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antigenic diversity of theileria annulata macroschizonts.a series of monoclonal antibodies has been produced which reacts with the intracellular macroschizont of theileria annulata, and this series has been used to examine the level of antigenic diversity between and within stocks of the parasite in addition to species specificity within the genus. the majority of the monoclonal antibodies (six of eight) reacted with all stocks tested and four were species-specific. two monoclonal antibodies detected variation between stocks and within stocks. the var ...19863088817
specific lysis of theileria annulata-infected lymphoblastoid cells by a monoclonal antibody recognizing an infection-associated antigen.a monoclonal antibody (4h5) recognizing a theileria annulata infection-associated antigen was assayed to see if it could either suppress the proliferation of t. annulata-infected lymphoblastoid cells, as monitored by the incorporation of tritiated thymidine by proliferating host cells, or lyse t. annulata-infected lymphoblastoid cells, as assessed by counts of target cell numbers and examination of giemsa stained smears. these assays showed that binding of the monoclonal antibody, in the presenc ...19863092168
evaluation of purified theileria annulata sporozoite antigen from the tick hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum.rabbits immunized with purified sporozoites from hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum produced antibody to theileria annulata specific antigens as measured by the indirect fluorescent antibody test. nonspecific fluorescence which compounded the interpretation of the test was observed. incorporation of eriochrome black and evans blue as a counterstain in the diluent buffer for the conjugate significantly reduced the background fluorescence.19863097915
in vitro susceptibility of different mammalian lymphocytes to sporozoites of theileria annulata. 19863099493
time course of antibody response to theileria annulata. 19863102356
invasion and intracellular development of theileria annulata sporozoites in lymphoblastoid cell lines already transformed by t. annulata (hissar), t. annulata (ankara) and t. parva (muguga).interactions between theileria annulata sporozoites and lymphoblastoid cell lines already transformed by the hissar and ankara strains of t. annulata [t. a. (h) and t.a. (a), respectively] and the muguga strain of t. parva [t.p. (m)] were studied in vitro. although sporozoites of the hissar strain of t. annulata attached to and entered peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbl) and lymphoblastoid cell lines transformed by t. a. (h) and t. a. (a), they neither attached to nor entered the t. p. (m) cell l ...19863105157
elimination of the gametocytes of theileria annulata of cattle by primaquin phosphate.calves were experimentally infected with theileria annulata and five drugs were administered in an attempt to exterminate the gametocytes of the parasite. the results of the experiment proved that primaquin phosphate is an effective parasiticide. the gametocytes from 30 calves treated with primaquin phosphate were exterminated completely. a further eight calves were treated with sulfamethoxypyrazine, trimethoprim, naganin and acaprin, but these drugs were not found to be effective in eliminating ...19873105159
cultivation of besnoitia besnoiti and evaluation of susceptibility of laboratory animals to cultured parasites.cultivation of besnoitia besnoiti on five mammalian cell types showed that vero (green monkey kidney), l929 (mouse fibroblasts) and bek (bovine embryo kidney) cells were highly susceptible and were almost destroyed after 5 days of incubation, while mdbk (madin-darby bovine kidney) and bl (theileria annulata-infected bovine lymphoid) cells were less affected. intraperitoneal infection with culture-derived endozoites was fatal for gerbils (meriones tristrami) and sand rats (psammomys obesus). rabb ...19873105163
comparative pathogenicity of theileria annulata strains.twenty three susceptible crossbred calves were inoculated with five indian strains of theileria annulata, collected from natural cases of tropical theileriosis at ludhiana, hissar, jaipur, uruli-kanchan and bangalore. all the strains produced clinical disease with typical symptoms and lesions of acute theileriosis. the strains were considered highly virulent and equally pathogenic.19873113039
immunization of neonatal bovines against theileria annulata by an infection and treatment method.sixty three cross-bred (bos taurus x bos indicus) 4-5-day-old calves were divided into 16 groups (a-p). each calf in groups a and b was given ground-up-tick supernate prepared from theileria annulata-infected or non-infected hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (guts) equivalent to 5 ticks (50 infected acini). groups d and e received infected guts equivalent to 2 ticks (20 infected acini) and groups g and h were given infected guts equivalent to 1 tick (10 infected acini). each calf in groups j, k and ...19873113041
cross-reaction among four isolates of theileria annulata from india.a close identity in virulence and cross-protection of four isolates of theileria annulata was observed when infection was produced in naive, crossbred (bos taurus male x b. indicus female) male calves. the evidence that strains of t. annulata in india differ in virulence and immunogenicity is equivocal at present.19873114939
the role of interleukin 2 (il 2) in the proliferation of theileria annulata-infected bovine lymphocytes.the role of interleukin 2 (il 2) in the proliferation of theileria annulata-infected lymphoblastoid cells was studied. it was found that these cells neither require nor produce il 2. this was based on the following findings: (a) the growth of t. annulata-infected cells was not enhanced by addition of il 2 to the culture medium. (b) il 2-dependent con a-stimulated bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes (con a-blasts) no longer required il 2 after being infected with sporozoites of t. annulata. (c) t ...19873122202
effect of chemotherapy on the biological functions of lymphoblastoid cells infected with theileria annulata. 19873125709
the effect of the host lymphocyte lysosomal system on the developing intracellular theileria annulata sporozoites.the fate of developing intracellular theileria annulata sporozoites within bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbl) was investigated in vitro using acid phosphatase ultracytochemistry. the intracellular sporozoites, while they developed into trophozoites, fed, and transformed into schizonts, provoked intense host lysosomal activity as early as 30 min after they were mixed with lymphocytes. although viable developing trophozoites failed to fuse with lysosomal vesicles, thereby avoiding enzymatic ...19883126596
the role of antibodies in immunity against theileria annulata infection in cattle.the role of antibodies in protecting cattle against theileria annulata infection was investigated. it was found that serum samples from immune cattle had a neutralizing effect on the sporozoites preventing in this way the invasion of lymphocytes. however, the same antiserum neither caused lysis of macroschizont- infected lymphoblastoid cells nor inhibited their proliferation in vitro. free merozoites but not the infected erythrocytes were opsonized by immune serum. in addition, complement alone, ...19883131982
bovine mononuclear cell lines transformed by theileria parva or theileria annulata express different subpopulation markers.bovine mononuclear cell lines infected with the protozoan parasites theileria annulata and t. parva have been studied with a panel of monoclonal antibodies reacting with bovine lymphocyte subpopulation markers. all infected lines are mhc class ii positive, though the amount of class ii antigen expressed varied between lines, and within individual lines there was variation in the proportion of positive cells from 100% with many, to less than 10%. all lines were negative for a macrophage/monocyte ...19883146047
macrophage-mediated cytostasis and lymphocyte cytotoxicity in cattle immunized with theileria annulata sporozoites or macroschizont-infected cell lines.immunization with either sporozoites or macroschizont-infected cell lines protected calves against challenge with lethal doses of sporozoites of theileria annulata. stocks from india, turkey and morocco all conferred protective immunity to each other, irrespective of the immunizing regime. although heterogeneous clinical responses were induced by the two immunizing regimes, both stimulated similar patterns of macrophage cytostasis as expressed as an inhibition of proliferation of macroschizont-i ...19883146048
efficacy of parvaquone in the treatment of naturally occurring theileriosis in cattle in iraq.parvaquone was tested in cattle infected with theileria annulata when they were presented at clinics in the vicinity of baghdad. out of over 200 cases presented with suspected theileriosis between july 1984 and july 1985, the drug was used in 45 cases where theileriosis was confirmed by microscopic examination of blood and lymph node biopsy smears. twenty seven of the cases were considered mild and 18 cases severe. weights of the cattle were estimated and parvaquone was administered by intramusc ...19883194970
effectiveness of parvaquone in cattle infected with theileria annulata.parvaquone was used in 13 cattle naturally infected with theileria annulata. blood smears and lymph node biopsy smears were taken, stained and examined for the presence of the piroplasm and schizont stages of the parasite respectively. smears were examined before and on the third, fifth and seventh day after commencement of therapy. two doses of parvaquone were injected in the neck intramuscularly at 10 mg/kg bodyweight at 48 hour intervals. of the 13 cattle treated 11 were discharged in fairly ...19883238773
treatment of experimentally induced theileria annulata infection in cross-bred calves with buparvaquone.twenty cross-bred (bos taurus x bos indicus) calves, 7-21 days old, were infected by a ground-up tick supernate of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum infected with the hisar isolate of theileria annulata. six calves acted as untreated controls and they all died of theileriosis within 17 days of infection. the remaining 14 calves were divided into group a and b, each consisting of seven calves. all the calves of groups a and b were treated intramuscularly with buparvaquone (bw 720c) on day 11 post-in ...19883369076
isolation and immunoelectromicroscopical characterization of theileria annulata macroschizonts.theileria annulata macroschizonts were isolated from bovine lymphoblastoid cells grown in cell culture. to release the parasites, the cells were homogenized under hypotonic conditions. intact host lymphocyte nuclei were lysed and the resulting chromatin precipitate was degraded by dnase. host cell fragments were removed by ion-exchange chromatography. as revealed by electron microscopy, the preparations were free of intact host lymphocytes, lymphocyte nuclei and organelles. antisera raised in ra ...19863535286
[theileria annulata: transmural potential difference of the abomasum and duodenum and permeability of their mucosa in the cow infested experimentally]. 19873582568
application of chemi- and bioluminescence in studies of immunological reactions against protozoa.the opsonization and lysis of different protozoa by antibodies and/or complement was followed using luminol-dependent chemiluminescence and bioluminescence. the addition of immune serum to variable antigen type populations of trypanosoma evansi led to the specific opsonization of trypanosomes resulting in an intense metabolic activation and chemiluminescence response of phagocytic cells. in comparison to those of uninfected control mice, the phagocytosis of coccidia merozoites by spleen cells fr ...19863705427
efficacy of parvaquone and long-acting oxytetracycline in theileria annulata infection.therapeutic and prophylactic efficacies of parvaquone and long-acting oxytetracycline were tested against theileria annulata infection, induced by injecting a suspension of infected ground tick tissues (guts) into groups of 4 or 5 calves. this infection killed two of four control calves, while all the animals given a single intramuscular dose of 20 mg kg-1 parvaquone or long-acting oxytetracycline on the day of infection underwent mild reactions and recovered. two separate doses of parvaquone of ...19863750805
cryopreservation of theileria-infected lymphoblastoid cells with functional assessment of viability.bovine lymphoblastoid cell cultures infected with theileria annulata were frozen to -60 degrees c in a programmable cooling apparatus using continuous cooling rates of 1 degree c/min, 10 degrees c/min and 120 degrees c/min and a two-step cooling rate with an equilibration period of 20 min at -30 degrees c. the cryopreservative was dmso at concentrations of 5, 10 and 15%. aliquots of cryopreserved material were stored in the vapour phase of a liquid nitrogen refrigerator and resuscitated by rapid ...19863810856
chemotherapy of theileria annulata infection with buparvaquone. 19863811192
inhibition of lymphocyte invasion by sporozoites and the transformation of trophozoite infected lymphocytes in vitro by serum from theileria annulata immune cattle.serum from calves immune to theileria annulata inhibited sporozoite-induced infection and transformation of peripheral blood leucocytes (pbl) into macroschizont infected lymphoblastoid cells in vitro. invasion by sporozoites was suppressed by some sera, especially that obtained after challenge, but in many instances suppression of infection could be attributed only to retardation of development of pbl infected with intracellular trophozoites into proliferating macroschizont infected cells. suppr ...19853925422
intraerythrocytic schizogony of theileria annulata.the intraerythrocytic multiplication of two strains of theileria annulata was studied with parasites maintained in stationary cultures and in the blood of infected cattle. in cultures established with blood from infected cattle 20-60% of single t. annulata piroplasms divided into quadruplet forms by day 6 in vitro. transmission electron microscopic studies of t. annulata in culture showed that piroplasms possess intracytoplasmic food vacuoles and cytostomes during a pre-division trophozoite stag ...19853929214
treatment of theileria annulata infection in calves with parvaquone.fifteen calves were infected by the injection of stabilate of a suspension of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks infected with the ankara strain of theileria annulata. three were kept untreated, as controls, and they all died of theileriosis. three groups of four calves were treated intramuscularly with parvaquone (clexon; wellcome) when early signs of theileriosis were clinically apparent. one group received 20 mg (kg bodyweight)-1 of parvaquone 10 days after infection. two of these calves we ...19853929345
comparative autoradiographic study of parasite-host-cell cyclical relationship in lymphoblastoid cell lines infected with theileria annulata and theileria parva in vitro.cyclical interactions between intracellular schizonts of the ankara and hissar strains of theileria annulata and the muguga strain of t. parva and the parasitised host lymphoblasts have been studied autoradiographically by following the incorporation of (3h) thymidine into parasite and host cell nuclei, and also by quantitating the number of schizont nuclei per lymphoblast, at various stages and phases of host cell cycle. the synthesis of dna by theileria schizonts and the parasitised host lymph ...19853937319
the maintenance and survival of theileria annulata in colonies of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum.procedures are described for the colonization of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks using gerbils, rabbits and cattle as hosts. on rabbits h. a. anatolicum undergoes a two-host cycle but methods are described for obtaining either unfed or engorged nymphs. data are given on the life cycle timings and the numbers and timings of tick feeding regimes. the infection of h. a. anatolicum with two strains of theileria annulata is described and methods given for monitoring the development and survival ...19853938203
artificial infection of ticks with theileria annulata. 19854039613
long term maintenance of theileria annulata strains by freezing at -70 degrees c. 19734196474
vaccination of calves and milking cows with different strains of theileria annulata. 19734201294
theileria annulata: cross-reactions between a cell culture schizont antigen and antigens of east african species in the indirect fluorescent antibody test. 19744207914
inoculation of cattle with bovine lymphoid cell lines infected with theileria annulata. 19734209189
the therapeutic value of oxytetracycline hydrochloride (terramycin) in cattle infected experimentally with theileria annulata. 19744213485
[the effect of roentgen rays on the virulence of theileria annulata]. 19724662374
[susceptibility of buffalo to francaiella colchica and theileria annulata of cattle]. 19724666958
fluroescent antibody test for the serodiagnosis of theileria annulata. 19694898416
[on the virulence of theileria annulata (dschunkowsky and luhs, 1904) and the premunition against bovine theileriasis in iran]. 19654957960
unusual lesions in theileria annulata infection in a calf. 19674962075
studies on the antigenic value and premunition against bovine theileriosis due to theileria annulata (dschunkovsky and luhs 1904) in iran and conservation of strains of theileria annulata at-70degrees c. 19674979952
transmission of theileria annulata by the crushed infected unfed hyalomma dromedarii. 19694986778
[cultures of bovine lymphocytes lines parasitized with theileria annulata]. 19714994966
complement-fixing antibodies in cattle experimentally infected with theileria annulata or vaccinated with tissue cultures. 19714996321
[development of theileria annulata in the tick hyalomma anatolicum]. 19715003496
[abortions of cows after invasion by theileria annulata (dschunkowsky and luhs, 1904)]. 19705534819
theileria annulata infection in friesian cattle imported to iraq from europe. 19695815464
ultrastructural demonstration of succinic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase activity in sporozoites of babesia ovis and theileria annulata (apicomplexa: piroplasmea) in salivary glands of tick vectors (rhipicephalus bursa, hyalomma anatolicum excavatum).salivary gland stages ("sporozoites") of babesia ovis and theileria annulata (apicomplexa: piroplasmea) in female ixodid ticks were studied for ultracytochemical activity of the respiratory enzymes, succinic dehydrogenase (sdh), and cytochrome oxidase. both sdh and cytochrome oxidase were demonstrated in the sporozoites and the mitochondria in these stages. identified in this way the final reaction product of sdh was located mainly at the inner side of the mitochondrial boundary, though it was a ...19806260921
the effect of theileria annulata infection on the immune response of cattle to foot-and-mouth disease. 19836354355
transmission of theileria annulata (dschunkowsky & luhs, 1904) by hyalomma excavatum (koch, 1844).theileria annulata was transmitted transtadially by an israeli strain of hyalomma excavatum from larvae to nymphs and from nymphs to adults. however, the adults developing from larvae which engorged on infected calves and fed during the nymphal stage on non-infected calves, rabbits or gerbils (meriones tristrami), did not transmit theileriosis. suspensions of infected unfed nymphs or adults did not produce theileriosis but both nymphs and adults of the same batch became infective to cattle after ...19836406969
fine structure and invasive behaviour of the early developmental stages of theileria annulata in vitro.the interaction, in vitro, between bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes and sporozoites of theileria annulata (ankara) was studied by light and electron microscopy. beginning five minutes following incubation, samples were taken for giemsa-stained smears and glutaraldehyde-fixed pellets, for light and electron microscopy, respectively. sporozoites of t. annulata measure an average of 0.9 microns long, 0.8 microns broad and possess a limiting unit membrane, the pellicle; a round-to-ovoid, eccentri ...19836407181
ultrastructural characteristics of in vitro parasite-lymphocyte behaviour in invasions with theileria annulata and theileria parva.host-parasite relationships have been studied by electron microscopy using glutaraldehyde-oso4-fixed pellets of lymphoid cultures infected in vitro by theileria annulata and t. parva. intracellular presence of the parasite resulted in a progressive and marked lymphoblastoid transformation. the schizont stage periodically provoked the formation of, and adopted an intimate association with, cytoplasmic annulate lamellae in the interphase cell. annulate lamellae developed from the outer nuclear mem ...19836412424
the maturation of theileria annulata in hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum stimulated by incubation or feeding to produce sporozoites.adult hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks infected with theileria annulata (hissar strain) were incubated at 36 degrees c or fed on rabbits. tick salivary glands were stained whole with methyl green pyronin or ground up and deposited on microscope slides and stained with giemsa's solution. separate batches of ticks from both treatments were ground up, centrifuged and filtered to produce sporozoite suspensions. the suspensions were examined as deposits on microscope slides stained with giemsa's ...19836414152
note on the transmission of theileria annulata by hyalomma ticks in the sudan.nymphs of hyalomma impeltatum and h. dromedarii, fed as larvae on an infected calf, transmitted fatal theileria annulata infection to two susceptible calves. the significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the epidemiology of tropical theileriosis in the sudan.19836415894
infection rates of theileria annulata in the salivary glands of the tick hyalomma marginatum rufipes.theileria annulata was experimentally transmitted to cattle on two occasions by the two-host tick hyalomma marginatum rufipes. transmission was transstadial; engorged nymphs fed on theileria annulata-infected calves transmitted the disease as adults. salivary glands of all partially fed and incubated adult ticks were heavily infected with theileria parasites. immatures attached rapidly and fed successfully on cattle. however, since the immature stages of this species normally feed on birds, this ...19836415895
preparation of suspensions of hyalomma excavatum ticks infected with theileria annulata.partially engorged adult hyalomma excavatum ticks infected with theileria annulata were reared for the preparation of an infective suspension. about 6000 partially engorged infected adults were obtained from 420 non-infective adult ticks. the entire cycle required about 4 months. six rabbits were used for the production of the fully engorged females. the larvae were fed on 180 gerbils, the nymphs on 17 infected calves and the partially fed adults on 22 goats, 7 sheep and 7 rabbits the adult tick ...19836419443
the development of theileria annulata in the salivary glands of the vector tick hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum.the development at 28 degrees c of theileria annulata (hissar) in the salivary glands of its tick vector, hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, was studied using giemsa-stained smears, methyl green-pyronin-stained preparations of whole glands, and electron microscopy. nymphs which had engorged on t. annulata-infected calves showed kinetes in the haemolymph from day 7 to day 14 post engorgement, when all ticks had completed moult. intracellular sporonts were observed within salivary gland acini from da ...19846433817
infection of the host cells of theileria annulata with t. parva. 19846438936
factors affecting the capacity of theileria annulata sporozoites to invade bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes.the number of t. annulata sporozoites invading bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbl) under different conditions (in vitro) was determined. heat-inactivation of t. annulata sporozoites for 45 min, in a thermostatically controlled, shaking water bath preset and stabilised at 60 degrees c resulted in an almost total lack of invasion of fresh, normal pbl by the sporozoites, indicating that the interiorization process is parasite-effected. the mean number of t. annulata sporozoites interiorizatio ...19846440349
glucose phosphate isomerase polymorphism in theileria annulata and t. parva.six stocks of theileria annulata isolated from the sudan and nine stocks of t. parva, isolated in kenya and malawi were grown in bovine lymphoblastoid cell lines. lysates prepared from the infected cultures were examined electrophoretically on thin layer starch gels for evidence of glucose phosphate isomerase polymorphism. the six stocks of t. annulata showed major variations in their parasite enzyme patterns but no variation was detected in nine stocks of t. parva.19846441326
characterization of theileria annulata infected lymphoblastoid cells. 19846441375
chemotherapy of bovine tropical theileriosis: theileria annulata infection.seven groups of calves were treated with parvaquone (993c: clexon, wellcome) (20 mg kg-1 intramuscularly) or halofuginone lactate (1.2 mg kg-1 orally) on the first, third or sixth day of significant pyrexia following artificial infection with the hissar strain of theileria annulata. eight untreated control animals developed severe theileriosis and five died. all animals treated with parvaquone or halofuginone lactate on the first or third day of fever underwent relatively mild theileriosis and a ...19846505404
t- and b-lymphoid cell population in calves immunized against theileria annulata.distribution of t- and b-lymphoid cells in peripheral blood, lymph node, spleen and bone marrow of normal healthy calves and valves immunized against theileria annulata followed by challenge on day 50 post-immunization were studied by rosette tests. significantly increased percentages of t- and b-lymphoid cells were recorded in immunized calves.19836605608
protection of cattle against theileria annulata infection using corynebacterium parvum.four groups of calves (a, b, c and d) each consisting of five calves were used for the present study. group a calves were given corynebacterium parvum alone. group b calves were inoculated with inactivated ground-up-tick supernate (guts) prepared from hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum infected with theileria annulata plus c. parvum. group c received only inactivated guts. all the surviving calves of groups a to c were exposed on day 45 post-inoculation to a lethal tick challenge along with suscepti ...19836649060
non-specific immunization against bovine tropical theileriosis (theileria annulata) using killed corynebacterium parvum.killed corynebacterium parvum was used as an adjuvant for the production of non-specific resistance against theileria annulata in cattle. groups of cross-bred (bos indicus x bos taurus) calves were administered c. parvum adjuvant subcutaneously and were then challenged with t. annulata-infected ticks on 45, 60 or 90 days later. the challenge caused mild reactions in the protected calves. none of the 10 immunized calves died due to theileriosis, whereas all three paris of susceptible control calv ...19836685397
bovine lymphocyte antigens (bola) of bovine lymphocytes and derived lymphoblastoid lines transformed by theileria parva and theileria annulata.the bola phenotypes of lymphocytes from seven cattle have been compared with those of 19 lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from them by infection in vitro with either theileria parva or t. annulata. two long-established lines were also studied. in all cases except one, the bola phenotypes of the lymphoblastoid lines were identical with those of the original animal from whose lymphocytes they were derived. the one exception was a chimeric twin where a minor population appeared to have been transf ...19806774305
immunological relationship between strains of theileria annulata dschunkowsky and luhs 1904.the immunological relationship between the ludhiana and hissar strains, and between the uruli-kanchan, bangalore and jaipur strains of theileria annulata was studied. calves were immunised against the ludhiana strain by the infection-treatment method, against the uruli-kanchan strain by the infection-treatment method or by untreated low-grade infection and against the jaipur strain by untreated low-grade infection. after 45 days, groups of immune calves and susceptible controls were challenged w ...19806779361
immunisation of calves against bovine tropical theileriosis (theileria annulata) with graded doses of sporozoites and irradiated sporozoites. 19806782032
identification of theileria infections in the salivary glands of hyalomma anatolicum anatoli cum and rhipicephalus appendiculatus using isoenzyme electrophoresis.lysates prepared from the salivary glands of uninfected hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and rhipicephalus appendiculatus and from ticks of these species infected with 2 strains of theileria annulata and 1 strain of t. parva respectively have been examined for enzyme polymorphism using thin layer starch gel electrophoresis. representative enzymes from 3 of the major metabolic pathways, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the glycolytic pathway and the pentose phosphate pathway were investigated. only 1 ...19816785914
preliminary investigations on isoenzyme variants of lymphoblastoid cell lines infected wih theileria species.the electrophoretic mobilities of seven enzymes from eight theileria-infected bovine lymphoblastoid cell lines originating in kenya and iran were compared. the isoenzyme patterns of phosphoglucomutase, malate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were the same for all cell lines infected with any of the three theileria species. theileria annulata could be clearly differentiated from t parva and t lawrencei on the basis of three enzymes: glucose phosphate isomerase, gl ...19816787678
glucose phosphate isomerase isoenzyme patterns in bovine lymphoblastoid cell lines infected with theileria annulata and t parva, with an improved enzyme visualisation method using meldola blue.five strains of theileria annulata from three geographically different areas and one strain of t parva were grown in bovine lymphoblastoid cell lines. lysates of the parasitised cells were examined by thin layer starch gel electrophoresis for multiple forms of the enzyme glucose phosphate isomerase. a reported difference between the glucose phosphate isomerase isoenzyme patterns of t annulata and t parva was confirmed. cultures of one strain of t annulata grown in cells derived from four differe ...19806789417
immunological aspects of theileria annulata infection in calves. 1. e., ea, and eac rosette forming cells in calves infected with t. annulata.peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbls) from normal and theilaria annulata-infected calves were assayed for e, ea, and eac rosette formation. the e rosette forming cells showed the first increase on day 8 of the infection. this continued in all animals till day 14 the maximum increase was recorded. after that they showed reduced percentages of e rosettes, reaching normal values (as obtained before the infection) on day 24 to 30. when the recovered animals were challenged 64 days after the first infe ...19816789510
theileria annulata and babesia ovis: ultracytochemical lactic dehydrogenase activity of sporozoites in salivary glands of female ticks, hyalomma anatolicum excavatum and rhipicephalus bursa. 19826806115
immunological aspects of theileria annulata infection calves. 2. production of macrophage migration inhibition factor (mif) by sensitized lymphocytes from theileria annulata-infected calves.peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbls) from calves infected experimentally with a stabilate of theileria annulate, produced a factor which inhibited the migration of macrophages. this was first demonstrated against schizont antigen in some animals on day 8 post infection while in the others on day 12. the highest activity of the macrophage migration inhibition factor (mif) was recorded on day 12 in some of the infected animals and on day 16 in the others, whereas on day 30 or more mif was demonstra ...19816808725
relative infectivity of theileria annulata (dchunkovsky and luhs, 1904) stabilates derived from female and male hyalomma excavatum (koch, 1844) ticks.partially engorged female and male hyalomma excavatum ticks infected with theileria annulata were triturated separately in eagle's minimum essential medium complemented with fetal calf serum. glycerol was added to the supernatant obtained after centrifugation and the material was frozen at -79 degrees c. infectivity of the stabilate was titrated by inoculating susceptible calves with dilutions of the material. stabilate prepared from female ticks was considerably more infective on a per tick bas ...19826808758
cell-mediated cytotoxicity in theileria annulata infection of cattle with evidence for bola restriction.recovery of calves from tropical theileriosis was accompanied by the disappearance of macroschizonts from lymph nodes and the appearance of cytotoxic cells in the blood and lymph nodes. acute, fatal disease was associated with incremental parasitosis and parasitaemia and, in general, an absence of detectable cytotoxic cells in the blood or lymph nodes. after recovery from infection, calves were resistant to challenge. challenge with sporozoites was followed sometimes by an immediate reappearance ...19836872329
immunization of friesian cattle against theileria annulata by the infection-treatment method. 19817284748
dna measurements and ploidy determination of developmental stages in the life cycles of theileria annulata and t. parva.the relative dna levels of different developmental stages of theileria annulata and t. parva in the cow and the tick were measured by the cytophotometric dna technique using the fluorochrome hoechst 33258 as a staining dye. the results revealed that sporozoites, merozoites, gamonts, and gametes were haploid, whereas multinucleated intralymphocytic schizonts were polyploid. no difference was observed between t. parva and t. annulata in these stages. for both theileria species, the dna measurement ...19957479648
theileria annulata sporozoite surface antigen (spag-1) contains neutralizing determinants in the c terminus.spag-1 is a surface antigen on theileria annulata sporozoites that is a candidate both for inclusion in a subunit vaccine and as a ligand for host cell recognition. we have pinpointed major neutralizing epitopes to the c terminus. to facilitate this we expressed spag-1 as a series of defined fragments in the pgex system. these constructs were validated by sequencing and by their spectrum of reactivity with monoclonal antibody (moab) ba4. this moab recognizes the elastin motif vgvapg, that is pre ...19947517029
theileria annulata sporozoite targets.bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbm) infected in vitro with theileria annulata sporozoites have previously been characterized as mhc class ii+ mature macrophages. the ability of t. annulata sporozoites to infect different subpopulations of mhc class ii+ bovine monocytes was investigated. cells were labelled with monocyte specific monoclonal antibodies (moab) and isolated using magnetic cell sorting (macs). sporozoites infected both immature and mature monocytes, but more readily infec ...19947530833
synthesis of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interferons by mononuclear cells from theileria annulata-infected cattle.bovine macrophage-derived tumour necrosis factor-alpha/cachectin (tnf-alpha) was synthesized when peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) and purified adherent pbmc from naive and theileria annulata-infected cattle were incubated in vitro with concanavalin a (con-a) or bovine recombinant interferon gamma (bo rifn-gamma). tnf-alpha production was also induced when adherent pbmc were cultured with t. annulata macroschizont-infected cells. in contrast, non-adherent pbmc from sublethally infected ...19937533283
live vaccines against hemoparasitic diseases in livestock.live vaccines against hemoparasitic diseases in livestock are based on parasites derived from culture (theileria annulata), from blood of infected animals (babesia bovis, babesia bigemina, anaplasma centrale, (attenuated) anaplasma marginale and cowdria ruminantium), and from ticks (theileria parva). the t. annulata attenuated cultured schizont vaccine is safe for all varieties of cattle. blood derived vaccines are recommended mainly for young cattle, the age limit varying with the different vac ...19957597786
detection of the protozoan parasite theileria annulata in hyalomma ticks by the polymerase chain reaction.adult hyalomma ticks were examined for the presence of theileria annulata infection using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). a 372 bp dna fragment derived from the small ribosomal rna gene of t. annulata was amplified from 45 out of 50 (90%) h. dromedarii ticks and from 36 out of 50 (72%) h. marginatum marginatum ticks. no product was amplified from non-infected control ticks. restriction enzyme digestion with sac ii confirmed that the product was derived from the targeted t. annulata gene. as ...19937628228
nitric oxide inhibits establishment of macroschizont-infected cell lines and is produced by macrophages of calves undergoing bovine tropical theileriosis or east coast fever.nitric oxide (no) was produced when bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) or purified, adherent pbmc (macrophages) were incubated in vitro with bovine recombinant interferon gamma (bo rifn-gamma). no was produced by cells from naive, uninfected calves as well as by cells from cattle either infected with or recovered from infection with theileria annulata or theileria parva. pbmc of cattle undergoing tropical theileriosis (t. annulata infection) or east coast fever (t. parva infection) ...19957761113
infection with theileria annulata induces expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 and transcription factor ap-1 in bovine leucocytes.theileria annulata infects bovine leucocytes and results in their reversible transformation such that they become immortalised and metastatic. the present study describes parasite-induced changes in host cell gene expression which have a direct bearing on this transformation process. t. annulata-infected leucocytes produce a number of novel metalloproteinase activities. one of these, previously called b1, is a 97-kda protein which is secreted in large amounts and has been purified from protein-f ...19957770085
theileria annulata infection in neonatal bovine calves.on an organized farm in india, 70 out of 79 cows expected to calve within 30 days revealed the presence of theileria annulata schizonts and/or piroplasms in their peripheral blood. similarly, 33 out of 59 calves borne to the above cows also exhibited t. annulata schizonts on day less than 1 to day 19 post partum. the cows and calves were free from hyalomma anatolicum, an established vector of t. annulata, during the course of study in the winter months, when the activity of ticks is reduced to t ...19947810406
polymorphism of spag-1, a candidate antigen for inclusion in a sub-unit vaccine against theileria annulata.spag-1, a theileria annulata sporozoite surface antigen, is a vaccine candidate. data is presented, based on the clonal segregation of spag-1 associated rflps, showing that this antigen is encoded by a single copy gene. we have cloned and sequenced a full-length genomic copy of the spag-1 gene and a comparison of this with a previously published spag-1 cdna sequence demonstrates a high degree of polymorphism. we infer that these sequences represent two distinct allelic spag-1 variants. the deduc ...19947838169
theileria annulata induces abberrant t cell activation in vitro and in vivo.the protozoan parasite of cattle, theileria annulata, causes a severe lymphoproliferative disease, developing initially in the draining lymph node, which is often fatal in naive animals. infection of macrophages with t. annulata leads to an augmentation of their antigen-presenting capability in vitro and infected cells can induce proliferation of autologous resting t cells from naive animals. this inappropriate activation of t cells may play an important role in the failure of the host to mount ...19957851012
[descriptive epidemiology of bovine theileriosis caused by theileria annulata in mauritania, subsaharian west africa].tropical bovine theileriosis due to theileria annulata has been discovered recently in mauritania. an epidemiological study performed in the dry season allowed to better determine the serological prevalence of t. annulata infection and its associated factors. the sex does not seem to have any influence, the role of the breed could not be clearly established, whereas, the age, the geographical origin and the management of the herd have a significant influence on the serological prevalence. these ...19947863061
a review on vaccination against protozoa and arthropods of veterinary importance.the recent advances in immunology and biotechnology have stimulated much research on the control of parasitic diseases through vaccination. this is a review of the state of the art regarding important protozoan and arthropod veterinary parasites. a live oocyst vaccine for avian coccidiosis is still in use but much work has been done on the identification, cloning, and assay of protective antigens. the sporozoites of eimeria tenella have been the preferred subject and at least four recombinant an ...19947886919
genomic and phenotypic diversity of tunisian theileria annulata isolates.this study describes polymorphism in theileria annulata, an intracellular protozoan parasite of bovine leucocytes and red blood cells. fifty-three different stocks of t. annulata, isolated from 17 sites (districts) in tunisia, have been characterized by anti-parasite monoclonal antibody (mab) reactivity, glucose phosphate isomerase (gpi) isoenzyme electrophoresis, and southern blotting with two genomic dna probes. these appears to be considerable diversity amongst t. annulata stocks from tunisia ...19948152855
treatment of theileriosis in crossbred cattle in the punjab.one hundred and nine cases of bovine tropical theileriosis (theileria annulata infection) in punjab state, india, were treated with oxytetracycline (23 cases) or buparvaquone (86 cases). ages of affected cattle ranged from 6 days to 3 years. oxytetracycline cured only 7 animals (30.4%), all of them calves below 15 days old, while buparvaquone cured all but one (98.8%), a severely affected 10 day old calf. cured cattle remained theileriosis-free for 12 to 18 months following recovery. theileriosi ...19938236482
the molecular basis of transformation of lymphocytes by theileria parva infection.the protozoan intracellular parasites, theileria parva and theileria annulata, infect cattle and cause severe and fatal leukocytic proliferative diseases. the proliferation is dependent on the presence of the parasites in the host cell cytoplasm. t. parva-infected cells proliferate permanently in cell culture and exhibit many features characteristic of tumor cells. the proliferation is reversible by treatment with parasite-specific drugs. constitutive expression of interleukin-2, its receptor an ...19938257788
phenotypic analysis of bovine leukocyte cell lines infected with theileria annulata.six cell lines that were infected with theileria annulata were compared for expression of a range of surface molecules. immunofluorescence staining with the panel of monoclonal antibodies formulated for the second workshop was analysed by flow cytometry. four lines generated from bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells by exposure to sporozoites in vitro and one line generated in vivo from an infected calf were phenotypically similar. phenotypic analysis of those lines did not demonstrate a mo ...19938310652
discrimination between six species of theileria using oligonucleotide probes which detect small subunit ribosomal rna sequences.the complete small subunit ribosomal rna (srrna) gene of theileria parva was cloned and sequenced. two primers were designed which permitted the specific amplification of part of the theileria srrna gene from theileria-infected cell line samples which were predominantly (> 95%) bovine dna. the sequence of the central (variable) region of the srrna genes of t. annulata, t. taurotragi, t. mutants and two unidentified parasites referred to as theileria sp. (buffalo) and theileria sp. (marula) were ...19938414670
antigenic diversity of a major merozoite surface molecule in theileria annulata.the 30-kda merozoite surface antigen of theileria annulata (ankara) has been characterised by using merozoites derived from differentiating macroschizont-infected cloned cell lines. this molecule was found to be 1 of the major polypeptides in extracts of both merozoites and piroplasms and was strongly detected by serum from an immune cow. analysis of merozoite extracts derived from cloned cell lines infected with parasites of different genotypes detected 2 forms of this molecule, with respective ...19938426616
chemotherapeutic trials with four drugs in crossbred calves experimentally infected with theileria annulata.groups of calves were infected by the injection of ground-up-tick supernatant from ticks infected with ode-anand stock of theileria annulata, the causative agent of tropical theileriosis. treatment with long-acting oxytetracycline, at 20 mg kg-1, injected intramuscularly, had no effect against severe theileria annulata infection when administered either as a single injection on the day of infection or as three injections given on days 8, 10 and 12 after infection. halofuginone lactate, given ora ...19938434151
evidence for the induction of casein kinase ii in bovine lymphocytes transformed by the intracellular protozoan parasite theileria parva.theileria parva is an obligate, intracellular, parasitic protozoan that causes east coast fever, an acute leukemia-like disease of cattle. t. parva and the related parasite, theileria annulata, are unique among protozoa in that their intralymphocytic stages induce transformation of bovid lymphocytes. comparison of in vitro protein kinase activities between uninfected il-2-dependent t lymphoblasts and t. parva-infected lymphocytes revealed a 4.7- to 12-fold increase in total phosphorylation and t ...19938467809
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