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comparison between two tests results, kappa statistic instead of simple overall agreement. 200516011877
validation of the indirect tasp enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of theileria annulata infection in cattle.an elisa based on a recombinant theileria annulata surface protein (tasp) was evaluated for detection of antibodies in sera from cattle exposed to tropical theileriosis in sudan. the reference positive samples, used in this study, were from theileria-infected populations and consisted of 80 cattle from an endemic area in khartoum state, with high antibody titers in the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat). the reference negative samples were taken from non-exposed populations and consisted ...200516052361
status of lipid peroxidation, some antioxidant enzymes and erythrocytic fragility of crossbred cattle naturally infected with theileria annulata.erythrocytic lipid peroxidation, activities of some antioxidant enzymes and osmotic fragility of red blood cells was studied in adult (>1 year) crossbred cattle naturally infected with theileria annulata. twenty clinically healthy animals (group i) and 15 clinical cases (group ii) of tropical theileriosis were selected. cattle suffering from theileriosis had significantly higher (p<0.01) erythrocytic lipid peroxidation and osmotic fragility. activities of antioxidant enzymes, viz. glucose-6-phos ...200516195933
alteration of host cell phenotype by theileria annulata and theileria parva: mining for manipulators in the parasite genomes.the apicomplexan parasites theileria annulata and theileria parva cause severe lymphoproliferative disorders in cattle. disease pathogenesis is linked to the ability of the parasite to transform the infected host cell (leukocyte) and induce uncontrolled proliferation. it is known that transformation involves parasite dependent perturbation of leukocyte signal transduction pathways that regulate apoptosis, division and gene expression, and there is evidence for the translocation of theileria dna ...200616221473
reduction of theileria annulata infection in ticks fed on calves immunized with purified larval antigens of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum.larval antigen of hyalonmma anatolicum anatolicum, the vector of theileria annulata, was purified by two-step affinity chromatography using anti-tick gut-specific rabbit igg and igg from immunized cattle. the purified antigen showed the presence of a single polypeptide of 37 kda (ghlagp) on sds-page. two groups (i and ii) of naive crossbred calves (bos taurus x b. indicus) were immunized with i mg of ghlagp in three divided doses. immunized calves of group i were also infected with a sublethal d ...200516274006
development of a recombinant indirect elisa for the diagnosis of theileria sp. (china) infection in small ruminants.theileria sp. (china) causes severe limitations on the development of the livestock industry in the north-west of china. an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) based on merozoite homogenate of the parasite for diagnosis of infection has been established; however, cross-reactivity with other small ruminant-infecting piroplasms could not be excluded. thus, a prerequisite for epidemiological surveys and diagnosis was the establishment of a recombinant protein-based elisa. to this end, serum f ...200616425067
infection of bovine cells by the protozoan parasite theileria annulata modulates expression of the isgylation system.the apicomplexan parasite, theileria annulata, dedifferentiates and induces continuous division of infected bovine myeloid cells. re-expression of differentiation markers and a loss of proliferation occur upon treatment with buparvaquone, implying that parasite factors actively maintain the altered status of the infected cell. the factors that induce this unique transformation event have not been identified. however, parasite polypeptides (tashat family) that are located in the infected leucocyt ...200616441438
infection of calves with theileria annulata in tunisia: economic analysis and evaluation of the potential benefit of vaccination.a field study aiming to estimate the costs of tropical theileriosis was carried out in an endemic region of the north of tunisia. three farms were monitored for two successive summer seasons. a total number of 56 calves and 12 sentinel cows were monitored. calves were ranked into four groups: non infected animals, diseased animals with clinical tropical theileriosis, sub-clinical theileria annulata infected animals with anaemia and sub-clinical t. annulata infected animals without anaemia. the t ...200616481113
a molecular survey of bovine theileria parasites among apparently healthy cattle and with a note on the distribution of ticks in eastern turkey.a survey of theileria parasites in cattle in eastern turkey was carried out using specific polymerase chain reaction. a total of 252 blood samples were collected from clinically healthy cattle between june and july 2004. of 252 blood samples examined, 41 (16%) were positive for piroplasms by microscopy, whereas 114 (45%) were positive for the presence of at least one species of theileria by pcr. the percentages of positive animals for theileria annulata and benign theileria species (theileria se ...200616510248
isolates of theileria annulata collected from different parts of india show phenotypic and genetic diversity.phenotypic and genetic polymorphism was studied amongst four theileria annulata isolates collected from three different parts of india. amongst various markers studied for the comparison of growth characteristics of schizont cell lines established from these isolates, viability, non-viability counts and nitric oxide (no) production showed significant variation. a negative correlation was observed between no production and mrna expression for tnf-alpha, a potent proinflammatory cytokine related t ...200616513283
natural infection rates and transmission of theileria annulata by hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks in the sudan.hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum nymphs were collected from two localities in the sudan: eddamer in northern sudan and wad-medani in central sudan. they were allowed to moult to adult ticks, which were assessed for theileria infection in their salivary glands using feulgen stain. at eddamer, 49.6% of 123 ticks examined were infected with theileria and the mean intensity of infection was 1.3 (i.e. the number of infected acini/number of infected ticks). at wad-medani, 8.6% of 162 ticks were infected ...200516562733
comparative evaluation of antibody positive titer by elisa and ifa in theileria annulata vaccinated cattle in iran.an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was used to evaluate antibody positive titer in vaccinated and non-vaccinated cattle using schizont infected myeloid cells as an antigen. the result was compared with indirect fluorescent antibody level in the same animals. for this study 116 milking cows, 95 vaccinated and 21 non-vaccinated, were bleeded in order to prepare sera. they were tested with both elisa and ifa tests. 94 sera had positive antibody titer and 22 sera were negative through elis ...200616605070
molecular diagnosis of theileria and babesia species infecting cattle in northern spain using reverse line blot macroarrays.piroplasmosis in cattle is caused by tick-borne haemoprotozoan parasites of the genera theileria and babesia. molecular detection techniques offer higher sensitivity and specificity than microscopy examination methods and serological tests. a reverse line blot (rlb) macroarray that included generic and species-specific probes for theileria annulata, theileria buffeli, babesia bovis, babesia bigemina, babesia divergens and babesia major was used to study the presence and identity of the piroplasm ...200616684356
a pka survival pathway inhibited by dpt-pki, a new specific cell permeable pka inhibitor, is induced by t. annulata in parasitized b-lymphocytes.t. annulata, an intracellular pathogenic parasite of the aplicomplexa protozoan family infects bovine b-lymphocytes and macrophages. parasitized cells that become transformed survive and proliferate independently of exogenous growth factors. in the present study, we used the isogenic non parasitized bl3 and parasitized tbl3 b cell lines, as a model to evaluate the contribution of two-major pi3-k- and pka-dependent anti-apoptotic pathways in the survival of t. annulata parasitized b lymphocytes. ...200616761111
vaccination of calves with an attenuated cell line of theileria annulata and the sporozoite antigen spag-1 produces a synergistic effect.the sporozoite surface antigen, spag-1 and the attenuated schizont infected tunisian line cl1 of theileria annulata have been shown, in previous studies, to induce variable levels of protection against homologous and heterologous sporozoite challenge, respectively. we report here the result of a vaccination trial comparing the protection level induced by the spag-1 antigen (as a recombinant full length his tagged protein) and the attenuated cell line, used singly or in combination. the results, ...200616870344
molecular characterization of a theileria lestoquardi gene encoding for immunogenic protein splice variants.a theileria lestoquardi schizont cdna library was screened using sera collected from sheep recovering from a natural malignant theileriosis infection. an immunogenic clone (clone-5) was isolated and its full sequence was obtained using rapid amplification of cdna ends polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique. pcr experiments and sequencing demonstrated the presence of two transcript forms of the gene, resulting from splicing variation at the single intron found in the gene. both gene products, ...200616896652
evaluation of antioxidant status and oxidative stress in cattle naturally infected with theileria annulata.to assess the antioxidant status and oxidative stress in bovine theileriosis due to theileria annulata blood samples were collected from 35 clinically affected cattle referred to veterinary teaching hospital, school of veterinary medicine, urmia university, urmia, iran. complete blood count, piroplasm parasitemia percentage, erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities, malondialdehyde concentration, osmotic fragility test an ...200616901649
new data on epizootiology and genetics of piroplasms based on sequences of small ribosomal subunit and cytochrome b genes.as a continuation of our studies on molecular epizootiology of piroplasmosis in spain and other countries, we present in this contribution the finding of new hosts for some piroplasms, as well as information on their 18s rrna gene sequences. genetic data were complemented with sequences of apocytochrome b gene (whenever possible). the following conclusions were drawn from these molecular studies: theileria annulata is capable of infecting dogs, since it was diagnosed in a symptomatic animal. acc ...200616919391
prevalence of blood parasites in cattle from wilayates of annaba and el tarf east algeria.between june and september 2002, a preliminary study was conducted to assess the prevalence of blood parasites of cattle in eastern algeria. fifty-four bovines of different genotypes were submitted to clinical examination. from each animal, blood smears were made and stained by giemsa. four species of parasites, namely theileria annulata, t. orientalis, babesia bovis and anaplasma marginale were encountered. fifty animals carried single or multiple infections with blood parasites and four were f ...200416929762
detection of natural infections with theileria annulata on calves at first theileriosis season: comparison of the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat) and blood smears.the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat) remains so far the most commonly used test for sero-epidemiological investigations on tropical theileriosis (infection of cattle with theileria annulata). the present studies evaluated the ability of both ifat with schizont antigen (schizont ifat) and blood smears to detect infected animals just after the theileriosis season. this evaluation was performed on a group of 89 calves of known infection status for t. annulata at first disease season, from ...200416929765
reverse line blotting: a new technique for the sensitive detection of tick borne pathogens.recently, a new molecular diagnostic technique for tick borne pathogens has been developed and is called reverse line blotting. this paper outlines the basis of this method and then illustrates its use for the analysis of blood samples obtained from ugandan cattle and buffalo. the sensitivity and the specificity are discussed in relation to the use of this technique in the maghreb200416929766
large-scale intron conservation and order-of-magnitude variation in intron loss/gain rates in apicomplexan evolution.the age of modern introns and the evolutionary forces controlling intron loss and gain remain matters of much debate. in the case of the apicomplexan malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum, previous studies have shown that while the positions of two thirds of p. falciparum introns are not shared with surveyed non-apicomplexans (leaving open the possibility that they were relatively recently gained), 99.1% are shared with plasmodium yoelii, which diverged from p. falciparum at least 100 mya. we s ...200616963708
identification and characterization of merozoite antigens of a theileria species highly pathogenic for small ruminants in china.a new pathogenic theileria species transmitted by haemaphysalis qinghaiensis was identified in the northwestern part of china and was shown to be highly pathogenic for small ruminants. the present article aimed at identifying merozoite antigens that might be suitable for developing diagnostic methods and designing a potential vaccine. absence of other theilerial or babesial infections was confirmed by reverse line blot in all antigen samples used. extensive western blot analyses using serum from ...200617135547
identification of homologous genes of t. annulata proteins in the genome of theileria sp. (china).homologues to previously described theileria (t.) annulata genes (t. annulata surface protein [tasp], putative t. annulata membrane protein [tad]) were successfully amplified by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) from theileria sp. (china) merozoite cdna, with 88% identity to tad; tcsp partial cdna, 94% identity to tasp. moreover, homologues to a secretory protein of t. annulata (tase), with a sequence identity of 99% on the cdna level (tcse partial cdna) and to a potential membrane protein of t. l ...200617135551
epidemiology of theileria annulata infection of dairy cattle in the sudan using molecular techniques.this study provides the first epidemiological data regarding t. annulata infection of diary cattle in sudan using a combination of routine microscopic examination and two molecular techniques, pcr and reverse line blot (rlb).200617135552
investigation of map kinase activation in theileria-infected cell lines.a study on different theileria annulata and theileria parva infected cell lines was performed in order to evaluate the general relevance of the map-kinase activation status for theileria- mediated transformation.200617135553
phylogenetics of theileria species in small ruminants.our study is based on the collection of blood and ticks from sheep in iran and italy. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) testing was performed to target the 18s rrna gene and rlb was performed using previously published probes. in italy and iran 78.7% and 76.0% of the sheep were pcr positive, which after sequencing and rlb showed that they were theileria ovis and theileria lestoquardi, respectively. phylogenetic analysis was performed using the clustal w multiple sequence alignment program and our ...200617135559
competitive suppression in mixed-clone parasite cultures.mixed-genotype infections occur frequently in natural populations. parasite genotypes are expected to interact within a host: competing for shared nutrients and being affected by the host's immune response to each other. theoretically, competing parasites can be expected to exhibit increased rates of replication. here, we investigate whether interactions between clones of theileria annulata, a protozoan parasite of cattle, affect clones' replication rates in mixed cultures in vitro. intrinsic re ...200517148141
fatty acid biosynthesis as a drug target in apicomplexan parasites.apicomplexan parasitic diseases impose devastating impacts on much of the world's population. the increasing prevalence of drug resistant parasites and the growing number of immuno-compromised individuals are exacerbating the problem to the point that the need for novel, inexpensive drugs is greater now than ever. discovery of a prokaryotic, type ii fatty acid synthesis (fas) pathway associated with the plastid-like organelle (apicoplast) of plasmodium and toxoplasma has provided a wealth of nov ...200717266528
current status of vaccine development against theileria parasites.the tick-borne protozoan parasites theileria parva and theileria annulata cause economically important diseases of cattle in tropical and sub-tropical regions. because of shortcomings in disease control measures based on therapy and tick control, there is a demand for effective vaccines against these diseases. vaccines using live parasites have been available for over two decades, but despite their undoubted efficacy they have not been used on a large scale. lack of infrastructure for vaccine pr ...200617274845
comparison and phylogenetic analysis of the heat shock protein 70 gene of babesia parasites from dogs.the heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) genes of babesia gibsoni, b. canis canis, b. canis vogeli, and b. canis rossi isolated from infected dogs were cloned by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and sequenced. in the nucleotide sequence and the predicted amino acid sequence of the gene, the parasites were very similar to each other. the nucleotide sequences of the hsp70 gene had more variety than those of 18s nuclear subunit ribosomal dna (18s rdna). a phylogenetic analysis of these sequences and compar ...200717289267
comparison of elisa and lea for estimation of antibody levels of cattle to theileria annulata vaccine.bovine tropical theileriosis caused by theileria annulata is an economically important disease of cattle. an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was used to determine antibody levels in vaccinated and unvaccinated cattle, using cellular schizont as antigen and its results were compared with immunofluorescent assay (ifa). for this test 126 sera collected (105 vaccinated, 31 not vaccinated) from cows and assayed with elisa which among them 104 sera were positive and 32 sera were negative. sa ...200317301364
the jnk/ap-1 pathway upregulates expression of the recycling endosome rab11a gene in b cells transformed by theileria.lymphocyte transformation induced by theileria parasites involves constitutive activation of c-jun n-terminal kinase (jnk) and the ap-1 transcription factor. we found that jnk/ap-1 activation is associated with elevated levels of rab11 protein in theileria-transformed b cells. we show that ap-1 regulates rab11a promoter activity in b cells and that the induction of c-jun activity in mouse fibroblasts also leads to increased transcription of the endogenous rab11a gene, consistent with it being an ...200717388783
clinical, haematological and therapeutic studies on tropical theileriosis in water buffaloes (bubalus bubalis) in egypt.thirty buffaloes naturally infected with theileria annulata and 10 parasitologically free controls were used to determine the potential clinical, haematological and therapeutic impact of tropical theileriosis in egypt. the clinical signs in the infected buffaloes were pyrexia (40.5-41.5 degrees c), enlargement of superficial lymph nodes, slight nasal and ocular discharges, salivation, anaemia and respiratory distress. eye lesions also were recorded. there was a significant decrease in erythrocyt ...200717420101
detection and quantification of anaplasma marginale dna in blood samples of cattle by real-time pcr.a taqman-based real-time pcr assay was developed for the diagnosis of anaplasma marginale infection of cattle. the established assay was proven to be highly specific, since no cross-reactions were observed with other anaplasma species of ruminants, including the closely related anaplasma centrale, or other haemoparasites of ruminants (anaplasma bovis, anaplasma ovis, anaplasma phagocytophilum, babesia bovis, babesia bigemina, theileria annulata and theileria buffeli). the detection limit was equ ...200717466470
sequence polymorphism in the ribosomal dna internal transcribed spacers differs among theileria species.the genomic region spanning the two ribosomal rna internal transcribed spacers (its1 and its2) and the 5.8s rrna gene was cloned and sequenced from sixteen theileria isolates. each theileria species possessed its1 and its2 of unique size(s) and species specific nucleotide sequences. varying degrees of its1 and its2 intra- and inter-species sequence polymorphism were found among ruminant theileria species. the spacers were most polymorphic in the agent of tropical theileriosis, theileria annulata ...200717513053
epidemiological studies on tick-borne diseases of cattle in central equatoria state, southern sudan.a herd-based study was carried out in central equatoria state, southern sudan, to study epidemiological aspects of tick-borne diseases. six herds of cattle situated in three different locations were selected and investigated every 3 months during the year 2005. blood smears for giemsa staining and blood spots on filter paper for deoxyribonucleic acid extraction were collected from 600 apparently healthy indigenous cattle. a total of 69 (11.5%) samples showed the presence of piroplasms in giemsa- ...200717530477
genetic exchange and sub-structuring in theileria annulata populations.tropical theileriosis, caused by the tick-transmitted protozoan theileria annulata, is a major disease of cattle in many regions of the developing world. development and deployment of current and novel control strategies should take into account the potential diversity of parasite populations and therefore it is important that the nature and basis for this genetic variation is investigated and quantified. the recently completed genome sequence of t. annulata provided an opportunity to develop a ...200717540465
comparisons among two serological tests and microscopic examination for the detection of theileria annulata in cattle in northern sudan.we tested the agreement between microscopic examination (me), a surface protein-detecting enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (tasp elisa) and an indirect fluorescent assay (ifa) for detection of theileria annulata in 2,661 naturally infected cattle from northern sudan (samples collected between june 2001 and july 2002). in the me, we detected piroplasms in 364/2,661 cattle (14%), and the kappas between the me and the serological tests were poor (tasp elisa 10%; ifa 8%). the tasp elisa detected 88 ...200717590458
determination of potential risk factors associated with theileria annulata and theileria parva infections of cattle in the sudan.a multi-variate logistic regression analysis was performed on two sets of data on the prevalence of theileria annulata in northern sudan and theileria parva in southern sudan, to determine the potential risk factors that might affect the distribution of the infections in those regions. the logistic regression model was fit with the tested risk factors for each disease, separately. the results indicated that locations, management systems and age could be held as risk factors for t. annulata infec ...200717594114
[survey of t. annulata and t. buffeli/orientalis in cattle in the region of erzincan using reverse line blotting].this study was carried out to investigate theileria annulata and t. buffeli/orientalis in cattle in the region of erzincan using reverse line blotting (rlb) and microscopical examination. a total of 123 blood samples and thin blood smears were collected from cattle in distinct locations. thin blood smears were microscopically examined for theileria piroplasms. the 18s ssu rrna gene in the dna of theileria spp extracted from blood was amplified and used in rlb. for this purpose, pcr products were ...200717594645
detection of theileria and babesia species in ticks collected from cattle.the present study was carried out to detect tick species that infest cattle, and theileria and babesia species transmitted by these ticks in kayseri province (turkey). a total of 300 cattle were examined for tick infestations. of the 300 cattle, 117 (39%) were infested with ticks. a total of 1160 ticks belonging to 11 ixodid genera were collected from the infested animals and their shelters. the most prevalent tick species was boophilus annulatus 26.37% (306/1160) followed by hyalomma marginatum ...200717614205
identification, molecular characterization and subcellular localization of a theileria annulata parasite protein secreted into the host cell cytoplasm.intracellular leucoproliferative theileria are unique as eukaryotic organisms that transform the immune cells of their ruminant host. theileria utilize the uncontrolled proliferation for rapid multiplication and distribution into host daughter cells. the equal distribution of the schizont into the daughter cells is thought to be accomplished by a tight association with the host cell mitotic apparatus. in this study, we describe a highly conserved novel 37 kd theileria annulata protein (tase). ta ...200717659384
resistance and susceptibility to a protozoan parasite of cattle--gene expression differences in macrophages from different breeds of cattle.cattle infected with the tick-borne protozoan, theileria annulata, usually undergo severe morbidity, and mortality ensues in a high proportion of animals. however, we have shown that a bos indicus breed, the sahiwal, which originates in a t. annulata endemic area, is more resistant to the parasite. although sahiwals become infected, the breed exhibits fewer clinical signs and recovers from a dose of parasite which is fatal in the holstein b. taurus breed. the sahiwals have a significantly lower ...200717727964
economical impact of tropical theileriosis in the cappadocia region of turkey.this study was initiated to investigate the economical impact of vaccination against tropical theileriosis in cattle in cappadocia in turkey. a total of 554 vaccinated and non-vaccinated animals were monitored for theileria annulata infection using microscopic examination serology by measuring the antibody response of the animals by the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (ifat). the prevalence of t. annulata infection, morbidity and mortality were significantly higher in unvaccinated than ...200717823822
from molecule to diagnostic tool: theileria annulata surface protein tasp.isolation and characterization of the theileria annulata macroshizont stage protein tasp showed that this parasite surface membrane protein is a highly antigenic protein suitable for the development of diagnostic tools for tropical theileriosis. an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the detection of circulating antibodies against theileria annulata was established and validated using the recombinantly expressed tasp protein. the elisa has subsequently been applied for cross-sectional ...200717823831
laboratory rearing of theileria annulata-free hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks.hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum is a three-host tick which transmits theileria annulata infection in indian cattle. laboratory rearing of ixodid ticks is an essential requirement of any laboratory engaged with research on ticks and tick borne diseases. the entomology laboratory of indian veterinary research institute is fully equipped with all the facilities and skilled manpower to maintain a homogenous h. a. anatolicum population throughout the year. the continuous supply of eggs, larvae and adu ...200717851768
[pcr-rflp analysis of the tams1 gene of theileria annulata].tams1 is a merozoite surface antigen of theileria annulata. genetical variations of tams1 make studies of vaccine and diagnostic tests like elisa difficult. in this study, tams1 genes of 89 t. annulata isolates obtained from natural infected cattle in elazig and bingöl regions were tested with pcr-rflp. six different restriction profiles (a, b, c, d, e, f) were detected. the number of restriction profiles of 89 samples was found to be as follows: 78(a), 2(b), 2(c), 5(d), 1(e), and 1(f).200717918052
differences in the transcriptional responses induced by theileria annulata infection in bovine monocytes derived from resistant and susceptible cattle breeds.tropical theileriosis is a cattle disease of global economic importance, caused by the tick-borne protozoan parasite theileria annulata. conventional control strategies are failing to contain the disease and an attractive alternative is the use of pre-existing genetic resistance or tolerance. however, tropical theileriosis tolerant cattle are less productive than some susceptible breeds. breeding for combined resistance and production traits requires an understanding of the mechanisms involved i ...200817949724
detection of microorganisms in the saliva and midgut smears of different tick species (acari: ixodoidea) in egypt.investigation of 1789 field-collected adult ticks in egypt for the presence of microorganisms revealed the following: the protozoan, babesia bigemina, b. canis; theileria annulata, and the rickettesia aegyptianella pullorum (carpano) were found in the saliva and the mid-guts smears of eight ixodid and two argasid tick species. the infected percent was higher in cattle and dog ticks than it was in fowl ticks; it was also higher in salivary glands (s) than in the midguts (m). identification of pro ...200717985586
treatment of natural tropical theileriosis with the extract of the plant peganum harmala.theileria annulata, a protozoan parasite of cattle and domestic buffaloes, is transmitted by ticks of the genus hyalomma, and causes a disease named mediterranean or tropical theileriosis. in this research 50 cattle naturally infected with theileria annulata were treated with the extract of the plant peganum harmala. the treatment was continued for 5 days, the dose of the extract being 5 mg/kg per day. after the treatment, 39 cattle responded to the treatment and recovered, but 11 did not respon ...200718165708
concurrent infection with bovine leukaemia virus and theileria annulata in a friesian calf.concurrent infection with bovine leukaemia virus (blv) and theileria annulata was diagnosed in a friesian calf about 6 months of age at a dairy farm at the qassim region of central saudi arabia. the disease ended fatally with signs of liver and heart failure. there was anorexia, pyrexia, anaemia, generalized oedema and jaundice. haematology showed low rbc counts, pcv percentage and haemoglobin concentration and wbc counts. lymphocyte differential was high. examination of blood smears stained wit ...200718318346
[use of multiplex pcr for the diagnosis of theileria annulata and theileria buffeli].the species causing theileriosis in cattle in turkey are theileria annulata and t. buffeli. while t. buffeli is low in pathogenicity or non-pathogenic , t. annulata is very pathogenic and causes tropical theileriosis with high morbidity and mortality in cattle. in this study, a multiplex pcr was used for a simultaneous diagnosis of these species. genes for the merozoite surface antigen (tams 1) and the major piroplasm surface protein (mpsp) were amplified with pcr for t. annulata and t. buffeli, ...200818351541
innate immunity to tropical theileriosis.the intracellular protozoan parasite theileria annulata causes a severe, and often fatal, disease of pure and cross-bred cattle in tropical and subtropical countries. the present review refers to the importance of innate immunity as far as it is known to date in this infectious disease. specifically, macrophages and the mediators produced by these cells are outlined. in addition, the latest findings concerning cattle breed differences in susceptibility to t. annulata infection in relation to mac ...200818387915
consistent and contrasting properties of lineage-specific genes in the apicomplexan parasites plasmodium and theileria.lineage-specific genes, the genes that are restricted to a limited subset of related organisms, may be important in adaptation. in parasitic organisms, lineage-specific gene products are possible targets for vaccine development or therapeutics when these genes are absent from the host genome.200818405380
evolutionary origin of the protozoan parasites histone-like proteins (hu).the histone-like proteins (hu) belong to a family of dna architectural proteins that stabilize nucleoprotein complexes. we found a putative hu protein (tgglmhmm_3045) in toxoplasma gondii genome that was homologous to the bacterial hu protein. this putative sequence was located in the scaffold tgg_995361 of the chromosome 10. the sequence included the prokaryotic bacterial histone-like domain, kfgslglrrrgervarnprt (id number ps00045). hu protein sequences were also found in plasmodium falciparum ...200818430986
a molecular survey of theileria and babesia parasites in cattle, with a note on the distribution of ticks in tunisia.between october and november 2006, a total of 278 bovine blood samples were examined, and 104 (37.4%) were positive for piroplasms by microscopy. a reverse line blot hybridisation with polymerase chain reaction detected theileria annulata, t. buffeli, babesia bovis and b. bigemina in cattle accounting for 48.6% of positive samples. the most frequently found species was t. buffeli, which was present in 39.2% of the samples. t. annulata was found in 48 samples (17.3%). babesia infections were less ...200818458949
demonstration of strain-specific cd8 t cell responses to theileria annulata.the present study set out to examine the nature and specificity of the bovine cd8 t cell response at the clonal level in a group of eight animals immunized with a cloned population of theileria annulata. the results demonstrated that immunized animals generated parasite-specific cd8 t cells that produced ifn in response to parasite stimulation but had highly variable levels of cytotoxicity for parasitized cells. the study also demonstrated that these parasite-specific cd8 t cells could be propag ...200818498311
studies on correlations among parasitaemia and some hemolytic indices in two tropical diseases (theileriosis and anaplasmosis) in fars province of iran.this study was carried out in two observational clinical studies. study 1 comprised 50 adult crossbred cattle naturally infected by theileria annulata. infected animals were divided into 4 subgroups with different parasitaemia (<1%, 1-3%, 3-5% and >5%). study 2 comprised 20 adult crossbred cattle naturally infected by anaplasma marginale. infected animals were divided into 3 subgroups with different parasitaemia (<10%, 10-20% and 20-30%). in study 1, a significant negative correlation (p<0.001) ...200818551778
stochastic induction of theileria annulata merogony in vitro by chloramphenicol.theileria annulata inhabits the cytoplasm of bovine leukocytes where it can be found as a multinucleated schizont. the schizont is the pathogenic stage of the life cycle and by interfering with host signalling pathways, it induces unlimited host cell proliferation and protection against apoptosis. in the infected animal, the schizont differentiates to the merozoite life cycle stage in a process called merogony. this takes place within the host leukocyte, resulting in the production of merozoites ...200818573257
identification of ticks and detection of blood protozoa in friesian cattle by polmerase chain reacton test and estimation of blood parameters in district kasur, pakistan.the study was carried out to detect theileria annulata, the causative agent of theileriosis, and babesia bovis, the causative agent for babesiosis, in friesian cattle by pcr and conventional blood smear examination. one hundred blood samples obtained from diseased friesian cattle kept on private livestock farms at pattoki, district kasur, pakistan were collected in addition to 20 blood samples obtained from non-diseased animals. the disease manifestations observed clinically included high fever, ...200818575972
determination of adenosine deaminase activity in cattle naturally infected with theileria annulata.the purpose of this study was to determine serum ada activity in cattle naturally infected with theileria annulata. in this study, a total of 37 cross-bred cattle which 27 of it showing clinical signs of theileriosis constituted infected group and 10 healthy cattle as control group were used as animal materials. infected group divided into three groups according to their pcv values. cattle with pcv > or = 25 were put on group i (n = 9), those with pcv 13-24 were put on group ii (n = 11) and thos ...200818575973
development and evaluation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for diagnosis of tropical theileriosis.a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay was developed and evaluated for diagnosis of tropical theileriosis. a set of six primers was designed based on the unique gene of theileria annulata (theileria annulata strain ankara hypothetical protein (genedb ta04795). the protocol for the reaction was setup and the specificity and sensitivity of the assay were established. the specificity experiment showed that lamp primers amplified t. annulata dna successfully, while no amplification wa ...200818666968
evaluation of theileria annulata recombinant immunodominant proteins for the development of elisa.a number of theileria annulata genes have been cloned, sequenced and expressed, including tasp, tad, tase and tamthsp70. several recent publications document the suitability of the recombinant tasp protein for use in the diagnosis of tropical theileriosis. to investigate whether tad, tase or tamthsp70 elicit a humoural immune response in the t. annulata-infected host and to assess the potential of these proteins for development of diagnostics, a total of 156 field sera from sudan and 49 negative ...200818666969
development of a competitive elisa for detection of theileria annulata infection.in previous studies, theileria annulata surface protein (tasp) was identified as an immunodominant antigen and successfully used to develop and validate a recombinant-protein-based elisa for the detection of circulating antibodies in serum of t. annulata-infected animals. in this study, the same antigen was used to develop a competitive elisa (celisa) using a monoclonal antibody that was found to bind to tasp. the celisa accurately differentiated t. annulata-infected from uninfected animals and ...200818666970
a taqman real-time rt-pcr assay for selective detection of atypical bovine pestiviruses in clinical samples and biological products.novel 'atypical' pestiviruses have been detected recently in biological products, e.g. fetal calf serum (fcs) batches, and in cattle infected naturally. due to genetic and antigenic variation in pestiviruses, the current diagnostic assays have limitations for the detection of atypical bovine pestiviruses described recently. this paper describes a new one-step real-time rt-pcr assay for the specific detection of atypical bovine pestiviruses, including d32/00_'hobi', brz buf 9, ch-kaho/cont, and t ...200818831989
multiphoton imaging of ultrashort pulse laser ablation in the intracellular parasite theileria.theileria annulata is an intracellular parasite that infects and transforms bovine leukocytes, inducing continuous proliferation of its host cell both in vivo and in vitro. theileria-infected cells can easily be propagated in the laboratory and serve as a good model for laser ablation studies. using single pulses from an amplified ultrashort pulse laser system, we developed a technique to introduce submicrometer holes in the plasma membrane of the intracellular schizont stage of theileria annula ...200819021349
seroprevalence of tick-borne diseases among cattle in the sudan.this study was carried out to determine the prevalence of theileria annulata, theileria mutans, babesia bigemina, and anaplasma marginale antibodies among cattle in the sudan. a total of 600 serum samples were collected from indigenous (zebu) and crossbred cattle (zebu x friesian) of both sex and different age groups. indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to assess antibodies against tick-borne diseases in apparently healthy cattle. the overall prevalence rates of t. annulata, t. m ...200919030878
mediterranean theileriosis and other tick transmitted piroplasmoses in cattle in minorca (balearic islands, spain): the effect of tick control on prevalence levels analyzed by reverse line blot (rlb) macroarrays.mediterranean theileriosis, caused by theileria annulata, is endemic in minorca (balearic islands, spain). the present study analyzes the prevalence of piroplasm infections in cattle in minorca using reverse line blot (rlb) macroarrays, as well as the effect of herd tick control on those prevalence levels. one hundred and nineteen animals from 12 herds were sampled in representative areas of the island. information was gathered regarding tick control for the animals (frequency and acaricide used ...200919086744
existence of splicing variants in homologues of theileria lestoquardi clone-5 gene's transcripts in theileria annulata and theileria parva.clone 5 has been described as an immunogenic protein and was used to establish an elisa for malignant theileriosis. molecular characterization of the gene product revealed alternative splicing at the single intron resulting in two mrna transcripts, translating into a long and a short protein form. homologues of clone 5 exist in theileria annulata and t. parva according to the available annotated genbank sequences, showing however only the long protein forms in these parasites (genbank accession ...200819120213
comparison of the molecular structure of the tasp gene of theileria annulata from sudanese isolates.the polymorphic region of the theileria annulata surface protein (tasp) was cloned and sequenced from different isolates of cattle and cell lines from different areas of sudan. amino acid sequence alignment revealed a high diversity showing amino acid and length polymorphism, both within and between parasite isolates. the generation of tasp diversity may allow the evasion of host immunity by the parasite since tasp is a highly antigenic parasite protein.200819120215
biochemical, hematological, and electrocardiographic changes in buffaloes naturally infected with theileria annulata.changes in selected blood and serum components and electrocardiography (ecg) were investigated in 20 adults (13 females and 7 males) of water buffaloes suffering from severe theileriosis. the age of all animals used in this study ranged 1.5-5 yr. theileriosis was diagnosed by observation of parasites in the peripheral blood and the presence of schizonts in lymphocytes that were provided from swollen lymph nodes. statistically significant decreases were observed in the means of rbc, wbc, and pack ...200819127327
[prevalence of tropical theileriosis in cattle in the aydin region and determination of efficacy of attenuated theileria annulata vaccine].the present study was carried out to find out the prevalence of tropical theileriosis in the aydin region and to determine immune status of cattle vaccinated with theileria annulata schizont vaccine using the indirect fluorescence antibody test (ifat) during and after the disease season. a total of 236 out of 466 cattle found to be seronegative with ifat were vaccinated in the aydin region (cine, incirliova, nazilli, and centrum) before the disease season (march). the remaining cattle (230/466) ...200819156604
control of tropical theileriosis with attenuated schizont vaccine in china.tropical theileriosis, a tick borne disease of cattle caused by the protozoan theileria annulata, was widely distributed in northern china causing great economical losses before the 1980's. in the 1960's blood passaging, irradiation and in vitro culture of parasite were used for the development of attenuated vaccine. two lines of the schizont stage were obtained which both provided sufficient protection against tick infestation or blood challenge in experimental and field trials. a gelatin prote ...200819178886
vaccination of cattle against tropical theileriosis in uzbekistan using autochthonous live vaccine.in uzbekistan, 1984 cattle were vaccinated with the tau-219 autochthonous live theileria annulata vaccine under field conditions. there were no post-vaccination reactions recorded in calves vaccinated with 10 times the recommended dose, under semi-field conditions. after vaccination 53.9% of the vaccinates developed fever over 39.5 degrees c that lasted for a few days, but none developed clinical theileriosis or required drug treatment during the 3-week follow-up. the numbers of animals in which ...200819178887
influence of subculturing on gene expression in a theileria lestoquardi-infected cell line.in this study potential molecular markers for identification of attenuation in a theileria lestoquardi-infected cell line to be used in vaccination trials were identified. two markers associated with attenuation in theileria annulata vaccine strains were analyzed (metalloproteinase activity and tnf? mrna expression). the result showed a decreased activity of mmp 9 and decreased mrna expression of tnf? with increasing passage number. suppression subtractive hybridization was used to identify pote ...200819178888
tropical theileriosis: cytotoxic t lymphocyte response to vaccination.cattle which survive an infection with theileria annulata become effectively immune to challenge with the same parasite strain, and are thought to be protected against a heterologous strain of the parasite. t-cells play a crucial role in both induction and maintenance of immunity to t. annulata. the generation of cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) is closely related to the control of the infection - macroschizont-infected cells are killed in an mhc class i restricted manner. any strain-specificity in ...200819178889
review on the experience with live attenuated vaccines against tropical theileriosis in tunisia: considerations for the present and implications for the future.the choice of a vaccine candidate against tropical theileriosis was based on key epidemiological considerations inherent to the main target endemic situation in tunisia. one of the attenuated cell lines was retained as a vaccine candidate on the basis of small-scale trials testing the intrinsic safety aspects of the vaccine for the targeted animal categories in the dominant endemic situation where it will be used. the vaccine efficacy was confirmed in pilot vaccination campaigns using fresh cult ...200819178892
progress in development of vaccine against hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum-indian scenario.hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, a three host tick vector transmitting the causative agent of bovine tropical theileriosis, is widely distributed throughout india. as a component of integrated control measures against the tick vector, attempts have been made to identify candidate protein molecules for development of an anti-tick vaccine in the different stages of this tick species. by strategic methods of isolation of the targeted molecules using affinity purification of proteins showing reactivi ...200819178893
some hydrolase activities from the tick hyalomma lusitanicum koch, 1844 (ixodoidea: ixodida).in this work has been made a detection and preliminary characterization of some hydrolases in whole extracts from unfed adult males and females of hyalomma lusitanicum, one of the vectors for theileria annulata that causes mediterranean theileriosis in cattle. we have elected as targets, proteases as enzymes implicated in the nutritional processes of ticks, esterases that are usually implicated in resistance to organophosphates and phosphatises often implicated in protein phosphorilation and con ...200819202766
study on acute phase proteins (haptoglobin, serum amyloid a, fibrinogen, and ceruloplasmin) changes and their diagnostic values in bovine tropical theileriosis.this study was conducted to assess the pattern of changes and the relative value of acute phase proteins (haptoglobin (hp), serum amyloid a (saa), ceruloplasmin and fibrinogen) in bovine tropical theileriosis. the diseased group comprised 50 dairy holstein cattle, 2-3 years old, naturally infected with theileria annulata. infected animals were divided into four subgroups with different parasitemia rates (<1%, 1-3%, 3-5%, >5%). as a control group, 20 uninfected cattle were also sampled. blood sam ...200919238441
the protozoan parasite theileria annulata alters the differentiation state of the infected macrophage and suppresses musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene (maf) transcription factors.the tick-borne protozoan parasite theileria annulata causes a debilitating disease of cattle called tropical theileriosis. the parasite predominantly invades bovine macrophages (m phi) and induces host cell transformation by a mechanism that has not been fully elucidated. infection is associated with loss of characteristic m phi functions and phenotypic markers, indicative of host cell de-differentiation. we have investigated the effect of t. annulata infection on the expression of the m phi dif ...200919303416
bovine immunity - a driver for diversity in theileria parasites?theileria parva and theileria annulata are tick-borne parasites of cattle that infect and transform leukocytes, causing severe and often fatal parasitic leukoses. both species provoke strong immunity against subsequent infection. however, considerable diversity is observed in field populations of each parasite and protection is only assured against homologous challenge. the life cycles of these parasites are complex and involve prolonged exposure to host and vector defence mechanisms. although t ...200919423397
highly syntenic and yet divergent: a tale of two theilerias.the published genomic sequences of the two major host-transforming theileria species of cattle represent a rich resource of information that has allowed novel bioinformatic and experimental studies into these important apicomplexan parasites. since their publication in 2005, the genomes of t. annulata and t. parva have been utilised for a diverse range of applications, ranging from candidate antigen discovery to the identification of genetic markers for population analysis. this has led to advan ...200919460310
in silico analysis of the cyclophilin repertoire of apicomplexan parasites.abstract:200919555495
clinical and biochemical studies on theileria annulata in egyptian buffaloes (bubalus bubalis) with particular orientation to oxidative stress and ketosis relationship.this study was carried out on 68 theileria annulata naturally infected buffaloes in addition to 25 parasitologically free buffaloes distributed in small herds at dakahlia and gharbya governorates, egypt, to demonstrate the clinical picture associated with theileriosis in this buffaloes with particular emphasis to the oxidative stress and ketosis relationship. clinical signs recorded in infected buffaloes were in the form of fever, enlargement of one or more lymph node, ocular discharge, corneal ...200919559534
field validation of a competitive elisa for detection of theileria annulata infection.in previous studies, theileria annulata surface protein (tasp) was identified as an immunodominant antigen and successfully used to develop a recombinant-protein-based indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the detection of circulating antibodies in serum of t. annulata-infected animals. to increase the specificity, a competitive elisa (celisa) was developed using recombinant tasp antigen and a monoclonal antibody (1c7) specifically binding to tasp. since the celisa accurately di ...200919756741
modulation of nf-kappab activation in theileria annulata-infected cloned cell lines is associated with detection of parasite-dependent ikk signalosomes and disruption of the actin cytoskeleton.apicomplexan parasites within the genus theileria have the ability to induce continuous proliferation and prevent apoptosis of the infected bovine leukocyte. protection against apoptosis involves constitutive activation of the bovine transcription factor nf-kappab in a parasite-dependent manner. activation of nf-kappab is thought to involve recruitment of ikk signalosomes at the surface of the macroschizont stage of the parasite, and it has been postulated that additional host proteins with adap ...201019804486
bovine tropical theileriosis in a neonate calf. 201019816783
[preliminary application of pcr-based assay for the detection of neospora caninum in bovine aborted fetus].to establish a pcr diagnostic method based on nc-5 gene of neospora caninum, for being used to detect neospora in brain tissues of bovine aborted fetus.200919856504
epidemiological studies on tropical theileriosis (theileria annulata infection of cattle) in kurdistan region, iraq.in an ad hoc survey conducted during 2006, the epidemiology of tropical theileriosis in kurdistan region, iraq, was addressed. for this purpose, a total of 299 blood samples were collected from female cattle older than 1 year reared under open system management in duhok (n = 99), sulaimanyia (n = 100) and erbil (n = 100) governorates. the samples were subjected to tasp indirect elisa as well as polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and nested pcr assays. the results indicated that the seroprevalence w ...201019911197
evolution and diversity of secretome genes in the apicomplexan parasite theileria annulata.little is known about how apicomplexan parasites have evolved to infect different host species and cell types. theileria annulata and theileria parva invade and transform bovine leukocytes but each species favours a different host cell lineage. parasite-encoded proteins secreted from the intracellular macroschizont stage within the leukocyte represent a critical interface between host and pathogen systems. genome sequencing has revealed that several theileria-specific gene families encoding secr ...201020082698
schizonts of theileria annulata interact with the microtubuli network of their host cell via the membrane protein tasp.intracellular leukoproliferative theileria are unique as eukaryotic organisms that transform the immune cells of their ruminant host. theileria utilize the uncontrolled proliferation for rapid multiplication and distribution into host daughter cells. the parasite distribution into the daughter cells is accompanied by a tight association with the host cell mitotic apparatus. since the molecular basis for this interaction is largely unknown, we investigated the possible involvement of the immunodo ...201020162433
in vivo evidence for the resistance of theileria annulata to buparvaquone.the present study describes an outbreak of tropical theileriosis cases refractory to buparvaquone treatment, which occurred in a small-size dairy farm in tunisia. out of seven treated cows, four died in spite of repeated buparvaquone injections (2.5 and 5 mg kg(-1)) and the monitoring of the affected cows showed no improvement of the course of the disease with a consistent decrease in the haematocrit, the persistence of fever and an increased parasitaemia after treatment. ticks were fed on a cal ...201020185242
fatal cases of theileria annulata infection in calves in portugal associated with neoplastic-like lymphoid cell proliferation.this study was carried out to investigate fifteen cases of acute lethal infection of calves (<or= 4 months of age) by the protozoan parasite theileria (t.) annulata in the south of portugal. calves developed multifocal to coalescent nodular skin lesions, similar to multicentric malignant lymphoma. infestation with ticks (genus hyalomma) was intense. theileria was seen in blood and lymph node smears, and t. annulata infection was confirmed by isolation of schizont-transformed cells and sequencing ...201020195062
cytoplasmic sequestration of p53 promotes survival in leukocytes transformed by theileria.the function of the p53 protein as the central effector molecule of the p53 apoptotic pathway was investigated in a reversible model of epigenetic transformation. the infection of bovine leukocytes by the intracellular protozoan parasite theileria annulata results in parasite-dependent transformation and proliferation of the host cells. we found p53 to be largely localized in the host cell cytoplasm and associated with the parasite membrane of isolated schizonts. curing infected cells of the par ...201020208567
characterisation of gp34, a gpi-anchored protein expressed by schizonts of theileria parva and t. annulata.using bioinformatics tools, we searched the predicted theileria annulata and t. parva proteomes for putative schizont surface proteins. this led to the identification of gp34, a gpi-anchored protein that is stage-specifically expressed by schizonts of both theileria species and is downregulated upon induction of merogony. transfection experiments in hela cells showed that the gp34 signal peptide and gpi anchor signal are also functional in higher eukaryotes. epitope-tagged tp-gp34, but not ta-gp ...201020381541
pcr-based diagnosis of surra-targeting vsg gene: experimental studies in small laboratory rodents and buffalo.trypanosoma evansi, the causative organism of 'surra' expresses its variable surface glycoprotein (vsg) at early, middle and late stages of infection in animals. the variable antigenic nature of vsg caused by switching its expression type favours evasion from the host immune response and leads to chronic and persistent infection. developing a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based diagnostic tool targeting the vsg gene is expected to be highly specific and sensitive for diagnosis of surra. hence, ...201020388585
efficacy of rhaa86, an orthologue of bm86, against challenge infestations of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum.in an attempt to develop vaccine against hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, the protective efficacy of rhaa86 was evaluated against experimental challenge infestations of homologous tick species and lethal dose of theileria annulata. following challenge, a significant difference of 20.9% (p < 0.01) in the dropping per cent of ticks fed on immunized and control animals was recorded. a statistically significant reduction of 49.6 mg (p < 0.01) in the weight of ticks fed on immunized animals in compari ...201020537118
the correlations among serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha), interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) and sialic acids with peripheral lymphocytes in bovine tropical theileriosis.the infection with protozoan parasite theileria annulata induces changes triggering the activation and/or proliferation of the host lymphocytes. in order to find out the possible correlations among peripheral circulatory lymphocytes, cytokine activities and the level of sialic acids, 50 dairy holstein cattle, naturally infected with t. annulata, were divided into 4 subgroups according to their parasitemia rates (<1%, 1-3%, 3-5% and >5%). also, ten non-infected cattle were sampled as control grou ...201020607396
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