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phylogenetic structure of floridian plant communities depends on taxonomic and spatial scale.consideration of the scale at which communities are defined both taxonomically and spatially can reconcile apparently contradictory results on the extent to which plants show phylogenetic niche conservatism. in plant communities in north central florida, we collected species abundances in 55 0.1-ha plots in several state parks. when communities were defined narrowly to include a single phylogenetic lineage, such as quercus, pinus, or ilex, neighbors tended to be less related than expected (phylo ...200616922307
antibacterial activity of quercus ilex bark's extracts.the antibacterial activity of different extracts of quercus ilex bark (fagaceae) was studied in vitro against seven reference strains of bacteria by using a disc-diffusion method and agar-dilution method. the ethyl acetate extract (qe), n-butanol extract (qb) and final aqueous layer (qa) were effective against all bacterial strains tested at mics ranging from 128 to 512 microg/ml. the n-hexane extract (qh) and dichloromethane extract (qd) showed no activity.200717513077
plants popularly used for loosing weight purposes in porto alegre, south brazil.in this study, 14 herbalists (herb sellers) were interviewed about popular use of plants with weight loss purpose in porto alegre, a south brazil city. for all identified species, scientific data were reviewed aiming to establish a correlation between popular use and biological properties. seventy-eight samples were reported as having weigh loss properties. these samples come from 23 species and asteraceae encompasses the greatest number of representatives. the greatest number of herbalist's cit ...200716963210
in situ estimates of variable plant resistance to water flux in ilex opaca ait.xylem pressure potentials and stomatal diffusion resistances were measured in the field in ilex opaca ait. during days which differed in temperature and vapor pressure deficit. water flux into leaves was calculated by combining the field data with laboratory determinations of the relation between tissue water deficit and water potential. estimates of apparent plant resistance were then calculated from fluxes and differences between soil water potential and xylem tension. the resistance depended ...197816660281
role of species diversity and secondary compound complementarity on diet selection of mediterranean shrubs by goats.goats foraging on mediterranean shrubs containing secondary compounds (toxins) may consume a variety of shrubs that contain different phytotoxins, thereby increasing shrub intake and avoiding toxicosis. we conducted eight experiments to examine whether goats offered different mixtures of shrubs containing different phytotoxins (tannins and saponins) would consume more shrub biomass than goats offered one shrub a single phytotoxin (tannin or saponin). in the first three experiments, goats fed a m ...200616770718
[common and variant peak ratios in ir fingerprint of ilex kudingcha with duel-index sequence analysis].in the present article, two new indexes, common peak ratio and variant peak ratio, were applied and their values were calculated by means of sequential analysis, in which each ilex kudingcha sample s ir fingerprint spectra were set up and the common peak ratio sequences were arranged in order of size in comparision with other samples. as a result, the method could be used to distinguish ilex kudingcha of different areas and classes. the duel-index sequential analysis enables us to distinct two o ...200717554904
stomatal uptake and stomatal deposition of ozone in isoprene and monoterpene emitting plants.volatile isoprenoids were reported to protect plants against ozone. to understand whether this could be the result of a direct scavenging of ozone by these molecules, the stomatal and non-stomatal uptake of ozone was estimated in plants emitting isoprene or monoterpenes. ozone uptake by holm oak (quercus ilex, a monoterpene emitter) and black poplar (populus nigra, an isoprene emitter) was studied in whole plant enclosures (continuously stirred tank reactors, cstr). the ozone uptake by plants wa ...200817538866
drought changes the dynamics of trace element accumulation in a mediterranean quercus ilex forest.we conducted a field drought manipulation experiment in an evergreen oak mediterranean forest from 1999 to 2005 to investigate the effects of the increased drought predicted for the next decades on the accumulation of trace elements that can be toxic for animals, in stand biomass, litter and soil. drought increased concentrations of as, cd, ni, pb and cr in roots of the dominant tree species, quercus ilex, and leaf cd concentrations in arbutus unedo and of phillyrea latifolia codominant shrubs. ...200717137692
water-use strategies in two co-occurring mediterranean evergreen oaks: surviving the summer drought.in the mediterranean evergreen oak woodlands of southern portugal, the main tree species are quercus ilex ssp. rotundifolia lam. (holm oak) and quercus suber l. (cork oak). we studied a savannah-type woodland where these species coexist, with the aim of better understanding the mechanisms of tree adaptation to seasonal drought. in both species, seasonal variations in transpiration and predawn leaf water potential showed a maximum in spring followed by a decline through the rainless summer and a ...200717331898
effect of ilex extracts and isolated compounds on peroxidase secretion of rat submandibulary glands.free radicals are involved in diverse disorders such as tumoral, central nervous system alterations, immunological and inflammatory pathologies. peroxidase is an oral enzyme involved in the defense of the oral cavity. ilex species such as ilex paraguariensis st. hil. and the commercial product made with it "yerba mate" are used traditionally as antirheumatics and for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases among others and also as a beverage with nutritional and stimulant properties. the pres ...200717141390
complete assignments of 1h and 13c nmr spectroscopic data for two new triterpenoid saponins from ilex hainanensis.two novel unsaturated e-ring pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins, ilexhainanoside a and ilexhainanoside b, were isolated from the leaves of ilex hainanensis. their chemical structures were determined by ms, nmr spectroscopy and chemical analysis. complete assignments of the 1h and 13c nmr spectroscopic data were achieved by 1d and 2d nmr experiments (hsqc, hmbc, roesy and 1h-1h cosy).200717143912
sensitivity of volatile monoterpene emission to changes in canopy structure: a model-based exercise with a process-based emission model.this paper investigates the dependence of monoterpene emissions at the canopy scale on total leaf area and leaf distribution. simulations were carried out for a range of hypothetical but realistic forest canopies of the evergreen quercus ilex (holm oak). two emission models were applied that either did (sim-bim2) or did not (g93) account for cumulative responses to temperature and light. both were embedded into a canopy model that considered spatial and temporal variations of foliage properties. ...200717244049
the biogenic volatile organic compounds emission inventory in france: application to plant ecosystems in the berre-marseilles area (france).an inventory describing the fluxes of volatile organic compounds (vocs), isoprene and monoterpenes, and other vocs (ovocs) from the biosphere to the atmosphere, has been constructed within the framework of the escompte project (field experiments to constrain models of atmospheric pollution and transport of emissions). the area concerned, located around berre-marseilles, is a mediterranean region frequently subject to high ozone concentrations. the inventory has been developed using a fine scale ...200617011024
variation in cold hardiness and carbohydrate concentration from dormancy induction to bud burst among provenances of three european oak species.although cold hardiness is known to be a major determinant of tree species distribution, its dynamics and the factors that regulate it remain poorly understood. variation in cold hardiness and carbohydrate concentration, from dormancy induction until bud burst, were investigated in populations of two deciduous (quercus robur l. and quercus pubescens willd.) and one evergreen (quercus ilex l.) european oak. mean cold hardiness values in january were -56, -45 and -27 degrees c for q. robur, q. pub ...200717331900
elemental characterization of commercial mate tea leaves (ilex paraguariensis a. st.-hil.) before and after hot water infusion using ion beam techniques.ilex paraguariensis a. st.-hil. is used to prepare a traditional tealike beverage widely appreciated in argentina, paraguay, uruguay, and southern brazil. in these countries, the tea is popularly known as mate or chimarrão. the aim of this work is to characterize the elemental composition of commercial ilex paraguariensis and determine the portion of each element present in the leaves that is eluted in the water during the infusion process and consequently ingested by the drinker. using the part ...200717263469
evaluating high time-resolved changes in carbon isotope ratio of respired co2 by a rapid in-tube incubation technique.recent insights into fractionation during dark respiration and rapid dynamics in isotope signatures of leaf- and ecosystem-respired co(2) indicate the need for new methods for high time-resolved measurements of the isotopic signature of respired co(2) (delta(13)c(res)). we present a rapid and simple method to analyse delta(13)c(res) using an in-tube incubation technique and an autosampler for small septum-capped vials. the effect of storage on the delta(18)o and delta(13)c ratios of ambient co(2 ...200717348086
pulping of holm oak wood. influence of the operating conditions.this paper reports on the influence of independent variables in the pulping of holm oak wood (quercus ilex l.) [viz. temperature (135-195 degrees c), cooking time (30-90min) and soda concentration (10-20%)] on the yield, holocellulose content, alpha-cellulose content, brightness and viscosity of the resulting pulp. by using a central composite factorial design, equations relating each dependent variable to the different independent variables were derived that reproduced the experimental results ...200817350828
[populational dynamics of mites (acari) in the mate-tea tree (ilex paraguariensis st. hil.: aquifoliaceae)].the objective of this research was to analyze the populational dynamic of the phytophagous mites, as well as that of their natural predators in the plants ilex paraguariensis st. hil. (aquifoliaceae). this study was conduced in dois vizinhos, state of paraná, from august 2001 to july 2002. leaf samples from different parts of the plant were taken and the number of mites was registered. during this period, two species of phytophagous mites, dichopelmus notus keifer, and oligonychus yothersi (mcgr ...200617352075
anti-tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) triterpenoid saponins from the leaves of ilex oblonga.ten triterpene saponins have been isolated from a meoh extract of the leaves of ilex oblonga. in their structures, six new triterpenoid saponins were named as oblonganosides h-m (2, 4, 5, and 8-10). all structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. among the triterpenoid saponins, three compounds (7, 8, and 10) showed obvious activities in inhibiting multiplication of the tobacco mosaic virus (tmv).200717274628
photosynthetic responses to elevated co(2) and o(3) in quercus ilex leaves at a natural co(2) spring.photosynthetic stimulation and stomatal conductance (gs) depression in quercus ilex leaves at a co(2) spring suggested no down-regulation. the insensitivity of gs to a co(2) increase (from ambient 1500 to 2000 micromol mol(-1)) suggested stomatal acclimation. both responses are likely adaptations to the special environment of co(2) springs. at the co(2)-enriched site, not at the control site, photosynthesis decreased 9% in leaves exposed to 2x ambient o(3) concentrations in branch enclosures, co ...200717045714
water relations of seedlings of three quercus species: variations across and within species grown in contrasting light and water regimes.we compared seedling water relations of three mediterranean quercus species (the evergreen shrub q. coccifera l., the evergreen tree q. ilex l. subsp. ballota (desf.) samp. and the deciduous or marcescent tree q. faginea l.). we also explored seedling potential for acclimation to contrasting growing conditions. in march, 1-year-old seedlings of the three species were planted in pots and grown outdoors in a factorial combination of two irrigation regimes (daily (hw) and alternate day watering (lw ...200717403654
parameterization of the stomatal component of the do3se model for mediterranean evergreen broadleaf species.an ozone (o3) deposition model (do3se) is currently used in europe to define the areas where o3 concentrations lead to absorbed o3 doses that exceed the flux-based critical levels above which phytotoxic effects would be likely recorded. this mapping exercise relies mostly on the accurate estimation of o3 flux through plant stomata. however, the present parameterization of the modulation of stomatal conductance (g(s)) behavior by different environmental variables needs further adjustment if o3 ph ...200717450288
chemical composition of mate tea leaves (ilex paraguariensis): a study of extraction methods.the objective of this work was to investigate the extraction of ilex paraguariensis leaves by means of three extraction techniques: pressurized liquid extraction (ple, also called accelerated solvent extraction--ase), maceration, and sonication. samples of mate tea leaves were collected from an experiment conducted under agronomic control at indfistria e comércio de erva-mate barão ltda, brazil. six solvents with increasing polarities (n-hexane, toluene, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, acetone, ...200617305239
effect of acute administration of hydroalcohol extract of ilex paraguariensis st hilaire (aquifoliaceae) in animal models of parkinson's disease.ilex paraguariensis st hilaire (aquifoliaceae) is a plant widely cultivated in south america and with various reputed medicinal properties that can be attributed to phenolic constituents of the leaves: caffeine, theophylline and theobromine, besides the flavonoids, quercetin and rutin. this study examined the antiparkinsonian activity of the hydroalcohol extract of ilex paraguariensis in models of protection against cerebral injury induced by mptp and reversal of the catatonia induced by reserpi ...200717486685
nitrogen fertilizer and gender effects on the secondary metabolism of yaupon, a caffeine-containing north american holly.yaupon (ilex vomitoria) is a caffeine-containing dioecious shrub native to the southeastern united states that was historically brewed into a stimulating beverage. we tested predictions of the carbon/nutrient balance (cnb) hypothesis by determining whether nitrogen availability and gender influence production of caffeine and related alkaloids as well as phenolic compounds in leaves of pot-grown yaupon plants fertilized with ammonium nitrate. the cnb hypothesis predicts that additional nitrogen s ...200717048011
[artificial neural networks for the identification of infrared spectra of ilex kudingcha].in order to identify ilex kudingcha, two kinds of models of artificial neural networks (ann), i.e. competitive neural network and back propagation neural network, were used to analyze their infrared spectra. ilex kudingcha samples were collected by fourier transform infrared (ftir) spectra. twenty five samples were gathered as a train set, and 11 samples as a test set, then their training was performed using two networks each. the results show that the identification of ilex kudingcha from diffe ...200717944408
six new triterpenoid saponins from the leaves of ilex oblonga and their inhibitory activities against tmv replication.six new triterpenoid saponins of the ursane types were isolated from the meoh extract of the leaves of ilex oblonga. they were oblonganoside a (1), oblonganoside b (2), oblonganoside c (6), oblonganoside d (8), oblonganoside e (9), and oblonganoside f (10), together with three known triterpenoid saponins. the structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, and compound 1 showed appreciable inhibitory activity against tmv replication with ec50 value 0.074 mm.200717329884
stromata, sporangiomata and chlamydosori of phytophthora ramorum on inoculated mediterranean woody plants.three types of multihyphal structures, stromata, sporangiomata and chlamydosori, are described for the plant pathogen phytophthora ramorum. their morphology, morphogenesis and position on the host organ were observed by dissecting, compound and scanning electron microscopy. stromata were consistently formed one to two weeks after zoospore inoculation of detached leaves and fruits of an assortment of mediterranean sclerophyll shrubs. stroma initials appeared subcuticularly or subepidermally and d ...200617059884
complex adjustments of photosynthetic potentials and internal diffusion conductance to current and previous light availabilities and leaf age in mediterranean evergreen species quercus ilex.mature non-senescent leaves of evergreen species become gradually shaded as new foliage develops and canopy expands, but the interactive effects of integrated light during leaf formation (q(int)g), current light (q(int)c) and leaf age on foliage photosynthetic competence are poorly understood. in quercus ilex l., we measured the responses of leaf structural and physiological variables to q(int)c and q(int)g for four leaf age classes. leaf aging resulted in increases in leaf dry mass per unit are ...200617080941
molecular biodiversity in the moss leptodon smithii (neckeraceae) in relation to habitat disturbance and fragmentation.bryophytes seem particularly suitable to investigate genetic diversity in relation to habitat disturbance due to their large employment as bioindicators and to the recent application of molecular markers to moss population studies. genetic variation and structure were analysed in seven urban, extraurban and remote populations of leptodon smithii, an epiphytic moss of quercus ilex, a phanerogamic species of mediterranean climax vegetation. a total of 210 individual shoots were dna extracted and a ...200717579808
[studies on triterpenoid constituents in leaf of ilex pernyi].to investigate the chemical constituents of ilex pernyi.200718051898
molecular evidence of host-associated genetic divergence in the holly leafminer phytomyza glabricola (diptera: agromyzidae): apparent discordance among marker systems.host races play a central part in understanding the role of host plant mediated divergence and speciation of phytophagous insects. of greatest interest are host-associated populations that have recently diverged; however, finding genetic evidence for very recent divergences is difficult because initially only a few loci are expected to evolve diagnostic differences. the holly leafminer phytomyza glabricola feeds on two hollies, ilex glabra and i. coriacea, that are broadly sympatric throughout m ...200717594435
synthesis and establishment of tuber melanosporum vitt. ectomycorrhizae on two nothofagus species in chile.axenically germinated seedlings of two species of southern beech (nothofagus obliqua, n. glauca) from chile were inoculated with spores of the périgord black truffle (tuber melanosporum). ectomycorrhizal development was monitored for 6 months in the greenhouse and compared to the performance of the natural host species quercus ilex and quercus robur. seedling survival and mycorrhization showed major differences in both nothofagus species: t. melanosporum readily formed ectomycorrhizae with seedl ...200717598134
evaluation of antiviral activity of south american plant extracts against herpes simplex virus type 1 and rabies virus.this paper describes the screening of different south american plant extracts and fractions. aqueous and organic extracts were prepared and tested for antiherpetic (hsv-1, kos and 29r strains) and antirabies (pv strain) activities. the evaluation of the potential antiviral activity of these extracts was performed by using an mtt assay for hsv-1, and by a viral cytopathic effect (cpe) inhibitory method for rabies virus (rv). the results were expressed as 50% cytotoxicity (cc(50)) for mtt assay an ...200717604374
effectiveness of rodents as local seed dispersers of holm oaks.in this study we assessed the effectiveness of rodents as dispersers of quercus ilex in a patchy landscape in southeastern spain. we experimentally followed the fates of 3,200 marked and weighed acorns from dispersal through the time of seedling emergence over three years. rodents handled about 99% of acorns, and dispersed 67% and cached 7.4% of the dispersed acorns. most caches were recovered and consumed, and only 1.3% of the original experimental acorns were found alive in caches the followin ...200818075760
effects of kin-structured seed dispersal on the genetic structure of the clonal dioecious shrub ilex leucoclada.nonrandom patterns of gene dispersal have been identified as possible causes of genetic structuring within populations. attempts to model these patterns have generally focused solely on the effects of isolation by distance, but the processes involved are more complex than such modeling suggests. here, we extend considerations of gene dispersal processes beyond simple isolation by distance effects by directly evaluating the effects of kin-structured gene dispersal mediated by the group dispersal ...200717542840
regulation of simultaneous synthesis of floral scent terpenoids by the 1,8-cineole synthase of nicotiana suaveolens.the white flowers of n. suaveolens emit a complex bouquet of fragrance volatiles. the dominant compounds are benzenoids (e.g. methyl benzoate, methyl salicylate, benzyl benzoate and benzyl salicylate), monoterpenes (1,8-cineole, limonene, sabinene, e-beta-ocimene, beta-beta-myrcene, alpha- and beta-pinene and alpha-terpineole) and sesquiterpenes (e.g. caryophyllene), which are all emitted at higher levels during the night. here, we show that the simultaneous nocturnal emission of most monoterpen ...200717611797
evaluation of ursolic acid isolated from ilex paraguariensis and derivatives on aromatase inhibition.the inhibitory potency of ursolic acid extracted from ilex paraguariensis, a plant used in south american population for a tea preparation known as maté, and its derivatives to inhibit aromatase activity was assessed and compared to a phytoestrogen apigenin and a steroidal aromatase inhibitor 4-hyroxyandrostenedione (4-oha). among all compounds tested only ursolic acid 1 showed an efficient and dose-dependent aromatase inhibition with ic50 value of 32 microm as did apigenin (ic50=10 microm), whe ...200818192087
water-soluble constituents from the leaves of ilex oblonga.four new water-soluble constituents, oblongaroside a (1), oblongar ester a (2), oblongaroside b (3), and oblongaroside c (4), were isolated along with four known compounds: 4-o-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-3-hydroxybenzalcohol (5), 7-methoxyl-4-o-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-3-hydroxybenzalcohol (6), 4-o-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-3-hydroxybenzoic acid (7), and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (8) from the leaves of ilex oblonga. identification of their structures was achieved by 1d and 2d nmr experiments, including (1)h ...200717613627
major diffusion leaks of clamp-on leaf cuvettes still unaccounted: how erroneous are the estimates of farquhar et al. model parameters?estimates of leaf gas-exchange characteristics using standard clamp-on leaf chambers are prone to errors because of diffusion leaks. while some consideration has been given to co(2) diffusion leaks, potential water vapour diffusion leaks through chamber gaskets have been neglected. we estimated diffusion leaks of two clamp-on li-cor li-6400 (li-cor, inc., lincoln, ne, usa) leaf chambers with polymer foam gaskets and enclosing either 2 or 6 cm(2) leaf area, and conducted a sensitivity analysis of ...200717617828
relationship between plant biodiversity and heavy metal bioavailability in grasslands overlying an abandoned mine.abandoned metal mines in the sierra de guadarrama, madrid, spain, are often located in areas of high ecological value. this is true of an abandoned barium mine situated in the heart of a bird sanctuary. today the area sustains grasslands, interspersed with oakwood formations of quercus ilex and heywood scrub (retama sphaerocarpa l.), used by cattle, sheep and wild animals. our study was designed to establish a relationship between the plant biodiversity of these grasslands and the bioavailabilit ...200818246431
sensitivity of terpene emissions to drought and fertilization in terpene-storing pinus halepensis and non-storing quercus ilex.we studied the effects of water stress, fertilization and time course on foliar volatile terpene emission rates by quercus ilex and pinus halepensis in a garden experiment. the terpenes mostly emitted by both species were alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, beta-myrcene and delta(3)-carene. p. halepensis emission rates (average 31.45 microg g(-1) dm h(-1)) were similar to those of q. ilex (average 31.71 microg g(-1) dm h(-1)). the effects of drought (reduction to one-third of full watering) and fertiliza ...200718251893
does growth irradiance affect temperature dependence and thermal acclimation of leaf respiration? insights from a mediterranean tree with long-lived leaves.understanding the response of leaf respiration (r) to changes in irradiance and temperature is a prerequisite for predicting the impacts of climate change on plant function and future atmospheric co2 concentrations. little is known, however, about the interactive effects of irradiance and temperature on leaf r. we investigated whether growth irradiance affects the temperature response of leaf r in darkness (rdark) and in light (rlight) in seedlings of a broad-leaved evergreen species, quercus il ...200717547654
acorn dispersal estimated by radio-tracking.bird-dispersed seeds are difficult to track, especially in the case of long-distance dispersal events. to estimate the oak dispersal distance and the seed shadow generated by the european jay (garrulus glandarius), we inserted radio-transmitters in 239 acorns, placed them in bird-feeders and then located them by radio-tracking. using this methodology we located the exact caching site of 94 quercus ilex and 54 q. suber acorns and determined the caching habitat characteristics (vegetation type, di ...200717622563
studies on the aroma of maté (ilex paraguariensis st. hil.) using headspace solid-phase microextraction.volatile and semi-volatile components of maté (ilex paraguariensis st. hil.) were analysed by headspace solid-phase microextraction (hs-spme) coupled to gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. five spme fibres coated separately with 100 microm poly(dimethylsiloxane) (pdms), 65 microm pdms-divinylbenzene (dvb), 70 microm carbowax (cw)-dvb, 85 microm carboxen (car)-pmds or 50/30 microm dvb-car, were tested. seventy compounds were identified in the sample headspace, including propanal, (e)-2-pent ...200717624890
selective liquid co2 extraction of purine alkaloids in different ilex paraguariensis progenies grown under environmental influences.in this investigation, liquid carbon dioxide at 20 degrees c and 150 bar was used for the selective extraction of caffeine and theobromine from dry leaves of mate. a comparison between the chromatograms from co2 extraction and traditional solvent extraction supports the selectivity of carbon dioxide for these purine alkaloids. the advantages of selective liquid co2 extraction in terms of speed and resolution of uv/hplc is also evidenced. a randomized block design of experiments was proposed to i ...200717650001
sensitivity analysis of a parameterization of the stomatal component of the do3se model for quercus ilex to estimate ozone fluxes.a sensitivity analysis of a proposed parameterization of the stomatal conductance (g(s)) module of the european ozone deposition model (do(3)se) for quercus ilex was performed. the performance of the model was tested against measured g(s) in the field at three sites in spain. the best fit of the model was found for those sites, or during those periods, facing no or mild stress conditions, but a worse performance was found under severe drought or temperature stress, mostly occurring at continenta ...200818342418
volatile organic compound emission from holm oak infested by gypsy moth larvae: evidence for distinct responses in damaged and undamaged leaves.foliage of quercus ilex l. (holm oak), a widespread mediterranean species, constitutively emits large quantities of a complex genotype-dependent mixture of volatile organic compounds (vocs). during a mass outbreak of gypsy moth (lymantria dispar l.) in southern france, we examined the effects of gypsy moth feeding on voc production from whole apices and single leaves of q. ilex. feeding induced the emission of new vocs at rates up to 240 ng m(-2) s(-1) (16% of the total voc release), which mainl ...200717669734
influence of agronomic variables on the macronutrient and micronutrient contents and thermal behavior of mate tea leaves (ilex paraguariensis).the influence of agronomic variables (light intensity, age of leaves, and fertilization type) on the content of macronutrients and micronutrients (potassium, calcium, sodium, magnesium, manganese, iron, zinc, and copper) of tea leaves was assessed by acid digestion, followed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (faas). the thermal behavior of mate tea leaves (ilex paraguariensis) was also studied in this work. samples of mate (ilex paraguariensis) were collected in an experiment conducted und ...200717696449
inflammation pro-resolving potential of 3,4-dihydroxyacetophenone through 15-deoxy-delta12,14-prostaglandin j2 in murine macrophages.3,4-dihydroxyacetophenone (dhap), an active component isolated from leaves of tumaodongqing (ilex pubescens hook. et arn. var glaber chang), is initially used to treat cardiovascular diseases. previously, we found it had anti-inflammatory effect on macrophages by reducing the production of tnf-alpha in vitro. to further determine whether dhap could influence inflammatory resolution, 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin j(2) (15dpgj(2)), an arachidonic acid metabolite and also crucial pro-resolvin ...200717761349
protective action of ilex paraguariensis extract against free radical inactivation of paraoxonase-1 in high-density lipoprotein.paraoxonase 1 (pon-1), an antioxidant enzyme carried mainly by hdl, has been shown to display cardioprotective effects. in this study, we investigated whether the polyphenol-rich beverage mate, obtained from extract of ilex paraguariensis (ip), prevented the loss of pon-1 activity from hdl during oxidant stress. the peroxide radical generator 2,2-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (aaph) induced time- and dose-dependent oxidation of hdl, as measured by lipoperoxide content, which is accomp ...200717823869
phenolic antioxidants identified by esi-ms from yerba maté (ilex paraguariensis) and green tea (camelia sinensis) extracts.aqueous extracts of green yerba maté (ilex paraguariensis) and green tea (camellia sinensis) are good sources of phenolic antioxidants, as already described in the literature. the subject of this study were organic extracts from yerba maté, both green and roasted, and from green tea. their phenolic profiles were characterized by direct infusion electrospray insertion mass spectrometry (esi-ms) and their free radical scavenging activity was determined by the dpph assay. organic extracts containin ...200717851401
complete assignments of (1)h and (13)c nmr spectroscopic data for two new triterpenoid saponins from ilex pernyi.ilexpernoside a and ilexpernoside b, two new pentacyclic c(4)-nortriterpenoid saponins, were isolated from the leaves of ilex pernyi franch. their chemical structures were determined by ms, nmr spectroscopy and chemical analysis. complete assignments of the (1)h and (13)c nmr spectroscopic data were achieved by 1d and 2d nmr experiments (hsqc, hmbc, (1)h-(1)h cosy and noesy).200717853504
[studies on lignin glycosides in root from ilex pubescens].to study chemical constituents from ilex pubescens.200717879731
woody plant richness and ndvi response to drought events in catalonian (northeastern spain) forests.the role of species diversity on ecosystem resistance in the face of strong environmental fluctuations has been addressed from both theoretical and experimental viewpoints to reveal a variety of positive and negative relationships. here we explore empirically the relationship between the richness of forest woody species and canopy resistance to extreme drought episodes. we compare richness data from an extensive forest inventory to a temporal series of satellite imagery that estimated drought im ...200717918405
synthesis and preliminary evaluation of new ursolic and oleanolic acids derivatives as antileishmanial agents.a series of new ursolic and oleanolic acids derivatives was synthesized via ursolic or oleanolic acids, previously extracted from south american ilex species. these new compounds were tested for in vitro antiparasitic activity on leishmania amazonensis and leishmania infantum strains. some of these compounds showed activity against the promastigote forms of l. amazonensis or l. infantum, with ic(50) ranging from 5 to 12 microm. as expected, most of the compounds showed a significant level of cyt ...200818608757
ilex paraguariensis has antioxidant potential and attenuates haloperidol-induced orofacial dyskinesia and memory dysfunction in rats.tardive dyskinesia (td) is a syndrome associated with administration of antipsychotics drugs and may be a consequence of a free radical increase. ilex paraguariensis (ip), rich in polyphenols, is used to prepare a tea-like beverage, the "mate", and has been investigated for its antioxidant action. here, we examined the aqueous extract of ip on in vitro tbars production and in vivo study, using two behavioral models, i.e., haloperidol-induced orofacial dyskinesia (evaluated measuring vacuous chew ...200717967741
two new triterpenoid saponins from the root of ilex pubescens.two new triterpenoid saponins, named ilexsaponins b(4) (1) and c (2), have been isolated from the roots of ilex pubescens. their structures have been established as ilexgenin b 3-o-alpha-l-arabinopyranosyl-(2-->1)-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-(2-->1)-beta-d-xylopyranoside (1) and 3-o-beta-d-xylopyranosyl spathodic acid 28-beta-d-glucopyranosyl ester (2) by means of spectral and chemical methods.200818058383
comparison of antioxidant activities and total polyphenolic and methylxanthine contents between the unripe fruit and leaves of ilex paraguariensis a. st. hil.ilex paraguariensis is used in brazil as a stimulating beverage called "mate". leaves and immature fruit extracts of ilex paraguariensis were evaluated for their radical scavenging capacity, total methylxanthine and polyphenol contents. antimicrobial activity of two enriched saponin fractions obtained from the fruits were also evaluated. the radical scavenging activity of the fractioned extracts was determined spectrophotometrically using 1,1-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl free radical (dpph). the ic50o ...200718065107
consumption of mate tea (ilex paraguariensis) decreases the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in mouse liver.mate (ilex paraguariensis) is rich in polyphenolic compounds, which are thought to contribute to the health benefits of tea. mate tea was administered orally to mice at a dose of 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 g/kg for 60 d, and changes both in serum lipid concentration and fatty acid composition of liver and kidney were examined. the effects of mate tea on serum and tissue lipid peroxidation were assessed by the evaluation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (tbars). in tea-consuming mice, both mufa (1 ...200918710608
caffeine and related purine alkaloids: biosynthesis, catabolism, function and genetic engineering.details of the recently elucidated biosynthetic pathways of caffeine and related purine alkaloids are reviewed. the main caffeine biosynthetic pathway is a sequence consisting of xanthosine-->7-methylxanthosine-->7-methylxanthine-->theobromine-->caffeine. genes encoding n-methyltransferases involved in three of these four reactions have been isolated and the molecular structure of n-methyltransferases investigated. pathways for the catabolism of caffeine have also been studied, although there ar ...200818068204
the evaluation of maté (ilex paraguariensis) genetic toxicity in human lymphocytes by the cytokinesis-block in the micronucleus assay.the present study evaluates the clastogenic and/or aneugenic potential of maté (ilex paraguariensis) - previously tested for the presence of 48 organophosphorous pesticides - in the culture of human lymphocytes in the absence of exogenous metabolic activation. peripheral blood was obtained once from three healthy female donors for lymphocyte cell cultures. the cultures were treated with maté infusion (filtered in sterilized sartorius filter with a 0.22 mm pore membrane), distilled water (negativ ...200818083001
ontogenetic changes in stomatal and biochemical limitations to photosynthesis of two co-occurring mediterranean oaks differing in leaf life span.a quantitative analysis was applied to the stomatal and biochemical limitations to light-saturated net photosynthesis under optimal field conditions in mature trees and seedlings of the co-occurring evergreen oak, quercus ilex l., and the deciduous oak, q. faginea lam. stomatal limitation to photosynthesis, maximal rubisco activity and electron transport rate were determined from assimilation versus intercellular leaf carbon dioxide concentration response curves of leaves that were subsequently ...200818171660
oxidases from mate tea leaves (ilex paraguariensis): extraction optimization and stability at low and high temperatures.mate (ilex paraguariensis) is an important natural product in the economic and cultural context of brazil. peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase have been responsible for quality deterioration and browning in mate. the objective of this work was to investigate a methodology of extraction and enzymatic activity determination of oxidases present in mate tea leaves and to evaluate the oxidases stability. the effects of raw-material mass, buffer molar concentration, triton x-100 addition, extraction ph, ...200818193460
implications of foliar terpene content and hydration on leaf flammability of quercus ilex and pinus halepensis.we investigated the implications of foliar hydration and terpene content on leaf flammability in two widely distributed forest species of the mediterranean basin, quercus ilex, which does not store terpenes, and pinus halepensis, a terpene-storing species. the experiments were carried out in plants grown under different water regimes that generated a wide range of foliar hydration and terpene contents. we monitored the temperatures and time elapsed to reach the smoke, pyrolysis and flame phases. ...200818211552
response of transglutaminase activity and bound putrescine to changes in light intensity under natural or controlled conditions in quercus ilex leaves.in order to further study a previously observed relationship between polyamine (pa) content and changes in irradiation, we examined the level of free and bound pas, the activity of transglutaminase (tgase, ec 2.3.2.13) and chlorophyll fluorescence in holm oak (quercus ilex l.) leaves in response to different levels of light intensity and amount. a diurnal trend of free and bound putrescine (f-put and b-put, respectively) and tgase activity was observed in plants under natural conditions in the f ...200718251934
mate tea reduced acute lung inflammation in mice exposed to cigarette smoke.short-term cigarette smoke exposure has been associated with acute lung inflammation (ali) and oxidative damage. we studied mate tea (ilex paraguariensis infusion) as a possible nutritional resource for ali.200818281194
protective effects of mate tea (ilex paraguariensis) on h2o2-induced dna damage and dna repair in mice.yerba mate (ilex paraguariensis) is rich in several bioactive compounds that can act as free radical scavengers. since oxidative dna damage is involved in various pathological states such as cancer, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of mate tea as well as the ability to influence dna repair in male swiss mice. forty animals were randomly assigned to four groups. the animals received three different doses of mate tea aqueous extract, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 g/kg, for 60 days. ...200818308716
ilex paraguariensis extract ameliorates obesity induced by high-fat diet: potential role of ampk in the visceral adipose tissue.the aim of present study was to investigate the anti-obesity effect of ilex paraguariensis extract and its molecular mechanism in rats rendered obese by a high-fat diet (hfd). i. paraguariensis extract supplementation significantly lowered body weight, visceral fat-pad weights, blood and hepatic lipid, glucose, insulin, and leptin levels of rats administered hfd. feeding i. paraguariensis extract reversed the hfd-induced downregulation of the epididymal adipose tissue genes implicated in adipoge ...200818314006
uptake and storage of pcbs by plant cuticles.the uptake kinetics and storage of pcbs by isolated cuticles and cuticular waxes from hedera helix, prunus laurocerasus, and ilex aquifolium were studied. small chambers were used, allowing variation in plant uptake parameters to be studied by having the same air boundary layer in each chamber. during the 64 day study tri- and tetrachlorinated biphenyls generally reached equilibrium in waxes but not in whole cuticles. differences between species were observed. higher chlorinated pcb congeners di ...200818350882
chemical constituents from the leaves of ilex pernyi.a new compound and five known compounds were isolated from the ethanolic extract of the leaves of ilex pernyi franch. their structures were established on the basis of spectral analysis and identified as trans-isoeugenyl-alpha-l-arabinopynosyl (1 --> 6) -beta-d-glucopyranoside (1) , kaempferol-3-o-sambubioside (2), quercetin-3-o-sambubioside (3), isoquercitrin (4), (+) -syringaresinol-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside (5), amarantholidoside iv (6). among them, compound 1 is a new phenolic glycoside, name ...200818357733
in vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of a purified saponin fraction derived from the root of ilex pubescens.the root of ilex pubescens (mao-dong-qing in chinese, mdq) has been commonly used for treatment of cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases in the chinese medical system. the current studies aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects as well as the underlying mechanisms of a purified saponin fraction (psf) derived from mdq. psf was found to significantly suppress the paw edema of rats induced by histamine given intraperitoneally at dosages ranging from 12.5-100 mg/kg. meanw ...200818379056
masting mediated by summer drought reduces acorn predation in mediterranean oak forests.temporally variable production of seed crops by perennial plants (masting) has been hypothesized to be a valuable mechanism in the reduction of seed predation by satiating and starving seed consumers. to achieve these benefits, coexisting species subjected to the same predator would benefit from a similar pattern of seeding fluctuation over time that could lead to a reduction in predation at the within-species level. we tested for the existence of an environmental factor enforcing synchrony in a ...200818459343
[studies of genetic diversity among 10 species of ilex based on rapd and aflps].the techniques of random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) and amplified fragment length polymorphisms (aflps) were used to amplify the genomic dna of 10 species of ilex, so as to reveal the polymorphism in different species of ilex. in rapd analysis, a total of 301 lines were amplified with 11 kinds of primers selected from 100 kinds of 10 bp random primers, and the polymorphism was 98.63%. in aflps analysis,a huge diversity was showed by 3 primers combinations carried out on these species. both ...200818464588
chemical characterization of candy made of erva-mate (ilex paraguariensis a. st. hil.) residue.the aim of this work was to evaluate the chemical properties of the residues from erva-mate processing and also to determine the candy-making performance with addition of residues from erva-mate on consumers' acceptance and purchase intent of this new product. the candies containing different amounts of mate powder were evaluated through overall acceptability test and purchase intent. mate powder showed high contents of dietary fiber, total ash, and total polyphenols. the total dietary fiber con ...200818500809
mycelial abundance and other factors related to truffle productivity in tuber melanosporum-quercus ilex orchards.relative quantification of dna from tuber melanosporum mycelia was performed by conventional and real-time pcr in soil from trees in three truffle orchards of different ages to determine: (1) whether burn appearance is related to the amount of t. melanosporum mycelium in soil, and (2) whether productivity onset and truffle production are related to (a) the amount of t. melanosporum mycelium in soil, (b) tree height and diameter, (c) burn extension and (d) surface rock cover. the burn seems to ap ...200818510558
leaf accumulation of trace elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) in quercus ilex l.quercus ilex l. leaves were collected four times in one year at six urban sites and one remote area in order to determine trace element and pah accumulation through concomitant analyses of unwashed and water-washed leaves. both unwashed and washed leaves showed the highest amounts of trace elements and pahs in the urban area. unwashed leaves showed greater differences between urban and remote areas and among the urban sites than washed leaves for trace element and pah concentrations. water-washi ...200817892907
differences in fine-scale genetic structure and dispersal in quercus ilex l. and q. suber l.: consequences for regeneration of mediterranean open woods.cork oak (quercus suber l.) and holm oak (q. ilex l.) are among the most important tree species (economically and ecologically) in the western mediterranean region, where they define unique open woods (created and maintained by man) known as 'dehesas' in spain. however, these formations are under increasing threat due to the lack of regeneration. we have analysed spatial genetic structure in a mixed parkland; inferences about gene dispersal have also been performed, according to the isolation by ...200717971829
influence of drying methods and agronomic variables on the chemical composition of mate tea leaves (ilex paraguariensis a. st.-hil) obtained from high-pressure co2 extraction.the main objective of this work is to assess the influence of two drying methods (microwave and vacuum oven) and some agronomic variables (plant fertilization conditions and sunlight intensity) on the characteristics of mate tea (ilex paraguariensis) leaves extracts obtained from high-pressure carbon dioxide extractions performed in the temperature range from 20 to 40 degrees c and from 100 to 250 bar. samples of mate were collected in an experiment conducted under agronomic control at ervateira ...200717985842
yerba mate tea (ilex paraguariensis): a comprehensive review on chemistry, health implications, and technological considerations.yerba mate tea, an infusion made from the leaves of the tree ilex paraguariensis, is a widely consumed nonalcoholic beverage in south america which is gaining rapid introduction into the world market, either as tea itself or as ingredient in formulated foods or dietary supplements. the indigenous people have used it for centuries as a social and medicinal beverage. yerba mate has been shown to be hypocholesterolemic, hepatoprotective, central nervous system stimulant, diuretic, and to benefit th ...200718034743
nickel sorption capacity of ground xylem of quercus ilex trees and effects of selected ligands present in the xylem sap.in this work the influence of four different ligands present in the xylem sap of quercus ilex (histidine, citric, oxalic and aspartic acids) on ni(ii) adsorption by xylem was investigated. grinded xylem was trapped in acrylic columns and solutions of ni(ii), in the absence and presence of the four ligands prepared in kno(3) 0.1moll(-1) at ph 5.5, were percolated through the column. aliquots of solutions were recovered in the column end for ni determination by graphite furnace atomic absorption s ...200918707798
antifeedants and feeding stimulants in bark extracts of ten woody non-host species of the pine weevil, hylobius abietis.bark of ten woody species, known to be rejected as a food source by the pine weevil, hylobius abietis, were sequentially extracted by a soxhlet apparatus with pentane followed by methanol. species were alder (alnus glutinosa), aspen (populus tremula), beech (fagus sylvatica), guelder rose (viburnum opulus), holly (ilex aquifolium), horse chestnut (aesculus hippocastanum), lilac (syringa vulgaris), spindle tree (evonymus europaeus), walnut (juglans regia), and yew (taxus baccata). bark of each sp ...200818719963
pressurized liquid extraction of mate tea leaves.the objective of this work is to investigate the influence of process parameters on the pressurized liquid extraction (ple) of ilex paraguariensis leaves. a factorial 2(6-2) experimental design was employed using responses as the extraction yield and the chromatographic profile of the extracts. the extraction time, polarity of solvent, amount of sample, numbers of ple cycles, flushing volume and extraction temperature were selected as independent variables (factors). results obtained indicated t ...200818721542
quantitation of methylxanthinic alkaloids and phenolic compounds in mate (ilex paraguariensis) and their effects on blood vessel formation in chick embryos.methylxanthinic alkaloids and phenolic compounds are related to the therapeutic properties of ilex paraguariensis infusions. considering the known vascular tropism of xanthines, an aqueous extract (mate) and caffeine were evaluated on blood vessel formation, in connection with the analysis of those secondary metabolites, which was performed in young and mature leaf samples collected in three cultivation systems located in the southern region in brazil (santa catarina state). samples of young and ...200818729465
effect of growing and drying conditions on the phenolic composition of mate teas (ilex paraguariensis).mate tea ( ilex paraguariensis) has been used for centuries and is widely consumed in brazil, argentina, paraguay, and uruguay. the aim of the present study was to determine how growing and drying conditions affect the phenolic concentration and antioxidant capacity of 15 mate teas from forest or plantation cultivations, dried either with hot air or wood smoke. the total polyphenol concentration determined with folin-ciocalteu ranged from 100.3 +/- 5.5 to 179.7 +/- 3.6 mg equiv chlorogenic acid/ ...200818759444
chlorogenic acid protects paraoxonase 1 activity in high density lipoprotein from inactivation caused by physiological concentrations of hypochlorite.we hypothesized that chlorogenic acids, the main phenolics in coffee, many fruits and ilex paraguariensis extracts, protect paraoxonase 1 activity in hdl from inactivation by chlorination at concentrations of hocl (50 microm) and chlorogenic acid (2-10 microm) compatible with those found in humans. when human hdl was incubated in the presence of hocl/ocl-, a concentration dependent loss of activity was apparent. of interest, 5 caffeoylquinic acid at 5 micromol/l affords more than 60% protection ...200919248222
brazilian natural medicines. iii. structures of triterpene oligoglycosides and lipase inhibitors from mate, leaves of ilex paraguariensis.the methanolic extract from the leaves of ilex paraguariensis (aquifoliaceae) was found to show an inhibitory activity on porcine pancreatic lipase. from the methanolic extract, three new triterpene oligoglycosides, mateglycosides a, b, and c, were isolated together with 18 known compounds. the chemical structures of new oligoglycosides were elucidated on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence. several constituents showed inhibitory activities on pancreatic lipase.200919252316
protein translation and cell death: the role of rare trnas in biofilm formation and in activating dormant phage killer genes.we discovered previously that the small escherichia coli proteins hha (hemolysin expression modulating protein) and the adjacent, poorly-characterized ybaj are important for biofilm formation; however, their roles have been nebulous. biofilms are intricate communities in which cell signaling often converts single cells into primitive tissues. here we show that hha decreases biofilm formation dramatically by repressing the transcription of rare codon trnas which serves to inhibit fimbriae product ...200818545668
two new triterpene saponins from the anti-inflammatory saponin fraction of ilex pubescens root.the saponin fraction from the ethanolic extracts of the root of ilex pubescens hook. et arn. (ilexaceae) was found to exhibit potent anti-inflammatory effects on carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. two novel triterpene saponins, pubescenosides c and d (1 and 2, resp.), together with five known saponins were isolated from this saponin fraction. the structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated as (20beta)-3-o-[beta-d-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-d-xylopyranosyl]ursa-12,18-dien-28-oic acid 28-o-beta-d-g ...200818649303
a cryopreservation protocol for immature zygotic embryos of species of ilex (aquifoliaceae).tropical ilex species have recalcitrant seeds. this work describes experiments demonstrating the feasibility of long-term conservation of ilex brasiliensis, i. brevicuspis, i. dumosa, i. intergerrima, i. paraguariensis, i. pseudoboxus, i. taubertiana, and i. theezans through cryopreservation of zygotic rudimentary embryos at the heart developmental stage. the embryos were aseptically removed from the seeds and precultured (7 days) in the dark, at 27 +/- 2 degrees c on solidified (0.8% agar) 1/4m ...200818669321
the cost of stress resistance: construction and maintenance costs of leaves and roots in two populations of quercus ilex.we tested whether growth and maintenance costs of plant organs vary with environmental stress. quercus ilex l. seedlings from acorns collected from natural populations in the northern iberian peninsula and in a lower elevation and putatively less stressful habitat in the southern iberian peninsula were grown in pots under the same conditions. growth and maintenance respiration were measured by co(2) exchange. young leaves from 5-month-old seedlings of both populations had similar mean specific l ...200818765377
changes in the protein profile of quercus ilex leaves in response to drought stress and recovery.to characterize the molecular response of holm oak to drought stress and its capacity to recover 9-month-old quercus ilex seedlings were subjected to three treatments for a 14-d period: (i) continuous watering to field capacity (control plants, w), (ii) no irrigation (drought treatment, d), and (iii) no irrigation for 7d followed by a watering period of 7d (recovery treatment, r). in drought plants, leaf water potential decreased from -0.72 (day 0) to -0.99mpa (day 7), and -1.50mpa (day 14). sho ...200918778874
is shade beneficial for mediterranean shrubs experiencing periods of extreme drought and late-winter frosts?plants are naturally exposed to multiple, frequently interactive stress factors, most of which are becoming more severe due to global change. established plants have been reported to facilitate the establishment of juvenile plants, but net effects of plant-plant interactions are difficult to assess due to complex interactions among environmental factors. an investigation was carried out in order to determine how two dominant evergreen shrubs (quercus ilex and arctostaphylos uva-ursi) co-occurrin ...200818819947
solid-phase extraction of ursolic acid from herb using beta-cyclodextrin-based molecularly imprinted microspheres.a new method was employed to solid-phase extract ursolic acid from ilex kudingcha c. j. tseng using molecularly imprinted microspheres (mims) as the sorbent. using a surface molecular imprinting technique, mims for ursolic acid were prepared with bonded beta-cd and acrylamide in combination based on functionalized poly(glycidyl methacrylate) microspheres (f-pgma). compared with non-mims (nims), mims showed high adsorption capacity, significant selectivity, and good site accessibility for ursolic ...200818844208
complete assignments of 1h and 13c nmr spectral data for three new triterpenoid saponins from ilex hainanensis merr.three new oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins, ilexhainanoside c, d and e, all with 24, 28-dioic acid groups, were isolated from the leaves of ilex hainanensis. they were 3beta-hydroxyolean-12-ene-24, 28-dioic acid-28-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside(1), 3beta, 19alpha-dihydroxyolean-12-ene-24, 28-dioic acid-28-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside(2) and 3beta, 29-dihydroxyolean-12-ene-24, 28-dioic acid-28-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside(3). the structures of these three new compounds were elucidated and complete assignme ...200918942070
yerba maté (ilex paraguariensis) aqueous extract decreases intestinal sglt1 gene expression but does not affect other biochemical parameters in alloxan-diabetic wistar rats.yerba maté (ilex paraguariensis) is rich in polyphenols, especially chlorogenic acids. evidence suggests that dietary polyphenols could play a role in glucose absorption and metabolism. the aim of this study was to evaluate the antidiabetic properties of yerba maté extract in alloxan-induced diabetic wistar rats. animals (n = 41) were divided in four groups: nondiabetic control (ndc, n = 10), nondiabetic yerba maté (ndy, n = 10), diabetic control (dc, n = 11), and diabetic yerba maté (dy, n = 10 ...200818942839
isolation and characterization of brenneria quercina, causal agent for bark canker and drippy nut of quercus spp. in spain.abstract the drippy nut disease of oak was first described in california in 1967 and, since then, the causal agent has not been reported in any other area. this study describes for the first time in europe the isolation of brenneria (erwinia) quercina from bark canker in addition to drippy bud and drippy nut in quercus ilex and q. pyrenaica. the bark canker and drippy bud symptoms were not previously described as caused by this bacterium. no fungal pathogens were associated with any of the sympt ...200318944364
effects of acute administration of the hydroalcoholic extract of mate tea leaves (ilex paraguariensis) in animal models of learning and memory.ilex paraguariensis st. hilaire (aquifoliaceae) is a plant widely cultivated in south america that is used to prepare a tea-like beverage with a reputation to improve cognitive function, a response that has been attributed to the constituents of the leaves, especially caffeine. our previous study indicated that the hydroalcoholic extract of ilex paraguariensis presents an antiparkinsonian profile in reserpine- and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine hydrochloride (mptp)-treated rodents.200818948179
studies on the chemical constituents of ilex pubescens.three new compounds, ilexisochromane (1), ilex acid a (2), and ilex acid b (3), were isolated from the roots of ilex pubescens. their structures were elucidated using the combination of 1- and 2-d nmr and mass spectrometry analyses.200818985493
seed dispersal patterns in a temperate forest during a mast event: performance of alternative dispersal kernels.seed dispersal patterns were studied in a north-western spain temperate forest community to assess the performances of alternative dispersal kernels during two years with ecologically contrasting scenarios; a non-mast year, and a mast year of the dominant canopy species, beech fagus sylvatica. dispersal kernels were fitted under a bayesian modeling framework. both simple and mixture kernels were considered for the five more abundant tree species (corylus avellana, crataegus monogyna, f. sylvatic ...200919018573
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