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evaluation of a simple theileria annulata culture protocol from experimentally infected bovine whole blood.we have evaluated a new simple technique using whole blood from experimentally infected cattle for the isolation and cultivation of theileria annulata. the study was carried out on 20 holstein-frisian bovines that had been experimentally infected with a virulent lethal dose of theileria annulata. this technique has been compared to the classical peripheral blood monocyte isolation with ficoll carried out on 22 experimentally infected holstein-friesian calves. the effectiveness of the reference t ...022910672
blood parasites of livestock in certain regions in saudi arabia.blood samples from camels, sheep, goats and cattle from six regions in saudi arabia were examined for blood parasites. asir region camels were disinfected while those of the eastern, jazan, northern frontiers, riyadh and tabouk regions were infected with trypanosoma evansi (5-40%), those of riyadh and the eastern regions were infected with dipetalonema evansi (1-6%) and those of the eastern, jazan and riyadh regions were infected with eperythrozoon species (8-20%). sheep and goats of all tested ...023961044
hereditary transmission of theileria annulata infection in the tick, hyalomma aegyptium neum. 195015443043
egyptian fever of cattle the transmission of theileria annulata (dzchunkowsky & luhz 1904) by hyalomma excavatum, koch, 1884. 195114911217
[growth of theileria annulata and t. parva in tissue culture]. 195813592881
chemotherapeutic screening of compounds against theileria annulata in tissue culture.theileria annulata has been grown in tissue culture and these cultures have been used for screening compounds for chemotherapeutic activity against this parasite. the method described is simple and convenient for testing many compounds in a short time. forty compounds, including antimalarials, trypanocides, and antibiotics, have been examined, but none has been found to be active.195813618551
[clinical aspects and tratment of theileria annulata infection in cattle in syria]. 196514271804
[on the virulence of theileria annulata (dschunkowsky and luhs, 1904) and the premunition against bovine theileriasis in iran]. 19654957960
unusual lesions in theileria annulata infection in a calf. 19674962075
studies on the antigenic value and premunition against bovine theileriosis due to theileria annulata (dschunkovsky and luhs 1904) in iran and conservation of strains of theileria annulata at-70degrees c. 19674979952
transmission of theileria annulata by the crushed infected unfed hyalomma dromedarii. 19694986778
fluroescent antibody test for the serodiagnosis of theileria annulata. 19694898416
theileria annulata infection in friesian cattle imported to iraq from europe. 19695815464
[abortions of cows after invasion by theileria annulata (dschunkowsky and luhs, 1904)]. 19705534819
[cultures of bovine lymphocytes lines parasitized with theileria annulata]. 19714994966
complement-fixing antibodies in cattle experimentally infected with theileria annulata or vaccinated with tissue cultures. 19714996321
[development of theileria annulata in the tick hyalomma anatolicum]. 19715003496
[the effect of roentgen rays on the virulence of theileria annulata]. 19724662374
[susceptibility of buffalo to francaiella colchica and theileria annulata of cattle]. 19724666958
long term maintenance of theileria annulata strains by freezing at -70 degrees c. 19734196474
vaccination of calves and milking cows with different strains of theileria annulata. 19734201294
inoculation of cattle with bovine lymphoid cell lines infected with theileria annulata. 19734209189
the therapeutic value of oxytetracycline hydrochloride (terramycin) in cattle infected experimentally with theileria annulata. 19744213485
theileria annulata: cross-reactions between a cell culture schizont antigen and antigens of east african species in the indirect fluorescent antibody test. 19744207914
transstadial transmission of theileria annulata through common ixodid ticks infesting indian cattle.transstadial transmission of theileria annulata with hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, h. dromedarii and h. marginatum isaaci, and haemaphysalis bispinosa, rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides haemaphysaloides and boophilus microplus was determined. it was found that the infection was successfully transmitted by h. a. anatolicum from larva to nymph and nymph to adult in all attempts. when larvae were fed on an infected calf the succeeding adults transmitted the infection when the intervening nymphs fed ...19751178216
on the life cycle of theileria annulata (dschunkowsky and luhs, 1904) in the midgut and hemolymph of hyalomma anatolicum excavatum (koch, 1844). 1975810989
[virulence and immunogenic properties in strains of theileria annulata]. 1975813362
[immunofluorescence reaction in the study of the antigenic and immunogenic properties of theileria annulata]. 1975813364
studies on the development of theileria annulata dschunskowsky and luhs, 1904 in the tick--hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum koch, 1844.the endogenous development of theileria annulata in the vector tick--hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum has been described. parasites within and outside the erythrocytes were seen in the gut contents of larvae and nymphs immediately after their removal from the infected cattle but not after 24 hours. two bodies resembling the intra-erythrocytic stage of the parasite, lying close to each other were seen near the gut epithelium of a larva on the 4th day of its dropping off the infected host. neither m ...1975813551
[cultivation of theileria annulata in tissue culture]. 1975814691
[light microscopic studies on the development of theileria annulata (dschunkowsky and luhs, 1904) in hyalomma anatolicum excavatum (koch, 1844). i. the development in the gut of engorged nymphs (author's transl)].a laboratory strain of h. a. excavatum was selected on high susceptibility for t. annulata through several generations. giemsa-stained smears and wet smears of gut and gut content were studied. after engorgement of erythrocytic stages of t. annulata by the nymphs the following development was observed: 1. erythrocytic merozoites developed to slender, spindleshaped "microgamonts" in the gut 24 to 96 hours after repletion (p. repl.). spherical stages with a conspicuous spike developed at the same ...1975814732
[electron microscope studies on development stages of theileria annulata (dschunkowsky, luhs, 1904) in the intestine and haemolymph of hyalomma anatolicum excavatum (koch, 1844) (author's transl)].for the first time developmental stages of theileria within the intestine and haemolymph of ticks were studied by electron microscopy. on the 1st-6th day post repletionem the intestine of the ticks contained humerous tages, which were very similar to microgamonts and microgametes of haemosporidia. later, on the 14th-19th day p.r. ookinete-like stages ere found in the haemolymph of ticks. from these results it seemed likely that gamogony of theileria takes place in the intestine of ticks. in more ...1975814733
[ultrastructure of theileria annulata]. 1976818783
the pathogenesis of anaemia in theileria annulata infection.calves infected by a field strain of theileria annulata developed severe anaemia, which was accompanied by bilirubinaemia and the appearance of free serum autohaemagglutinin antibodies. animals infected with an agamogenous strain (lacking erythrocytic forms) also became anaemic. anisocytosis appeared in all infected animals but regenerative anaemic lesions were observed only in those which survived the infection. in this group of animals anaemia was accompanied by bilirubinaemia and the developm ...1976935669
the application of imidocarb dipropionate for the control of theileria annulata infection in egyptian cattle used for testing rinderpest vaccine. 1976963507
immunisation against bovine tropical theileriasis (theileria annulata infection).fully susceptible cross-bred calves, six to nine months of age, were immunised by tick-induced theileria annulata infection treated with chlortetracycline at 16 mg/kg body weight for four, eight or 16 days. the infections were induced with 10 ticks (hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum) or 30 ticks (h dromedarii). the recovered calves were tested for immunity to homologous severe challenge, 50 or 73 days after the first infection. the reaction of the calves to infections was evaluated by noting the pr ...1976968181
vaccination against bovine tropical theileriasis (theileria annulata). 19761004558
effects of 60co irradiation of the early developmental stages of an ixodid tick, hyalomma anatolicum.various developmental stages of hyalomma anatolicum were subjected to a range of doses of 60co radiation from 0-10 000 r, and their subsequent development was observed. some of these ticks were infected with theileria annulata. doses of 2000 r and over prevented all but a very limited development of ticks. after 1000 r a proportion of exposed individuals continued development in a near-normal manner. lower doses had proportionately less effect. 1000 r to ticks infected with t. annulata failed to ...19761083381
electron microscopic studies of the development of kinetes in theileria annulata dschunkowsky & luhs, 1904 (sporozoa, piroplasmea).gamogony of theileria annulata dschunkowsky & luhs occurs within the intestine of nymphs of the tick hyalomma anatolicum excavatum koch. after the 5th day post repletionem (p.r.) of the ticks spherical and ovoid parasites were found within the intestinal cells. these stages were thought to represent fertilized macrogametes. these underwent a transformation process leading ultimately to the differentiation of a motile stage, the kinete, which leaves the intestinal cells on the 14th-17th day p.r. ...1977407352
the transmission of theileria annulata to a rabbit by the larvae of the tick hyalomma rufipes.a new zealand white rabbit on which larvae of hyalomma rufipes were fed died of theileriosis due to theileria annulata 22 days after the larvae had fed. the larvae were direct progeny of an enorged female collected from trade cattle in the veterinary control post at ibadan. the danger attending the feeding on rabbits of first progeny of ticks collected from cattle in countries where some tick-borne diseases are endemic is highlighted. the possibility of transovarial transmission of theileria is ...1977839720
[therapy and prevention of theileria annulata diseases of cattle with resochin "bayer"]. 1977901403
infective theileria annulata in the tick without a blood meal stimulus. 1977927515
[fine structural study on the erythrocytic stages of theileria annulata (dschunkowsky, luhs, 1904) (author's transl)]. 1977562008
cell-mediated immunity in tropical theileriasis (theileria annulata infection).migration of peripheral leucocytes collected from theileria annulata carrier cattle was inhibited in the presence of piroplasmal antigen. the degree of inhibition was antigen density dependent. the same antigen did not inhibit migration of leucocytes obtained from clean animals, raised under tick-free conditions. the carrier animals exhibited typical skin sensitivity reaction on intradermal inocluation of the piroplasmal antigen. the known negative animals failed to evince a similar reaction.1977605307
immunisation of cattle against tropical theileriosis (theileria annulata infection) by "infection-treatment" method. 1977606142
studies on the relationship between the quantum of infection and the ensuing reaction of cattle infected with theileria annulata. 1977610628
symptoms and pathology of experimental bovine tropical theileriosis (theileria annulata infection).bovine tropical theileriosis (theileria annulata infection) is of great economic importance to several countries of asia and africa where millions of cattle are at risk of exposure to this disease. the authors describe symptoms, sequence of appearance of the parasite and pathology of the infection by three virulent strains of the parasite in fully susceptible calves. symptoms observed were: enlargement of local lymph gland, fever, haemorrhages on visible mucous membranes and sometime on skin, an ...1977613962
[clinical study on experimental theileria annulata infections of cattle. 1. clinical-chemical studies].the extent of liver and kidney damage in 10 young steers, infected with a stabilate of theileria annulata, was estimated by the determination of enzymes (got, gpt, sdh, ald), serum levels of bilirubin and urea. at the same time the effectiveness of some liver protecting medical agents was tested. the following results were obtained: change in the activity of the enzymes got, sdh and ald and the increase of bilirubin during the advanced course of the disease are indicative of severe tissue damage ...1978623617
[clinical studies on theileria annulata infection in cattle. ii. hematological studies]. 1978629735
chemoprophylaxis with tetracycline drugs in the immunisation of cattle against theileria annulata infection. 1978748220
ultrastructure of babesia major vermicules from the tick haemaphysalis punctata as demonstrated by negative staining.the ultrastructure of babesia major vermicules was studied in samples derived from the haemolymph of haemaphysalis punctata adults and negatively stained with phosphotungstic acid. most of the organelles observed were typical of those found in apicomplexan parasites. these were the apical complex with the polar ring and the ribs, micronemes and subpellicular microtubules. the number of ribs was 27 or 28. the outer membrane of the pellicle was composed of a large number of fibrils running along t ...197877093
[light microscopic studies on the development of theileria annulata (dschunkowsky and luhs, 1904) in hyalomma anatolicum excavatum (koch, 1844). ii. the development in haemolymph and salivary glands (author's transl)].fully differentiated kinetes, average length 17.6 micrometer, appeared in the haemolymph of engorged nymphs usually 17 to 20 days after repletion. kinetes were observed at first in the salivary glands on day 18 after repletion. the kinetes then transformed into fission bodies of about 10 micrometer in diameter, mainly in type iii alveoli and less frequently in type ii alveoli. the fission bodies grew up to a size of about 20 micrometer after several divisions of their nucleus. at this time the t ...197899896
development of infectivity in hyalomma detritum (schulze, 1919) ticks infected with theileria annulata (dchunkowsky and luhs, 1904).the time-course for the development of infectivity was studied in hyalomma detritum ticks fed as pre-imagoes on calves infected with theileria annulata. unfed adults derived from infected nymphs were non-infectious when inoculated into susceptible calves, whereas ticks of both sexes that had fed for 2-3 days or longer on calves or rabbits were always infectious. some adults fed for only 1-2 days were infectious, whereas others were not. as few as 2 ticks were capable of infecting susceptible cal ...1978107504
specific igm and iggantibodies in cattle immunized or infected with theileria annulata.antibodies of the igm and igg classes were detected in cattle inoculated with living or dead theileria annulata. both types of antibody appeared from 18 to 36 days after inoculation and persisted for up to 120 days, the longest period tested. no diagnostic application could be assigned to the differentiation of the 2 classes of antibody.1978417441
atypical mitochondria in an intracellular protozoan (theileria annulata, apicomplexa). identification by ultracytochemistry. 1978215921
infectivity of ground-up tick supernates prepared from theilerai annulata infected hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum.groups of theileria annulata infected hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum adults prefed on a calf for 1 to 6 days were separately ground in tissue culture medium-199, supplemented with bovine albumin powder, fraction-v. supernatant fluid was collected, made up with additional medium, so that each millilitre represented material from 25 ticks, and was injected subcutaneously into groups of cross-bred male calves. the results indicated that ground-up tick supernate (guts) prepared from unfed ticks was ...1979111383
immunization against bovine tropical theileriosis, using 60co-irradiated infective particles of theileria annulata (dschunkowsky and luhs 1904) derived from ticks.portions of ground supernate material from theileria annulata-infected and prefed adults of the hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum were irridiated by 60co source at 0, 3, 5, 6, 7, or 9 krads. these portions were injected subcutaneously into different groups of cross-bred calves. the calves injected with 0-, 3-, or 5-krad irradiated tick supernate had severe reactions (rectal temperature 39.8 to 41.6 c, two- to fourfold enlargement of prescapular lymph gland, mean peak parasitemia 27.3% to 32.5% infe ...1979112890
the production of nymphs of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum for experimental infection with theileria annulata.methods are described for the production of nymphs of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum for later use in transmission experiments with theileria annulata where the timing of the application of nymphs to infected cattle needs to be accurately controlled. larvae are fed on the torsos of rabbits where approximately 98% undergo a two-host feeding cycle. this cycle is interrupted 2 days after the first larvae moult into nymphs by killing the rabbits and the nymphs are then collected with a suction pump. ...1979116404
isoenzyme variation in piroplasms isolated from bovine blood infected with theileria annulata and t parva.blood from calves infected with theileria annulata and t parva was freed from host cell elements and the piroplasms liberated from the red cells by ammonium chloride lysis. lysates of the purified piroplasms and control host cell material were examined electrophoretically for several enzymes. zymograms stained for glucose phosphate isomerase showed distinct differences between the host cell enzyme pattern and parasite enzyme patterns. the isoenzyme pattern of t annulata piroplasms differed from ...1979120575
virulence and immunogenicity of cultured theileria annulata schizonts. 1979122001
ultrastructural demonstration of succinic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase activity in sporozoites of babesia ovis and theileria annulata (apicomplexa: piroplasmea) in salivary glands of tick vectors (rhipicephalus bursa, hyalomma anatolicum excavatum).salivary gland stages ("sporozoites") of babesia ovis and theileria annulata (apicomplexa: piroplasmea) in female ixodid ticks were studied for ultracytochemical activity of the respiratory enzymes, succinic dehydrogenase (sdh), and cytochrome oxidase. both sdh and cytochrome oxidase were demonstrated in the sporozoites and the mitochondria in these stages. identified in this way the final reaction product of sdh was located mainly at the inner side of the mitochondrial boundary, though it was a ...19806260921
bovine lymphocyte antigens (bola) of bovine lymphocytes and derived lymphoblastoid lines transformed by theileria parva and theileria annulata.the bola phenotypes of lymphocytes from seven cattle have been compared with those of 19 lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from them by infection in vitro with either theileria parva or t. annulata. two long-established lines were also studied. in all cases except one, the bola phenotypes of the lymphoblastoid lines were identical with those of the original animal from whose lymphocytes they were derived. the one exception was a chimeric twin where a minor population appeared to have been transf ...19806774305
immunological relationship between strains of theileria annulata dschunkowsky and luhs 1904.the immunological relationship between the ludhiana and hissar strains, and between the uruli-kanchan, bangalore and jaipur strains of theileria annulata was studied. calves were immunised against the ludhiana strain by the infection-treatment method, against the uruli-kanchan strain by the infection-treatment method or by untreated low-grade infection and against the jaipur strain by untreated low-grade infection. after 45 days, groups of immune calves and susceptible controls were challenged w ...19806779361
immunisation of calves against bovine tropical theileriosis (theileria annulata) with graded doses of sporozoites and irradiated sporozoites. 19806782032
glucose phosphate isomerase isoenzyme patterns in bovine lymphoblastoid cell lines infected with theileria annulata and t parva, with an improved enzyme visualisation method using meldola blue.five strains of theileria annulata from three geographically different areas and one strain of t parva were grown in bovine lymphoblastoid cell lines. lysates of the parasitised cells were examined by thin layer starch gel electrophoresis for multiple forms of the enzyme glucose phosphate isomerase. a reported difference between the glucose phosphate isomerase isoenzyme patterns of t annulata and t parva was confirmed. cultures of one strain of t annulata grown in cells derived from four differe ...19806789417
immunological aspects of theileria annulata infection in calves. 1. e., ea, and eac rosette forming cells in calves infected with t. annulata.peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbls) from normal and theilaria annulata-infected calves were assayed for e, ea, and eac rosette formation. the e rosette forming cells showed the first increase on day 8 of the infection. this continued in all animals till day 14 the maximum increase was recorded. after that they showed reduced percentages of e rosettes, reaching normal values (as obtained before the infection) on day 24 to 30. when the recovered animals were challenged 64 days after the first infe ...19816789510
identification of theileria infections in the salivary glands of hyalomma anatolicum anatoli cum and rhipicephalus appendiculatus using isoenzyme electrophoresis.lysates prepared from the salivary glands of uninfected hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and rhipicephalus appendiculatus and from ticks of these species infected with 2 strains of theileria annulata and 1 strain of t. parva respectively have been examined for enzyme polymorphism using thin layer starch gel electrophoresis. representative enzymes from 3 of the major metabolic pathways, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the glycolytic pathway and the pentose phosphate pathway were investigated. only 1 ...19816785914
preliminary investigations on isoenzyme variants of lymphoblastoid cell lines infected wih theileria species.the electrophoretic mobilities of seven enzymes from eight theileria-infected bovine lymphoblastoid cell lines originating in kenya and iran were compared. the isoenzyme patterns of phosphoglucomutase, malate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were the same for all cell lines infected with any of the three theileria species. theileria annulata could be clearly differentiated from t parva and t lawrencei on the basis of three enzymes: glucose phosphate isomerase, gl ...19816787678
immunological aspects of theileria annulata infection calves. 2. production of macrophage migration inhibition factor (mif) by sensitized lymphocytes from theileria annulata-infected calves.peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbls) from calves infected experimentally with a stabilate of theileria annulate, produced a factor which inhibited the migration of macrophages. this was first demonstrated against schizont antigen in some animals on day 8 post infection while in the others on day 12. the highest activity of the macrophage migration inhibition factor (mif) was recorded on day 12 in some of the infected animals and on day 16 in the others, whereas on day 30 or more mif was demonstra ...19816808725
immunization of friesian cattle against theileria annulata by the infection-treatment method. 19817284748
relative infectivity of theileria annulata (dchunkovsky and luhs, 1904) stabilates derived from female and male hyalomma excavatum (koch, 1844) ticks.partially engorged female and male hyalomma excavatum ticks infected with theileria annulata were triturated separately in eagle's minimum essential medium complemented with fetal calf serum. glycerol was added to the supernatant obtained after centrifugation and the material was frozen at -79 degrees c. infectivity of the stabilate was titrated by inoculating susceptible calves with dilutions of the material. stabilate prepared from female ticks was considerably more infective on a per tick bas ...19826808758
theileria annulata and babesia ovis: ultracytochemical lactic dehydrogenase activity of sporozoites in salivary glands of female ticks, hyalomma anatolicum excavatum and rhipicephalus bursa. 19826806115
t- and b-lymphoid cell population in calves immunized against theileria annulata.distribution of t- and b-lymphoid cells in peripheral blood, lymph node, spleen and bone marrow of normal healthy calves and valves immunized against theileria annulata followed by challenge on day 50 post-immunization were studied by rosette tests. significantly increased percentages of t- and b-lymphoid cells were recorded in immunized calves.19836605608
protection of cattle against theileria annulata infection using corynebacterium parvum.four groups of calves (a, b, c and d) each consisting of five calves were used for the present study. group a calves were given corynebacterium parvum alone. group b calves were inoculated with inactivated ground-up-tick supernate (guts) prepared from hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum infected with theileria annulata plus c. parvum. group c received only inactivated guts. all the surviving calves of groups a to c were exposed on day 45 post-inoculation to a lethal tick challenge along with suscepti ...19836649060
non-specific immunization against bovine tropical theileriosis (theileria annulata) using killed corynebacterium parvum.killed corynebacterium parvum was used as an adjuvant for the production of non-specific resistance against theileria annulata in cattle. groups of cross-bred (bos indicus x bos taurus) calves were administered c. parvum adjuvant subcutaneously and were then challenged with t. annulata-infected ticks on 45, 60 or 90 days later. the challenge caused mild reactions in the protected calves. none of the 10 immunized calves died due to theileriosis, whereas all three paris of susceptible control calv ...19836685397
cell-mediated cytotoxicity in theileria annulata infection of cattle with evidence for bola restriction.recovery of calves from tropical theileriosis was accompanied by the disappearance of macroschizonts from lymph nodes and the appearance of cytotoxic cells in the blood and lymph nodes. acute, fatal disease was associated with incremental parasitosis and parasitaemia and, in general, an absence of detectable cytotoxic cells in the blood or lymph nodes. after recovery from infection, calves were resistant to challenge. challenge with sporozoites was followed sometimes by an immediate reappearance ...19836872329
the effect of theileria annulata infection on the immune response of cattle to foot-and-mouth disease. 19836354355
transmission of theileria annulata (dschunkowsky & luhs, 1904) by hyalomma excavatum (koch, 1844).theileria annulata was transmitted transtadially by an israeli strain of hyalomma excavatum from larvae to nymphs and from nymphs to adults. however, the adults developing from larvae which engorged on infected calves and fed during the nymphal stage on non-infected calves, rabbits or gerbils (meriones tristrami), did not transmit theileriosis. suspensions of infected unfed nymphs or adults did not produce theileriosis but both nymphs and adults of the same batch became infective to cattle after ...19836406969
fine structure and invasive behaviour of the early developmental stages of theileria annulata in vitro.the interaction, in vitro, between bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes and sporozoites of theileria annulata (ankara) was studied by light and electron microscopy. beginning five minutes following incubation, samples were taken for giemsa-stained smears and glutaraldehyde-fixed pellets, for light and electron microscopy, respectively. sporozoites of t. annulata measure an average of 0.9 microns long, 0.8 microns broad and possess a limiting unit membrane, the pellicle; a round-to-ovoid, eccentri ...19836407181
ultrastructural characteristics of in vitro parasite-lymphocyte behaviour in invasions with theileria annulata and theileria parva.host-parasite relationships have been studied by electron microscopy using glutaraldehyde-oso4-fixed pellets of lymphoid cultures infected in vitro by theileria annulata and t. parva. intracellular presence of the parasite resulted in a progressive and marked lymphoblastoid transformation. the schizont stage periodically provoked the formation of, and adopted an intimate association with, cytoplasmic annulate lamellae in the interphase cell. annulate lamellae developed from the outer nuclear mem ...19836412424
the maturation of theileria annulata in hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum stimulated by incubation or feeding to produce sporozoites.adult hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks infected with theileria annulata (hissar strain) were incubated at 36 degrees c or fed on rabbits. tick salivary glands were stained whole with methyl green pyronin or ground up and deposited on microscope slides and stained with giemsa's solution. separate batches of ticks from both treatments were ground up, centrifuged and filtered to produce sporozoite suspensions. the suspensions were examined as deposits on microscope slides stained with giemsa's ...19836414152
note on the transmission of theileria annulata by hyalomma ticks in the sudan.nymphs of hyalomma impeltatum and h. dromedarii, fed as larvae on an infected calf, transmitted fatal theileria annulata infection to two susceptible calves. the significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the epidemiology of tropical theileriosis in the sudan.19836415894
infection rates of theileria annulata in the salivary glands of the tick hyalomma marginatum rufipes.theileria annulata was experimentally transmitted to cattle on two occasions by the two-host tick hyalomma marginatum rufipes. transmission was transstadial; engorged nymphs fed on theileria annulata-infected calves transmitted the disease as adults. salivary glands of all partially fed and incubated adult ticks were heavily infected with theileria parasites. immatures attached rapidly and fed successfully on cattle. however, since the immature stages of this species normally feed on birds, this ...19836415895
preparation of suspensions of hyalomma excavatum ticks infected with theileria annulata.partially engorged adult hyalomma excavatum ticks infected with theileria annulata were reared for the preparation of an infective suspension. about 6000 partially engorged infected adults were obtained from 420 non-infective adult ticks. the entire cycle required about 4 months. six rabbits were used for the production of the fully engorged females. the larvae were fed on 180 gerbils, the nymphs on 17 infected calves and the partially fed adults on 22 goats, 7 sheep and 7 rabbits the adult tick ...19836419443
the development of theileria annulata in the salivary glands of the vector tick hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum.the development at 28 degrees c of theileria annulata (hissar) in the salivary glands of its tick vector, hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, was studied using giemsa-stained smears, methyl green-pyronin-stained preparations of whole glands, and electron microscopy. nymphs which had engorged on t. annulata-infected calves showed kinetes in the haemolymph from day 7 to day 14 post engorgement, when all ticks had completed moult. intracellular sporonts were observed within salivary gland acini from da ...19846433817
infection of the host cells of theileria annulata with t. parva. 19846438936
factors affecting the capacity of theileria annulata sporozoites to invade bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes.the number of t. annulata sporozoites invading bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbl) under different conditions (in vitro) was determined. heat-inactivation of t. annulata sporozoites for 45 min, in a thermostatically controlled, shaking water bath preset and stabilised at 60 degrees c resulted in an almost total lack of invasion of fresh, normal pbl by the sporozoites, indicating that the interiorization process is parasite-effected. the mean number of t. annulata sporozoites interiorizatio ...19846440349
glucose phosphate isomerase polymorphism in theileria annulata and t. parva.six stocks of theileria annulata isolated from the sudan and nine stocks of t. parva, isolated in kenya and malawi were grown in bovine lymphoblastoid cell lines. lysates prepared from the infected cultures were examined electrophoretically on thin layer starch gels for evidence of glucose phosphate isomerase polymorphism. the six stocks of t. annulata showed major variations in their parasite enzyme patterns but no variation was detected in nine stocks of t. parva.19846441326
characterization of theileria annulata infected lymphoblastoid cells. 19846441375
chemotherapy of bovine tropical theileriosis: theileria annulata infection.seven groups of calves were treated with parvaquone (993c: clexon, wellcome) (20 mg kg-1 intramuscularly) or halofuginone lactate (1.2 mg kg-1 orally) on the first, third or sixth day of significant pyrexia following artificial infection with the hissar strain of theileria annulata. eight untreated control animals developed severe theileriosis and five died. all animals treated with parvaquone or halofuginone lactate on the first or third day of fever underwent relatively mild theileriosis and a ...19846505404
inhibition of lymphocyte invasion by sporozoites and the transformation of trophozoite infected lymphocytes in vitro by serum from theileria annulata immune cattle.serum from calves immune to theileria annulata inhibited sporozoite-induced infection and transformation of peripheral blood leucocytes (pbl) into macroschizont infected lymphoblastoid cells in vitro. invasion by sporozoites was suppressed by some sera, especially that obtained after challenge, but in many instances suppression of infection could be attributed only to retardation of development of pbl infected with intracellular trophozoites into proliferating macroschizont infected cells. suppr ...19853925422
intraerythrocytic schizogony of theileria annulata.the intraerythrocytic multiplication of two strains of theileria annulata was studied with parasites maintained in stationary cultures and in the blood of infected cattle. in cultures established with blood from infected cattle 20-60% of single t. annulata piroplasms divided into quadruplet forms by day 6 in vitro. transmission electron microscopic studies of t. annulata in culture showed that piroplasms possess intracytoplasmic food vacuoles and cytostomes during a pre-division trophozoite stag ...19853929214
treatment of theileria annulata infection in calves with parvaquone.fifteen calves were infected by the injection of stabilate of a suspension of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks infected with the ankara strain of theileria annulata. three were kept untreated, as controls, and they all died of theileriosis. three groups of four calves were treated intramuscularly with parvaquone (clexon; wellcome) when early signs of theileriosis were clinically apparent. one group received 20 mg (kg bodyweight)-1 of parvaquone 10 days after infection. two of these calves we ...19853929345
comparative autoradiographic study of parasite-host-cell cyclical relationship in lymphoblastoid cell lines infected with theileria annulata and theileria parva in vitro.cyclical interactions between intracellular schizonts of the ankara and hissar strains of theileria annulata and the muguga strain of t. parva and the parasitised host lymphoblasts have been studied autoradiographically by following the incorporation of (3h) thymidine into parasite and host cell nuclei, and also by quantitating the number of schizont nuclei per lymphoblast, at various stages and phases of host cell cycle. the synthesis of dna by theileria schizonts and the parasitised host lymph ...19853937319
the maintenance and survival of theileria annulata in colonies of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum.procedures are described for the colonization of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks using gerbils, rabbits and cattle as hosts. on rabbits h. a. anatolicum undergoes a two-host cycle but methods are described for obtaining either unfed or engorged nymphs. data are given on the life cycle timings and the numbers and timings of tick feeding regimes. the infection of h. a. anatolicum with two strains of theileria annulata is described and methods given for monitoring the development and survival ...19853938203
artificial infection of ticks with theileria annulata. 19854039613
metabolic energy pathways in theileria annulata sporozoites and their significance in sporozoite-bovine lymphocyte interactions in vitro.the existence of metabolic energy pathways has been studied in extracellular t. annulata sporozoites using chemicals known to inhibit specific energy-generating pathways, and their role during invasion of bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbl) by the sporozoites determined in an in vitro system. an inverse relationship was depicted between the dose of various chemicals and the number of t. annulata sporozoites invading pbl: as the concentrations of the inhibitor drugs increased, the number of ...19852986342
the integrity of host lymphocyte plasmalemma during its invasion by theileria annulata sporozoites as demonstrated by ruthenium red staining.the integrity of host lymphocyte plasma membrane during its invasion by theileria annulata sporozoites was examined in an in vitro system using ruthenium red staining. it was demonstrated that during interiorisation of the sporozoites, the dye was completely excluded from the intracellular milieu, indicating that the continuity of the host-cell plasmalemma was not disrupted throughout the process of penetration, and confirmed a previous observation that the fragmentation of the host lymphocyte m ...19852408373
identification of infection-associated antigens in theileria annulata transformed cells.the protozoan parasite theileria annulata causes a severe disease of cattle in tropical countries; one stage in the parasite life cycle involves the transformation of bovine lymphocytes leading to rapid lymphoproliferation. immunity to this disease is largely cell mediated and directed against the infected lymphocyte. in this paper we report the identification of three classes of infection specific antigen (using monoclonal antibodies) one of which is found on the surface of the lymphocyte. such ...19862421227
changes in blood chemical components during experimentally induced theileria annulata infections in cattle.during the course of infection of calves with theileria annulata levels of glucose, calcium, proteins, phosphorus, magnesium and potassium decreased and those of bilirubin, cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase increased with no changes in sodium and acid phosphatase levels. several of these biochemical alterations have been explained in relation to the injury to the liver and other organs.19863016972
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