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endophytic methylobacterium extorquens expresses a heterologous β-1,4-endoglucanase a (egla) in catharanthus roseus seedlings, a model host plant for xylella fastidiosa.based on the premise of symbiotic control, we genetically modified the citrus endophytic bacterium methylobacterium extorquens, strain ar1.6/2, and evaluated its capacity to colonize a model plant and its interaction with xylella fastidiosa, the causative agent of citrus variegated chlorosis (cvc). ar1.6/2 was genetically transformed to express heterologous gfp (green fluorescent protein) and an endoglucanase a (egla), generating the strains argfp and aregla, respectively. by fluorescence micros ...201122805929
peroxisomal localisation of the final steps of the mevalonic acid pathway in planta.in plants, the mevalonic acid (mva) pathway provides precursors for the formation of triterpenes, sesquiterpenes, phytosterols and primary metabolites important for cell integrity. here, we have cloned the cdna encoding enzymes catalysing the final three steps of the mva pathway from madagascar periwinkle (catharanthus roseus), mevalonate kinase (mvk), 5-phosphomevalonate kinase (pmk) and mevalonate 5-diphosphate decarboxylase (mvd). these cdna were shown to functionally complement mva pathway d ...201121655959
a virus-induced gene silencing approach to understanding alkaloid metabolism in catharanthus roseus.the anticancer agents vinblastine and vincristine are bisindole alkaloids derived from coupling vindoline and catharanthine, monoterpenoid indole alkaloids produced exclusively by the madagascar periwinkle (catharanthus roseus). industrial production of vinblastine and vincristine currently relies on isolation from c. roseus leaves, a process that affords these compounds in 0.0003-0.01% yields. metabolic engineering efforts to either improve alkaloid content or provide alternative sources of the ...201121802100
effects of co-administration of methanol leaf extract of catharanthus roseus on the hypoglycemic activity of metformin and glibenclamide in rats.to investigate the interacting effects of co-administration of methanol leaf extract of catharanthus roseus (c. roseus) on the hypoglycemic activity of metformin as well as glibenclamide using experimental rats.201121771702
evaluation of hypolipidemic activity of leaf juice of catharanthus roseus (linn.) g. donn. in guinea pigs.our aim of the study was to evaluate the hypolipidemic activity of leaf juice of catharanthus roseus (linn.) g. donn. in guinea pigs. adult guinea pigs of either sex were divided into seven groups: group 1 - normal diet; group 2 - high fat diet; group 3 and 4 - normal diet plus leaf juice of catharanthus roseus (linn.) g. donn. in the dose of 0.5 and 1 ml/kg, respectively; group 5 and 6- high fat diet with leaf juice of catharanthus roseus (linn.) g. donn. in the dose of 0.5 and 1 ml/kg, respect ...201122125959
interactions between 'candidatus phytoplasma mali' and the apple endophyte epicoccum nigrum in catharanthus roseus plants.we investigated the ultrastructural and molecular interactions between 'candidatus phytoplasma mali' and the apple endophyte epicoccum nigrum in the experimental host catharanthus roseus to determine whether inoculation of endophyte could trigger defence reactions in the host.201121205105
the subcellular organization of strictosidine biosynthesis in catharanthus roseus epidermis highlights several trans-tonoplast translocations of intermediate metabolites.catharanthus roseus synthesizes a wide range of valuable monoterpene indole alkaloids, some of which have recently been recognized as functioning in plant defence mechanisms. more specifically, in aerial organ epidermal cells, vacuole-accumulated strictosidine displays a dual fate, being either the precursor of all monoterpene indole alkaloids after export from the vacuole, or the substrate for a defence mechanism based on the massive protein cross-linking, which occurs subsequent to organelle m ...201121205206
agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transgenic plant production via direct shoot bud organogenesis from pre-plasmolyzed leaf explants of catharanthus roseus.production of agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transgenic plants, via direct shoot bud organogenesis from leaves of catharanthus roseus, is reported. a. tumefaciens harbouring the plasmid pbi121 with gus gene uida and kanamycin resistance gene nptii was used. highest transformation efficiency of 1.4 transgenic shoots/responded explant was obtained when pre-plasmolysed leaves, pre-incubated on shoot bud induction medium for 10 days, were subjected to sonication for 30 s prior to transformation. ...201121207108
molecular docking and pharmacogenomics of vinca alkaloids and their monomeric precursors, vindoline and catharanthine.vinblastine and vincristine are dimeric indole alkaloids derived from catharanthus roseus (formerly: vinca rosea). their monomeric precursor molecules are vindoline and catharanthine. while vinblastine and vincristine are well-known mitotic spindle poisons, not much is known about vindoline and catharanthine. vindoline and catharanthine showed weak cytotoxicity, while vinblastine, vincristine, and the semisynthetic vindesine and vinorelbine revealed high cytotoxicity towards cancer cells. this m ...201121219884
functional analysis of the dat gene promoter using transient catharanthus roseus and stable nicotiana tabacum transformation systems.the catharanthus roseus dat gene encodes the enzyme acetyl-coa:deacetylvindoline-4-o-acetyltransferase involved in the last step of the indole alkaloid pathway leading to vindoline. this gene is characterized by specific cell type expression in idioblasts and laticifers. to understand the specific transcriptional regulation mechanism(s) of dat, several dat promoter gus constructs were cloned into pcambia1305.1. agroinfiltration of different explant types of c. roseus resulted in organ-specific a ...201121308469
apetala2/ethylene response factor and basic helix-loop-helix tobacco transcription factors cooperatively mediate jasmonate-elicited nicotine biosynthesis.transcription factors of the plant-specific apetala2/ethylene response factor (ap2/erf) family control plant secondary metabolism, often as part of signalling cascades induced by jasmonate (ja) or other elicitors. here, we functionally characterized the ja-inducible tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) ap2/erf factor orc1, one of the members of the nic2-locus erfs that control nicotine biosynthesis and a close homologue of orca3, a transcriptional activator of alkaloid biosynthesis in catharanthus roseus ...201121418355
a stereoselective hydroxylation step of alkaloid biosynthesis by a unique cytochrome p450 in catharanthus roseus.plant cytochrome p450s are involved in the production of over a hundred thousand metabolites such as alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenylpropanoids. although cytochrome p450 genes constitute one of the largest superfamilies in plants, many of the catalytic functions of the enzymes they encode remain unknown. here, we report the identification and functional characterization of a cytochrome p450 gene in a new subfamily of cyp71, cyp71bj1, involved in alkaloid biosynthesis. co-expression analysis of ...201121454651
antiproliferative and phytochemical analyses of leaf extracts of ten apocynaceae species.the anticancer properties of apocynaceae species are well known in barks and roots but less so in leaves.201121772753
natural products genomics: a novel approach for the discovery of anti-cancer therapeutics.plants continue to retain some advantages over combinatorial chemistry as sources of novel compounds, for example, they can generate metabolites with a complexity beyond synthetic chemistry. however, this comes with its own problems in production and synthetic modification of these compounds. natural products genomics (npg) aims to access the plants own genomic capacity to increase yields, and modify complex bioactive metabolites, to alleviate these limitations. npg uses a combination of gain of ...201121539926
gene expression profiling of phytoplasma-infected madagascar periwinkle leaves using differential display.phytoplasmas are small (0.2-0.8 μm), wall-less, pleiomorphic prokaryotes responsible of numerous economically important plant diseases. they are characterized by a very small genome and are obligate parasites of phloem tissues and some insects that act as vectors of infection. to investigate molecular mechanisms involved in pathogenesis, the differential display technique was here applied to identify plant genes whose transcription was significantly altered in leaves of madagascar periwinkle (ca ...201120127177
potent α-amylase inhibitory activity of indian ayurvedic medicinal plants.indian medicinal plants used in the ayurvedic traditional system to treat diabetes are a valuable source of novel anti-diabetic agents. pancreatic α-amylase inhibitors offer an effective strategy to lower the levels of post-prandial hyperglycemia via control of starch breakdown. in this study, seventeen indian medicinal plants with known hypoglycemic properties were subjected to sequential solvent extraction and tested for α-amylase inhibition, in order to assess and evaluate their inhibitory po ...201121251279
synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaves of catharanthus roseus linn. g. don and their antiplasmodial activities.to develop a novel approach for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous leaves extracts of catharanthus roseus (c. roseus) linn. g. don which has been proven active against malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum (p. falciparum).201223569974
[endophytic bacterial community analysis of catharanthus roseus and its association with huanglongbing pathogen].to analyze the microbial diversity in healthy and hlb-affected catharanthus roseus under manual-grafting conditions and to find the association between the endophytic bacteria and the hlb pathogen.201222799214
development of transcriptomic resources for interrogating the biosynthesis of monoterpene indole alkaloids in medicinal plant species.the natural diversity of plant metabolism has long been a source for human medicines. one group of plant-derived compounds, the monoterpene indole alkaloids (mias), includes well-documented therapeutic agents used in the treatment of cancer (vinblastine, vincristine, camptothecin), hypertension (reserpine, ajmalicine), malaria (quinine), and as analgesics (7-hydroxymitragynine). our understanding of the biochemical pathways that synthesize these commercially relevant compounds is incomplete due ...201223300689
molecular characterization of the pentacyclic triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway in catharanthus roseus.catharanthus roseus is an important medicinal plant and the sole commercial source of monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (mia), anticancer compounds. recently, triterpenoids like ursolic acid and oleanolic acid have also been found in considerable amounts in c. roseus leaf cuticular wax layer. these simple pentacyclic triterpenoids exhibit various pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and anti-microbial properties. using the est collection from c. roseus leaf epidermome ( ...201222837051
expression patterns of genes involved in the defense and stress response of spiroplasma citri infected madagascar periwinkle catharanthus roseus.madagascar periwinkle is an ornamental and a medicinal plant, and is also an indicator plant that is highly susceptible to phytoplasma and spiroplasma infections from different crops. periwinkle lethal yellows, caused by spiroplasma citri, is one of the most devastating diseases of periwinkle. the response of plants to s. citri infection is very little known at the transcriptome level. in this study, quantitative real-time pcr (rt-qpcr) was used to investigate the expression levels of four selec ...201222408455
development of efficient catharanthus roseus regeneration and transformation system using agrobacterium tumefaciens and hypocotyls as explants.as a valuable medicinal plant, madagascar periwinkle (catharanthus roseus) produces many terpenoid indole alkaloids (tias), such as vindoline, ajamlicine, serpentine, catharanthine, vinblastine and vincristine et al. some of them are important components of drugs treating cancer and hypertension. however, the yields of these tias are low in wild-type plants, and the total chemical synthesis is impractical in large scale due to high-cost and their complicated structures. the recent development of ...201222748182
characterization of an endophytic whorl-forming streptomyces from catharanthus roseus stems producing polyene macrolide antibiotic.an endophytic whorl-forming streptomyces sp. designated as ts3ro having antifungal activity against a large number of fungal pathogens, including sclerotinia sclerotiorum, rhizoctonia solani, colletotrichum gloeosporioides, cryphonectria parasitica, fusarium oxysporum, pyrenophora tritici-repentis, epidermophyton floccosum, and trichophyton rubrum, was isolated from surface-sterilized catharanthus roseus stems. preliminary identification showed that streptomyces cinnamoneus subsp. sparsus was it ...201222524528
receptor-like kinase complexes in plant innate immunity.receptor-like kinases (rlks) are surface localized, transmembrane receptors comprising a large family of well-studied kinases. rlks signal through their transmembrane and juxtamembrane domains with the aid of various interacting partners and downstream components. the n-terminal extracellular domain defines ligand specificity, and rlk families are sub-classed according to this domain. the most studied of these subfamilies include those with (1) leucine-rich repeat (lrr) domains, (2) lysm domains ...201222936944
analysis toward innovative herbal antibacterial and antifungal drugs.the antimicrobial activities of four medicinal plants argemona mexicana, achyranthes aspera, catharanthus roseus, and syzygium cumini were evaluated against escherichia coli, vibrio cholerae, klebsiella pneumoniae, proteus vulgaris, bacillus subtilis, salmonella typhi and three aspergillus species. extracts from achyranthes aspera and catharanthus roseus showed the highest antimicrobial potential (mic 0.375-0.750 mg/ml) while extract from argemona mexicana and syzygium cumini, showed less activi ...201223072646
an protocol for genetic transformation of catharanthus roseus by agrobacterium rhizogenes a4.catharanthus roseus (l.) g. don is a plant species known for its production of a variety of terpenoid indole alkaloids, many of which have pharmacological activities. catharanthine can be chemically coupled to the abundant leaf alkaloid vindoline to form the valuable anticancer drug vinblastine. to study and extract catharanthine and other metabolites from c. roseus, a technique was developed for producing hairy root cultures. in this study, the agrobacterium rhizogenes a4 was induced in the hai ...201222328251
four botanical extracts are toxic to the hispine beetle, brontispa longissima, in laboratory and semi-field trials.the potential of botanical extracts such as celosia argenea l. (caryophyllales: amaranthaceae), ricinus communis l. (malpighiales: euphorbiaceae), mikania micrantha humboldt, bonpland & kunth (astrales: asteraceae), and catharanthus roseus (l.) g. don (gentianales: apocynaceae) for the control of brontispa longissima gestro was evaluated in a bioassay and semi-field trial. dose-response bioassay showed no significant difference in oral-toxicity among the extracts of c. argenea, m. micrantha, and ...201222962939
a single gene encodes isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase isoforms targeted to plastids, mitochondria and peroxisomes in catharanthus roseus.isopentenyl diphosphate isomerases (idi) catalyze the interconversion of the two isoprenoid universal c5 units, isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylally diphosphate, to allow the biosynthesis of the large variety of isoprenoids including both primary and specialized metabolites. this isomerisation is usually performed by two distinct idi isoforms located either in plastids/peroxisomes or mitochondria/peroxisomes as recently established in arabidopsis thaliana mainly accumulating primary isopreno ...201222638903
assessing the limitations to terpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthesis in catharanthus roseus hairy root cultures through gene expression profiling and precursor feeding.the production of pharmaceutically important terpenoid indole alkaloids (tias) from catharanthus roseus is partly regulated at the transcriptional level. in this study, limitations in tia biosynthesis from c. roseus hairy root cultures were assessed through gene expression profiling and precursor feeding. the transcript levels of key tia pathway genes (g10h, tdc, str, and sgd) and metabolite levels associated with the tia pathway (tryptamine, loganin, secologanin, strictosidine, ajmalicine, serp ...201219722248
tubulin-based structure-affinity relationships for antimitotic vinca alkaloids.the vinca alkaloids are a group of widely used anticancer drugs, originally extracted from the madagascar periwinkle, that disrupt microtubule dynamics in mammalian cells by interfering with proper assembly of α,β-tubulin heterodimers. they favor curved tubulin assemblies that destabilize microtubules and induce formation of spiral aggregates. their binding energy profiles have been characterized by means of sedimentation velocity assays and the binding site of vinblastine at the interface betwe ...201222044006
characterization of variation and quantitative trait loci related to terpenoid indole alkaloid yield in a recombinant inbred line mapping population of catharanthus roseus.improved catharanthus roseus cultivars are required for high yields of vinblastine, vindoline and catharanthine and/or serpentine and ajmalicine, the pharmaceutical terpenoid indole alkaloids. an approach to derive them is to map qtl for terpenoid indole alkaloids yields, identify dna markers tightly linked to the qtl and apply marker assisted selection. towards the end, 197 recombinant inbred lines from a cross were grown over two seasons to characterize variability for seven biomass and 23 ter ...201222546825
cytogenetic characterization and genome size of the medicinal plant catharanthus roseus (l.) g. don.catharanthus roseus is a highly valuable medicinal plant producing several terpenoid indole alkaloids (tias) with pharmaceutical applications, including the anticancer agents vinblastine and vincristine. due to the interest in its tias, c. roseus is one of the most extensively studied medicinal plants and has become a model species for the study of plant secondary metabolism. however, very little is known about the cytogenetics and genome size of this species, in spite of their importance for br ...201222479673
cycloheximide as a tool to investigate protein import in peroxisomes: a case study of the subcellular localization of isoprenoid biosynthetic enzymes.cytosolic background fluorescence is often observed when native low-abundance peroxisomal proteins carrying a weak peroxisomal targeting sequence are expressed as fluorescent fusion protein using a strong constitutive promoter in transiently transformed plant cells. this cytosolic fluorescence usually comes from the strong expression of the low-abundance proteins exceeding the peroxisome import efficiency. this often results in a misinterpretation of the protein subcellular localization, as ther ...201222459325
cytotoxic dimeric indole alkaloids from catharanthus roseus.three new dimeric indole alkaloids (1-3), together with five known ones (4-8), were isolated from the whole plants of catharanthus roseus. the structures and absolute configurations of new compounds were elucidated by means of nmr and cd analyses. all these compounds were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic activities against human breast cancer cell line mda-mb-231.201222445552
anticancer drugs from traditional toxic chinese medicines.many anticancer drugs are obtained from natural sources. nature produces a variety of toxic compounds, which are often used as anticancer drugs. up to now, there are at least 120 species of poisonous botanicals, animals and minerals, of which more than half have been found to possess significant anticancer properties. in spite of their clinical toxicity, they exhibit pharmacological effects and have been used as important traditional chinese medicines for the different stages of cancer. the arti ...201222389143
three new monomeric indole alkaloids from the roots of catharanthus roseus.two new alkaloid glycosides (1 and 2) and a new monomeric indole alkaloid (3), together with 13 known ones (4-16), were isolated from the roots of catharanthus roseus. the structures of new compounds were elucidated on the basis of the spectroscopic methods. the absolute configuration of compound 3 was established by the modified mosher's method.201222332772
the cadin-2-en-1β-ol-1β-d-glucuronopyranoside suppresses tpa-mediated matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression through the erk signaling pathway in mcf-7 human breast adenocarcinoma cells.a sesquiterpene glycoside, cadin-2-en-1β-ol-1β-d-glucuronopyranoside (known as cr4-1), was isolated from catharanthus roseus (apocynaceae) hairy root cultures. c. roseus is widely used as an ornamental and medicinal plant and is cultivated mainly for its alkaloids. c. roseus has been reported to have pharmacologic properties such as anti-cancer, enzymatic anti-oxidant, and anti-diabetic effects. in this study, we demonstrated that cr4-1 significantly inhibited the in vitro invasion of mcf-7 huma ...201222293298
phytomedicine versus gonorrhoea: the bapedi experience.records regarding the phytomedicine employed by the bapedi are almost non-existent. this is the first study of herbal remedies used by bapedi traditional healers to treat gonorrhoea, of concern as it is a danger to reproductive health. a semi-structured questionnaire, centred on sexual health, was administered to 30 traditional healers in 15 local municipalities across the three districts of limpopo province during 2009/10. the questionnaire focussed on the use of plants for medicine as well the ...201223983396
medicinal plants used for treatment of diabetes by the marakh sect of the garo tribe living in mymensingh district, bangladesh.diabetes mellitus is an endocrinological disorder arising from insulin deficiency or due to ineffectiveness of the insulin produced by the body. this results in high blood glucose and with time, to neurological, cardiovascular, retinal and renal complications. it is a debilitating disease and affects the population of every country of the world. around 200 million people of the world suffer from this disease and this figure is projected to rise to 300 million in the coming years. the disease can ...201223983370
application of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp)-based technology for authentication of catharanthus roseus (l.) g. don.in this study, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp)-based molecular marker was developed for authentication of catharanthus roseus, a medicinal plant. samples of this plant were collected from different geographical locations in india. random amplified polymorphic deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) analysis of collected samples was carried out with 25 random primers. a 610-bp dna fragment, common to all accessions, was eluted, cloned, and sequenced. four lamp primers were designed on the basis ...201221644004
emerging trends in research on spatial and temporal organization of terpenoid indole alkaloid pathway in catharanthus roseus: a literature update.catharanthus roseus (the madagaskar periwinkle) plant is commercially valued for harbouring more than 130 bioactive terpenoid indole alkaloids (tias). amongst these, two of the leaf-derived bisindole alkaloids-vinblastine and vincristine-are widely used in several anticancer chemotherapies. the great pharmacological values, low in planta occurrence, unavailability of synthetic substitutes and exorbitant market cost of these alkaloids have prompted scientists to understand the basic architecture ...201221630129
alternariol 9-o-methyl ether.the title compound (ame; systematic name: 3,7-dihy-droxy-9-meth-oxy-1-methyl-6h-benzo[c]chromen-6-one), c(15)h(12)o(5), was isolated from an endophytic fungi alternaria sp., from catharanthus roseus (common name: madagascar periwinkle). there is an intramolecular o-h⋯o hydrogen bond in the essentially planar mol-ecule (r.m.s. deviation 0.02 å). in the crystal, the molecule forms an o-h⋯o hydrogen bond with its centrosymmetric counterpart with four bridging inter-actions (two o-h⋯o and two c-h⋯o) ...201222590344
formation of tetrahydrocurcumin by reduction of curcumin with cultured plant cells of marchantia polymorpha.cultured plant cells of marchantia polymorpha, nicotiana tabacum, phytolacca americana, catharanthus roseus, and gossypium hirsutum were examined for their ability to reduce curcumin. only m. polymorpha cells converted curcumin into tetrahydrocurcumin in 90% yield in one day. time-course experiment revealed a two-step formation of tetrahydrocurcumin via dihydrocurcumin.201222574459
from herkogamy to cleistogamy--development of cleistogamy in periwinkle.periwinkle (catharanthus roseus [l.] g. don), an important medicinal plant, is an allogamous species in which the stigma is below the anthers. the receptive portion is at the base of the stigmatic head and thus automatic intra-flower self-pollination is excluded. the structure of the flower is of typical reverse herkogamy and pollination occurs through nectar-seeking insects. a few self-pollinating strains are also reported in which self-pollination is brought about by an increase in length of t ...201223077233
medicinal utilization of exotic plants by bapedi traditional healers to treat human ailments in limpopo province, south africa.most exotic plants are usually labelled as alien invasives and targeted for eradication. however, some of these exotic plants play an important role in the traditional primary healthcare sector of the bapedi culture in the limpopo province of south africa. the medicinal uses of most of these species have neither been documented nor their biological activity evaluated.201223069942
hypoglycemic activity of aqueous extracts from catharanthus roseus.introduction. catharanthus roseus (l.) is used in some countries to treat diabetes. the aim of this study was to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity of extracts from the flower, leaf, stem, and root in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic mice. methods. roots, leaves, flowers, and stems were separated to obtain organic and aqueous extracts. the blood glucose lowering activity of these extracts was determinate in healthy and alloxan-induced (75 mg/kg) diabetic mice, after intraperitoneal administra ...201223056144
in-depth proteome mining of cultured catharanthus roseus cells identifies candidate proteins involved in the synthesis and transport of secondary metabolites.madagascar periwinkle (catharanthus roseus) is the major source of terpenoid indole alkaloids, such as vinblastine or vincristine, used as natural drugs against various cancers. in this study, we have extensively analyzed the proteome of cultured c. roseus cells. comparison of the proteomes of two independent cell lines with different terpenoid indole alkaloid metabolism by 2d-dige revealed 358 proteins that differed quantitatively by at least a twofold average ratio. of these, 172 were identifi ...201223044725
strategies for engineering plant natural products: the iridoid-derived monoterpene indole alkaloids of catharanthus roseus.the manipulation of pathways to make unnatural variants of natural compounds, a process often termed combinatorial biosynthesis, has been robustly successful in prokaryotic systems. the development of approaches to generate new-to-nature compounds from plant-based pathways is, in comparison, much less advanced. success will depend on the specific chemistry of the pathway, as well as on the suitability of the plant system for transformation and genetic manipulation. as plant pathways are elucidat ...201222999175
triple subcellular targeting of isopentenyl diphosphate isomerases encoded by a single gene.isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase (idi) is a key enzyme of the isoprenoid pathway, catalyzing the interconversion of isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate, the universal precursors of all isoprenoids. in plants, several subcellular compartments, including cytosol/er, peroxisomes, mitochondria and plastids, are involved in isoprenoid biosynthesis. here, we report on the unique triple targeting of two catharanthus roseus idi isoforms encoded by a single gene (cridi1). the triple lo ...201222951398
overexpression of orca3 and g10h in catharanthus roseus plants regulated alkaloid biosynthesis and metabolism revealed by nmr-metabolomics.in order to improve the production of the anticancer dimeric indole alkaloids in catharanthuse roseus, much research has been dedicated to culturing cell lines, hairy roots, and efforts to elucidate the regulation of the monoterpenoid indole alkaloid (mia) biosynthesis. in this study, the orca3 (octadecanoid-derivative responsive catharanthus ap2-domain) gene alone or integrated with the g10h (geraniol 10-hydroxylase) gene were first introduced into c. roseus plants. transgenic c. roseus plants ...201222916202
crrlk1l receptor-like kinases: not just another brick in the wall.in plants, receptor-like kinases regulate many processes during reproductive and vegetative development. the arabidopsis subfamily of catharanthus roseus rlk1-like kinases (crrlk1ls) comprises 17 members with a putative extracellular carbohydrate-binding malectin-like domain. only little is known about the functions of these proteins, although mutant analyses revealed a role during cell elongation, polarized growth, and fertilization. however, the molecular nature of the underlying signal transd ...201222884521
glycosylation of trans-resveratrol by plant-cultured cells.plant-cultured cells of catharanthus roseus converted trans-resveratrol into its 3-o-β-d-glucopyranoside, 4'-o-β-d-glucopyranoside, 3-o-(6-o-β-d-xylopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside, and 3-o-(6-o-α-l-arabinopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside. the 3-o-(6-o-β-d-xylopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside and 3-o-(6-o-α-l-arabinopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside compounds of trans-resveratrol are both new. incubation of plant-cultured cells of ipomoea batatas and strophanthus gratus with trans-resveratrol gave trans ...201222878209
crmpk3, a mitogen activated protein kinase from catharanthus roseus and its possible role in stress induced biosynthesis of monoterpenoid indole alkaloids.mitogen activated protein kinase (mapk) cascade is an important signaling cascade that operates in stress signal transduction in plants. the biologically active monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (mia) produced in catharanthus roseus are known to be induced under several abiotic stress conditions such as wounding, uv-b etc. however involvement of any signaling component in the accumulation of mias remains poorly investigated so far. here we report isolation of a novel abiotic stress inducible cathar ...201222871174
[effects of water stress and nitrogen nutrition on regulation of catharanthus roseus alkaloids metabolism].under various drought conditions and nitrogen application, the content of vindoline, catharanthine, vincristine and vinblastine in the leaf of catharanthus roseus were illustrated to improve the content of alkaloid theoretically.201222860440
negative-pressure cavitation extraction of four main vinca alkaloids from catharanthus roseus leaves.in the present study, an improved method termed negative-pressure cavitation extraction (npce) followed by reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (rp-hplc) was developed for the extraction and quantification of vindoline (vdl), catharanthine (ctr), vincristine (vcr) and vinblastine (vlb) from catharanthus roseus leaves. the optimized method employed 60-mesh particles, 80% ethanol, a negative pressure of -0.075 mpa, a solid to liquid ratio of 1:20, 30 min of extraction and three ext ...201222832876
increased availability of tryptophan in 5-methyltryptophan-tolerant shoots of catharanthus roseus and their postharvest in vivo elicitation induces enhanced vindoline production.ten 5-methyltryprophan (5-mt)-resistant multiple shoot culture lines in three genotypes of catharanthus roseus were selected in vitro. the variant shoot lines displayed a differential threshold tolerance limit against the analogue stress, ranged from 20 to 70 mg/l 5-mt in the medium. the lines tolerant to 40 mg/l 5-mt stress were most stable and fast proliferating. all the selected lines in the presence of 5-mt stress recorded increased level of tryptophan in their free amino acid pool. highest ...201222798187
biotransformation of hydroxycoumarin derivatives by cultured suspension cells of catharanthus roseus.using 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin (1), 7-hydroxy-4-phenylcoumarin (2), 5,7-dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin (3), 7,8-dihydroxycoumarin (4) as substrates, three new compounds, 4-methylcoumarin-7-o-beta-d-xylopyranosyl (1 --> 6) beta-d-glucopyranoside (1b), 4-phenylcoumarin-7-o-beta-d-glucopyranosyl (1 --> 6) beta-d-glucopyranoside (2b), 4-methylcoumarin-5,7-o-beta-d-diglucoside (3b), along with four known compounds (1a, 2a, 3a and 4a) were biosynthesized by the cell suspension cultures of catharanthus r ...201222764584
cdna-aflp-based numerical comparison of leaf and root organ cdnas in catharanthus roseus.comparative transcriptome study of the leaf and root tissues of catharanthus roseus is a prerequisite for causing any favorable tissue-specific change in the secondary metabolism of this species. this study was aimed at comparative analysis of the leaf and root cdnas in c. roseus, using a cdna-aflp approach. using 64 primer combinations (ecori and msei), a total of 784 distinct transcriptionally-defined fragments (tdfs) could be detected in the root and leaf tissue transcript populations. the le ...201222734886
down-regulation of the crhpt1 histidine phosphotransfer protein prevents cytokinin-mediated up-regulation of crdxr, and crg10h transcript levels in periwinkle cell cultures.in catharanthus roseus cell cultures, cytokinins (ck) improve monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (mias) accumulation. this metabolite production is correlated with an increase of transcripts corresponding to genes encoding both elements of the ck-signaling pathway and enzymes implicated in mias biosynthesis. however, it has not been demonstrated that the ck signal, leading to mias accumulation, comes through components identified as belonging to the ck-signaling pathway. in this work, we addressed t ...201222714908
effect of elicitor dosage and exposure time on biosynthesis of indole alkaloids by catharanthus roseus hairy root cultures.late exponential phase hairy root cultures of catharanthus roseus were elicited with pectinase and jasmonic acid. the effects of elicitor concentration and exposure time on growth and levels of several compounds in the indole alkaloid biosynthetic pathway were monitored. pectinase decreased the fresh weight to dry weight ratio of the roots, while addition of jasmonic acid had no significant effect. selective effects on indole alkaloid yields were observed upon addition of elicitors. an increase ...20129622525
characterization of an inducible promoter system in catharanthus roseus hairy roots.transgenic hairy root cultures of catharanthus roseus were established with a glucocorticoid-inducible promoter controlling the expression of green fluorescent protein (gfp), and gfp expression was characterized. the inducible system shows a tightly controlled, reversible, and dosage-dependent response to the glucocorticoid dexamethasone in c. roseus hairy roots. full induction was noted after 12-18 h in the mature regions of the root tips and after 6 h in the meristem tissue. upon removal of th ...201312467449
role of the non-mevalonate pathway in indole alkaloid production by catharanthus roseus hairy roots.the 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate (dxp) pathway (non-mevalonate pathway) leading to terpenoids via isopentenyl diphosphate (ipp) has been shown to occur in most bacteria and in all higher plants. treatment with the antibiotic fosmidomycin, a specific inhibitor of dxp reductoisomerase, considerably inhibited the accumulation of the alkaloids ajmalicine, tabersonine, and lochnericine by catharanthus roseus hairy root cultures in the exponential growth phase. however, fosmidomycin did not signific ...201312790690
plant cell culture monitoring using an in situ multiwavelength fluorescence probe.a multiwavelength fluorescence probe is proposed for in situ monitoring of eschscholtzia californica and catharanthus roseus plant cell cultures. the potential of the probe as a tool for real-time estimation of biomass and production in secondary metabolites has been studied. the probe excitation range is 270-550 nm and the emission range is 310-590 nm, with a step of 20 nm for both excitation and emission filters. many endogenous fluorophores such as nad(p)h, riboflavins (riboflavin and derivat ...201315801802
catharanthus alkaloids. xxxvi. isolation of vincaleukoblastine (vlb) and periformyline from catharanthus trichophyllus and pericyclivine from catharanthus roseus. 20137264682
[therapeutic action of the alkaloids of catharanthus roseus (vinca rosea) on hodgkin's disease and acute leukosis]. 201314190930
catharanthus roseus tissue culture: the effects of medium modifications on growth and alkaloid production.a number of nutritional factors as well as the growth factors 2,4-d and iaa were studied to determine their influence on growth and alkaloid formation in catharanthus roseus suspension cultures. the optimal 2,4-d concentration for growth and alkaloid production was 1 mg/liter. with iaa, both 0.5 and 2.0 mg/liter in media produced tissue growth comparable to tissue receiving 1 mg/liter 2,4-d; however, qualitative and quantitative differences in alkaloid production were observed. media formulation ...2013895391
tryptophan over-producing cell suspensions of catharanthus roseus (l) g. don and their up-scaling in stirred tank bioreactor: detection of a phenolic compound with antioxidant potential.five cell suspension lines of catharanthus roseus resistant to 5-methyl tryptophan (5-mt; an analogue of tryptophan) were selected and characterized for growth, free tryptophan content and terpenoid indole alkaloid accumulation. these lines showed differential tolerance to analogue-induced growth inhibition by 30 to 70 mg/l 5-mt supplementation (ld(50) = 7-15 mg/l). lines p40, d40, n30, d50 and p70 recorded growth indices (i.e. percent increment over the initial inoculum weight) of 840.9, 765.0, ...201322678752
dodder transmission of phytoplasmas.transmission of phytoplasmas from naturally infected plant host species using the parasitic plant cuscuta spp. (dodder) to catharanthus roseus (madagascar periwinkle) is an effective way to maintain a wide range of phytoplasmas for further research. here, we describe transmission via dodder from an infected medicinal plant rehmannia glutinosa var. purpurea and from a symptomatic redcurrant plant (ribes spp.) to c. roseus indicator plants using a "stable bridges" method. in both cases, typical sy ...201322987404
micropropagation and maintenance of phytoplasmas in tissue culture.maintenance of phytoplasma strains in tissue culture is achievable for all strains transmitted to periwinkle (catharanthus roseus), and also for other naturally infected plant host species. shoots of 1-3 cm length are grown in a solid medium containing murashige and skoog (ms) micro- and macroelements and 0.12 mg/l benzylaminopurine. the continued presence of phytoplasmas in infected shoots of periwinkle that have been maintained in micropropagation for up to 20 years can be shown by diagnostic ...201322987403
techniques for the maintenance and propagation of phytoplasmas in glasshouse collections of catharanthus roseus.phytoplasma collections are a vital resource for researchers and diagnosticians studying phytoplasma diseases. they provide material as a point of reference and a research tool to increase our understanding of phytoplasmas and the diseases they cause. this chapter describes the techniques required to create and maintain collections of phytoplasma-infected catharanthus roseus (madagascar periwinkle).201322987402
analysis of the interface between primary and secondary metabolism in catharanthus roseus cell cultures using (13)c-stable isotope feeding and coupled mass spectrometry. 201323253601
the traditional medical uses and cytotoxic activities of sixty-one egyptian plants: discovery of an active cardiac glycoside from urginea maritima.medicinal plants from the sinai desert are widely used in traditional bedouin medicine to treat a range of conditions including, cancers, and may thus be useful sources of novel anti-tumor compounds. information on plants used in this way was obtained through collaboration with bedouin herbalists.201323228916
synergistic and cytotoxic action of indole alkaloids produced from elicited cell cultures of catharanthus roseus.catharanthus roseus (l.) g. don (apocynaceae) is a medicinal plant that produces more than 130 alkaloids, with special attention given to the production of the anti-hypertensive monomeric indole alkaloids, serpentine and ajmalicine, and the antitumor dimeric alkaloids, vinblastine and vincristine.201323137274
vincristine induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in sh-sy5y human neuroblastoma cells.neuroblastoma is a common childhood tumor. vincristine (vcr), an alkaloid extracted from catharanthus roseus, is commonly used in combination chemotherapy. however, the mechanisms of vcr-induced neuroblastoma cell death are not clear. the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of vcr on mitosis and apoptosis of sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells and the underlying mechanisms. sh-sy5y cells were treated with increasing vcr doses for different time points. cell proliferation was detected using t ...201323129065
atp-binding cassette transporter controls leaf surface secretion of anticancer drug components in catharanthus roseus.the madagascar periwinkle (catharanthus roseus) is highly specialized for the biosynthesis of many different monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (mias), many of which have powerful biological activities. such mias include the commercially important chemotherapy drugs vinblastine, vincristine, and other synthetic derivatives that are derived from the coupling of catharanthine and vindoline. however, previous studies have shown that biosynthesis of these mias involves extensive movement of metabolites ...201324019465
natural product vindoline stimulates insulin secretion and efficiently ameliorates glucose homeostasis in diabetic murine models.catharanthus roseus (l). don (catharanthus roseus) is a traditional anti-diabetic herb widely used in many countries, and the alkaloids of catharanthus roseus are considered to possess hypoglycemic ability.201324012527
glucosylation of taxifolin with cultured plant cells.cultured plant cells of eucalyptus perriniana glucosylated taxifolin to its 3'- and 7-o-beta-d-glucosides and 3',7-o-beta-d-diglucoside. on the other hand, taxifolin was converted into 3'- and 7-o-beta-d-glucosides by cultured cells of nicotiana tabacum and catharanthus roseus.201323980419
promoter analysis reveals cis-regulatory motifs associated with the expression of the wrky transcription factor crwrky1 in catharanthus roseus.wrky transcription factors (tfs) are emerging as an important group of regulators of plant secondary metabolism. however, the cis-regulatory elements associated with their regulation have not been well characterized. we have previously demonstrated that crwrky1, a member of subgroup iii of the wrky tf family, regulates biosynthesis of terpenoid indole alkaloids in the ornamental and medicinal plant, catharanthus roseus. here, we report the isolation and functional characterization of the crwrky1 ...201323979312
jasmonate-dependent alkaloid biosynthesis in catharanthus roseus hairy root cultures is correlated with the relative expression of orca and zct transcription factors.the effects of methyl jasmonate (mj) dosage on terpenoid indole alkaloid (tia) biosynthesis in catharanthus roseus are correlated with the relative levels of specific mj-responsive transcription factors. in this study, the expression of transcription factors (orca, zct, gbf, myc2, at-hook, and wrky1), tia pathway genes (g10h, tdc, str, and sgd), and tia metabolites (secologanin, strictosidine, and tabersonine) were investigated in c. roseus hairy root cultures elicited with a range of mj dosages ...201323970483
antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of alkaloids from catharanthus roseus (l.) g. don.catharanthus roseus (l.) g. don is a herbal plant traditionally used by local populations in india, south africa, china and malaysia to treat diabetes. the present study reports the in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of the major alkaloids isolated from catharanthus roseus (l.) g. don leaves extract. four alkaloids--vindoline i, vindolidine ii, vindolicine iii and vindolinine iv--were isolated and identified from the dichloromethane extract (de) of this plant's leaves. de and compo ...201323955322
a pair of tabersonine 16-hydroxylases initiates the synthesis of vindoline in an organ-dependent manner in catharanthus roseus.hydroxylation of tabersonine at the c-16 position, catalyzed by tabersonine 16-hydroxylase (t16h), initiates the synthesis of vindoline that constitutes the main alkaloid accumulated in leaves of catharanthus roseus. over the last decade, this reaction has been associated with cyp71d12 cloned from undifferentiated c. roseus cells. in this study, we isolated a second cytochrome p450 (cyp71d351) displaying t16h activity. biochemical characterization demonstrated that cyp71d12 and cyp71d351 both ex ...201324108213
a 7-deoxyloganetic acid glucosyltransferase contributes a key step in secologanin biosynthesis in madagascar periwinkle.iridoids form a broad and versatile class of biologically active molecules found in thousands of plant species. in addition to the many hundreds of iridoids occurring in plants, some iridoids, such as secologanin, serve as key building blocks in the biosynthesis of thousands of monoterpene indole alkaloids (mias) and many quinoline alkaloids. this study describes the molecular cloning and functional characterization of three iridoid glucosyltransfeases (udp-sugar glycosyltransferase6 [ugt6], ugt ...201324104568
the orca2 transcription factor plays a key role in regulation of the terpenoid indole alkaloid pathway.the terpenoid indole alkaloid (tia) pathway leads to the production of pharmaceutically important drugs, such as the anticancer compounds vinblastine and vincristine. unfortunately, these drugs are produced in trace amounts, causing them to be very costly. to increase production of these drugs, an improved understanding of the tia regulatory pathway is needed. towards this end, transgenic catharanthus roseus hairy roots that overexpress the orca2 tia transcriptional activator were generated and ...201324099172
computational identification of micrornas and their targets in catharanthus roseus expressed sequence tags.no study has been performed on identifying micrornas (mirnas) and their targets in the medicinal plant, catharanthus roseus. in the present study, using the comparative genomics approach, we have predicted two potential c. roseus mirnas. furthermore, twelve potential mrna targets were identified in c. roseus genome based on the characteristics that mirnas exhibit perfect or nearly perfect complementarity with their targeted mrna sequences. among them many of the targets were predicted to encode ...201326484050
7-o-methylpelargonidin glycosides from the pale red flowers of catharanthus roseus.two new anthocyanidin glycosides were isolated from the pale red flowers of catharanthus roseus 'equator apricot with red eye', and identified as 7-o-methylpelargonidin 3-o-[6-o-(alpha-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-galactopyranoside] and 7-o-methylpelargonidin 3-o-(beta-galactopyranoside) by chemical and spectroscopic methods.201324079176
in vitro plant propagation of catharanthus roseus and assessment of genetic fidelity of micropropagated plants by rapd marker assay.an investigation was carried out to develop an efficient micropropagation protocol for catharanthus roseus. experiments were conducted to optimize suitable media for in vitro shoot multiplication and root induction. out of the different media compared for in vitro shoot multiplication, murashige and skoog (ms) medium supplemented with 1 mg/l of 6-benzylaminopurine and 0.2 mg/l α-naphthaleneacetic acid showed better response in terms of the emergence of shoots from axillary buds as well as prolif ...201323292901
effect of sodium nitroprusside on growth and terpenoid indole alkaloid production in catharanthus roseus hairy root cultures.nitric oxide (no) is known as a signaling molecule involved in elicitor-induced defense responses of plants. sodium nitroprusside (snp), a donor of no, stimulates catharanthine formation in catharanthus roseus cells.1 two important terpenoid indole alkaloids produced in small quantities within c. roseus are vinblastine and vincristine which are being used clinically as anticancer drugs. we are interested in engineering c. roseus hairy roots to increase the production of the tias. the present wor ...201321567990
'candidatus phytoplasma malaysianum', a novel taxon associated with virescence and phyllody of madagascar periwinkle (catharanthus roseus).this study addressed the taxonomic position and group classification of a phytoplasma responsible for virescence and phyllody symptoms in naturally diseased madagascar periwinkle plants in western malaysia. unique regions in the 16s rrna gene from the malaysian periwinkle virescence (mapv) phytoplasma distinguished the phytoplasma from all previously described 'candidatus phytoplasma' species. pairwise sequence similarity scores, calculated through alignment of full-length 16s rrna gene sequence ...201322523165
dynamic flux cartography of hairy roots primary metabolism.a dynamic model for plant cell and hairy root primary metabolism is presented. the model includes nutrient uptake (pi, sugars, nitrogen sources), the glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathways, the tca cycle, amino acid biosynthesis, respiratory chain, biosynthesis of cell building blocks (structural hexoses, organic acids, lipids, and organic phosphated molecules). the energy shuttles (atp, adp) and cofactors (nad/h, nadp/h) are also included. the model describes the kinetics of 44 biochemical r ...201317555780
effect of the engineered indole pathway on accumulation of phenolic compounds in catharanthus roseus hairy roots.catharanthus roseus has been well-known to contain indole alkaloids effective for treatment of diverse cancers. we examined the intracellular accumulation profiles of phenolic compounds in response to ectopic overexpression of tryptophan feedback-resistant anthranilate synthase holoenzyme (asalphabeta) in c. roseus hairy roots. among 13 phenolic compounds measured, 6 phenolic compounds were detected in late exponential phase asalphabeta hairy roots. uninduced and induced asalphabeta hairy roots ...201317256967
comprehensive protein-based artificial microrna screens for effective gene silencing in plants.artificial microrna (amirna) approaches offer a powerful strategy for targeted gene manipulation in any plant species. however, the current unpredictability of amirna efficacy has limited broad application of this promising technology. to address this, we developed epitope-tagged protein-based amirna (etpamir) screens, in which target mrnas encoding epitope-tagged proteins were constitutively or inducibly coexpressed in protoplasts with amirna candidates targeting single or multiple genes. this ...201323645631
biochemical evaluation of the decarboxylation and decarboxylation-deamination activities of plant aromatic amino acid decarboxylases.plant aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (aaad) enzymes are capable of catalyzing either decarboxylation or decarboxylation-deamination on various combinations of aromatic amino acid substrates. these two different activities result in the production of arylalkylamines and the formation of aromatic acetaldehydes, respectively. variations in product formation enable individual enzymes to play different physiological functions. despite these catalytic variations, arylalkylamine and aldehyde synthes ...201323204519
geraniol hydroxylase and hydroxygeraniol oxidase activities of the cyp76 family of cytochrome p450 enzymes and potential for engineering the early steps of the (seco)iridoid pathway.the geraniol-derived (seco)iridoid skeleton is a precursor for a large group of bioactive compounds with diverse therapeutic applications, including the widely used anticancer molecule vinblastine. despite of this economic prospect, the pathway leading to iridoid biosynthesis from geraniol is still unclear. the first geraniol hydroxylation step has been reported to be catalyzed by cytochrome p450 enzymes such as cyp76b6 from catharanthus roseus and cyp76c1 from arabidopsis thaliana. in the prese ...201323933465
reverse zymography alone does not confirm presence of a protease inhibitor.reverse zymography is applied for identification and semi-quantification of protease inhibitors that are of protein in nature. however, a protein that shows band in reverse zymography against a protease used for digestion of the gel need not be an inhibitor; it might be resistant to degradation by the protease. we demonstrate that in reverse zymography, avidin, streptavidin and the leaf extract of catharanthus roseus behave like inhibitors of proteases like papain, ficin, bromelain extracts from ...201323417772
exotic and indigenous problem plants species used, by the bapedi, to treat sexually transmitted infections in limpopo province, south africa.the ethnic usage of exotics and indigenous problem plants is a highly debated topic, as legislative requirements over-shadow their potential medicinal value, particularly to treat sexually transmitted infections (stis). limited information exists regarding their medicinal value among the bapedi.201324235930
divergent dna-binding specificities of a group of ethylene response factor transcription factors involved in plant defense.transcription factors (tfs) recognize target dna sequences with distinct dna-binding domains (dbds). the dbd of arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) ethylene response factor1 (aterf1) uses three consecutive β-strands to recognize a gcc-containing sequence, but tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) erf189 and periwinkle (catharanthus roseus) octadecanoid-derivative responsive catharanthus ap2-domain protein3 (orca3) of the same tf subgroup appear to target similar but divergent dna sequences. here, we examin ...201323629834
vinca alkaloids.vinca alkaloids are a subset of drugs obtained from the madagascar periwinkle plant. they are naturally extracted from the pink periwinkle plant, catharanthus roseus g. don and have a hypoglycemic as well as cytotoxic effects. they have been used to treat diabetes, high blood pressure and have been used as disinfectants. the vinca alkaloids are also important for being cancer fighters. there are four major vinca alkaloids in clinical use: vinblastine (vbl), vinorelbine (vrl), vincristine (vcr) a ...201324404355
cytosine hypomethylation at chg and chh sites in the pleiotropic mutants of mendelian inheritance in catharanthus roseus.the 5s and 18s rdna sequences of catharanthus roseus cv 'nirmal' (wild type) and its leafless inflorescence (lli), evergreen dwarf (egd) and irregular leaf lamina (ill) single mutants and lli egd, lli ill and egd ill double mutants were characterized. the lli, egd and ill mutants of mendelian inheritance bore the names after their most conspicuous morphological feature(s). they had been chemically induced and isolated for their salt tolerance. the double mutants were isolated as morphological se ...201324371171
pleiotropic phenotypes of the salt-tolerant and cytosine hypomethylated leafless inflorescence, evergreen dwarf and irregular leaf lamina mutants of catharanthus roseus possessing mendelian inheritance.in catharanthus roseus, three morphological cum salt-tolerant chemically induced mutants of mendelian inheritance and their wild-type parent cv nirmal were characterized for overall cytosine methylation at dna repeats, expression of 119 protein coding and seven mirna-coding genes and 50 quantitative traits. the mutants, named after their principal morphological feature(s), were leafless inflorescence (lli), evergreen dwarf (egd) and irregular leaf lamina (ill). the southern-blot analysis of mspi ...201324371160
understanding the molecular signatures in leaves and flowers by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (desi ms) imaging.the difference in size, shape, and chemical cues of leaves and flowers display the underlying genetic makeup and their interactions with the environment. the need to understand the molecular signatures of these fragile plant surfaces is illustrated with a model plant, madagascar periwinkle (catharanthus roseus (l.) g. don). flat, thin layer chromatographic imprints of leaves/petals were imaged using desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (desi ms), and the results were compared wit ...201323848451
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