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molecular characterization of the abp1 5'-flanking region in maize and the teosintes.auxin-binding protein 1 subsp. mays (abp1) has been suggested as a receptor mediating auxin-induced cell expansion and differentiation. in maize (zea mays), abp1 is encoded by a single gene, abp1. the tata and caat promoter elements as well as the transcriptional start site were previously identified and all were found to be located within a transposable element (te), tourist-zm11. in this study we report the cloning and characterization of the abp1 5'-flanking region in maize and its wild relat ...010982450
recent, extensive, and preferential insertion of members of the miniature inverted-repeat transposable element family heartbreaker into genic regions of maize.a 314-bp dna element called heartbreaker-hm1 (hbr-hm1) was previously identified in the 3' untranslated region of a mutant allele of the maize disease resistance gene hm1. this element has structural features of miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (mites) and is a member of a large family of approximately 4,000 copies in the maize genome. unlike previously described mites, most members of the hbr family display over 90% sequence identity. this, coupled with the insertion of an hbr el ...010655501
chemical composition and biological activity of star anise illicium verum extracts against maize weevil, sitophilus zeamais adults.this study aims to develop eco-friendly botanical pesticides. dried fruits of star anise (illicium verum hook.f. (austrobaileyales: schisandraceae)) were extracted with methyl alcohol (ma), ethyl acetate (ea), and petroleum ether (pe) at 25°c. the constituents were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the repellency and contact toxicity of the extracts against sitophilus zeamais motschulsky (coleoptera: curculionidae) adults were tested. forty-four compounds, whose concentrati ...025368036
environmental, socio-demographic and behavioural determinants of malaria risk in the western kenyan highlands: a case-control study.to identify risk factors for uncomplicated malaria in highland areas of east africa at higher risk of malaria epidemics, in order to design appropriate interventions.019772547
functional specialization of maize mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenases.the maize (zea mays) rf2a and rf2b genes both encode homotetrameric aldehyde dehydrogenases (aldhs). the rf2a protein was shown previously to accumulate in the mitochondria. in vitro import experiments and aldh assays on mitochondrial extracts from rf2a mutant plants established that the rf2b protein also accumulates in the mitochondria. rna gel-blot analyses and immunohistolocation experiments revealed that these two proteins have only partially redundant expression patterns in organs and cell ...012481049
[complementary nutrition for the young child following the devaluation of the cfa franc (african financial community): 2 case studies in the congo and senegal urban environment].developing countries frequently see their currency depreciated to varying degrees. the consequences of such monetary disturbances on the nutrition of young children are not well known, though children are the most vulnerable in nutritional terms. one year after the 50% devaluation of the cfa franc (communauté financière africaine, "african financial community"), which took place on 12 january 1994 simultaneously in fourteen countries, nine of which are on the undp list of least developed countri ...08653818
comparison of three genomic dna extraction methods to obtain high dna quality from maize.the world's top three cereals, based on their monetary value, are rice, wheat, and corn. in cereal crops, dna extraction is difficult owing to rigid non-cellulose components in the cell wall of leaves and high starch and protein content in grains. the advanced techniques in molecular biology require pure and quick extraction of dna. the majority of existing dna extraction methods rely on long incubation and multiple precipitations or commercially available kits to produce contaminant-free high m ...028053646
ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants practiced by traditional healers and herbalists for treatment of some urological diseases in the west bank/palestine.throughout history, every civilization in the world used plants or their derivatives for treatment or prevention of diseases. in palestine as in many other countries, herbal medicines are broadly used in the treatment of wide range of diseases including urological diseases. the main objective of this research is to study the use of herbal remedies by herbalists and traditional healers for treatment of various urological diseases in the west bank regions of palestine and to assess their efficacy ...028482898
using ceres-maize and enso as decision support tools to evaluate climate-sensitive farm management practices for maize production in the northern regions of ghana.maize (zea mays) has traditionally been a major cereal staple in southern ghana. through breeding and other crop improvement efforts, the zone of cultivation of maize has now extended to the northern regions of ghana which, hitherto, were the home to sorghum and millet as the major cereals. maize yield in the northern ghana is hampered by three major biophysical constraints, namely, poor soil fertility, low soil water storage capacity and climate variability. in this study we used the dssat crop ...028184227
matrilineal, a sperm-specific phospholipase, triggers maize haploid induction.sexual reproduction in flowering plants involves double fertilization, the union of two sperm from pollen with two sex cells in the female embryo sac. modern plant breeders increasingly seek to circumvent this process to produce doubled haploid individuals, which derive from the chromosome-doubled cells of the haploid gametophyte. doubled haploid production fixes recombinant haploid genomes in inbred lines, shaving years off the breeding process. costly, genotype-dependent tissue culture methods ...028114299
an evo-devo perspective on root genetic variation in cereals. 028204583
[product development on the basis of cereal and leguminous flours to coeliac disease in children between 6-24 months; i: formulation and acceptability].the revaluation of the andean cultivations, quinua (chenopodium quinua willd) and lupin (lupinus albus l.), to be used in nutritional mixtures, with traditional cereals like corn (zea mays l.) and rice (oryza sativa l.), originate mixtures without gluten which constitute a good alternative for the nutrition of children under 24 months that suffer from celiac disease, since they improve the quality of the protein, by essential amino acids compensation, and also impacts in the product's diversific ...021519742
delivery of prolamins to the protein storage vacuole in maize aleurone cells.zeins, the prolamin storage proteins found in maize (zea mays), accumulate in accretions called protein bodies inside the endoplasmic reticulum (er) of starchy endosperm cells. we found that genes encoding zeins, α-globulin, and legumin-1 are transcribed not only in the starchy endosperm but also in aleurone cells. unlike the starchy endosperm, aleurone cells accumulate these storage proteins inside protein storage vacuoles (psvs) instead of the er. aleurone psvs contain zein-rich protein inclus ...021343414
septum formation in amyloplasts produces compound granules in the rice endosperm and is regulated by plastid division proteins.storage tissues such as seed endosperm and tubers store starch in the form of granules in the amyloplast. in the rice (oryza sativa) endosperm, each amyloplast produces compound granules consisting of several dozen polyhedral, sharp-edged and easily separable granules; whereas in other cereals, including wheat (triticum aestivum), barley (hordeum vulgare) and maize (zea mays), each amyloplast synthesizes one granule. despite extensive studies on mutants of starch synthesis in cereals, the molecu ...020685968
a leaf-based regeneration and transformation system for maize (zea mays l.).efficient methods for in vitro propagation, regeneration, and transformation of plants are of pivotal importance to both basic and applied research. while being the world's major food crops, cereals are among the most difficult-to-handle plants in tissue culture which severely limits genetic engineering approaches. in maize, immature zygotic embryos provide the predominantly used material for establishing regeneration-competent cell or callus cultures for genetic transformation experiments. the ...017103238
characterization of five microrna families in maize.in recent years, micrornas (mirnas) have polarized the interest of the scientific community as a new category of gene expression regulators, present in both plants and animals. plant mirnas are involved in processes such as plant development, organ identity, and stress response. nonetheless, knowledge of their functions is still incomplete, and it is conceivable that further new processes in which they are involved will be discovered. for these reasons, structural and functional characterization ...016820394
comparative proteome analyses of maize (zea mays l.) primary roots prior to lateral root initiation reveal differential protein expression in the lateral root initiation mutant rum1.the embryonically preformed primary root is the first root type of maize that emerges after germination. in this study the abundant soluble proteins of 2.5-day-old primary roots of wild-type and lateral root mutant rum1 seedlings were compared before the initiation of lateral roots. in cbb-stained 2-d gels, among 350 detected proteins 14 were identified as differentially accumulated (>twofold change; t-test: 95% significance) in wild-type versus rum1 primary roots. these proteins which were iden ...016819721
transcript profiling of zea mays roots reveals gene responses to phosphate deficiency at the plant- and species-specific levels.maize (zea mays) is the most widely cultivated crop around the world; however, it is commonly affected by phosphate (pi) deficiency in many regions, particularly in acid and alkaline soils of developing countries. to cope with pi deficiency, plants have evolved a large number of developmental and biochemical adaptations; however, for maize, the underlying molecular basis of these responses is still unknown. in this work, the transcriptional response of maize roots to pi starvation at 1, 3, 6, an ...018503042
alternative splicing and differential expression of two transcripts of nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase b gene from zea mays.with the exception of rice, little is known about the existence of respiratory burst oxidase homolog (rboh) gene in cereals. the present study reports the cloning and analysis of a novel rboh gene, termed zmrbohb, from maize (zea mays l.). the full-length cdna of zmrbohb encodes a 942 amino acid protein containing all of the respiratory burst oxidase homolog catalytically critical motifs. alternative splicing of zmrbohb has generated two transcript isoforms, zmrbohb-alpha and -beta. spliced tran ...019261072
cloning and structural analysis of an indian little millet (panicum sumatrense) zein-like storage protein: implications for molecular assembly.zeins are prolamin storage proteins that accumulate in kernel endosperm of several cereals. for cloning of genes coding for zein-like proteins that accumulate in enhanced quantities in the filling stages of little millet (panicum sumatrense roth.) developing grains, rt-pcr was performed using specific primers. a 750-bp cdna was directly sequenced and in silico analysis showed high identity degree to alpha-prolamins. this family is composed of zeins from zea mays, coixins from coix lachryma-jobi, ...017140379
extracellular cross-linking of maize arabinoxylans by oxidation of feruloyl esters to form oligoferuloyl esters and ether-like bonds.primary cell walls of grasses and cereals contain arabinoxylans with esterified ferulate side chains, which are proposed to cross-link the polysaccharides during maturation by undergoing oxidative coupling. however, the mechanisms and control of arabinoxylan cross-linking in vivo are unclear. non-lignifying maize (zea mays l.) cell cultures were incubated with l-[1-(3)h]arabinose or (e)-[u-(14)c]cinnamate (radiolabelling the pentosyl and feruloyl groups of endogenous arabinoxylans, respectively) ...019154199
transient gene expression in maize, rice, and wheat cells using an airgun apparatus.an airgun apparatus has been constructed for transient gene expression studies of monocots. this device utilizes compressed air from a commercial airgun to propel macroprojectile and dna-coated tungsten particles. the beta-glucuronidase (gus) reporter gene was used to monitor transient expression in three distinct cell types of maize (zea mays), rice (oryza sativa), and wheat (triticum aestivum). the highest level of gus activity in cultured maize cells was observed when distance between stoppin ...016667278
anaerobic induction of alanine aminotransferase in barley root tissue.alanine aminotransferase, otherwise called glutamate-pyruvate aminotransferase (gpt), activity increases up to fourfold during several days of anaerobic induction in barley (hordeum vulgare l.) roots, reaching a maximum activity of 13 international units per gram fresh weight. this increase in activity paralleled the increase in alcohol dehydrogenase activity in the same root tissue. upon return to aerobic conditions, the induced gpt activity declined with an apparent half-life of 2 days. the is ...016666927
amino acid and peptide uptake in the scutella of germinating grains of barley, wheat, rice, and maize.scutella separated from germinating grains of barley (hordeum vulgare l.), wheat (triticum aestivum l.), rice (oryza sativa l.), and maize (zea mays l.) took up the four amino acids and the three peptides tested from incubation media. the uptake of amino acids by wheat scutella was similar to that of barley scutella and was via at least four uptake systems: two nonspecific amino acid uptake systems, one system specific for proline, and another system specific for basic amino acids. the scutellum ...016666698
modification by gibberellin of the growth-temperature relationship in mutant and normal genotypes of several cereals.high-resolution growth measurements were conducted using a linear variable displacement transformer in conjunction with a temperature-programmed meristem-cooling collar. chilling and rewarming profiles were determined for a range of gramineae, in the presence and absence of varying concentrations of gibberellic acid (ga3). in wheat (triticum aestivum l.) seedlings, the growth-constraining temperature (pe) was progressively lowered by increasing ga3 concentration, with a difference of-4.8°c betwe ...024240305
the positions of centromeres on the somatic metaphase plate of grasses.centromere positions on the metaphase plate of 48 root-tip cells of four grass species were analysed using metaphases reconstructed from electron micrographs of serial thin sections. centromere alignment was almost perfect on a plane in 15 untreated metaphases of cereals where 2n = 14; only 2% of the total variance in centromere position was out of the plane of the metaphase plate. in 23 similar cells pretreated with ice-water, the mean out-of-plate variance was 9%, compared to an expectation of ...06662857
proteomic analysis of shoot-borne root initiation in maize (zea mays l.).postembryonically formed shoot-borne roots make up the major backbone of the adult maize root stock. in this study the abundant soluble proteins of the first node (coleoptilar node) of wild-type and mutant rtcs seedlings, which do not initiate crown roots, were compared at two early stages of crown root formation. in coomassie bluestained 2-d gels, representing soluble proteins of coleoptilar nodes 5 and 10 days after germination, 146 and 203 proteins were detected, respectively. five differenti ...016521151
purification and characterization of adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase from maize/potato mosaics.adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (agpase) catalyzes a rate-limiting step in starch biosynthesis. the reaction produces adp-glucose and pyrophosphate from glucose-1-p and atp. investigations from a number of laboratories have shown that alterations in allosteric properties as well as heat stability of this enzyme have dramatic positive effects on starch synthesis in the potato (solanum tuberosum) tuber and seeds of important cereals. here, we report the characterization of purified ...015951484
induction of cytoplasmic mannose-binding jacalin-related lectins is a common phenomenon in cereals treated with jasmonate methyl ester.treatment of whole plants with jasmonic acid methyl ester induces lectin activity in leaves of oryza sativa, hordeum vulgare, triticum vulgare, secale cereale and zea mays. purification and characterization of the lectins revealed that they all have a very similar molecular structure and carbohydrate-binding properties. further analysis of the cdna clones encoding the lectins revealed that they all belong to the family of cytoplasmic mannose-specific jacalin-related lectins.015560260
the lys5 mutations of barley reveal the nature and importance of plastidial adp-glc transporters for starch synthesis in cereal endosperm.much of the adp-glc required for starch synthesis in the plastids of cereal endosperm is synthesized in the cytosol and transported across the plastid envelope. to provide information on the nature and role of the plastidial adp-glc transporter in barley (hordeum vulgare), we screened a collection of low-starch mutants for lines with abnormally high levels of adp-glc in the developing endosperm. three independent mutants were discovered, all of which carried mutations at the lys5 locus. plastids ...015299120
heterogeneous expression patterns and separate roles of the sepallata gene leafy hull sterile1 in grasses.sepallata (sep) genes exhibit distinct patterns of expression and function in the grass species rice (oryza sativa) and maize (zea mays), suggesting that the role of the genes has changed during the evolution of the family. here, we examine expression of the sep-like gene leafy hull sterile1 (lhs1) in phylogenetically disparate grasses, reconstruct the pattern of gene expression evolution within the family, and then use the expression patterns to test hypotheses of gene function. our data suppor ...015208396
from weeds to crops: genetic analysis of root development in cereals.root development of arabidopsis, zea mays (maize) and oryza sativa (rice) differs in both overall architecture and the anatomy of individual roots. in maize and rice, the post-embryonic shoot-borne root system becomes the major backbone of the root stock; in arabidopsis, the embryonic root system formed by a simple primary root and its lateral roots remains dominant. recently, several specific root mutants and root-specific genes have been identified and characterized in maize and rice. interest ...014729218
enhanced adp-glucose pyrophosphorylase activity in wheat endosperm increases seed yield.yield in cereals is a function of seed number and weight; both parameters are largely controlled by seed sink strength. the allosteric enzyme adp-glucose pyrophosphorylase (agp) plays a key role in regulating starch biosynthesis in cereal seeds and is likely the most important determinant of seed sink strength. plant agps are heterotetrameric, consisting of two large and two small subunits. we transformed wheat (triticum aestivum l.) with a modified form of the maize (zea mays l.) shrunken2 gene ...011830676
cloning and expression analysis of hemoglobin genes from maize (zea mays ssp. mays) and teosinte (zea mays ssp. parviglumis).with the exception of barley and rice, little is known about the existence of hemoglobins (hbs) in cereals. this work reports the cloning and analysis of hb genes from maize (zea mays ssp. mays) and teosinte (zea mays ssp. parviglumis). coding sequences of maize and teosinte hb genes (hbm and hbt, respectively) are highly similar to each other and are interrupted by three introns located at identical positions as other plant hb genes. sequences of predicted hbm and hbt proteins are identical. th ...011718894
metabolic response of roots to osmotic stress in sensitive and tolerant cereals--qualitative in vivo [31p] nuclear magnetic resonance study.high resolution [31p] nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spectroscopy was used to investigate the changes in phosphate metabolism and intracellular ph in intact root segments of relatively osmotic stress sensitive species maize (zea mays l) and insensitive species pearl millet (pennisetron americanum (l) leeke) exposed to hyper osmotic shock. the results were used to understand the adaptive mechanism of the two species. the hyper osmotic shock resulted in large build-up of phosphocholine and decre ...011693376
maize genes encoding the small subunit of adp-glucose pyrophosphorylase.plant adp-glucose pyrophosphorylase (agp) is a heterotetrameric enzyme composed of two large and two small subunits. here, we report the structures of the maize (zea mays) genes encoding agp small subunits of leaf and endosperm. excluding exon 1, protein-encoding sequences of the two genes are nearly identical. exon 1 coding sequences, however, possess no similarity. introns are placed in identical positions and exhibit obvious sequence similarity. size differences are primarily due to insertion ...011553745
retrobiosynthetic nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of amino acid biosynthesis and intermediary metabolism. metabolic flux in developing maize kernels.information on metabolic networks could provide the basis for the design of targets for metabolic engineering. to study metabolic flux in cereals, developing maize (zea mays) kernels were grown in sterile culture on medium containing [u-(13)c(6)]glucose or [1,2-(13)c(2)]acetate. after growth, amino acids, lipids, and sitosterol were isolated from kernels as well as from the cobs, and their (13)c isotopomer compositions were determined by quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. the ...011244098
characterization of maize elongation factor 1a and its relationship to protein quality in the endosperm.the protein synthesis elongation factor 1a (eef1a) is a multifunctional protein in eukaryotic cells. in maize (zea mays l.) endosperm eef1a co-localizes with actin around protein bodies, and its accumulation is highly correlated with the protein-bound lysine (lys) content. we purified eef1a from maize kernels by ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion-exchange, and chromatofocusing. the identify of the purified protein was confirmed by microsequencing of an endoproteinase glutamic acid-c fragment an ...09390440
influence of gene dosage on carbohydrate synthesis and enzymatic activities in endosperm of starch-deficient mutants of maize.in cereals, starch is synthesized in endosperm cells, which have a ploidy level of three. by studying the allelic dosage of mutants affecting starch formation in maize (zea mays l.) kernels, we determined the effect of down-regulated enzyme activity on starch accumulation and the activity of associated enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism. we found a direct relationship between the amount of starch produced in the endosperm and the gene dosage of amylose extender-1, brittle-2, shrunken1, and sugar ...012223607
comparative mapping of homoeologous group 1 regions and genes for resistance to obligate biotrophs in avena, hordeum, and zea mays.the colinearity of markers linked with resistance loci on linkage group a of diploid oat, on the homoeologous groups in hexaploid oat, on barley chromosome 1h, and on homoeologous maize chromosomes was determined. thirty-two dna probes from homoeologous group 1 chromosomes of the gramineae were tested. most of the heterologous probes detected polymorphisms that mapped to linkage group a of diploid oat, two linkage groups of hexaploid oat, barley chromosome 1h, and maize chromosomes 3, 6, and 8. ...018469884
specific binding of a dichloroacetamide herbicide safener in maize at a site that also binds thiocarbamate and chloroacetanilide herbicides.dichloroacetamide safeners such as n,n-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide and (r,s)-3-dichloroacetyl-2,2,5-trimethyl-1,3-oxazolidine protect maize (zea mays) against injury from thiocarbamate and chloroacetanilide herbicides. binding activity of tritium-labeled (r,s)-3-dichloroacetyl-2,2,5-trimethyl-1,3-oxazolidine (15 ci/mmol; referred to as [3h]saf) was characterized in extracts of etiolated maize seedlings. the binding is saturable, involves a single class of binding sites (kd 0.12 microm; maximal ...07480323
purification and characterization of phospholipase d (pld) from rice (oryza sativa l.) and cloning of cdna for pld from rice and maize (zea mays l.).phospholipase d (pld) was purified to high homogeneity from rice bran (oryza sativa l.). two peaks of pld activity were resolved by mono q anion-exchange chromatography. the molecular mass of pld in both peaks was 82 kda on sds-page and 78 kda in gel filtration. antibodies raised against the protein in one of the peaks precipitated the enzyme activities in both peaks. enzymatic characteristics of pld in the two peaks were identical except for a difference of 0.1 in the isoelectric points. sequen ...07551587
beta-amylases in cereals : a study of the maize beta-amylase system.beta-amylase of maize (zea mays l.) caryopses was studied during development and germination by means of enzymic, electrophoretic, and immunochemical techniques. beta-amylase activity increased during caryopsis development to a maximum value at the beginning of the water content plateau (at this stage the enzyme was located primarily within the pericarp) and then decreased. almost no beta-amylase (activity or antigen) was found in either free or bound forms in the mature maize caryopsis. the act ...016653072
accumulation of group 3 late embryogenesis abundant proteins in zea mays embryos : roles of abscisic acid and the viviparous-1 gene product.several different types of proteins that are modulated by abscisic acid (aba) accumulate in developing embryos of maize (zea mays l.). some of these proteins are specific to the developing seed, such as the storage globulin, glb1, whereas others are involved in general responses to water deficit. here we describe a maize protein family of this second type, a group 3 late embryogenesis abundant (mlg3). like other proteins of this class, mlg3 polypeptides are aba-responsive. they are found in matu ...016668930
analysis of non-coding transcriptome in rice and maize uncovers roles of conserved lncrnas associated with agriculture traits.long non-coding rnas (lncrnas) have recently been found to widely exist in eukaryotes and play important roles in key biological processes. to extend our knowledge of lncrnas in crop plants we performed both non-directional and strand-specific rna-sequencing experiments to profile non-coding transcriptomes of various rice and maize organs at different developmental stages. analysis of more than 3 billion reads identified 22 334 long intergenic non-coding rnas (lincrnas) and 6673 pairs of sense a ...026387578
comparative study on the nutritional and antioxidant properties of two mexican corn (zea mays) based meals versus processed cereals.the present study was conducted to analyze the chemical composition, total phenolics content and antioxidant capacity of two whole corn (zea mays) based meals traditional from mexico: "traditional pinole" and "seven grain pinole"; and compare it with information available from ready to eat cereal products based on refined corn and whole grain cereals. proximate analyses (moisture, ash, fat, protein and fiber) were carried out according to the procedures of aoac, sugars content was determined by ...025799688
a highly conserved gene island of three genes on chromosome 3b of hexaploid wheat: diverse gene function and genomic structure maintained in a tightly linked block.the complexity of the wheat genome has resulted from waves of retrotransposable element insertions. gene deletions and disruptions generated by the fast replacement of repetitive elements in wheat have resulted in disruption of colinearity at a micro (sub-megabase) level among the cereals. in view of genomic changes that are possible within a given time span, conservation of genes between species tends to imply an important functional or regional constraint that does not permit a change in genom ...020507561
maize (zea mays): a model organism for basic and applied research in plant biology.zea mays ssp. mays is one of the world's most important crop plants, boasting a multibillion dollar annual revenue. in addition to its agronomic importance, maize has been a keystone model organism for basic research for nearly a century. within the cereals, which include other plant model species such as rice (oryza sativa), sorghum (sorghum bicolor), wheat (triticum spp.), and barley (hordeum vulgare), maize is the most thoroughly researched genetic system. several attributes of the maize plan ...020147033
how yield relates to ash content, delta 13c and delta 18o in maize grown under different water regimes.stable isotopes have proved a valuable phenotyping tool when breeding for yield potential and drought adaptation; however, the cost and technical skills involved in isotope analysis limit its large-scale application in breeding programmes. this is particularly so for delta(18)o despite the potential relevance of this trait in c(4) crops. the accumulation of minerals (measured as ash content) has been proposed as an inexpensive way to evaluate drought adaptation and yield in c(3) cereals, but lit ...019773272
development of a novel aluminum tolerance phenotyping platform used for comparisons of cereal aluminum tolerance and investigations into rice aluminum tolerance mechanisms.the genetic and physiological mechanisms of aluminum (al) tolerance have been well studied in certain cereal crops, and al tolerance genes have been identified in sorghum (sorghum bicolor) and wheat (triticum aestivum). rice (oryza sativa) has been reported to be highly al tolerant; however, a direct comparison of rice and other cereals has not been reported, and the mechanisms of rice al tolerance are poorly understood. to facilitate al tolerance phenotyping in rice, a high-throughput imaging s ...020538888
rna sequencing of laser-capture microdissected compartments of the maize kernel identifies regulatory modules associated with endosperm cell differentiation.endosperm is an absorptive structure that supports embryo development or seedling germination in angiosperms. the endosperm of cereals is a main source of food, feed, and industrial raw materials worldwide. however, the genetic networks that regulate endosperm cell differentiation remain largely unclear. as a first step toward characterizing these networks, we profiled the mrnas in five major cell types of the differentiating endosperm and in the embryo and four maternal compartments of the maiz ...025783031
roothairless5, which functions in maize (zea mays l.) root hair initiation and elongation encodes a monocot-specific nadph oxidase.root hairs are instrumental for nutrient uptake in monocot cereals. the maize (zea mays l.) roothairless5 (rth5) mutant displays defects in root hair initiation and elongation manifested by a reduced density and length of root hairs. map-based cloning revealed that the rth5 gene encodes a monocot-specific nadph oxidase. rna-seq, in situ hybridization and qrt-pcr experiments demonstrated that the rth5 gene displays preferential expression in root hairs but also accumulates to low levels in other ...024902980
phenotypic and transcriptional analysis of divergently selected maize populations reveals the role of developmental timing in seed size determination.seed size is a component of grain yield and an important trait in crop domestication. to understand the mechanisms governing seed size in maize (zea mays), we examined transcriptional and developmental changes during seed development in populations divergently selected for large and small seed size from krug, a yellow dent maize cultivar. after 30 cycles of selection, seeds of the large seed population (kls30) have a 4.7-fold greater weight and a 2.6-fold larger size compared with the small seed ...024710068
variability of non-symbiotic and truncated hemoglobin genes from the genome of cultivated monocots.non-symbiotic (nshb) and truncated (thb) hemoglobins (hbs) have been detected in a variety of land plants. the evolution of land plant nshbs and thbs at the protein level is well documented; however, little is known about the evolution of genes coding for these proteins. for example, the variability of the land plant nshb and thb genes is not known. here, we report the variability of the nshb and thb genes from the genome of the cultivated monocots brachypodium distachyon, hordeum vulgare (barle ...024563718
cyclin-dependent kinase complexes in developing maize endosperm: evidence for differential expression and functional specialization.endosperm development in maize (zea mays l.) and related cereals comprises a cell proliferation stage followed by a period of rapid growth coupled to endoreduplication. regulation of the cell cycle in developing endosperm is poorly understood. we have characterized various subunits of cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) complexes, master cell cycle regulators in all eukaryotes. a-, b-, and d-type cyclins as well as a- and b-type cyclin-dependent kinases were characterized with respect to their rna and ...024240479
treatment with the herbicide topik induces oxidative stress in cereal leaves.leaf disks as well as intact 7-day-old plants of winter wheat (triticum aestivum l., cv. mironovskaya 808), winter rye (secale cereale l., cv. estafeta tatarstana), and maize (zea mays l., cv. kollektivnyi 172mv), were treated with the aryloxyphenoxypropionate class herbicide topik, concentrate-emulsion (active ingredient is clodinafop-propargyl (cp), 8-800μg/l), and the effects of short-term action (up to 3h) and long-term aftereffect (up to 3days) on physiological and biochemical indices relat ...024238289
correlation of deoxynivalenol and fumonisin concentration determined in maize by elisa methods.maize (zea mays) is one of the most common crops in croatia that is often contaminated with mycotoxins. the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) method as a screening immunological method has become very popular in the determination of mycotoxins contamination of cereals, as it has many advantages such as a rapid and simple determination of their concentration. in this present study, 40 maize samples collected from animal feed factories were analyzed for the concentration of deoxynivalenol ...022963490
effects of drought on gene expression in maize reproductive and leaf meristem tissue revealed by rna-seq.drought stress affects cereals especially during the reproductive stage. the maize (zea mays) drought transcriptome was studied using rna-seq analysis to compare drought-treated and well-watered fertilized ovary and basal leaf meristem tissue. more drought-responsive genes responded in the ovary compared with the leaf meristem. gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed a massive decrease in transcript abundance of cell division and cell cycle genes in the drought-stressed ovary only. among gene ...022837360
glucuronoarabinoxylan extracted by treatment with endoxylanase from different zones of growing maize root.glucuronoarabinoxylan is a key tethering glucan in the primary cell wall of cereals. glucuronoarabinoxylan was extracted from different zones of maize (zea mays l.) roots using endoxylanase that specifically cleaves β-(1,4)-glycoside bond between two consequent unsubstituted xylose residues. changes in polysaccharide structure during elongation growth were characterized. glucuronoarabinoxylan extractable after the endoxylanase treatment consisted of high molecular weight (30-400 kda) and low mol ...022809159
balancing of sulfur storage in maize seed.a balanced composition of amino acids in seed flour is critical because of the demand on essential amino acids for nutrition. however, seed proteins in cereals like maize, the crop with the highest yield, are low in lysine, tryptophan, and methionine. although supplementation with legumes like soybean can compensate lysine deficiency, both crops are also relatively low in methionine. therefore, understanding the mechanism of methionine accumulation in the seed could be a basis for breeding culti ...022646812
effect of germination on the phytase activity, phytate and total phosphorus contents of rice (oryza sativa), maize (zea mays), millet (panicum miliaceum), sorghum (sorghum bicolor) and wheat (triticum aestivum).the effect of germination on the level of phytase activity and the contents of phytates and phosphorus of five nigeria grown cereal grains was studied. the cereals screened were rice (oryza sativa), maize (zea mays), millet (panicum miliaceum), sorghum (sorghum bicolor) and wheat (triticum aestivum). phytase activity was high (0.21-0.67 u g(-1)) in all samples. phytate content ranged between 5.6 and 6.2 mg g(-1) while total phosphorus content ranged between 3.3 and 4.3 mg g(-1). during germinati ...023572811
expression profile of maize (zea mays l.) embryonic axes during germination: translational regulation of ribosomal protein mrnas.seed germination is a critical developmental period for plant propagation. information regarding gene expression within this important period is relevant for understanding the main biochemical processes required for successful germination, particularly in maize, one of the most important cereals in the world. the present research focuses on the global microarray analysis of differential gene expression between quiescent and germinated maize embryo stages. this analysis revealed that a large numb ...021880676
[product development on the basis of cereal and leguminous flours to coeliac disease in children aged 6-24 months; ii: properties of the mixtures].the nutritional formulations of high protein content, provided by a flour mixture from two andean cultures, quinua (chenopodium quinua willd) and lupino (lupinus albus l), with two traditional cereals, maize (zea mays l.) and rice (oryza sativa l.), entailed to the preparation of a "sweet mixture" for the elaboration of "queques" and another "dessert mixture" flavoured with banana, that can be prepared with water or milk, constituted a good alternative as food supplement for the nutrition of chi ...021519743
variation for n uptake system in maize: genotypic response to n supply.an understanding of the adaptations made by plants in their nitrogen (n) uptake systems in response to reduced n supply is important to the development of cereals with enhanced n uptake efficiency (nupe). twenty seven diverse genotypes of maize (zea mays, l.) were grown in hydroponics for 3 weeks with limiting or adequate n supply. genotypic response to n was assessed on the basis of biomass characteristics and the activities of the nitrate ([formula: see text]) and ammonium ([formula: see text] ...026617612
diversifying crops for food and nutrition security - a case of teff.there are more than 50000 known edible plants in the world, yet two-thirds of global plant-derived food is provided by only three major cereals - maize (zea mays), wheat (triticum aestivum) and rice (oryza sativa). the dominance of this triad, now considered truly global food commodities, has led to a decline in the number of crop species contributing to global food supplies. our dependence on only a few crop species limits our capability to deal with challenges posed by the adverse effects of c ...026456883
the linear plastid chromosomes of maize: terminal sequences, structures, and implications for dna replication.the structure of a chromosomal dna molecule may influence the way in which it is replicated and inherited. for decades plastid dna (ptdna) was believed to be circular, with breakage invoked to explain linear forms found upon extraction from the cell. recent evidence indicates that ptdna in vivo consists of linear molecules with discrete termini, although these ends were not characterized. we report the sequences of two terminal regions, end1 and end2, for maize (zea mays l.) ptdna. we describe s ...026650613
transcriptional regulation of zein gene expression in maize through the additive and synergistic action of opaque2, prolamine-box binding factor, and o2 heterodimerizing proteins.maize (zea mays) zeins are some of the most abundant cereal seed storage proteins (ssps). their abundance influences kernel hardness but compromises its nutritional quality. transcription factors regulating the expression of zein and other ssp genes in cereals are endosperm-specific and homologs of maize opaque2 (o2) and prolamine-box binding factor (pbf). this study demonstrates that the ubiquitously expressed transcription factors, o2 heterodimerizing proteins (ohps), specifically regulate 27- ...025901087
the pollination of zea mays. 189117796256
observations on the inheritance of characters in zea mays linn. 191117815121
the pistillate spikelet in zea mays. 191517780727
mass mutation in zea mays. 191817821141
the nature of the growth rate.1. the growth rate of organisms may be considered as a chemical reaction which gives the mature organism as its end-product. the organism grows at a definite rate which is, at any moment, proportional to the amount of growth yet to be made. 2. shoots of young pear trees measured at weekly intervals during the growing season showed a rate similar to that of an autocatalytic reaction. 3. young walnut trees showed distinct cycles of growth in a single season, but the growth in each cycle proceeded ...192019871830
the chromosomes of zea mays. 192516587016
a genic disturbance of meiosis in zea mays. 192817833187
a gene for supernumerary mitoses during spore development in zea mays. 192917819927
chromosome morphology in zea mays. 192917760028
variation in size of plastids in genetic strains of zea mays. 192917784272
a cytological demonstration of the location of an interchange between two non-homologous chromosomes of zea mays. 193016577311
temperature characteristics for the production of co(2) by germinating seeds of lupinus albus and zea mays.the rates of production of co(2) by germinating seeds of lupinus albus and zea mays were studied between temperatures 12.5 degrees and 25 degrees c. with the hcl-ba(oh)(2) titration method. the temperature characteristics found are different from those previously obtained for the oxygen consumption of the same seeds germinated in the same manner. for lupinus, the temperature characteristics above and below the critical temperature of 20 degrees are 16,100 +/- and 24,000 +/- calories respectively ...193119872628
a correlation of cytological and genetical crossing-over in zea mays. 193116587654
the order of the genes c, sh and wx in zea mays with reference to a cytologically known point in the chromosome. 193116587653
temperature characteristics for the oxygen consumption of germinating seeds of lupinus albus and zea mays.the rate of oxygen consumption by germinating seeds of lupinus albus and of zea mays was studied as a function of temperature (7-26 degrees c.). the warburg manometer technique was used, with slight modifications. above and below a critical temperature at 19.5 degrees c. the temperature characteristic for oxygen consumption by lupinus albus was found to be micro = 11,700+/- and 16,600 respectively. the same critical temperature was encountered in the case of zea mays, with temperature characteri ...193119872612
cytoplasmic inheritance of male sterility in zea mays. 193117837167
the cytological identification of the chromosome associated with the r-g linkage group in zea mays. 193117246614
a correlation of ring-shaped chromosomes with variegation in zea mays. 193216577496
the structure of chromosomes of zea mays as revealed by the feulgen reaction. 193217732211
the genetic demonstration of double strand crossing-over in zea mays. 193216577453
the biological values of protein: the comparative biological values of the proteins of whole wheat, whole maize and maize gluten, measured by the growth of young rats. 193416745423
a rare specimen of zea mays var. saccharata. 193417816256
three cases of deficiency in chromosome 9 of zea mays. 193416587851
brief papers: effect of titanous chloride on the formation of chlorophyll in zea mays. 193516653321
the correlation of cytological and genetical crossing-over in zea mays. a corroboration. 193516587948
effect of boron deficiency upon the structure of zea mays. 193616653384
cytogenetics of hybrids between zea mays and euchlaena mexicana. 193617246782
effects of x-rays on zea mays. 193716653397
curative action of nicotinic acid on pigs suffering from the effects of a diet consisting largely of maize. 193816746582
strain susceptibility to the european corn-borer and the cornleaf aphid in maize. 194017758827
the association of mutants with homozygous deficiencies in zea mays. 194117247022
the stability of broken ends of chromosomes in zea mays. 194117247004
the nutritive value of yeast protein: comparison of the supplementary values of yeast protein and casein for maize protein in the nutrition of the pig. 194216747548
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