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the cell wall stress response in aspergillus niger involves increased expression of the glutamine : fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase-encoding gene (gfaa) and increased deposition of chitin in the cell wall.perturbation of cell wall synthesis in saccharomyces cerevisiae, either by mutations in cell wall synthesis-related genes or by adding compounds that interfere with normal cell wall assembly, triggers a compensatory response to ensure cell wall integrity. this response includes an increase in chitin levels in the cell wall. here it is shown that aspergillus niger also responds to cell wall stress by increasing chitin levels. the increased chitin level in the cell wall was accompanied by increase ...200415470111
[transcriptional differences between a heterokaryon and its segregants of fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum].in order to elucidate the mechanism of fungal heterokayosis, a wild type strain of fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum was isolated from the cotton field in anyang, henan province. through single hyphal-tip isolation, a heterokaryon, ag149, was obtained, and its two different phenotypic segregants, ag149-i and ag149-iii, were separated from the mutated sectors on colony of the heterokaryon. they have remarkable differences on color of colony, morphology of hypha and pathogenicity. after analyz ...200415473307
role of chemotaxis toward fusaric acid in colonization of hyphae of fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici by pseudomonas fluorescens wcs365.pseudomonas fluorescens wcs365 is an excellent competitive colonizer of tomato root tips after bacterization of seed or seedlings. the strain controls tomato foot and root rot (tfrr) caused by the phytopathogenic fungus fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici. under biocontrol conditions, fungal hyphae were shown to be colonized by wcs365 bacteria. because chemotaxis is required for root colonization by wcs365 cells, we studied whether chemotaxis also is required for hyphae colonization. t ...200415553244
transformation of fusarium oxysporum by particle bombardment and characterisation of the resulting transformants expressing a gfp transgene.fusarium is the causative agent of a variety of economically significant vascular wilt diseases of vegetables, flowers and field crops. the completion of the first fusarium genome and the availability of an est database now provides a platform for both forward and reverse genetic approaches to ascribe gene function in this phytopathogen. to underpin these strategies effective gene transfer procedures will be required. here we describe an efficient and robust procedure for fusarium oxysporum tran ...200415702267
coccinin, an antifungal peptide with antiproliferative and hiv-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activities from large scarlet runner beans.an antifungal peptide, designated coccinin, with a molecular mass of 7kda and an n-terminal sequence resembling those of defensins, was purified from the seeds of large scarlet runner beans (phaseolus coccineus cv. 'major'). the peptide isolated was unadsorbed on deae-cellulose, and adsorbed on affi-gel blue gel and mono s. the peptide excerted antifungal activity on a number of fungal species including botrytis cinerea, coprinus comatus, fusarium oxysporum, mycosphaerella arachidicola, physalos ...200415572193
[isolation and purification of ribosome-inactivating proteins from bitter melon seeds by ion exchange chromatographic columns in series].an anion exchange chromatographic column (deae-650c) and a cation exchange chromatographic column (cm-650c) were connected in series on a perfusion chromatography workstation. the crude extract of bitter melon seeds flowed through the two columns and the unadsorbed fraction on the deae-650c column was then directly readsorbed on the cm-650c column. two protein components with antifungal activity were eluted from the cation exchange chromatographic column by linear salt gradient. both of them wer ...200415706947
relaxed primer specificity associated with reverse transcriptases encoded by the pfoxc retroplasmids of fusarium oxysporum.the pfoxc mitochondrial retroplasmids are small, autonomously replicating linear dnas that have a telomere-like repeat of a 5-bp sequence at their termini. the plasmids are possible evolutionary precursors of the ribonucleoprotein complex telomerase, as they encode an active reverse transcriptase (rt) that is involved in plasmid replication. using an in vitro system to study reverse transcription, we show that the pfoxc rt is capable of copying in vitro-synthesized rnas by use of cdna primers or ...200415590832
genetic diversity of human pathogenic members of the fusarium oxysporum complex inferred from multilocus dna sequence data and amplified fragment length polymorphism analyses: evidence for the recent dispersion of a geographically widespread clonal lineage and nosocomial origin.fusarium oxysporum is a phylogenetically diverse monophyletic complex of filamentous ascomycetous fungi that are responsible for localized and disseminated life-threatening opportunistic infections in immunocompetent and severely neutropenic patients, respectively. although members of this complex were isolated from patients during a pseudoepidemic in san antonio, tex., and from patients and the water system in a houston, tex., hospital during the 1990s, little is known about their genetic relat ...200415528703
fostua, encoding a basic helix-loop-helix protein, differentially regulates development of three kinds of asexual spores, macroconidia, microconidia, and chlamydospores, in the fungal plant pathogen fusarium oxysporum.the soil-borne fungus fusarium oxysporum causes vascular wilt of a wide variety of plant species. f. oxysporum produces three kinds of asexual spores, macroconidia, microconidia, and chlamydospores. falcate macroconidia are formed generally from terminal phialides on conidiophores and rarely from intercalary phialides on hyphae. ellipsoidal microconidia are formed from intercalary phialides on hyphae. globose chlamydospores with thick walls are developed by the modification of hyphal and conidia ...200415590816
novel mode of resistance to fusarium infection by a mild dose pre-exposure of cadmium in wheat.exposure of healthy wheat seeds (triticum aestivum var sonalika) to mild dose of cadmium (cd(2+)) given as 50 microm cdcl(2) for 48 h and then washed off cd(2+) offered resistance to the subsequent infection by fusarium oxysporum inoculum. seven days old seedlings having two primary leaves were aseptically inoculated with fungus, f. oxysporum (1 x 10(6)) spores. the seedlings pre-exposed to low level of cd(2+) survived the fusarium infection, while plantlets without cd(2+) stress wilted and then ...200415596097
comparative assessment of genotyping methods for study genetic diversity of fusarium oxysporum isolates.in this study, we evaluated three pcr-based methods for the molecular typing of nonpathogenic fusarium oxysporum isolates: random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd), polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp). the analyses were performed using 64 isolates of f. oxysporum collected from cotton-producing areas in egypt. a number of polymorphic rapd, pcr-rflp and aflp bands were scored in all isolates and the genetic ...200415702916
ethylene response factor 1 mediates arabidopsis resistance to the soilborne fungus fusarium oxysporum.ethylene response factor 1 (erf1) is a transcriptional factor from arabidopsis thaliana that regulates plant resistance to the necrotrophic fungi botrytis cinerea and plectosphaerella cucumerina and whose overexpression enhances resistance to these fungi. here, we show that erf1 also mediates arabidopsis resistance to the soilborne fungi fusarium oxysporum sp. conglutinans and f. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, because its constitutive expression in arabidopsis confers enhanced resistance to these ...200415242170
frequency and diversity of fungi colonizing tissues of upland cotton.a study of the mycoflora of upland cotton in alabama was conducted throughout the 2000 and 2001 growing seasons. plants were sampled at seedling, first bloom, full bloom, and maturity stages of development. thirty-seven genera representing 58 species of fungi were isolated, including 9 species of fusarium. fusarium oxysporum, f. solani, and f. equiseti were the most common members of this genus occurring at all four sampling stages in both years. eight species accounted for 67% of the total fung ...200415180159
antagonistic interaction between abscisic acid and jasmonate-ethylene signaling pathways modulates defense gene expression and disease resistance in arabidopsis.the plant hormones abscisic acid (aba), jasmonic acid (ja), and ethylene are involved in diverse plant processes, including the regulation of gene expression during adaptive responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. previously, aba has been implicated in enhancing disease susceptibility in various plant species, but currently very little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. in this study, we obtained evidence that a complex interplay between aba and ja-ethylene sig ...200415548743
actinchinin, a novel antifungal protein from the gold kiwi fruit.an antifungal protein designated actinchinin, with an n-terminal sequence different from that of the thaumatin-like antifungal protein from green kiwi fruit, was isolated from the gold kiwi fruit. the antifungal protein, unlike its counterpart from green kiwi fruit, did not exert antifungal activity against botrytis cinerea, but was active against fusarium oxysporum which was unresponsive to thaumatin-like protein from green kiwi fruit. actinchinin was isolated using a protocol that comprised io ...200415245867
response of embryo axes of germinating seeds of yellow lupine to fusarium oxysporum.defence responses of embryo axes of lupinus luteus l. cv. polo were studied 48-96 h after inoculation with fusarium oxysporum schlecht f.sp. lupini. the infection restricted the growth of embryo axes, the lengths of infected embryo axes 72 and 96 h after inoculation were 11 and 12 mm less in the controls, respectively, while their masses c. 0.03 g less than in the controls. the concentration of h2o2 in embryo axes of inoculated germinating seeds was higher than in the control. this was probably ...200415246062
defense responses of fusarium oxysporum to 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol, a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by pseudomonas fluorescens.a collection of 76 plant-pathogenic and 41 saprophytic fusarium oxysporum strains was screened for sensitivity to 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-dapg), a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by multiple strains of antagonistic pseudomonas fluorescens. approximately 17% of the f. oxysporum strains were relatively tolerant to high 2,4-dapg concentrations. tolerance to 2,4-dapg did not correlate with the geographic origin of the strains, formae speciales, intergenic spacer (igs) group, or fusaric ac ...200415559985
the fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris/cicer arietinum pathosystem: a case study of the evolution of plant-pathogenic fungi into races and pathotypes.the use of resistant cultivars is one of the most practical and cost-efficient strategies for managing plant diseases. however, the efficiency of resistant cultivars in disease management is limited by pathogenic variability in pathogen populations. knowledge of the evolutionary history and potential of the pathogen population may help to optimize the management of disease-resistance genes, irrespective of the breeding strategy used for their development. in this review, we examine the diversity ...200415248157
the fusarium wilt resistance locus fom-2 of melon contains a single resistance gene with complex features.the soil-borne fungus fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis causes significant losses in the cultivated melon, a key member of the economically important family, the cucurbitaceae. here, we report the map-based cloning and characterization of the resistance gene fom-2 that confers resistance to race 0 and 1 of this plant pathogen. two recombination events, 75 kb apart, were found to bracket fom-2 after screening approximately 1324 gametes with pcr-based markers. sequence analysis of the fom-2 interva ...200415255859
tomatidine and lycotetraose, hydrolysis products of alpha-tomatine by fusarium oxysporum tomatinase, suppress induced defense responses in tomato cells.many fungal pathogens of tomato produce extracellular enzymes, collectively known as tomatinases, that detoxify the preformed antifungal steroidal glycoalkaloid alpha-tomatine. tomatinase from the vascular wilt pathogen of tomato fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici cleaves alpha-tomatine into the aglycon tomatidine (td) and the tetrasaccharide lycotetraose (lt). although modes of action of alpha-tomatine have been extensively studied, those of td and lt are poorly understood. here, we show tha ...200415280013
cytochemical labeling for fungal and host components in plant tissues inoculated with fungal wilt pathogens.antibodies to detect pectin in present investigations attached to distinct fibrils in vessel lumina. in carnation infected with an isolate of fusarium oxysporum f.sp., labeling of pathogen cells also occurred; in a resistant cultivar (cv.), it was coincident with proximate pectin fibrils and linked to altered fungal walls, which was the opposite in the susceptible cv., indicating that hindrance of pathogen ability to degrade pectin may be related to resistance. labeling of the fungus in culture ...200415327706
[variation of microflora and enzyme activity in continuous cropping cucumber soil in solar greenhouse].variation of microflora and enzyme activity in solar greenhouse soil continuous cropping for 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 years was studied, in addition to the relationship between soil properities and microflora and enzyme activity. the results showed that number of bacteria, actinomyce as well as total microflora showed a trend with a saddle-shaped curve, while the number of fungi appeared an liner increase. continuous cropping soil microflora shifted from bacteria type to fungi type significantly, of which ...200415362624
development of selective media for the isolation and enumeration of alternaria species from soil and plant debris.a new semi-selective medium, acidified weak potato-dextrose agar (awpda) with mertect (active ingredient: thiabendazole), was developed for the isolation and enumeration of alternaria species from samples of soil and plant debris. the medium was selected based on growth inhibition tests against alternaria and several other commonly encountered saprobic fungi utilizing three antifungal agents, botran (active ingredient: dichloran), bayleton (active ingredient: triadimefon), and mertect, and two b ...200415381969
induced resistance in tomato plants by iaa against fusarium oxysporum lycopersici.the phytohormone iaa (indol-3-acetic acid) was tested in vitro on growth of tomato wilt pathogen fusarium oxysporum lycopersici. the hormone reduced spore germination, mycelial dry weight and protein content. such reduction was matched with the elevation in the hormone concentration. the in vivo application of iaa to soil of the uninoculated plants (controls) improved growth and yielded longer shoot and root, particularly at low concentrations. moreover, the hormone could prevent completely any ...200415478356
antifungal peptides, a heat shock protein-like peptide, and a serine-threonine kinase-like protein from ceylon spinach seeds.two antifungal peptides (designated alpha- and beta-basrubrins) with molecular masses of 4-5 kda and distinct n-terminal sequences, and a peptide and a protein with n-terminal sequences resembling heat shock protein (hsp) and serine-threonine kinase, respectively, were isolated from seeds of the ceylon spinach basella rubra. the purification procedure entailed saline extraction, (nh4)2so4 precipitation, ion exchange chromatography on deae-cellulose, affinity chromatography on affi-gel blue gel, ...200415245882
biological synthesis of strontium carbonate crystals using the fungus fusarium oxysporum.the total biological synthesis of srco3 crystals of needlelike morphology arranged into higher order quasi-linear superstructures by challenging microorganisms such as fungi with aqueous sr2+ ions is described. we term this procedure "total biological synthesis" since the source of carbonate ions that react with aqueous sr2+ ions is the fungus itself. we believe that secretion of proteins during growth of the fungus fusarium oxysporum is responsible for modulating the morphology of strontianite ...200415274591
1-phenyl-3-toluyl-4-[ortho-1'-(n-ethyl-2'-methylpropylamine)]phenylpyrazole, synthesis and evaluation of the in vitro antifungal activity against botrytis cinerea and fusarium oxysporum.a novel antifungal pyrazole derivative was synthesized. designated 1-phenyl-3-toluyl-4-[ortho-1'-(n-ethyl-2'-methylpropylamine)]phenylpyrazole, the compound exerted an antifungal effect toward botrytis cinerea and fusarium oxysporum. in fact, our results clearly show that mycelial growth and conidial germination of both fungi were blocked by the compound. indeed, a 96-well microbioassay procedure was used for fast and easy evaluation of minimal inhibitory concentration (mic). the mic values for ...200415337431
a non-specific lipid transfer protein with antifungal and antibacterial activities from the mung bean.a non-specific lipid transfer peptide (nsltp) with antimicrobial activity was isolated from the mung bean (phaseolus mungo) seeds. the procedure entailed aqueous extraction, ion exchange chromatography on cm-sephadex and high performance liquid chromatography (hplc) on poros-hs-20. the peptide exhibited a molecular mass of 9.03 kda in mass spectrometry. it exerted antifungal action toward fusarium solani, fusarium oxysporum, pythium aphanidermatum and sclerotium rolfsii, and antibacterial action ...200415350690
colonization and persistence of a plant growth-promoting bacterium pseudomonas fluorescens strain cs85, on roots of cotton seedlings.pseudomonas fluorescens cs85, which was previously isolated from the rhizosphere of cotton seedlings, acts as both a plant growth-promoting bacterium and a biocontrol agent against cotton pathogens, including rhizoctonia solani, colletotrichum gossypii, fusarium oxysporum f sp. vasinfectum, and verticillium dahliae. strain cs85 was labeled separately with luxab and gusa. the labeled strains were stably maintained and had high levels of expression of the marker genes, luxab and gusa, after succes ...200415381971
anti-fungal sesquiterpenoid from the root exudate of solanum abutiloides.the solanum abutiloides plant is highly resistant to soil-borne pathogens such as fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melongenae, verticillium dahliae, and ralstonia solanacearum. this species is utilized as a mating source of resistant cultivars and is also used as a rootstock. the root exudate of solanum abutiloides was extracted from a soil system composed of charcoal and vermiculite. anti-fungal activity was found in the extract, and an active ingredient was isolated. the chemical structure of the act ...200415618642
a small, cysteine-rich protein secreted by fusarium oxysporum during colonization of xylem vessels is required for i-3-mediated resistance in tomato.a 12 kda cysteine-rich protein is secreted by fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici during colonization of tomato xylem vessels. peptide sequences obtained with mass spectrometry allowed identification of the coding sequence. the gene encodes a 32 kda protein, designated six1 for secreted in xylem 1. the central part of six1 corresponds to the 12 kda protein found in xylem sap of infected plants. a mutant that had gained virulence on a tomato line with the i-3 resistance gene was found to have l ...200415387816
a rapid molecular method for differentiating two special forms (lycopersici and radicis-lycopersici) of fusarium oxysporum.two pathogenic special forms (f. sp.) of the fusarium oxysporum species complex f. sp. lycopersici (fol) and f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (forl) are morphologically indistinguishable. although they are pathogenic to the same host genus lycopersicon (tomato), and infect the same tomato cultivar, they form distinct diseases; fol causes wilt and forl causes crown rot and root rot. these two special forms apparently exist as genetically isolated populations, based on vegetative compatibility and molec ...200415446712
novel oligosaccharides isolated from fusarium oxysporum l. rapidly induce pal activity in rubus cells.activation of the phenolic pathway is known to be part of a defense response against cell wall-derived elicitors from pathogens. many examples of a defense response by increasing the synthesis of phenolic compound against the elicitor were demonstrated in the past, but the elicitor structure has so far been poorly characterized. our results indicate that a disaccharide fraction containing the following structure: alpha-d-mannopyranosyl (1-->2)alpha/beta-d-glucopyranosyl and alpha-d-mannopyranosy ...200415448725
onychomycosis caused by fusarium solani and fusarium oxysporum in são paulo, brazil.fusarium species are common soil saprophytes and plant pathogens that have been frequently reported as etiologic agents of opportunistic infections in humans. we report eight cases of onychomycosis caused by fusarium solani (4) and fusarium oxysporum (4) in são paulo, brazil. these species were isolated from toenails in all cases. the infections were initially considered to be caused by dermatophytes. the clinical appearance of the affected toenails was leukonychia or distal subungual hyperkerat ...200415180157
cloning and enhanced expression of the cytochrome p450nor gene (nica; cyp55a5) encoding nitric oxide reductase from aspergillus oryzae.we cloned and characterized the gene and cdna of aspergillus oryzae cytochrome p450nor (anor). the anor gene (nica; cyp55a5) has a different gene structure from other p450nor genes in that it has an extra intron. there were not only two kinds of mrna but also two sets of tata-box and ccaat-box, and it appears that this gene has two expression patterns, like cyp55a1 of fusarium oxysporum. a reporter analysis using the uida gene indicated that gene expression of cyp55a5 was induced under anaerobic ...200415502348
alveolarin, a novel antifungal polypeptide from the wild mushroom polyporus alveolaris.an antifungal polypeptide, with a molecular mass of 28 kda as judged by gel filtration and appearing as a single band with a molecular mass of 14 kda in sodium dodecyl suflate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was isolated from fresh fruiting bodies of the mushroom polyporus alveolaris. the antifungal polypeptide, designated as alveolarin, demonstrated an inhibitory action on mycelial growth in botrytis cinerea, fusarium oxysporum, mycosphaerella arachidicola and physalospora piricola. alveola ...200415165727
evaluation of nostoc strain atcc 53789 as a potential source of natural pesticides.the cyanobacterium nostoc strain atcc 53789, a known cryptophycin producer, was tested for its potential as a source of natural pesticides. the antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal, nematocidal, and cytotoxic activities of methanolic extracts of the cyanobacterium were evaluated. among the target organisms, nine fungi (armillaria sp., fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis, penicillium expansum, phytophthora cambivora, p. cinnamomi, rhizoctonia solani, rosellinia, sp., sclerotinia sclerotiorum, an ...200415184126
gene expression profile changes in cotton root and hypocotyl tissues in response to infection with fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum.microarray analysis of large-scale temporal and tissue-specific plant gene expression changes occurring during a susceptible plant-pathogen interaction revealed different gene expression profile changes in cotton root and hypocotyl tissues. in hypocotyl tissues infected with fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, increased expression of defense-related genes was observed, whereas few changes in the expression levels of defense-related genes were found in infected root tissues. in infected roots, ...200415195948
light- and singlet oxygen-mediated antifungal activity of phenylphenalenone phytoalexins.the light-induced singlet oxygen production and antifungal activity of phenylphenalenone phytoalexins isolated from infected banana plants (musa acuminata) are reported. upon absorption of light energy all studied phenylphenalenones sensitise the production of singlet oxygen in polar and non-polar media. antifungal activity of these compounds towards fusarium oxysporum is enhanced in the presence of light. these results, together with the correlation of ic50 values under illumination with the qu ...200415239009
immobilization of biogenic gold nanoparticles in thermally evaporated fatty acid and amine thin films.we have recently demonstrated the biological synthesis of gold nanoparticles by the reduction of aqueous chloroaurate ions by the fungus fusarium oxysporum and with extract of geranium (pelargonium graveolens) leaf. in this paper, we demonstrate the immobilization of biogenic gold nanoparticles in lipid thin films deposited by thermal evaporation. the charge on the gold nanoparticles synthesized by both the fungus and the geranium plant extract is used to facilitate their immobilization in both ...200415120279
cloning and functional expression of a mungbean defensin vrd1 in pichia pastoris.it was shown previously that a bacterially expressed mungbean defensin vrcrp exhibited both antifungal and insecticidal activities. to isolate this protein in a large quantity for its characterization, the defensin cdna was expressed in pichia pastoris and the recombinant defensin (rvrd1) was purified. the recombinant vrd1 was shown to inhibit the growth of fungi such as fusarium oxysporum, pyricularia oryza, rhizoctonia solani, and trichophyton rubrum and development of bruchid larva. the prote ...200415080630
indigenous bacteria with antagonistic and plant-growth-promoting activities improve slow-filtration efficiency in soilless cultivation.in tomato soilless culture, slow filtration allows one to control the development of diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms. during the disinfecting process, microbial elimination is ensured by mechanical and biological factors. in this study, system efficacy was enhanced further to a biological activation of filter by inoculating the pozzolana grains contained in the filtering unit with 5 selected bacteria. three strains identified as pseudomonas putida and 2 as bacillus cereus came from ...200415381975
fusion proteins comprising a fusarium-specific antibody linked to antifungal peptides protect plants against a fungal pathogen.in planta expression of recombinant antibodies recognizing pathogen-specific antigens has been proposed as a strategy for crop protection. we report the expression of fusion proteins comprising a fusarium-specific recombinant antibody linked to one of three antifungal peptides (afps) as a method for protecting plants against fungal diseases. a chicken-derived single-chain antibody specific to antigens displayed on the fusarium cell surface was isolated from a pooled immunocompetent phage display ...200415146196
physical and biochemical interactions of soil fungi with asbestos fibers.iron, a structural component of most asbestos, is thought to play a crucial role in asbestos toxicity. surface iron favors fiber uptake by mammalian cells and promotes the generation of free radicals with consequent dna and lipid damage. in some cases, chemical removal of iron from asbestos fibers has reduced several cellular responses to asbestos. since iron represents an essential element for soil microorganisms, many of them have developed mechanisms to scavenge this element from poorly solub ...200415095889
siderophore production by a marine pseudomonas aeruginosa and its antagonistic action against phytopathogenic fungi.a marine isolate of fluorescent pseudomonas sp. having the ability to produce the pyoverdine type of siderophores under low iron stress (up to 10 microm iron in the succinate medium) was identified as pseudomonas aeruginosa by using biolog breathprint and siderotyping. pyoverdine production was optimum at 0.2% (w/v) succinate, ph 6.0, in an iron-deficient medium. studies carried out in vitro revealed that purified siderophores and pseudomonas culture have good antifungal activity against the pla ...200415304753
extracellular matrix protein gene, emp1, is required for appressorium formation and pathogenicity of the rice blast fungus, magnaporthe grisea.magnaporthe grisea, the causal fungus of rice blast, forms a specialized infection structure called an appressorium that is crucial for host plant penetration. a cdna clone of m. grisea, showing strong sequence homology to fem1 of fusarium oxysporum and encoding an extracellular matrix protein, was isolated during an expressed sequence tag (est) analysis of an appressorium cdna library and named extracellular matrix protein 1 (emp1). sequence analysis of the corresponding genomic clone revealed ...200415055545
isolation of allicepin, a novel antifungal peptide from onion (allium cepa) bulbs.from the bulbs of the onion allium cepa, a novel antifungal peptide distinct from the antimicrobial peptide previously reported from onion seeds was isolated. the antifungal peptide, designated allicepin, was purified with a procedure that involved aqueous extraction, ion exchange chromatography on deae-cellulose, affinity chromatography on affi-gel blue gel and fplc-gel filtration on superdex 75. allicepin was unadsorbed on deae-cellulose and adsorbed on affi-gel blue gel. the molecular weight ...200415113089
enzymatic liberation of lycotetraose from the solanum glycoalkaloid alpha-tomatine.the branched tetrasaccharide, o-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)-o-[beta-d-xylopyranosyl-(1-->3)]-o-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-d-galactose (lycotetraose) is a key constituent of many biologically interesting natural products. described herein is a convenient enzymatic preparation of lycotetraose from the readily available solanum glycoalkaloid alpha-tomatine. the preparation makes use of the recombinant endo-glycosidase, tomatinase, from the plant pathogen fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici.200415337463
an analysis of the phylogenetic distribution of the pea pathogenicity genes of nectria haematococca mpvi supports the hypothesis of their origin by horizontal transfer and uncovers a potentially new pathogen of garden pea: neocosmospora boniensis.the filamentous fungus nectria haematococca mating population vi (mpvi) contains a cluster of genes required to cause disease on pea. this cluster of pea pathogenicity genes (the pep cluster) is located on a supernumerary chromosome that is dispensable for normal growth in culture. the genes in the pep cluster have a different g+c content and codon usage compared with the genes located on the other chromosomes and a non-homogeneous distribution within the species. these features suggest that the ...200415118835
fungal ammonia fermentation, a novel metabolic mechanism that couples the dissimilatory and assimilatory pathways of both nitrate and ethanol. role of acetyl coa synthetase in anaerobic atp synthesis.fungal ammonia fermentation is a novel dissimilatory metabolic mechanism that supplies energy under anoxic conditions. the fungus fusarium oxysporum reduces nitrate to ammonium and simultaneously oxidizes ethanol to acetate to generate atp (zhou, z., takaya, n., nakamura, a., yamaguchi, m., takeo, k., and shoun, h. (2002) j. biol. chem. 277, 1892-1896). we identified the aspergillus nidulans genes involved in ammonia fermentation by analyzing fungal mutants. the results showed that assimilatory ...200414722082
a one-step method to convert vectors into binary vectors suited for agrobacterium-mediated transformation.bacterial artificial chromosomes (bacs) are widely used for the construction of physical maps, positional-cloning and whole-genome sequencing strategies. unfortunately, their use for functional genomics is limited, as currently there is no efficient method to use bacs directly for complementation. we describe a novel strategy for one-step conversion of any bac into a binary bac (bibac). using agrobacterium tumefaciens, these bibacs can be efficiently transformed to virtually all organisms, inclu ...200414745506
in vitro fungitoxic activity of larrea divaricata cav. extracts.to evaluate the fungitoxic activity of larrea divaricata cav. extract and one of its components against yeasts and fungi. this activity was compared with the action of ketoconazole, a known synthetic antimycotic.200415189281
specific detection of the toxigenic species fusarium proliferatum and f. oxysporum from asparagus plants using primers based on calmodulin gene sequences.fusarium proliferatum and fusarium oxysporum are the causal agents of a destructive disease of asparagus called fusarium crown and root rot. f. proliferatum from asparagus produces fumonisin b1 and b2, which have been detected as natural contaminants in infected asparagus plants. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays were developed for the rapid identification of f. proliferatum and f. oxysporum in asparagus plants. the primer pairs are based on calmodulin gene sequences. the pcr products from ...200414757245
nitrous oxide-forming codenitrification catalyzed by cytochrome p450nor.intact cells of the denitrifying fungus fusarium oxysporum were previously shown to catalyze codenitrification to form a hybrid nitrous oxide (n2o) species from nitrite and other nitrogen compounds such as azide and ammonia. here we show that cytochrome p450nor can catalyze the codenitrification reaction to form n2o from nitric oxide (no) but not nitrite, and azide or ammonia. the results show that the direct substrate of the codenitrification by intact cells should not be nitrite but no, which ...200414981321
molecular mapping of fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris race 3 resistance gene in chickpea.sequence-tagged microsatellite site (stms) and sequence-tagged site (sts) markers linked closely to fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris race 3 resistance gene in chickpea were identified, and linkage between three wilt resistance genes was elucidated. the resistance to race 3 in chickpea germplasm accession wr-315 was inherited as a single gene, designated foc-3, in 100 f(7) recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross of wr-315 (resistant) x c-104 (susceptible). the foc-3 gene was mapped 0.6 c ...200414689189
antifungal compounds from the root and root exudate of zea mays.a maize plant (zea mays) planted in a test tube was found to inhibit the growth of the soil-borne plant pathogen, fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melongenae. the antifungal compounds, 6-methoxybenzoxazolinone and 6,7-dimethoxybenzoxazolinone, were isolated from an ethanol extract of zea mays roots, and (6r)-7,8-dihydro-3-oxo-alpha-ionone and (6r,9r)-7,8-dihydro-3-oxo-alpha-ionol were isolated from the root exudate.200415215605
eryngin, a novel antifungal peptide from fruiting bodies of the edible mushroom pleurotus eryngii.an antifungal peptide with a molecular mass of 10k da was isolated from fruiting bodies of the mushroom pleurotus eryngii. the peptide, designated as eryngin, inhibited mycelial growth in fusarium oxysporum and mycosphaerella arachidicola. it was unadsorbed on deae-cellulose and adsorbed on affi-gel blue gel and s-sepharose. its n-terminal sequence demonstrated some similarity to the antifungal protein from the mushroom lyophyllum shimeiji and little resemblance to thaumatin and thaumatin-like p ...200415003349
a ribonuclease with antimicrobial, antimitogenic and antiproliferative activities from the edible mushroom pleurotus sajor-caju.a 12 kda ribonuclease preferential for poly u and with much lower activity toward poly a, poly g and poly c was isolated from fresh fruiting bodies of the mushroom pleurotus sajor-caju. a purification procedure involving ion exchange chromatography on cm-cellulose, affinity chromatography on red-sepharose and heparin-sepharose, and fast protein liquid chromatography-gel filtration on superdex 75 was used. the ribonuclease was adsorbed on all of the first three types of chromatographic media. it ...200415003351
antimicrobial effects of quercus ilex l. extract.the antimicrobial activities of the methanol extract of quercus ilex l. (pirnal oak) leaves were tested in vitro against a wide range of human and plant-associated microorganisms. a total of 132 microbial organisms belonging to 55 bacteria and five fungi and yeast species were studied using a disc-diffusion method and microdilution assays. the results were evaluated as inhibition zones around the disc impregnated with q. ilex extract at a concentration of 300 micro l/ml. the results showed that ...200415103667
synthesis, absolute stereochemistry and molecular design of the new antifungal and antibacterial antibiotic produced by streptomyces sp.201.the absolute stereochemistry of the new antifungal and antibacterial antibiotic produced by streptomyces sp.201 has been established by achieving the total synthesis of the product. a series of analogues have also been synthesized by changing the side chain and their bioactivity assessed against different microbial strains. among them, 1e (r = c8h17) was found to be the most potent with mic of 8 microg/ml against mycobacterium tuberculosis, 12 microg/ml against escherichia coli and 16 microg/ml ...200415177476
fungus-elicited metabolites from plants as an enriched source for new leishmanicidal agents: antifungal phenyl-phenalenone phytoalexins from the banana plant (musa acuminata) target mitochondria of leishmania donovani promastigotes.two antifungal phenyl-phenalenone phytoalexins isolated from the banana plant (musa acuminata) elicited with the fungus fusarium oxysporum, together with a methoxy derivative of one of them and two epoxide precursors of their chemical synthesis, were tested for leishmanicidal activity on leishmania donovani promastigotes and l. infantum amastigotes. drugs inhibited proliferation of both forms of the parasite with a 50% lethal concentration range between 10.3 and 68.7 micro g/ml. their lethal mec ...200415105102
crystallization and preliminary analysis of active nitroalkane oxidase in three crystal forms.nitroalkane oxidase (nao), a flavoprotein cloned and purified from fusarium oxysporum, catalyzes the oxidation of neutral nitroalkanes to the corresponding aldehydes or ketones, with the production of h2o2 and nitrite. in this paper, the crystallization and preliminary x-ray data analysis of three crystal forms of active nitroalkane oxidase are described. the first crystal form belongs to a trigonal space group (either p3(1)21 or p3(2)21, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 103.8, c = 487.0 a) and ...200415272176
ren1 is required for development of microconidia and macroconidia, but not of chlamydospores, in the plant pathogenic fungus fusarium oxysporum.the filamentous fungus fusarium oxysporum is a soil-borne facultative parasite that causes economically important losses in a wide variety of crops. f. oxysporum exhibits filamentous growth on agar media and undergoes asexual development producing three kinds of spores: microconidia, macroconidia, and chlamydospores. ellipsoidal microconidia and falcate macroconidia are formed from phialides by basipetal division; globose chlamydospores with thick walls are formed acrogenously from hyphae or by ...200415020411
fusarium species and fusarium wilt pathogens associated with native gossypium populations in australia.fusarium isolates were extracted from stems and rhizosphere soils of 79 populations of four gossypium species native to two regions of inland australia in 2001. six fusarium species were isolated from 31 (3%) of the 919 stem samples. f. semitectum was predominant, occurring mostly in g. bickii populations and accounting for 81% of the isolates recovered. twenty fusarium species were isolated from 68 (87%) of the 78 composite soil samples, with f. solani (71%), f. compactum (8%), f. oxysporum (5% ...200415035503
antifungal constituents of clytostoma ramentaceum and mansoa hirsuta.ethanol extracts of clytostoma ramentaceum bur. & k. schum and mansoa hirsuta dc. (bignoniaceae) inhibited the growth of standardized cultures of aspergillus niger and fusarium oxysporum, at concentrations of 400 microg and 500 microg, in bioautographic assays. the activity-guided fractionation of c. ramentaceum extract afforded ursolic acid and 2-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl) ethanol, both active against the test fungi (100 microg). these compounds are reported for the first time in c. ramentaceum an ...200415287070
fine mapping of the tomato i-3 gene for fusarium wilt resistance and elimination of a co-segregating resistance gene analogue as a candidate for i-3.the i-3 gene from the wild tomato species lycopersicon pennellii confers resistance to race 3 of the devastating vascular wilt pathogen fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. as an initial step in a positional cloning strategy for the isolation of i-3, we converted restriction fragment length polymorphism and conserved orthologue set markers, known genes and a resistance gene analogue (rga) mapping to the i-3 region into pcr-based sequence characterised amplified region (scar) and cleaved amplif ...200415045176
improved technique for rapid and non-destructive in vitro differentiation between resistant and susceptible banana clones of fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense.culture filtrates of fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense were applied to field-grown banana leaves of susceptible and resistant clones. the difference in leaf lesions, measured after 48 h, varied from 13 to 51 mm2 depending on the composition of the growth medium.200415049365
potential role of pathogen signaling in multitrophic plant-microbe interactions involved in disease protection.multitrophic interactions mediate the ability of fungal pathogens to cause plant disease and the ability of bacterial antagonists to suppress disease. antibiotic production by antagonists, which contributes to disease suppression, is known to be modulated by abiotic and host plant environmental conditions. here, we demonstrate that a pathogen metabolite functions as a negative signal for bacterial antibiotic biosynthesis, which can determine the relative importance of biological control mechanis ...200415006813
a new class (penaeidin class 4) of antimicrobial peptides from the atlantic white shrimp (litopenaeus setiferus) exhibits target specificity and an independent proline-rich-domain function.a highly pure, chemically defined representative of a new class of antimicrobial peptide from the atlantic white shrimp (litopenaeus setiferus), penaeidin class 4 [pen4-1 (penaeidin class 4 isoform 1)], was produced synthetically. chemical synthesis was achieved by native ligation from two separate domains yielding a bioactive peptide that reflected the characteristics of native penaeidin. synthetic pen4-1 proved to be an effective antimicrobial peptide, particularly against the broad-spectrum p ...200415084144
the role of the jasmonate response in plant susceptibility to diverse pathogens with a range of lifestyles.plants defend themselves against attack from insects and pathogens with various resistance strategies. the jasmonate and salicylate signaling pathways are two induced responses that protect plants against these attackers. knowledge of the range of organisms that are affected by each response is important for understanding how plants coordinate their defenses against multiple attackers and the generality of effect of different resistance mechanisms. the jasmonate response is known to protect plan ...200415133157
combination therapy of disseminated fusarium oxysporum infection with terbinafine and amphotericin b.a case of disseminated infection with fusarium oxysporum following chemotherapy of acute myelogenous leukemia is reported. antifungal treatment was successful with a 13-day course of oral terbinafine 250 mg t.i.d. in combination with amphotericin b deoxycholate 1.0-1.5 mg/kg qd and subsequently intravenous liposomal amphotericin b 5 mg/kg qd. preceding monotherapy with amphotericin b deoxycholate 1.0-1.5 mg/kg qd had not stopped the progression of infection. the combination therapy described her ...200414648020
effect of static magnetic field on growth and sporulation of some plant pathogenic fungi.growth and sporulation of phytopathogenic microscopic fungi were studied under a static magnetic field. the applied flux densities were 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mt. the magnetic field decreased the growth of colonies by 10% using this flux density region. at 0.1 mt flux density, the deviations are significant, p =.001, while in other cases the deviations generally are not significant. at the same time, the number of the developed conidia of alternaria alternata and curvularia inaequalis increased by 68-1 ...200415114642
construction of a hindiii bacterial artificial chromosome library and its use in identification of clones associated with disease resistance in chickpea.a chickpea ( cicer arietinum l.) bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) library from germplasm line, flip 84-92c, was constructed to facilitate positional cloning of disease resistance genes and physical mapping of the genome. the bac library has 23,780 colonies and was calculated to comprise approximately 3.8 haploid-genome equivalents. studies on 120 randomly chosen clones revealed an average insert size of 100 kb and no empty clones. colony hybridization using the rubp carboxylase large subuni ...200414564396
fusarium oxysporum as a multihost model for the genetic dissection of fungal virulence in plants and mammals.fungal pathogens cause disease in plant and animal hosts. the extent to which infection mechanisms are conserved between both classes of hosts is unknown. we present a dual plant-animal infection system based on a single strain of fusarium oxysporum, the causal agent of vascular wilt disease in plants and an emerging opportunistic human pathogen. injection of microconidia of a well-characterized tomato pathogenic isolate (isolate 4287) into the lateral tail vein of immunodepressed mice resulted ...200414977985
polygenic inheritance of partial resistance to fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis race 1.2 in melon.abstract fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis is responsible for fusarium wilt of melon. race 1.2 strains overcome two dominant resistance genes (fom-1 and fom-2) and are further divided into two types depending on the symptoms they cause, yellowing or wilting. partial resistance to f. oxysporum f. sp. melonis race 1.2 was studied by using a recombinant inbred line (ril) population that was developed by single seed descent from an f(1) hybrid between 'isabelle', a partially resistant line, and a su ...200418943703
stepwise evolution of races in fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris inferred from fingerprinting with repetitive dna sequences.abstract plant pathogens often exhibit variation in virulence, the ability to cause disease on host plants with specific resistance, evident from the diversity of races observed within pathogen species. the evolution of races in asexual fungal pathogens has been hypothesized to occur in a stepwise fashion, in which mutations to virulence accumulate sequentially in clonal lineages, resulting in races capable of overcoming multiple host plant resistance genes or multiple resistant cultivars. in th ...200418943970
genetic diversity of pathogenic and nonpathogenic populations of fusarium oxysporum isolated from carnation fields in argentina.abstract in order to elucidate the origin of fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi in argentina, the genetic diversity among pathogenic isolates together with co-occurring nonpathogenic isolates on carnation was investigated. in all, 151 isolates of f. oxysporum were obtained from soils and carnation plants from several horticultural farms in argentina. the isolates were characterized using vegetative compatibility group (vcg), intergenic spacer (igs) typing, and pathogenicity tests on carnation. se ...200418943491
interaction of rotylenchulus reniformis with seedling disease pathogens of cotton.the impact of 10 fusarium species in concomitant association with rotylenchulus reniformis on cotton seedling disease was examined under greenhouse conditions. in experiment 1, fungal treatments consisted of fusarium chlamydosporum, f. equiseti, f. lateritium, f. moniliforme, f. oxysporum, f. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum, f. proliferatum, f. semitectum, f. solani, and f. sporotrichioides; rhizoctonia solani; and thielaviopsis basicola. the experimental design was a 2 x 14 factorial consisting of ...200419262802
fusarium foetens, a new species pathogenic to begonia elatior hybrids (begonia x hiemalis) and the sister taxon of the fusarium oxysporum species complex.a new disease recently was discovered in begonia elatior hybrid (begonia × hiemalis) nurseries in the netherlands. diseased plants showed a combination of basal rot, vein yellowing and wilting and the base of collapsing plants was covered by unusually large masses of fusarium macroconidia. a species of fusarium was isolated consistently from the discolored veins of leaves and stems. it differed morphologically from f. begoniae, a known agent of begonia flower, leaf and stem blight. the fusarium ...200421148861
effect of iron availability on induction of systemic resistance to fusarium wilt of chickpea by pseudomonas spp.selected isolates of pseudomonas fluorescens (pf4-92 and pfrsc5) and p. aeruginosa (parsg18 and parsg27) were examined for growth promotion and induced systemic resistance against fusarium wilt of chickpea. significant increase in plant height was observed in pseudomonas treated plants. however, plant growth was inhibited when isolates of pseudomonas were used in combination with fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri (focrs1). it was also observed that the pseudomonas spp. was colonized in root of ch ...200524049472
high genetic diversity among strains of fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum from cotton in ivory coast.abstract seventeen isolates of fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum from the ivory coast were characterized using vegetative compatibility group (vcg), restriction fragment length polymorphism of the ribosomal inter-genic spacer region (igs), and mating type (mat) idiomorph, and compared with a worldwide collection of the pathogen containing all available reference strains. some of the isolates were identical to known reference strains for all three traits, whereas others had previously unknown ...200518943549
nitrogen-responsive genes are differentially regulated in planta during fusarium oxyspsorum f. sp. lycopersici infection.summary nitrogen is an essential growth component whose availability will limit microbial spread, and as such it serves as a key control point in dictating an organism's adaptation to various environments. little is known about fungal nutrition in planta. to enhance our understanding of this process we examined the transcriptional adaptation of fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, the causal agent for vascular wilt in tomato, during nutritional stress and plant colonization. using rt-pcr and m ...200520565671
expression of the fusarium oxysporum lactonase gene in aspergillus oryzae: molecular properties of the recombinant enzyme and its application.the lactonase gene of fusarium oxysporum was expressed in aspergillus oryzae for optical resolution of dl-pantoyl lactone. when the chromosomal gene encoding the full-length form of the lactonase, which has its own nh2-terminal signal peptide, was introduced in the host cells, the resulting transformant produced an enzyme of 46,600 da, which corresponded to the wild-type enzyme. in contrast, a. oryzae transformed with the cdna coding the mature enzyme produced a protein of 41,300 da. deglycosyla ...200515503009
high-nitrogen compost as a medium for organic container-grown crops.compost was tested as a medium for organic container-grown crops. nitrogen (n) loss during composting of separated cow manure (scm) was minimized using high c/n (wheat straw, ws; grape marc, gm) or a slightly acidic (orange peels, op) additives. n conservation values in the resultant composts were 82%, 95% and 98% for gm-scm, op-scm and ws-scm, respectively. physical characteristics of the composts were compatible with use as growing media. the nutritional contribution of the composts was assess ...200515491822
a pcr-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis approach to assess fusarium diversity in asparagus.in north america, asparagus (asparagus officinalis) production suffers from a crown and root rot disease mainly caused by fusarium oxysporum f. sp. asparagi and f. proliferatum. many other fusarium species are also found in asparagus fields, whereas accurate detection and identification of these organisms, especially when processing numerous samples, is usually difficult and time consuming. in this study, a pcr-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) method was developed to assess fusariu ...200515590089
nitric oxide reductase (p450nor) from fusarium oxysporum.in the present review we wanted to highlight the characteristic features of cytochtome p450 nadh-no reductase (p450nor) from fusarium oxysporum which belongs to the heme-thiolate protein family. this enzyme catalyzes the reduction of two no molecules to n2o. the discovery, isolation, identification and crystallography are described in detail. special emphasis was focused on the mechanism of no reduction and possible electronic configurations of the 444 nm intermediate were discussed. among heme- ...200515598501
fusarium oxysporum g-protein beta subunit fgb1 regulates hyphal growth, development, and virulence through multiple signalling pathways.the vascular wilt fungus fusarium oxysporum causes disease in a wide variety of crops. a signalling cascade controlled by the extracellular-regulated mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) fmk1 was previously found to be required for plant infection. to investigate the role of the heterotrimeric g-protein beta subunit fgb1 as a putative upstream component of the fmk1 signalling cascade, we generated f. oxysporum strains carrying either a deltafgb1 loss-of-function allele or an fgb1(w115g) allel ...200515588997
cloning and characterization of a plant defensin vad1 from azuki bean.a recombinant mungbean defensin vrd1 was previously shown to exhibit antifungal and bruchid-resistant activity. to study the function and regulation of vrd1, genomic dnas of plant defensins were isolated from vigna radiata vc6089a and azuki bean vigna angularis kao hsiung no. 6. the azuki bean defensin genomic dna vad1 was sequenced and converted to vad1 cdna. vad1 defensin was purified from vigna angularis kao hsiung no. 6 to apparent homogeneity. the complete amino acid sequence of the purifie ...200515713009
biopesticide effect of green compost against fusarium wilt on melon plants.the biopesticide effect of four green composts against fusarium wilt in melon plants and the effect of soil quality in soils amended with composts were assayed.200515752330
nitroalkane oxidase, a carbanion-forming flavoprotein homologous to acyl-coa dehydrogenase.while several flavoproteins will oxidize nitroalkanes in addition to their physiological substrates, nitroalkane oxidase (nao) is the only one which does not require the anionic nitroalkane. this, in addition to the induction of nao by nitroethane seen in fusarium oxysporum, suggests that oxidation of a nitroaliphatic species is the physiological role of the enzyme. mechanistic studies of the reaction with nitroethane as substrate have established many of the details of the enzymatic reaction. t ...200515581574
molecular markers linked to papaya ring spot virus resistance and fusarium race 2 resistance in melon.in melon, the fom-1 gene confers monogenic resistance against the soil-borne fungus fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis, races 0 and 2, while the closely linked prv gene specifies resistance against the papaya ring spot virus. markers linked to these resistance (r) genes were identified using two recombinant inbred line populations, derived from crosses between cucumis melo vedrantais and c. melo pi 161375, and between c. melo vedrantais and c. melo pi 414723, respectively. using bulked segregant ...200515551034
signaling via the g protein alpha subunit fga2 is necessary for pathogenesis in fusarium oxysporum.cloning and disruption of fga1, the gene encoding the g protein alpha subunit fga1 in phytopathogenic fungus fusarium oxysporum, has been reported previously, and the fga1 disruptants showed altered colony morphology, increased heat resistance, reduced conidiation and pathogenicity. to further evaluate the role of g protein signaling in this fungus, cloning of fga2, which encodes the second galpha protein fga2, was performed by pcr methods. the deduced primary structure of fga2 (355 amino acid r ...200515668015
synthesis and fungicidal activity of novel 2-oxocycloalkylsulfonylureas.a series of 2-oxocycloalkylsulfonylureas (2) have been synthesized in a six-step, three-pot reaction sequence from readily available cyclododecanone, cycloheptanone, and cyclohexanone. their structures were confirmed by ir, 1h nmr, and elemental analysis. the bioassay indicated that some of them possess certain fungicidal activity against gibberella zeae petch. in general, compounds containing a 12-membered ring (2a) are more active than those containing a 6- or 7-membered ring (2b, 2c). in the ...200515769157
fungal populations and mycotoxins in silage in assiut and sohag governorates in egypt, with a special reference to characteristic aspergilli toxins.forty silage samples were collected from assiut and sohag governorates in egypt to measure the presence of fungal population in silage. forty-three species and 2 species varieties belonging to 17 genera were isolated using glucose czapek's and sabouraud's dextrose agar media at 28 degrees c. the most prevalent genera were aspergillus (57.5 and 100 of the samples), penicillium (100 and 55%) on the two mentioned media, respectively. also, fusarium oxysporum and gibberella fujikurori were recovered ...200515770455
general characterization of noncommercial microbial lipases in hydrolytic and synthetic reactions.fourteen noncommercial preparations of microbial lipases were investigated with respect to their catalytic activity for hydrolysis and synthesis of ester bonds. six of the lipases were derived from microorganisms that have not previously been described as lipase producers, and another four were characterized for the first time. the synthetic reactions were carried out in two solvents of different polarities (n-heptane and acetone) using a series of fatty acids and primary and secondary alcohols ...200515767695
a chitinase with antifungal activity from the mung bean.a chitinase with antifungal activity was isolated from mung bean (phaseolus mungo) seeds. the procedure entailed aqueous extraction, (nh4)2so4 precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography on cm-sepharose, high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) on poros hs-20, and gel filtration on sephadex g-75. the protein exhibited a molecular mass of 30.8 kda in sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. its pi was 6.3 as determined by isoelectric focusing. the specific activity of the chitinase was estimat ...200515766863
molecular cloning and characterization of cdna of penaeidin-like antimicrobial peptide from tiger shrimp (penaeus monodon).we report the molecular cloning and characterization of a penaeidin-like antimicrobial peptide (amp) complementary dna from the hemocytes of tiger shrimp (penaeus monodoni). a tiger shrimp amp cdna containing the entire coding region of the peptide, determined by rapid amplification of cdna 5' and 3' ends and polymerase chain reaction of the messenger rna isolated from hemocytes of the shrimp, is 683 bp in length with an open reading frame of 222 bp. the deduced amino acid sequence of this antim ...200515776314
sesquin, a potent defensin-like antimicrobial peptide from ground beans with inhibitory activities toward tumor cells and hiv-1 reverse transcriptase.an antifungal peptide with a molecular mass around 7 kda and an n-terminal sequence highly homologous to defensin was isolated from ground beans (vigna sesquipedalis cv. 'ground bean'). the peptide was adsorbed on affi-gel blue gel and on mono s. it exerted an antifungal action on botrytis cinerea, fusarium oxysporum and mycosphaerella arachidicola; and an antibacterial action on escherichia coli b, proteus vulgaris, mycobacterium phlei and bacillus megaterium. the antimicrobial activity was inh ...200515949629
efficiency of blood culture bottles for the fungal sterility testing of corneal organ culture media.the consequences of fungal contamination of an organ cultured cornea, though exceptional, are often disastrous for the recipient. consequently, eye banks often quarantine corneas for 10 days or more before passing them for grafting. this period, though detrimental to the endothelial cell density of the delivered cornea, is necessary to detect contamination using conventional microbiological methods. the authors previously validated the use of a pair of aerobic and anaerobic blood bottles for sen ...200515834090
[effect of aeration on composting of date palm residues contaminated with fusarium oxysporum f.sp. albedinis].composting of date palm (phoenix dactylifera l.) residues contaminated with fusarium f.sp oxysporum albedinis, causal agent of the vascular wilt (bayoud) of the date palm, has been achieved. the effect of the aeration of the piles by manual turning has been studied. the maintenance of an adequate humidity of 60%-70%, necessary to the good progress of the composting process, required the contribution of 11.4 l of water/kg of the dried residues. the evolution of the temperatures in the three piles ...200515782236
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