes (bubalus bubalis). molecular confirmation of infection using t. annulata merozoite surface (tams-1) target amplification by pcr was used as a gold standard. a total of 76 clinically suspected animals including 64 baladi cattle and 12 wa ...201122136769
Clinical and haematological study on water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) and crossbred cattle naturally infected with Theileria annulata in Sharkia province, Egypt.This study was conducted to investigate the clinical and haematological findings in water buffaloes and crossbred cattle naturally infected with Theileria annulata with special reference to the clinical picture of tropical theileriosis in Egyptian buffaloes. A total 50 field cases of buffaloes and cattle was clinically and laboratory investigated from March to June 2008. Forty-four buffaloes and cattle out of 50 were naturally infected with T. annulata and showed typical signs of infection. Six ...201121890072
Theileria annulata-transformed cell lines are efficient antigen-presenting cells for in vitro analysis of CD8 T cell responses to bovine herpesvirus-1.ABSTRACT: Continuously growing cell lines infected with the protozoan parasite Theileria annulata can readily be established by in vitro infection of leukocytes with the sporozoite stage of the parasite. The aim of the current study was to determine whether such transformed cell lines could be used as antigen presenting cells to analyse the antigenic specificity of bovine CD8 T cell responses to viral infections. Bovine herpes virus 1 (BHV-1), which is known to induce CD8 T cell responses, was u ...201122182243
Hd86, the Bm86 tick protein ortholog in Hyalomma scupense (syn. H. detritum): Expression in Pichia pastoris and analysis of nucleotides and amino acids sequences variations prior to vaccination trials.The genus Hyalomma includes the most frequent tick species infesting livestock in North Africa, one of these species, Hyalomma scupense (syn. H. detritum) is particularly important due to its role in the transmission of tropical theileriosis to cattle (Theileria annulata infection). We have cloned and characterized the orthologs of the Bm86 gene from H. scupense strains collected over Tunisia in 2006 and 2009. The recombinant protein rHd86 was expressed in Pichia pastoris for vaccination purpose ...201221871736
a highly sensitive dna bead-based suspension array for the detection and species identification of bovine piroplasms.piroplasms are among the most harmful tick-borne pathogens for livestock and sensitive and specific diagnostic methods for rapid detection and identification of the different species are needed for effective control. reverse line blot has been the molecular technique of choice but it is laborious, time-consuming and highly susceptible to subjective variation in the interpretation of the hybridisation signal. here, an oligonucleotide multiplex suspension microarray (luminex® microsphere system) w ...201122233830
ranking control options for tropical theileriosis in at-risk dairy cattle in tunisia, using benefit-cost analysis.an economic evaluation of various control programmes against theileria annulata infection was conducted on a sample of 49 tunisian dairy farms where clinical cases of tropical theileriosis had been recorded during the summer. indicators of morbidity and the prevalence of infection, as well as production and demographic indicators (recorded in the present survey ortaken from secondary sources), were used to rank the potential costs and benefits of various control programmes for tropical theilerio ...201122435189
seroprevalence of bovine theileriosis in northern china.bovine theileriosis is a common disease transmitted by ticks, and can cause loss of beef and dairy cattle worldwide. here, an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ielisa) based on theileria luwenshuni surface protein (tlsp) was developed and used to carry out a seroepidemiological survey of bovine theileriosis in northern china.201627863521
a review of hyalomma scupense (acari, ixodidae) in the maghreb region: from biology to control.hyalomma scupense (syn. hyalomma detritum) is a two-host domestic endophilic tick of cattle and secondarily other ungulates in the maghreb region (africa). this species transmits several pathogens, among which two are major livestock diseases: theileria annulata and theileria equi. various other pathogens are also transmitted by this tick species, such as anaplasma phagocytophilum and ehrlichia bovis. hyalomma scupense is common in sub-humid and semi-arid areas of several regions in the world, m ...201424507485
hyalomma scupense (acari, ixodidae) in northeast tunisia: seasonal population dynamics of nymphs and adults on field cattle.hyalomma scupense is a two-host tick infesting mainly cattle representing in north africa the vector of tropical theileriosis (theileria annulata infection), a major tick-borne disease affecting cattle. any effective control programme of ticks requires a good knowledge of the biology of the target species. in the present study, three cattle farms in northeast tunisia were surveyed during the activity seasons for adult and nymphs of hyalomma scupense. several indicators were studied, including ch ...201323547915
emergence of oriental theileriosis in cattle and its transmission through rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus in assam, india.the aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of theileria in blood samples of crossbred and indigenous adult cows raised under unorganized small scale farming system in a babesia and anaplasma endemic geographical area from assam, india and to see its transmission through rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus ticks.201527047205
evaluation of a simple theileria annulata culture protocol from experimentally infected bovine whole blood.we have evaluated a new simple technique using whole blood from experimentally infected cattle for the isolation and cultivation of theileria annulata. the study was carried out on 20 holstein-frisian bovines that had been experimentally infected with a virulent lethal dose of theileria annulata. this technique has been compared to the classical peripheral blood monocyte isolation with ficoll carried out on 22 experimentally infected holstein-friesian calves. the effectiveness of the reference t ...022910672
comparative evaluation of polymerase chain reaction assay with microscopy for detection of asymptomatic carrier state of theileriosis in a herd of crossbred cattle.this study aims to develop and to standardize a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay that will diagnose clinical as well as carrier state of the disease and to compare the results with conventional microscopy technique.201627733810
assessment of the first commercial elisa kit for the diagnosis of theileria annulata.the present study assesses the efficacy of svanovir theileria annulata-ab, the first commercial elisa kit for the diagnosis of theileria annulata infection in cattle based on a recombinant protein known as t. annulata surface protein (tasp). as a reference test, a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay depending on t. annulata merozoite surface antigen (tams-1) was applied. a total of 468 blood samples as well as serum samples were randomly collected from cattle and tested in the pcr as well as i ...201526640700
genetic diversity and population structure of theileria annulata in oman.theileriosis, caused by a number of species within the genus theileria, is a common disease of livestock in oman. it is a major constraint to the development of the livestock industry due to a high rate of morbidity and mortality in both cattle and sheep. since little is currently known about the genetic diversity of the parasites causing theileriosis in oman, the present study was designed to address this issue with specific regard to t. annulata in cattle.201526469349
partial characterization of a novel anti-inflammatory protein from salivary gland extract of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum 77acari: ixodidae) ticks.hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks transmit theileria annulata, causative agent of tropical theileriosis to cattle and buffaloes causing a major economic loss in terms of production and mortality in tropical countries. ticks have evolved several immune evading strategies to circumvent hosts' rejection and achieve engorgement. successful feeding of ticks relies on a pharmacy of chemicals located in their complex salivary glands and secreted saliva. these chemicals in saliva could inhibit host i ...201527065646
prevalence of theileria annulata infection in hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum collected from crossbred cattle of ludhiana, punjab.the prevalence of theileria infection in tick vector hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum collected from healthy animals of ludhiana district, punjab was recorded to assess the natural infection level of theilerial parasite in the field condition. a total of 60 semi-engorged h. a. anatolicum were collected from cattle and their salivary glands were dissected out. one half of the salivary gland was stained with methyl green pyronin (mgp) and the other half was utilized for dna isolation for molecular d ...201325698861
diagnosis of tropical bovine theileriosis by elisa with recombinant merozoite surface protein of theileria annulata (tams1).theileria annulata merozoite surface protein (tams1) and native soluble piroplasm antigen of an indian isolate of t. annulata were used to optimize an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to detect anti-theileria antibodies in cross-bred cattle experimentally infected with sporozoites or immunized with macroschizonts of the homologous strain of the parasite. the recombinant protein has showed similar antibody titre when compared with the sonicated merozoite/piroplasm antigen in an elisa. if ...201224505176
prevalence of parasitic infections in cattle of ludhiana district, punjab.a total of 862 cattle were sampled for both haematological (703) and coprological (159) investigations at the large animal clinics, gadvasu, ludhiana, punjab, india. examination of giemsa-stained peripheral blood smears exhibited that 22.9 % (161/703) of cattle were infected with haematozoa comprising theileria annulata (14.65 %), trypanosoma evansi (0.28 %), babesia bigemina (1.56 %) and anaplasma marginale (8.53 %) while mixed infection appeared in 2.13 % (15/703) animals. the prevalence of to ...201224082538
acute bilateral proptosis in a cross bred calf naturally infected with theileria annulata.ever since 1970, bovine tropical theleriosis has been recognized major constraint to livestock improvement programme in the semi- arid and enzootic areas of rajasthan. in contrast to other apicomplexan protozoan infections of blood, pathophysiological impact of theileria annulata has been incriminated to in situ intra-leucocytic development of the pathogen. in continuation with recent manifestations documented on trans-placental t. annulata in a 3 day old cross bred calf and cerebral form of bov ...201224082531
turning sickness in a cross bred cow naturally infected with theileria annulata.bovine tropical theileriosis (btt) has been since long recognized as a persistent major constraint on genetic improvement programme of native cattle breeds under "operation flood". the disease accounts for high mortality in dairy cattle especially calves. a cross bred cow (rathi × holestein), aged 3 years and weighing ~300 kg, owned by a person from weaker sections of the society, initially suffered from ruminal hypotonocity, severe dyspnoea, frothy discharge, lacrymation, cessation of defaecati ...201224082533
modelling the transmission dynamics of theileria annulata: model structure and validation for the turkish context.a mathematical model that describes the transmission dynamics of theileria annulata is proposed that consists of 2 host components: the hyalomma tick population and a compartmental model of t. annulata infection in the cattle population. the model was parameterized using data describing tick infestation and the infection status of cattle in turkey from 2006 to 2008. the tick attachment rates are highly seasonal and because of the temporal separation of infectious and susceptible ticks virtually ...201222309815
blood parasites of livestock in certain regions in saudi arabia.blood samples from camels, sheep, goats and cattle from six regions in saudi arabia were examined for blood parasites. asir region camels were disinfected while those of the eastern, jazan, northern frontiers, riyadh and tabouk regions were infected with trypanosoma evansi (5-40%), those of riyadh and the eastern regions were infected with dipetalonema evansi (1-6%) and those of the eastern, jazan and riyadh regions were infected with eperythrozoon species (8-20%). sheep and goats of all tested ...023961044
development of a multiplex pcr assay for simultaneous detection of theileria annulata, babesia bovis and anaplasma marginale in cattle.tropical theileriosis, bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis are tick-borne protozoan diseases that impose serious constraints on the health and productivity of domestic cattle in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. a common feature of these diseases is that, following recovery from primary infection, animals become persistent carriers of the pathogen and continue to play a critical role in disease epidemiology, acting as reservoirs of infection. this study describes development and eva ...201223183165
development and evaluation of a real-time pcr assay for the quantitative detection of theileria annulata in cattle.the tick-borne apicomplexan bovine parasite theileria annulata is endemic in many tropical and temperate areas, including minorca (balearic islands, spain). real-time pcr is widely used for the detection of piroplasms but quantification is not commonly considered.201222889141
intracellular theileria annulata promote invasive cell motility through kinase regulation of the host actin cytoskeleton.the intracellular, protozoan theileria species parasites are the only eukaryotes known to transform another eukaryotic cell. one consequence of this parasite-dependent transformation is the acquisition of motile and invasive properties of parasitized cells in vitro and their metastatic dissemination in the animal, which causes east coast fever (t. parva) or tropical theileriosis (t. annulata). these motile and invasive properties of infected host cells are enabled by parasite-dependent, poorly u ...201424626571
molecular detection of tick-borne rickettsial and protozoan pathogens in domestic dogs from turkey.canine tick-borne parasites have emerged in recent years, showing a wider geographic distribution and increased global prevalence. in addition to their veterinary importance, domestic dogs play an important role in the transmission cycles of some agents by acting as reservoirs and sentinels. this study investigated babesia, theileria, anaplasma, and ehrlichia species in asymptomatic dogs in ten provinces of turkey.201525889911
transforming growth factor β2 promotes transcription of cox2 and ep4, leading to a prostaglandin e2-driven autostimulatory loop that enhances virulence of theileria annulata-transformed macrophages.transforming growth factor beta (tgf-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine known to regulate cell growth, differentiation, and motility and is a potent modulator of immune function. tgf-β consequently plays a central role in carcinogenesis, and a dampened tgf-β2 response by theileria annulata-infected monocytes/macrophages underpins disease resistance to tropical theileriosis. here, we show that concomitant with the loss of tgf-β2 production, there is ablated expression of cox2 and ep4, which leads to a ...201525690101
a bovine lymphosarcoma cell line infected with theileria annulata exhibits an irreversible reconfiguration of host cell gene expression.theileria annulata, an intracellular parasite of bovine lymphoid cells, induces substantial phenotypic alterations to its host cell including continuous proliferation, cytoskeletal changes and resistance to apoptosis. while parasite induced modulation of host cell signal transduction pathways and nfκb activation are established, there remains considerable speculation on the complexities of the parasite directed control mechanisms that govern these radical changes to the host cell. our objectives ...201323840536
theileria annulata seroprevalence among different cattle breeds in rajshahi division, bangladesh.an epidemiological survey of theileria annulata infection was undertaken in a cattle population in rajshahi division, bangladesh. the local cattle breeds from the area (north bengal gray and deshi) and crosses between the local breeds and holstein cattle were predominantly screened. in total, 192 cattle serum samples were collected in two areas of rajshahi division, the rajshahi district (n=147) and natore district (n=45). the samples were screened with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using ...201627396398
proteomic analysis of the theileria annulata schizont.the apicomplexan parasite, theileria annulata, is the causative agent of tropical theileriosis, a devastating lymphoproliferative disease of cattle. the schizont stage transforms bovine leukocytes and provides an intriguing model to study host/pathogen interactions. the genome of t. annulata has been sequenced and transcriptomic data are rapidly accumulating. in contrast, little is known about the proteome of the schizont, the pathogenic, transforming life cycle stage of the parasite. using one- ...201223178997
lymphocytes and macrophages are infected by theileria equi, but t cells and b cells are not required to establish infection in vivo.theileria equi has a biphasic life cycle in horses, with a period of intraleukocyte development followed by patent erythrocytic parasitemia that causes acute and sometimes fatal hemolytic disease. unlike theileria spp. that infect cattle (theileria parva and theileria annulata), the intraleukocyte stage (schizont) of theileria equi does not cause uncontrolled host cell proliferation or other significant pathology. nevertheless, schizont-infected leukocytes are of interest because of their potent ...201324116194
type-specific pcr assays for babesia bovis msa-1 genotypes in asia: revisiting the genetic diversity in sri lanka, mongolia, and vietnam.babesia bovis is the most virulent babesia organism, resulting in a high mortality rate in cattle. the genetic diversity of b. bovis merozoite surface antigens (msas), such as msa-1, msa-2b, and msa-2c, might be linked to altered immune profiles in the host animals. the present study aimed to develop type-specific pcr assays for asian msa-1 genotypes, thereby re-analyzing the genetic diversity of msa-1 in sri lanka, mongolia, and vietnam. specific primers were designed for nine asian msa-1 genot ...201626520797
anaplasma marginale and theileria annulata in questing ticks from portugal.ticks are ubiquitous arthropods and vectors of several pathogenic agents in animals and humans. monitoring questing ticks is of great importance to ascertain the occurrence of pathogens and the potential vector species, offering an insight into the risk of disease transmission in a given area. in this study 428 host-seeking ticks, belonging to nine species of ixodidae and collected from 17 of the 23 portuguese mainland subregions, were screened for several tick-borne agents with veterinary relev ...201627394441
seasonal incidence of parasitic diseases in bovines of south western gujarat (junagadh), india.the current study was conducted to investigate the incidence of parasitic diseases in bovines which were sick and brought at veterinary hospital for treatment. a total of 366 samples were investigated from cattle (n = 175) and buffaloes (n = 191) presented at teaching veterinary clinical complex (tvcc), veterinary college, junagadh, gujarat during january to december 2014. examination of giemsa-stained peripheral blood smears exhibited that 58.6 % of cattle and 41.2 % of buffaloes were infected ...201627876944
prevalence of haemoprotozoan infections in bovines of shimoga region of karnataka state.a study was conducted to record the prevalence of haemoprotozoan infections in bovines of shimoga region for a period of 1 year from april 2012 to march 2013. a total of 300 blood samples were examined for the presence of haemoprotozoan parasites, of which 215 from cattle and 85 from buffaloes were examined by giemsa staining technique. out of 300 blood samples examined, 130 (43.3 %) were found positive for haemoprotozoan infections. out of 215 cattle blood samples examined, 62 (28.8 %) were pos ...201627605804
detection and phylogenetic characterization of theileria spp. and anaplasma marginale in rhipicephalus bursa in portugal.ticks are obligatory blood-sucking arthropod (acari:ixodida) ectoparasites of domestic and wild animals as well as humans. the incidence of tick-borne diseases is rising worldwide, challenging our approach toward diagnosis, treatment and control options. rhipicephalus bursa canestrini and fanzago, 1877, a two-host tick widely distributed in the palearctic mediterranean region, is considered a multi-host tick that can be commonly found on sheep, goats and cattle, and occasionally on horses, dogs, ...201626797395
molecular detection and genetic identification of babesia bigemina, theileria annulata, theileria orientalis and anaplasma marginale in turkey.babesia spp., theileria spp. and anaplasma spp. are significant tick-borne pathogens of livestock globally. in this study, we investigated the presence and distribution of babesia bigemina, theileria annulata, theileria orientalis and anaplasma marginale in cattle from 6 provinces of turkey using species-specific pcr assays. the pcr were conducted using the primers based on the b. bigemina rhoptry-associated protein 1a (bbirap-1a), t. annulata merozoite surface antigen-1 (tams-1), t. orientalis ...201626492823
prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in adult dermacentor spp. ticks from nine collection sites in france.the importance of dermacentor spp. in the transmission of tick-borne pathogens is not well recognized in europe. to investigate the role of dermacentor spp. in the transmission of tick-borne pathogens, questing ticks were collected in 9 sites from southern to northwestern france (camargue delta to eastern brittany) where dermacentor spp. exist and tick-borne diseases had occurred previously. three tick species were collected during the spring and autumn of 2009. collected ticks (both males and f ...201323421886
loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) method based on two species-specific primer sets for the rapid identification of chinese babesia bovis and b. bigemina.bovine babesiosis is a tick-transmitted hemoprotozoan disease that is mainly caused by babesia bovis and/or babesia bigemina and is characterized by significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. this disease is widespread in most parts of china. however, it is difficult to rapidly discriminate between the b. bovis and b. bigemina species. to detect and distinguish these species, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) platform that targets specific sequences of the internal transcribed ...201222849831
evaluating an indirect rmpsp enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of bovine theileria infection in china.bovine theileriosis, a tick-borne protozoan disease caused by theileria annulata, theileria orientalis and theileria sinensis, is widespread in china and is a serious economic problem for the chinese livestock industry. in this study, recombinant major piroplasma surface proteins (mpsp) of t. annulata, t. orientalis and t. sinensis based on mpsp genes were expressed in escherichia coli bl21(de3). the immunogenicity and specificity of the three purified recombinant mpsp proteins were evaluated wi ...201727942962
a survey of ixodid tick species and molecular identification of tick-borne pathogens.this study was undertaken in two different climatic areas of turkey to determine the presence of tick-borne pathogens of medical and veterinary importance. the ticks were removed from humans, pooled according to species and developmental stages, and analyzed by pcr, reverse line blot (rlb) and sequencing. of the 2333 removed ticks from 10 species, 1238 (53.06%) were obtained from the arid cold zone, and the remaining 1095 (46.93%) were obtained from the humid zone. the removed ticks were identif ...201424424312
epidemiology of bovine hemoprotozoa parasites in cattle and water buffalo in vietnam.a pcr-based survey of hemoprotozoa parasites detected babesia bigemina, theileria orientalis and trypanosoma theileri among cattle and water buffalo in vietnam, and a new babesia sp. closely related to babesia ovata was detected in cattle only. in addition, theileria annulata and trypanosoma evansi were not detected in both cattle and water buffalo. phylogenetic analysis detected t. orientalis mpsp genotypes 3, 5, 7 and n3 in cattle and 5, 7, n1 and n2 in water buffalo. additionally, water buffa ...201627149894
a promising new elisa diagnostic test for cattle babesiosis based on babesia bigemina apical membrane antigen-1.babesiosis due to babesia bigemina is a relevant tick-borne disease, affecting cattle worldwide. many surface proteins of the pathogen including the apical membrane antigen 1 (ama-1) - have been analysed for vaccine and diagnostic purposes. this study focused on b. bigemina ama-1 and on its use for the assessment of diagnostic tests. after bioinformatic analyses, ama-1 codifying region was amplified and cloned into an expression vector used to induce protein synthesis in escherichia coli cells. ...201727033532
identification of piroplasm infection in questing ticks by rlb: a broad range extension of tick-borne piroplasm in china?sensitive and specific diagnostic method for rapid and simultaneous detection and discrimination of the different species is needed for an effective control of piroplasmosis. here, a reverse line blot (rlb) assay was developed for piroplasm detection. a general pair of primer based on 18s ribosomal rna (rrna) gene was used to amplify v4 region of 18s rrna gene. general and specific probes for 13 piroplasm species were cited from previous publications or designed according to the alignment of 18s ...201626896077
molecular and parasitological survey of bovine piroplasms in the black sea region, including the first report of babesiosis associated with babesia divergens in turkey.clinical cases of babesiosis were evaluated, and the frequency of bovine babesia and theileria parasites was determined in cattle. blood samples and thin blood smears were collected from 23 cattle exhibiting clinical signs of babesiosis. in addition, tick and blood samples were collected from 100 apparently healthy cattle cograzing from the same area. egg masses obtained from fully engorged female ticks were included. dna isolated from blood and tick samples was screened for babesia and theileri ...201526336265
an epidemiological survey of bovine babesia and theileria parasites in cattle, buffaloes, and sheep in egypt.cattle, buffaloes, and sheep are the main sources of meat and milk in egypt, but their productivity is thought to be greatly reduced by hemoprotozoan parasitic diseases. in this study, we analyzed the infection rates of babesia bovis, babesia bigemina, theileria annulata, and theileria orientalis, using parasite-specific pcr assays in blood-dna samples sourced from cattle (n=439), buffaloes (n=50), and sheep (n=105) reared in menoufia, behera, giza, and sohag provinces of egypt. in cattle, the p ...201525305419
a pcr method targeting internal transcribed spacers: the simultaneous detection of babesia bigemina and babesia bovis in cattle.in this study, two pairs of oligonucleotide primers were designed according to the nucleotide sequence of the internal transcribed spacers (itss) of babesia bigemina and b. bovis isolates from china. the primers were used in a multiplex pcr to detect parasite dna in blood samples from cattle. there was no cross reactions with b. ovata, b. major, b. sp. kashi, theileria annulata, t. sergenti, t. sinensis or normal bovine dna. the sensitivity of multiplex pcr assay was 1 pg and 10 pg dna for b. bi ...201424570060
genetic characterization of babesia and theileria parasites in water buffaloes in sri lanka.water buffaloes are thought to be the reservoir hosts for several hemoprotozoan parasites that infect cattle. in the present study, we surveyed sri lankan bred water buffaloes for infections with babesia bovis, babesia bigemina, theileria annulata, and theileria orientalis using parasite-specific pcr assays. when 320 blood-derived dna samples from water buffaloes reared in three different districts (polonnaruwa, mannar, and mullaitivu) of sri lanka were pcr screened, b. bovis, b. bigemina, and t ...201424365246
pcr detection and genetic diversity of bovine hemoprotozoan parasites in vietnam.hemoprotozoan infections often cause serious production losses in livestock. in the present study, we conducted a pcr-based survey of babesia bovis, babesia bigemina, theileria annulata, theileria orientalis, trypanosoma evansi and trypanosoma theileri, using 423 dna samples extracted from blood samples of cattle (n=202), water buffaloes (n=43), sheep (n=51) and goats (n=127) bred in the hue and hanoi provinces of vietnam. with the exception of t. annulata and t. evansi, all other parasite speci ...201323856762
monitoring piroplasms infection in three cattle farms in minorca (balearic islands, spain) with previous history of clinical piroplamosis.bovine piroplasmosis are tick-borne protozoan diseases caused by parasites of the genera theileria and babesia. three friesian cattle farms (f1-f3) with previous history of clinical piroplamosis were selected in minorca (balearic islands, spain). blood samples were collected from 8 to 11 animals every two months throughout a year and, a newly developed multiplex dna bead-based suspension array based on the luminex(®) xmap technology was used to monitor for the presence of piroplasms. the assay i ...201222884914
a pcr-based survey of selected babesia and theileria parasites in cattle in sri lanka.hemoprotozoan parasites are responsible for significant economic losses in cattle. we screened sri lankan cattle populations for the presence of babesia bovis, babesia bigemina, theileria annulata, and theileria orientalis, using species-specific pcr assays. out of 316 samples collected from animals in four different districts of sri lanka (nuwara eliya, polonnaruwa, ampara, and jaffna), 231 (73.1%) were positive for at least one parasite species. all four parasite species were detected among th ...201222673106
molecular and parasitological survey of ovine piroplasmosis, including the first report of theileria annulata (apicomplexa: theileridae) in sheep and goats from turkey.blood and tick samples were collected from 333 apparently healthy sheep and 257 goats as well as 10 sheep exhibiting clinical signs of babesiosis in adana, gaziantep, and adiyaman provinces in southern turkey. fully engorged female ticks were selected and maintained in an incubator until they oviposited. the tick carcasses and their egg masses were examined. piroplasms compatible with babesia spp. and theileria spp. were observed in both symptomatic and asymptomatic small ruminants. genomic dna ...201728082649
molecular and parasitological survey of ovine piroplasmosis, including the first report of theileria annulata (apicomplexa: theileridae) in sheep and goats from turkey.blood and tick samples were collected from 333 apparently healthy sheep and 257 goats as well as 10 sheep exhibiting clinical signs of babesiosis in adana, gaziantep, and adiyaman provinces in southern turkey. fully engorged female ticks were selected and maintained in an incubator until they oviposited. the tick carcasses and their egg masses were examined. piroplasms compatible with babesia spp. and theileria spp. were observed in both symptomatic and asymptomatic small ruminants. genomic dna ...201627559124
evidence for a single origin of the 35 kb plastid dna in apicomplexans.gene organization on three selected parts of the 35-kb plastid dna of the malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum was compared with that of two other apicomplexans, namely toxoplasma gondii and eimeria tenella. this comparison included the characteristic inverted ribosomal rna repeat. a short segment of dna from theileria annulata also was included in a separate comparison. criteria such as the presence or absence of particular genes, their map positions and their sequences, were used to assess w ...199823196113
biochemical and in silico characterization of recombinant l-lactate dehydrogenase of theileria annulata.theileria annulata is a parasite that causes theileriosis in cattle. reports about drug resistance made essential to develop new drug. ldh of theileria schizonts is the vital enzyme for its anaerobic metabolism. taldh gene was first cloned into pgem-t cloning vector with two introns in our previous study. here we report cloning of taldh without introns into plate 31 vector in e. coli bl21(de3). protein was in an inactive form. two mutations were fixed to express the active protein. protein was p ...201626921192
cloning of intron-removed enolase gene and expression, purification, kinetic characterization of the enzyme from theileria annulata.tropical theileriosis is a disease caused by infection with an apicomplexan parasite, theileria annulata, and giving rise to huge economic losses. in recent years, parasite resistance has been reported against the most effective antitheilerial drug used for the treatment of this disease. this emphasizes the need for alternative methods of treatment. enolase is a key glycolytic enzyme and can be selected as a macromolecular target of therapy of tropical theileriosis. in this study, an intron sequ ...201424664479
suspension culture of neospora caninum by theileria annulata-infected cell line.there are some limiting aspects of scaling up the neospora caninum tachyzoites in continuous cell lines, particularly as related to the absence of surface attachment. in this study, suspension cell culture of theileria annulata-infected lymphoblastoid (til) was used as a host cell for the continous production of n. caninum tachyzoites. the numbers of free tachyzoites in the medium supernatant were showed regularly increased up to the day 6 post-cultivation. transmission electron microscopy demon ...201323959501
theileria infection in domestic ruminants in northern ethiopia.piroplasmosis caused by different tick-borne hemoprotozoan parasites of the genera theileria and babesia is among the most economically important infections of domestic ruminants in sub-saharan africa. a survey for piroplasm infection was conducted in three locations in northern ethiopia. of 525 domestic ruminants surveyed, 80% of the cattle, 94% of the sheep and 2% of the goats were positive for different theileria spp. based on pcr of blood followed by dna sequencing. sheep had a significantly ...201424360645
pcr diagnosis of tick-borne pathogens in maharashtra state, india indicates fitness cost associated with carrier infections is greater for crossbreed than native cattle breeds.tick-borne pathogens (tbp) are responsible for significant economic losses to cattle production, globally. this is particularly true in countries like india where tbp constrain rearing of high yielding bos taurus, as they show susceptibility to acute tick borne disease (tbd), most notably tropical theileriosis caused by theileria annulata. this has led to a programme of cross breeding bos taurus (holstein-friesian or jersey) with native bos indicus (numerous) breeds to generate cattle that are m ...201728358861
identification of 12 piroplasms infecting ten tick species in china using reverse line blot hybridization.piroplasmosis, a disease of domestic and wild animals is caused by tick-borne protozoa in the genera of theileria and babesia. there was limited information available about the prevalence of piroplasmosis in ticks in china. to assess potential threat of piroplasmosis in china, we investigated the infections of ovine and bovine babesia and theileria species in ticks collected from cattle, yaks, sheep, horses and camels in several regions of china where tick-borne diseases have been reported. a to ...201728355109
molecular and pathological studies on natural cases of bovine theileriosis.the present communication is a part of study conducted on 32 cases of bovine lymphadenopathies. out of which, six cases of bovine theileriosis were diagnosed on the basis of peripheral blood smear examination and gross lesions in lymph nodes and visceral organs. nested pcr using two primer sets n516/n517 and 14136/294 was conducted on samples collected from affected lymph nodes confirms theileria annulata infection in five out of six cases. sequencing analysis of amplified product showed 92, 94 ...201728316415
theileria annulata induced brisket oedema in a bull and its successful treatment.in the present case, jugular vein engorgement and oedema of the brisket region which mimic the signs of pseudopericarditis due to theileriosis in a bull was reported. an adult ongole crossbred bull with history of weakness, anorexia and oedema at brisket region was referred to teaching veterinary clinical complex, college of veterinary science, proddatur. physical examination revealed the presence of ticks over the body, right and left prescapular lymphadenopathy and oedema at brisket region. bl ...201728316407
rapid diagnosis of theileria annulata by recombinase polymerase amplification combined with a lateral flow strip (lf-rpa) in epidemic regions.rapid and accurate diagnosis of theileria annulata infection contributes to the formulation of strategies to eradicate this parasite. a simple and efficient diagnostic tool, recombinase polymerase amplification (rpa) combined with a lateral flow (lf) strip, was used in detection of theileria and compared to other methods that require expensive instruments and skilled personnel. herein, we established and optimized an lf-rpa method to detect the cytochrome b gene of t. annulata mitochondrial dna ...201728249769
standardization and validation of simple pcr, duplex pcr and rapd in comparison to blood smear examination for diagnosing bovine tropical theileriosis.bovine tropical theileriosis (btt) is an important vector-borne protozoan disease that imposing serious constraints on the health and productivity of domestic cattle. it is matter of common fact that following recovery from primary infection, cattle become persistent carriers and act as reservoirs of infection thereby, playing a critical role in disease epidemiology. the present study describes the comparative diagnostic efficiency of simplex pcr, duplex pcr and rapd assays for detection of thei ...201728169066
molecular identification of hemoprotozoan parasites in camels (camelus dromedarius) of iran.although camels represent a valuable source of food, wool and hide in many countries, in-depth information about their vector-borne pathogens is scarce compared to other animals. the aim of the current study was to characterize vector-borne protozoa in the blood of dromedaries from iran by molecular tools.201728127369
hk2 recruitment to phospho-bad prevents its degradation, promoting warburg glycolysis by theileria-transformed leukocytes.theileria annulata infects bovine leukocytes, transforming them into invasive, cancer-like cells that cause the widespread disease called tropical theileriosis. we report that in theileria-transformed leukocytes hexokinase-2 (hk2) binds to b cell lymphoma-2-associated death promoter (bad) only when serine (s) 155 in bad is phosphorylated. we show that hk2 recruitment to bad is abolished by a cell-penetrating peptide that acts as a nonphosphorylatable bad substrate that inhibits endogenous s155 p ...201728086019
a field evaluation of an isothermal dna amplification assay for the detection of theileria annulata infection in cattle.a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay was evaluated for the detection of theileria annulata infection in cattle. the results were compared with a real-time pcr used for the quantification of t. annulata parasitaemia. one hundred bovine blood samples from 16 cattle farms were tested with lamp and real-time pcr, with t. annulata dna being detected in 66% and 67% of the samples, respectively. the results showed that the lamp assay detects a parasitaemia as low as 0.00025%, indicatin ...201728013043
variation in clinical markers in cattle naturally infected with bovine tropical theileriosis.124 cattle naturally infected with theileria annulata were inspected for clinical markers. clinical manifestations of general weakness, reduced appetite, pyrexia reaching 40-42 °c and lachrymal discharge were seen in more than 75 % of the infected animals. presence of ticks on body, general dullness and depression, recumbency/prostration, oedema of dependent body parts, diarrhea, hypersalivation, pale mucous membranes and yellow colored urine were revealed by more than 50 % of the infected anima ...201627876976
detection of theileria annulata carriers in holstein-friesian (bos taurus taurus) and sistani (bos taurus indicus) cattle breeds by polymerase chain reaction in sistan region, iran.theileria annulata is common in tropical and subtropical regions especially in iran and causes great economic losses in cattle industry. in iran the epidemiological aspects of bovine theileriosis in different breeds of cattle is poorly understood. the aim of present study is comparison of the number of t. annulata carriers in the two major cattle breeds (holstein-friesian and sistani) in sistan of iran by giemsa and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) methods. during winter 2013, 160 native cattle, ...201627876911
global gene expression profile of peripheral blood mononuclear cells challenged with theileria annulata in crossbred and indigenous cattle.bovine tropical theileriosis is an important haemoprotozoan disease associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality particularly in exotic and crossbred cattle. it is one of the major constraints of the livestock development programmes in india and southeast asia. indigenous cattle (bos indicus) are reported to be comparatively less affected than exotic and crossbred cattle. however, genetic basis of resistance to tropical theileriosis in indigenous cattle is not well documented. recent st ...201727840256
detection of theileria lestoquardi cross infection in cattle with clinical theileriosis in iran.theileriosis caused by theileria lestoquardi (malignant ovine theileriosis) in sheep and theileria annulata (tropical theileriosis) in cattle is an important hemoprotozoal tick-borne disease in iran. due to major biologic and phylogenic similarities of these two species, this study was carried out to investigate the occurrence of natural infections with t.lestoquardi and t.annulata in cattle with clinical theileriosis in ahvaz, southwest iran. fifty one cattle were selected based on clinical sig ...201627787215
characterization of hsp90 isoforms in transformed bovine leukocytes infected with theileria annulata.hsp90 chaperones are essential regulators of cellular function, as they ensure the appropriate conformation of multiple key client proteins. four hsp90 isoforms were identified in the protozoan parasite theileria annulata. partial characterization was undertaken for three and localization confirmed for cytoplasmic (ta12105), endoplasmic reticulum (ta06470), and apicoplast (ta10720) forms. atpase activity and binding to the hsp90 inhibitor geldanamycin were demonstrated for recombinant ta12105, a ...201727649068
approaches to vaccination against theileria parva and theileria annulata.despite having different cell tropism, the pathogenesis and immunobiology of the diseases caused by theileria parva and theileria annulata are remarkably similar. live vaccines have been available for both parasites for over 40 years, but although they provide strong protection, practical disadvantages have limited their widespread application. efforts to develop alternative vaccines using defined parasite antigens have focused on the sporozoite and intracellular schizont stages of the parasites ...201627647496
survey on infection rate, vectors and molecular identification of theileria annulata in cattle from north west, iran.tropical theileriosis is a progressive bovine lymphoproliferative disease caused by the intracellular protozoan parasite theileria annulata. in this study 138 blood samples and 289 ticks were collected and examined from cattle that belonged to 10 randomly selected flocks. the tbs-s/tbs-a primer set was used for pcr amplification of theileria spp. and the ta-s/tbs-a specific primer set was used in semi-nested pcr technique for detection of t. annulata. blood smears of each case were examined by g ...201627605839
theileriasis in crossbred cows and its therapeutic management: first report from lushai hill district of mizoram.to know the prevalence of theileriosis infection, haemato-biochemical alteration and efficacy of oxytetracycline in combination with diaminazene aceturate injection against theileriosis in lushai hill district of mizoram; fifty five cross bred cattle were screened during july, 2013 to november, 2013. the prevalence of tropical theileriosis was 9.09 % based on blood smear examination. clinical features of the disease were manifested by high rise of body temperature 104.8 ± 1.2 °f, lymphadenopathy ...201627605754
molecular prevalence and genetic characterization of piroplasms in dogs from tunisia.in this study, the prevalence of piroplasms in dogs was assessed using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to identify babesia and theileria species in 200 dogs from northern and central tunisia between spring and autumn 2014. the overall molecular prevalence for piroplasms was 14·5% ± 0·05 (29/200); pcr detected 2 species, namely babesia vogeli and theileria annulata with an overall prevalence of 12·5 ± 0·04 and 2% ± 0·02, respectively. no differences in the molecular prevalences of b. vogeli were ...201627417681
comprehensive structural analysis of the open and closed conformations of theileria annulata enolase by molecular modelling and docking.theileria annulata is an apicomplexan parasite which is responsible for tropical theileriosis in cattle. due to resistance of t. annulata against commonly used antitheilerial drug, new drug candidates should be identified urgently. enolase might be a druggable protein candidate which has an important role in glycolysis, and could also be related to several cellular functions as a moonlight protein. in this study; we have described three-dimensional models of open and closed conformations of t. a ...201627343873
evaluation of serum sialic acid level in buffaloes naturally infected with theileria annulata.tropical theileriosis, caused by theileria annulata, is the most economically important disease of domestic buffaloes and causing major losses in livestock production in iran. sialic acids are often involved in interaction between the cells and the infectious agents by regulating the molecular relations as well as mediating a variety of cell-cell adhesion processes in the immune response. this study was conducted to assess the effect of t. annulata infection on sialic acid concentration in blood ...201627312595
identification and analysis of immunodominant antigens for elisa-based detection of theileria annulata.tropical or mediterranean theileriosis, caused by the protozoan parasite theileria annulata, remains an economically important bovine disease in north africa, southern europe, india, the middle east and asia. the disease affects mainly exotic cattle and imposes serious constraints upon livestock production and breed improvement programmes. while microscopic and molecular methods exist which are capable of detecting t. annulata during acute infection, the identification of animals in the carrier ...201627270235
theileria lestoquardi displays reduced genetic diversity relative to sympatric theileria annulata in oman.the apicomplexan parasites, theileria lestoquardi and theileria annulata, the causative agents of theileriosis in small and large ruminants, are widespread in oman, in areas where cattle, sheep and goats co-graze. genetic analysis can provide insight into the dynamics of the parasite and the evolutionary relationship between species. here we identified ten genetic markers (micro- and mini-satellites) spread across the t. lestoquardi genome, and confirmed their species specificity. we then genoty ...201627166095
population diversity of theileria annulata in portugal.the tick-borne protozoan parasite theileria annulata causes tropical theileriosis, a severe disease of cattle that occurs across the mediterranean littoral, the middle east and southern asia. in the mediterranean region, the disease has long been perceived as being a constraint to livestock production in north africa and turkey but was believed to have minimal impact in southern european countries. it has recently been demonstrated that in southern portugal the prevalence of t. annulata is appro ...201627109468
control and therapeutic management of bovine tropical theileriosis in crossbred cattle.bovine tropical theileriosis (btt) is a disease of worldwide economic importance in cattle, caused by theileria annulata, a protozoan parasite, and transmitted cyclically by ticks. the disease is one of the serious constraints to dairy industry in endemic areas like india, leading to fatal infections in exotic cattle and significant mortality in cross-bred cattle and zebu cattle. the present report demonstrates the clinical manifestation, haematological alteration and therapeutic management of t ...201627065628
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