| screening of a peanut (arachis hypogaea l.) cdna library to isolate a bowman-birk trypsin inhibitor clone. | peanut crop losses due to insect and pest infestation cost peanut farmers nearly 20% of their annual yields. the conventional use of chemicals to combat this problem is costly and toxic to humans and livestock and leads to the development of resistance by target insects. transgenic plants expressing a trypsin inhibitor gene in tobacco and cowpea have proven to be efficient for resistance against insects. therefore, a transgenic peanut overexpressing a trypsin inhibitor gene could be an alternati ... | 2005 | 15769131 |
| synthesis of infectious in vitro transcripts from cassia yellow blotch bromovirus cdna clones and a reassortment analysis with other bromoviruses in protoplasts. | cassia yellow blotch virus (cybv), genus bromovirus, was isolated from the australian native legume, cassia pleurocarpa, in western queensland, and its host range was found to be distinct from other bromoviruses. in this study, cybv was shown to infect systemically and efficiently a model plant species, arabidopsis thaliana, as we recently reported for another bromovirus, spring beauty latent virus (sblv). we constructed full-length cdna clones of cybv genomic rnas from which infectious in vitro ... | 2005 | 15770356 |
| purification of a lectin from the marine red alga gracilaria ornata and its effect on the development of the cowpea weevil callosobruchus maculatus (coleoptera: bruchidae). | a lectin from the marine red alga gracilaria ornata (gracilariaceae, rodophyta) was purified and characterized. the purification procedure consisted of extracting soluble proteins in 0.025 m tris-hcl buffer, ph 7.5, followed by ammonium sulfate precipitation (70% saturation), ion exchange chromatography on deae-cellulose and affinity chromatography on mucin-sepharose 4b. the purified g. ornata lectin (gol) showed a single protein band with an apparent molecular mass of 17 kda when submitted to s ... | 2005 | 15869843 |
| coat protein-independent cell-to-cell movement of bromoviruses expressing brome mosaic virus movement protein with an adaptation-related amino acid change in the central region. | the movement protein (mp) of brome mosaic virus (bmv) depends on the coat protein (cp) to mediate the cell-to-cell movement of bmv and ccmv(b3a), a recombinant cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) expressing bmv mp. previous studies identified gain-of-function mutations in the central region of bmv mp that enable ccmv(b3a) to adapt to a resistant host. this study demonstrates that all adaptation-related mps can partially or almost fully mediate the cell-to-cell movement of ccmv(b3a) and bmv with ... | 2005 | 15906103 |
| in vivo bioinsecticidal activity toward ceratitis capitata (fruit fly) and callosobruchus maculatus (cowpea weevil) and in vitro bioinsecticidal activity toward different orders of insect pests of a trypsin inhibitor purified from tamarind tree (tamarindus indica) seeds. | a proteinaceous inhibitor with high activity against trypsin-like serine proteinases was purified from seeds of the tamarind tree (tamarindus indica) by gel filtration on shephacryl s-200 followed by a reverse-phase hplc vidac c18 tp. the inhibitor, called the tamarind trypsin inhibitor (tti), showed a mr of 21.42 kda by mass spectrometry analysis. tti was a noncompetitive inhibitor with a ki value of 1.7 x 10(-9) m. in vitro bioinsecticidal activity against insect digestive enzymes from differe ... | 2005 | 15913299 |
| normal mode calculations of icosahedral viruses with full dihedral flexibility by use of molecular symmetry. | the study of the dynamics and thermodynamics of small icosahedral virus capsids is an active field of research. normal mode analysis is one of the computational tools that can provide important insights into the conformational changes of the virus associated with cell entry or caused by changing of the physicochemical environment. normal mode analysis of virus capsids has been limited due to the size of these systems, which often exceed 50,000 residues. here we present the first normal mode calc ... | 2005 | 15922356 |
| absence of interaction of genomic components and complementation between mungbean yellow mosaic india virus isolates in cowpea. | agroinoculations were performed with dna a and dna b components of mungbean yellow mosaic india virus (mymiv) isolates differing in their infectivity on cowpea. exchange of genomic components of the mymiv isolates occurred in all the leguminous species but not in cowpea. extremely low viral dna accumulation and atypical leaf curl symptoms produced by reassortants in cowpea suggest barriers both for replication and systemic movement despite genetic similarity. | 2005 | 15931466 |
| [fusion expression, purification and bioactivity assay of cpti in escherichia coli]. | cpti (cowpea trypsin inhibitor) is a widely used insect resistance gene in the plant genetic engineering for its high insecticidal activity and the minimal ability of the insects to evolve resistance to it. to facilitate the safety assessment of genetically modified foods (gmfs) with cpti protein, we need to produce gram quantities of this protein in microbes. with the pgex fusion expression system, we expressed the gst-cpti protein in e. coli bl21, which accounted for approximately 40% of germ ... | 2003 | 15969038 |
| guab activity is required in rhizobium tropici during the early stages of nodulation of determinate nodules but is dispensable for the sinorhizobium meliloti-alfalfa symbiotic interaction. | the guab mutant strain rhizobium tropici ciat8999-10t is defective in symbiosis with common bean, forming nodules that lack rhizobial content. in order to investigate the timing of the guab requirement during the nodule formation on the host common bean by the strain ciat899-10.t, we constructed gene fusions in which the guab gene is expressed under the control of the symbiotic promoters noda, baca, and nifh. our data indicated that the guab is required from the early stages of nodulation becaus ... | 2005 | 16042020 |
| identification and quantification of three genetically modified insect resistant cotton lines using conventional and taqman real-time polymerase chain reaction methods. | as the genetically modified organisms (gmos) labeling policies are issued in many countries, qualitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (pcr) techniques are increasingly used for the detection of genetically modified (gm) crops in foods. qualitative pcr and taqman real-time quantitative pcr methods to detect and identify three varieties of insect resistant cotton, i.e., mon531 cotton (monsanto co.) and gk19 and sgk321 cottons (chinese academy of agricultural sciences), which were app ... | 2005 | 16076097 |
| immunodiagnosis of groundnut and watermelon bud necrosis viruses using polyclonal antiserum to recombinant nucleocapsid protein of groundnut bud necrosis virus. | in vitro gene expression strategy was used for the production of polyclonal antiserum to the nucleocapsid protein (np) of groundnut bud necrosis virus (gbnv). the gbnv np gene from cowpea isolate was cloned into 6x his-tagged ua cloning vector and expressed in escherichia coli [m15] cells. the fusion protein was detected in insoluble fraction and was purified by using ni-nta agarose resin. the purified 6x his-fusion protein ( approximately 32 kda) was used for immunisation to produce a high titr ... | 2005 | 16095728 |
| the use of viral vectors to produce hepatitis b virus core particles in plants. | the expression and assembly of the hepatitis b virus (hbv) nucleocapsid protein (hbcag) were investigated in plants using viral vectors. constructs based on either potato virus x (pvx) or cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) containing the sequence of hbcag were able to infect the appropriate host plants and remained genetically stable during infection. analysis of hbcag expression revealed that the protein can self-assemble into core-like particles and that the assembled material could be partially purif ... | 2006 | 16112207 |
| characterization of resistance to callosobruchus maculatus (coleoptera: bruchidae) in mungbean variety vc6089a and its resistance-associated protein vrd1. | characteristics of resistance of vc6089a, a mungbean, vigna radiata (l.) wilczek, bred by using a wild vigna species, v. sublobata (roxburgh) verdcourt (accession no. tc1966), and containing a novel protein, vrd1, were investigated against the cowpea weevil, callosobruchus maculatus (f.). the seeds of vc6089a showed high level of resistance; > 96% of the bruchid eggs failed to develop into adults, whereas 85% of eggs laid on susceptible cultivar vc1973a became adults. mortality of surviving bruc ... | 2005 | 16156592 |
| structural characterization of a flavonoid-inducible pseudomonas aeruginosa a-band-like o antigen of rhizobium sp. strain ngr234, required for the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules. | rhizobium (sinorhizobium) sp. strain ngr234 contains three replicons, the smallest of which (pngr234a) carries most symbiotic genes, including those required for nodulation and lipo-chito-oligosaccharide (nod factor) biosynthesis. activation of nod gene expression depends on plant-derived flavonoids, nodd transcriptional activators, and nod box promoter elements. nod boxes nb6 and nb7 delimit six different types of genes, one of which (fixf) is essential for the formation of effective nodules on ... | 2005 | 16159781 |
| production, acceptability and microbiological evaluation of weaning food formulations. | weaning food formulations were produced from pearl millet cultivar (sosat c-88), cowpea and groundnut in the ratio of 70:20:10 and 5 per cent malt from six pearl millet cultivars (sosat c-88, zango, ex-borno, icmv is 94206, gwagwa, gb 8735) and one sorghum cultivar (icsv iii) were added to produce seven formulations plus the one without malt. microbiological quality of eight weaning food formulations was evaluated. twenty weaning mothers were used to determine the acceptability of gruels from th ... | 2006 | 16169859 |
| the strigolactone germination stimulants of the plant-parasitic striga and orobanche spp. are derived from the carotenoid pathway. | the seeds of parasitic plants of the genera striga and orobanche will only germinate after induction by a chemical signal exuded from the roots of their host. up to now, several of these germination stimulants have been isolated and identified in the root exudates of a series of host plants of both orobanche and striga spp. in most cases, the compounds were shown to be isoprenoid and belong to one chemical class, collectively called the strigolactones, and suggested by many authors to be sesquit ... | 2005 | 16183851 |
| systemic trafficking of plant virus nanoparticles in mice via the oral route. | the plant virus, cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), is increasingly being used as a nanoparticle platform for multivalent display of peptides. a growing variety of applications have employed the cpmv display technology including vaccines, antiviral therapeutics, nanoblock chemistry, and materials science. cpmv chimeras can be inexpensively produced from experimentally infected cowpea plants and are completely stable at 37 degrees c and low ph, suggesting that they could be used as edible or mucosally-d ... | 2005 | 16185741 |
| relationships of intercropped maize, stem borer damage to maize yield and land-use efficiency in the humid forest of cameroon. | stem borers are the most important maize pests in the humid forest zone of cameroon. field trials were conducted in the long and short rainy seasons of 2002 and 2003 to assess the level of damage and yield reductions caused by stem borers in monocropped maize and in maize intercropped with non-host plants such as cassava, cowpea and soybean. the intercrops were planted in two spatial arrangements, i.e. alternating hills or alternating rows. all intercrops and the maize monocrop were grown with a ... | 2005 | 16197562 |
| development of cowpea mosaic virus-based vectors for the production of vaccines in plants. | plant viruses are emerging as an attractive alternative to stable genetic transformation for the expression of foreign proteins in plants. the main advantages of using this strategy are that viral genomes are small and easy to manipulate, infection of plants with modified viruses is simpler and quicker than the regeneration of stably transformed plants and the sequence inserted into a virus vector will be highly amplified. one use of these virus expression systems is for vaccine production. amon ... | 2005 | 16221070 |
| cloning, restriction mapping and phylogenetic relationship of genomic components of mymiv from lablab purpureus. | the present work describes cloning of genomic components of whitefly transmitted geminivirus infecting lablab purpureus syn. dolichos lablab (commonly known as dolichos bean or hyacinth bean). the genome characterization using pcr with geminiviral degenerate primers and dna sequencing were used to describe the bipartite virus associated with yellow mosaic disease of dolichos lablab. full-length dna-a and dna-b clones were obtained. the dna-a sequence analysis showed that the isolate was similar ... | 2006 | 16242317 |
| genetic transformation of cowpea (vigna unguiculata l.) and stable transmission of the transgenes to progeny. | cowpeas are nutritious grains that provide the main source of protein, highly digestible energy and vitamins to some of the world's poorest people. the demand for cowpeas is high but yields remain critically low, largely because of insect pests. cowpea germplasm contains little or no resistance to major insect pests and a gene technology approach to adding insect protection traits is now a high priority. we have adapted features of several legume and other transformation systems and reproducibly ... | 2006 | 16244884 |
| symbiotic hydrogenase activity in bradyrhizobium sp. (vigna) increases nitrogen content in vigna unguiculata plants. | bradyrhizobium sp. (lupinus) and bradyrhizobium sp. (vigna) mutants in which hydrogenase (hup) activity was affected were constructed and analyzed. vigna unguiculata plants inoculated with the bradyrhizobium sp. (vigna) hup mutant showed reduced nitrogenase activity and also a significant decrease in nitrogen content, suggesting a relevant contribution of hydrogenase activity to plant yield. | 2005 | 16269797 |
| electrostatic properties of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus and cucumber mosaic virus capsids. | electrostatic properties of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) and cucumber mosaic virus (cmv) were investigated using numerical solutions to the poisson-boltzmann equation. experimentally, it has been shown that ccmv particles swell in the absence of divalent cations when the ph is raised from 5 to 7. cmv, although structurally homologous, does not undergo this transition. an analysis of the calculated electrostatic potential confirms that a strong electrostatic repulsion at the calcium-bindi ... | 2006 | 16278831 |
| cell-to-cell movement of alfalfa mosaic virus can be mediated by the movement proteins of ilar-, bromo-, cucumo-, tobamo- and comoviruses and does not require virion formation. | rna 3 of alfalfa mosaic virus (amv) encodes the movement protein (mp) and coat protein (cp). chimeric rna 3 with the amv mp gene replaced by the corresponding mp gene of prunus necrotic ringspot virus, brome mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus or cowpea mosaic virus efficiently moved from cell-to-cell only when the expressed mp was extended at its c-terminus with the c-terminal 44 amino acids of amv mp. mp of tobacco mosaic virus supported the movement of the chimeric rna 3 whether or not the mp ... | 2006 | 16316673 |
| the potyvirus associated with the dappled fruit of passiflora edulis in kagoshima prefecture, japan is the third strain of the proposed new species east asian passiflora virus (eapv) phylogenetically distinguished from strains of passion fruit woodiness virus. | a potyvirus (isolate ib) causing dappled or faded fruits and foliar mosaic symptoms of purple passionfruit, was found in the botanical garden of kagoshima university, japan. this isolate--differed in host range from isolates of passion fruit woodiness virus (pwv)-ao, previously reported to cause "woodiness" in japan. isolates ib and ao had 83% amino acid identity in their coat proteins (cps). in phylogenetic analysis, east asian isolates ib, ao, and pwv-taiwan clustered together, and were distin ... | 2006 | 16328141 |
| nodulation of acacia species by fast- and slow-growing tropical strains of rhizobium. | thirteen acacia species were classified into three groups according to effective nodulation response patterns with fast- and slow-growing tropical strains of rhizobium. the first group nodulated effectively with slow-growing, cowpea-type rhizobium strains; the second, with fast-growing rhizobium strains; and the third, with both fast- and slow-growing rhizobium strains. the rhizobium requirements of the acacia species of the second group were similar to those of leucaena leucocephala. | 1981 | 16345705 |
| physiological characteristics of cowpea rhizobia: evaluation of symbiotic efficiency in vigna unguiculata. | one fast-growing and three slow-growing strains of rhizobium (isolated from cowpeas) were evaluated for symbiotic performance on vigna unguiculata (l.) walp. cultivar california no. 5 blackeyes. plants inoculated with slow-growing strains 176a22, 176a30, and 176a32 developed a maximum acetylene reduction activity of 24.6, 27.0, and 32 mumol of ethylene formed per plant per h, respectively, versus 6.4 mumol per plant per h in plants inoculated with the fast-growing strain 176a28. when inoculated ... | 1981 | 16345732 |
| recognition of leguminous hosts by a promiscuous rhizobium strain. | the lima bean (phaseolus lunatus l.) and the pole bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.) are nodulated by rhizobia of two different cross-inoculation groups. rhizobium sp. 127e15, a cowpea-type rhizobium, can induce effective nodules on the lima bean and partially effective nodules on the pole bean. rhizobium phaseoli 127k14 can induce effective nodules on the pole bean but does not reciprocally nodulate the lima bean. root hairs of the lima bean when inoculated with rhizobium sp. 127e15 showed tip curlin ... | 1982 | 16345975 |
| legume-rhizobium interactions: cowpea root exudate elicits faster nodulation response by rhizobium species. | preinfection events in legume-rhizobium symbiosis were analyzed by studying the different nodulation behaviors of two rhizobial strains in cowpeas (vigna sinensis). log-phase cultures of rhizobium sp. strain 1001, an isolate from the plant nodule, initiated host responses leading to infection within 2 h after inoculation, whereas log-phase cultures of rhizobium sp. strain 32h1 took at least 7 h to trigger a discernible response. the delay observed with strain 32h1 could be eliminated by incubati ... | 1982 | 16345989 |
| nodulation of pole bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.) by rhizobium species of two cross-inoculation groups. | physiology and morphology of pole bean (phaseolus vulgaris l. cv kentucky wonder) root nodules induced by two rhizobium species of different cross-inoculation groups have been compared. root nodules induced by rhizobium sp. 127e15, which is a strain of the cowpea group rhizobium, were pinkish, had irregular shapes, and were only partially effective. their peak acetylene reduction activity was 4.36 mumol of c(2)h(4) formed per g of fresh nodules per h at 30 days after inoculation. the effective n ... | 1982 | 16346121 |
| mineral soils as carriers for rhizobium inoculants. | mineral soil-based inoculants of rhizobium meliloti and rhizobium phaseoli survived better at 4 degrees c than at higher temperatures, but ca. 15% of the cells were viable at 37 degrees c after 27 days. soil-based inoculants of r. meliloti, r. phaseoli, rhizobium japonicum, and a cowpea rhizobium sp. applied to seeds of their host legumes also survived better at low temperatures, but the percent survival of such inoculants was higher than peat-based inoculants at 35 degrees c. survival of r. pha ... | 1984 | 16346460 |
| invalidity of the concept of slow growth and alkali production in cowpea rhizobia. | a total of 103 rhizobial strains representing the cowpea miscellany and rhizobium japonicum were studied with regard to growth rate, glucose metabolic pathways, and ph change in culture medium. doubling times ranged from 1.4 +/- 0.04 to 44.1 +/- 5.2 h; although two populations of "fast-growing" and "slow-growing" rhizobia were noted, they overlapped and were not distinctly separated. twenty-four strains which had doubling times of less than 8 h all showed nadp-linked 6-phosphogluconate dehydroge ... | 1984 | 16346589 |
| possible involvement of phage-like structures in antagonism of cowpea rhizobia by rhizobium trifolii. | a reduction in the viability of cowpea rhizobia was observed when rhizobium trifolii iari and cowpea rhizobium strain 3824 were inoculated together in soil. the reduction in number of cowpea rhizobia in soil was found to be associated with the reduction in number of nodules per plant and retardation in plant growth. an antimicrobial substance was isolated from r. trifolii which, on electron microscopic investigation, demonstrated the presence of several phage-like structures. | 1985 | 16346736 |
| asymbiotic acetylene reduction by a fast-growing cowpea rhizobium strain with nitrogenase structural genes located on a symbiotic plasmid. | a procedure was designed which enabled the detection of ex planta nitrogenase activity in the fast-growing cowpea rhizobium strain ihp100. nitrogenase activity in agar culture under air occurred at a rate similar to that found for bradyrhizobium strain cb756 but lower than that for rhizobium strain ors571. hybridization studies showed that both nod and nif genes were located on a 410-kilobase sym plasmid in strain ihp100. | 1986 | 16347045 |
| inoculation response of legumes in relation to the number and effectiveness of indigenous rhizobium populations. | the response of legumes to inoculation with rhizobia can be affected by many factors. little work has been undertaken to examine how indigenous populations or rhizobia affect this response. we conducted a series of inoculation trials in four hawaiian soils with six legume species (glycine max, vigna unguiculata, phaseolus lunatus, leucaena leucocephala, arachis hypogaea, and phaseolus vulgaris) and characterized the native rhizobial populations for each species in terms of the number and effecti ... | 1986 | 16347046 |
| fermentation of aqueous plant seed extracts by lactic acid bacteria. | the effects of lactic acid bacterial fermentation on chemical and physical changes in aqueous extracts of cowpea (vigna unguiculata), peanut (arachis hypogea), soybean (glycine max), and sorghum (sorghum vulgare) were studied. the bacteria investigated were lactobacillus helveticus, l. delbrueckii, l. casei, l. bulgaricus, l. acidophilus, and streptococcus thermophilus. organisms were inoculated individually into all of the seed extracts; l. bulgaricus and s. thermophilus were also evaluated tog ... | 1986 | 16347053 |
| nitrous oxide reduction in nodules: denitrification or n(2) fixation? | detached cowpea nodules that contained a nitrous oxide reductase-positive (nor) rhizobium strain (8a55) and a nitrous oxide reductase-negative (nor) rhizobium strain (32h1) were incubated with 1% n(2)o (95 atom% n) in the following three atmospheres: (i) aerobic with c(2)h(2) (10%), (ii) aerobic without c(2)h(2), and (iii) anaerobic (argon atmosphere) without c(2)h(2). the greatest production of n(2) occurred anaerobically with 8a55, yet very little was formed with 32h1. although acetylene reduc ... | 1987 | 16347344 |
| cloning and mapping of a novel nodulation region from bradyrhizobium japonicum by genetic complementation of a deletion mutant. | the phenotypes of a set of bradyrhizobium japonicum 110 mutants with large deletions in the region of symbiotic gene cluster i were tested. the majority of the mutants showed a delayed nodulation on soybean and, by mixed-infection experiments, were found to be strongly reduced in their competitiveness. phenotypic comparison of mutants with different deletion endpoints allowed a preliminary localization of two genomic regions, called nod-1 and nod-2, which were required for normal nodulation on s ... | 1988 | 16347539 |
| nodulation, nitrogen fixation, and hydrogen oxidation by pigeon pea bradyrhizobium spp. in symbiotic association with pigeon pea, cowpea, and soybean. | the pigeon pea strains of bradyrhizobium cc-1, cc-8, uasgr(s), and f4 were evaluated for nodulation, effectiveness for n(2) fixation, and h(2) oxidation with homologous and nonhomologous host plants. strain cc-1 nodulated macroptilium atropurpureum, vigna unguiculata, glycine max, and g. soja but did not nodulate pisum sativum, phaseolus vulgaris, trigonella foenum-graecum, and trifolium repens. strain f4 nodulated g. max cv. peking and pi 434937 (malayan), but the symbioses formed were poor. si ... | 1988 | 16347542 |
| numerical taxonomic analysis of some strains of rhizobium spp. that uses a qualitative coding of immunodiffusion reactions. | antigenic relationships among seven strains of bradyrhizobium japonicum were examined by immunodiffusion reactions, in which cells of each strain were reacted against each of the seven corresponding antisera. similar analyses were performed with rhizobium trifolii (28 strains), rhizobium meliloti (9 strains), and rhizobia of the cowpea miscellany (13 strains). antigens and antisera were reacted within each species only; serological interspecies cross-reactions were not performed. the results, sc ... | 1988 | 16347692 |
| survival of azorhizobium caulinodans in the soil and rhizosphere of wetland rice under sesbania rostrata-rice rotation. | the survival of indigenous and introduced strains of azorhizobium caulinodans in flooded soil and in the rice rhizosphere, where in situ sesbania rostrata was incorporated before the rice crop, is reported. the azorhizobia studied were both root and stem nodulating. in a pot experiment, two crop cycles each of inoculated and noninoculated sesbania-rice were compared with two crop cycles of flooded fallow-rice. in a field experiment, the effect of repeated incorporation of in situ s. rostrata in ... | 1989 | 16347853 |
| evidence for a third uptake hydrogenase phenotype among the soybean bradyrhizobia. | the existence of a hydrogen uptake host-regulated (hup-hr) phenotype was established among the soybean bradyrhizobia. the hup-hr phenotype is characterized by the expression of uptake hydrogenase activity in symbiosis with cowpea but not soybean. uptake hydrogenase induction is not possible under free-living cultural conditions by using techniques developed for uptake hydrogenase-positive (hup) bradyrhizobium japonicum. hydrogen oxidation by hup-hr phenotype usda 61 in cowpea symbioses was signi ... | 1990 | 16348383 |
| subgroups of the cowpea miscellany: symbiotic specificity within bradyrhizobium spp. for vigna unguiculata, phaseolus lunatus, arachis hypogaea, and macroptilium atropurpureum. | rhizobia classified as bradyrhizobium spp. comprise a highly heterogeneous group of bacteria that exhibit differential symbiotic characteristics on hosts in the cowpea miscellany cross-inoculation group. to delineate the degree of specificity exhibited by four legumes in the cowpea miscellany, we tested the symbiotic characteristics of indigenous cowpea bradyrhizobia on cowpea (vigna unguiculata), siratro (macroptilium atropurpureum), lima bean (phaseolus lunatus), and peanut (arachis hypogaea). ... | 1991 | 16348492 |
| uptake hydrogenase (hup) in common bean (phaseolus vulgaris) symbioses. | strains of rhizobium forming nitrogen-fixing symbioses with common bean were systematically examined for the presence of the uptake hydrogenase (hup) structural genes and expression of uptake hydrogenase (hup) activity. dna with homology to the hup structural genes of bradyrhizobium japonicum was present in 100 of 248 strains examined. ecori fragments with molecular sizes of approximately 20.0 and 2.2 kb hybridized with an internal saci fragment, which contains part of both bradyrhizobial hup st ... | 1993 | 16349115 |
| screening of entomopathogenic metarhizium anisopliae isolates and proteomic analysis of secretion synthesized in response to cowpea weevil (callosobruchus maculatus) exoskeleton. | cowpea crops are severely attacked by callosobruchus maculatus, a coleopteran that at the larval stage penetrates into stored seeds and feeds on cotyledons. cowpea weevil control could be based in utilization of bacteria and fungi to reduce pest development. entomopathogenic fungi, such as metarhizium anisopliae, are able to control insect-pests and are widely applied in biological control. this report evaluated ten m. anisopliae isolates according to their virulence, correlating chitinolytic, p ... | 2006 | 16406356 |
| effect of trypsin inhibitor from crotalaria pallida seeds on callosobruchus maculatus (cowpea weevil) and ceratitis capitata (fruit fly). | a proteinaceous trypsin inhibitor was purified from crotalaria pallida seeds by ammonium sulfate precipitation, affinity chromatography on immobilized trypsin-sepharose and tca precipitation. the trypsin inhibitor, named cpati, had m(r) of 32.5 kda as determined by sds-page and was composed of two subunits with 27.7 and 5.6 kda linked by disulfide bridges. cpati was stable at 50 degrees c and lost 40% of activity at 100 degrees c. cpati was also stable from ph 2 to 12 at 37 degrees c. cpati weak ... | 2005 | 16426854 |
| homologous sequences in non-structural proteins from cowpea mosaic virus and picornaviruses. | computer analyses have revealed sequence homology between two non-structural proteins encoded by cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), and corresponding proteins encoded by two picornaviruses, poliovirus and foot-and-mouth disease virus. a region of 535 amino acids in the 87-k polypeptide from cpmv was found to be homologous to the rna-dependent rna polymerases from both picornaviruses, the best matches being found where the picornaviral proteins most resemble each other. additionally, the 58-k polypeptid ... | 1984 | 16453518 |
| cowpea mosaic virus vpg: sequencing of radiochemically modified protein allows mapping of the gene on b rna. | a partial amino acid sequence of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) vpg radiochemically modified by chloramine-t and bolton-hunter reagent has been determined. vpg covalently bound to viral rna chains (vpg-rna) was iodinated with chloramine-t and bolton-hunter reagent to label tyrosine and lysine residues, respectively. [i]vpg-rna was digested with nuclease p1 and the resulting [i]vpg-pu was purified by sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and subjected to automated edman degradation. control experime ... | 1984 | 16453534 |
| in vitro expression of a full-length dna copy of cowpea mosaic virus b rna: identification of the b rna encoded 24-kd protein as a viral protease. | double-stranded cdna was synthesized from b component rna of cowpea mosaic virus and cloned into appropriate vectors. using four clones, together representing the entire b rna sequence, a full-length dna copy was constructed and subsequently positioned downstream of a phage sp6 or t7 promoter. rna molecules transcribed from this full-size dna copy using sp6 or t7 rna polymerase were efficiently translated in rabbit reticulocyte lysates into a 200-kd polypeptide similar to rna isolated from viral ... | 1987 | 16453750 |
| molecular modeling and inhibitory activity of cowpea cystatin against bean bruchid pests. | plant cystatins show great potential as tools to genetically engineer resistance of crop plants against pests. two important potential targets are the bean weevils acanthoscelides obtectus and zabrotes subfasciatus, which display major activities of digestive cysteine proteinases in midguts. in this study a cowpea cystatin, a cysteine proteinase inhibitor found in cowpea (vigna unguiculata) seeds, was expressed in escherichia coli and purified with a ni-nta agarose column. it strongly inhibited ... | 2006 | 16470583 |
| viral nanoparticles as tools for intravital vascular imaging. | a significant impediment to the widespread use of noninvasive in vivo vascular imaging techniques is the current lack of suitable intravital imaging probes. we describe here a new strategy to use viral nanoparticles as a platform for the multivalent display of fluorescent dyes to image tissues deep inside living organisms. the bioavailable cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) can be fluorescently labeled to high densities with no measurable quenching, resulting in exceptionally bright particles with in vi ... | 2006 | 16501571 |
| variation in the nod gene rflps, nucleotide sequences of 16s rrna genes, nod factors, and nodulation abilities of bradyrhizobium strains isolated from thai vigna plants. | the analysis of nod genes and 16s rrna gene regions, nod factors, and nodulation abilities of brady rhizobium strains isolated from tropical thai vigna species is reported. a total of 55 bradyrhizobium strains isolated from two cultivated and six wild vigna species growing in central and northern thailand were evaluated. thai vigna spp. bradyrhizobium strains showed higher levels of nod gene rflp diversity compared with thai soybean brady rhizobium strains or temperate strains of bradyrhizobium ... | 2006 | 16541157 |
| cap-independent translation mechanism of red clover necrotic mosaic virus rna2 differs from that of rna1 and is linked to rna replication. | the genome of red clover necrotic mosaic virus (rcnmv) in the genus dianthovirus is divided into two rna molecules of rna1 and rna2, which have no cap structure at the 5' end and no poly(a) tail at the 3' end. the 3' untranslated region (3' utr) of rcnmv rna1 contains an essential rna element (3'te-dr1), which is required for cap-independent translation. in this study, we investigated a cap-independent translational mechanism of rna2 using a firefly luciferase (luc) gene expression assay system ... | 2006 | 16571795 |
| structural genes of dinitrogenase and dinitrogenase reductase are transcribed from two separate promoters in the broad host range cowpea rhizobium strain irc78. | the nucleotide sequence of the structural gene (nifd) coding for the alpha-subunit of dinitrogenase along with its flanking sequences has been determined in cowpea rhizobium irc78. the coding sequence consists of 1500 nucleotides, which corresponds to a predicted amino acid sequence of 500 residues and a molecular weight of 56,025. nucleotide homology to nifd from the blue-green alga, anabaena, and parasponia rhizobium, are 63% and 90%, respectively. cowpea rhizobium irc78 nifd and nifk (encodes ... | 1984 | 16578778 |
| correlation between particle multiplicity and location on virion rna of the assembly initiation site for viruses of the tobacco mosaic virus group. | the initiation site for reconstitution on genome rna was determined by electron microscopic serology for a watermelon strain of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (cgmmv-w), which is chemically and serologically related to tobacco mosaic virus (tmv). the initiation site was located at the same position as that of the cowpea strain, a virus that produces short rods of encapsidated subgenomic messenger rna for the coat protein (a two-component tmv), being about 320 nucleotides away from the 3' ter ... | 1981 | 16593057 |
| rna-dependent rna polymerases of plants. | the existence of rna-dependent rna polymerases (ec 2.7.7.48) in plants has been definitely proven by their isolation in pure form from cucumber and tobacco in our laboratory and from cowpea at wageningen. these enzymes are single-chain proteins of 100-130 kilodaltons. they show clear physical and biochemical differences characteristic for a given plant species, even when their amounts in the plants were greatly increased prior to isolation by infection with the same virus. the role of these enzy ... | 1983 | 16593271 |
| plasmid-linked nif and "nod" genes in fast-growing rhizobia that nodulate glycine max, psophocarpus tetragonolobus, and vigna unguiculata. | forty-nine fast-growing rhizobium strains from the nodules of 26 different tropical legume genera were screened to find isolates that would (i) nodulate, e.g., winged beans, so producing large nodules for rna and protein isolation; (ii) also nodulate various small-seeded legumes, thus allowing screening of large numbers of mutants; and (iii) harbor plasmids containing nif structural genes as well as other functions involved in nodulation. on the basis of six different criteria, this rhizobial gr ... | 1984 | 16593465 |
| expression of beta-galactosidase controlled by a nitrogenase promoter in stem nodules of aeschynomene scabra. | a 365-base-pair (bp) dna fragment, containing the promoter region of the nitrogenase reductase (nifh) gene from stem rhizobium btai1, has been isolated and sequenced. the transcription initiation sites were localized at positions 152 (major initiation) and 114 (minor initiation) nucleotides upstream of the translation initiation codon. the 200-bp nucleotide sequence upstream of the nifh structural gene shows substantial homology to the corresponding nifh regions of cowpea rhizobium (100%), paras ... | 1984 | 16593514 |
| conservation of nodulation genes between rhizobium meliloti and a slow-growing rhizobium strain that nodulates a nonlegume host. | parasponia, a woody member of the elm family, is the only nonlegume genus whose members are known to form an effective nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with a rhizobium species. the bacterial strain rp501 is a slow-growing strain of rhizobium isolated from parasponia nodules. strain rp501 also nodulates the legumes siratro (macroptilium atropurpureum) and cowpea (vigna unguiculata). using a cosmid clone bank of rp501 dna, we isolated a 13.4-kilobase (kb) ecori fragment that complemented insertion and p ... | 1985 | 16593600 |
| isolation and characterization of nodulation genes from bradyrhizobium sp. (vigna) strain irc 78. | an 11.76-kilobase-pair (kb) segment of dna from bradyrhizobium sp. (vigna) strain irc 78 that hybridizes to nodulation genes of rhizobium meliloti strain 41 was isolated. hybridization of the 11.76-kb dna fragment to dna from other bradyrhizobium species revealed a high degree of sequence conservation in this region. transfer of the 11.76-kb segment to nodulation-defective (nod(-)) mutants of r. meliloti restored their ability to induce nodules on medicago sativa (alfalfa). mutants of strain irc ... | 1985 | 16593624 |
| rhizobium symbiotic genes required for nodulation of legume and nonlegume hosts. | parasponia, a woody member of the elm family, is the only nonlegume genus whose members are known to form an effective nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with bradyrhizobium or rhizobium species. the bradyrhizobium strain rp501, isolated from parasponia nodules, also nodulates the legumes siratro (macroptilium atropurpureum) and cowpea (vigna unguiculata). to test whether some of the same genes are involved in the early stages of legume and nonlegume nodulation, we generated transposon tn5 insertions in ... | 1987 | 16593814 |
| k regulates bacteroid-associated functions of bradyrhizobium. | cowpea bradyrhizobium 32h1 cells, when grown under 0.2% o(2), synthesize nitrogenase, as well as a methylammonium (ammonium) transport system and an electrogenic k(+)/h(+) antiporter. this effect was seen in growth medium containing 8-12 mm k(+) but not with 50 mum k(+). addition of k(+) to cells growing under low o(2) tensions in low-k(+) medium led to various phenotypic properties associated with bacteroids, including the ability to reduce acetylene, induction of an ammonium transport carrier ... | 1987 | 16593858 |
| isolation of genes involved in nodulation competitiveness from rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii t24. | rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii t24 produces a potent anti-rhizobial compound, trifolitoxin, and exclusively nodulates clover roots when in mixed inoculum with trifolitoxin-sensitive strains of r. leguminosarum bv. trifolii [schwinghamer, e. a. & belkengren r. p. (1968) arch. mikrobiol. 64, 130-145]. in the present study, the isolation of trifolitoxin production and resistance genes is described. a cosmid genomic library of t24 was prepared in plafr3. no trifolitoxin expression was observed ... | 1988 | 16593933 |
| characterization of a gene from a tomato pathogen determining hypersensitive resistance in non-host species and genetic analysis of this resistance in bean. | xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria is the causal agent of leaf spot disease on pepper and tomato. on non-host plants, such as bean, soybean, cowpea, alfalfa, and cotton, x. campestris pv. vesicatoria is unable to cause disease, inducing instead a hypersensitive resistance response (hr). since avirulence genes from x. campestris pv. vesicatoria specifically induce hr in several pepper cultivars, we investigated whether there were avirulence genes governing induction of resistance in non-host ... | 1988 | 16593982 |
| cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (cabmv) is widespread in passionfruit in brazil and causes passionfruit woodiness disease. | leaf samples of yellow passionfruit (passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) displaying fruit woodiness symptoms were collected in seven brazilian states and the federal district. viral infection was confirmed by host range and elisa, and fourteen viral isolates were obtained. all isolates were capable of infecting several leguminous host species, although differences in symptom severity were noticeable. woodiness symptoms were reproduced in yellow passionfruit, and mosaic symptoms were induced in comm ... | 2006 | 16596328 |
| soil arsenic availability and the transfer of soil arsenic to crops in suburban areas in fujian province, southeast china. | the bioavailability, soil-to-plant transfer and associated health risks of arsenic in soils collected from paddy rice fields and vegetable fields in suburban areas of some major cities of fujian province were investigated. the total soil concentrations of arsenic ranged from 1.29 to 25.28 mg kg(-)(1) with a mean of 6.09 mg kg(-)(1). available (nah(2)po(4)-extractable) arsenic content accounted for 0.7-38.2% of total soil arsenic and was significantly correlated with total soil arsenic content. f ... | 2006 | 16624379 |
| pharmacological evidence for activation of phospholipid and small gtp binding protein signalling cascades by nod factors. | the effects of lipo-chitin oligosaccharide nod factors (nodngr[s] from rhizobium sp. ngr234) on root hair deformation in vigna unguiculata (l.) walp. were studied using pharmacological agents to mimic and/or inhibit their action. it was hypothesised that the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton seen during nod factor induced root hair deformation is modulated by protein kinase c, monomeric g proteins of the rho superfamily and the location and amount of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphates (pi3ps). th ... | 2006 | 16647267 |
| gibberellins and the legume-rhizobium symbiosis : iii. quantification of gibberellins from stems and nodules of lima bean and cowpea. | lima bean (phaseolus lunatus l.) plants inoculated with bradyrhizobium sp. strain 127e14 displayed a period of marked internode elongation that was not observed in plants inoculated with other compatible bradyrhizobia, including strain 127e15. when strain 127e14 nodulated an alternate host, cowpea (vigna unguiculata l. walp), a similar, although less dramatic growth response induced by the bacteria was observed. it has been speculated that the elongative growth promotion brought about by inocula ... | 1992 | 16653229 |
| effects of ethylene on auxin transport. | the effect of ethylene on the uptake, distribution and polar transport of c(14) from indole-3-acetic acid-2-c(14) and naphthalene acetic acid-1-c(14) in tissue sections was studied. test species were cotton (gossypium hirsutum, l.) and cowpea (vigna sinensis, endl.). generally, incubation of tissue or intact plants with ethylene reduced the degree of polar auxin transport. ethylene inhibited the movement of both auxins in stem tissue and iaa in petiole tissue of cotton. the effect of ethylene on ... | 1966 | 16656230 |
| effect of protein additives on acetylene reduction (nitrogen fixation) by rhizobium in the presence and absence of soybean cells. | the effect of protein additives on acetylene reduction (n(2) fixation) by rhizobium associated with soybean cells (glycine max [l.] merr.) in vitro was studied. acetylene reduction was promoted on the basal medium supplemented with 1.4 mg of n/ml supplied as aqueous extracts of hexane-extracted soybean, red kidney beans (phaseolus vulgaris l.), or peas (pisum sativum l.). commercial samples of alpha-casein, or bovine serum albumin also promoted acetylene reduction at a concentration of 1.4 mg of ... | 1976 | 16659592 |
| effects of inhibitors of rna and protein synthesis on aspartate transcarbamylase activity in etiolated plant tissue. | aspartate transcarbamylase (atcase) activity declines in etiolated cowpea (vigna unguiculata l. walp.) and soybean (glycine max l. merr.) hypocotyls between 3 and 11 days after planting. treating cow-pea hypocotyls with cycloheximide (ch), actinomycin d (amd), 6-methyl purine (6-mp), or cordycepin increases atcase activity up to 740, 350, 465, and 305%, respectively, over water-treated controls 48 to 72 hours after treatment. in contrast erythromycin had no effect, and d-threo-chloramphenicol (c ... | 1976 | 16659653 |
| hydrogen reactions of nodulated leguminous plants: i. effect of rhizobial strain and plant age. | the atp-dependent evolution of h(2) catalyzed by nitrogenase and the hydrogenase-catalyzed oxidation of h(2) have been implicated as factors influencing the efficiency of energy utilization in the n(2) fixation process. the effects of rhizobial strain and plant age on the h(2)-evolving and h(2)-utilizing activity of leguminous root nodules are described in this manuscript. two classes of legume-rhizobium combinations were observed in studies with soybeans (glycine max l. merr.) and cowpeas (vign ... | 1977 | 16660157 |
| hydrogen reactions of nodulated leguminous plants: ii. effects on dry matter accumulation and nitrogen fixation. | the interaction between the atp-dependent evolution of h(2) catalyzed by nitrogenase and the oxidation of h(2) via a hydrogenase has been postulated to influence the efficiency of the n(2)-fixing process in nodulated legumes. a comparative study using soybean (glycine max l. merr.) cv. anoka inoculated with either rhizobium japonicum strain usda 31 or usda 110 and cowpea (vigna unguiculata l. walp.) cv. whippoorwill inoculated with rhizobium strain 176a27 or 176a28 cultured on a n-free medium wa ... | 1978 | 16660301 |
| role of lectins in plant-microorganism interactions: iii. influence of rhizosphere/rhizoplane culture conditions on the soybean lectin-binding properties of rhizobia. | the influence of rhizosphere/rhizoplane culture conditions on the ability of various rhizobia to bind soybean seed lectin (sbl) was examined. eleven strains of the soybean symbiont, rhizobium japonicum, and six strains of various heterologous rhizobium species were cultured in root exudate of soybean (glycine max [l.] merr.) and in association with roots of soybean seedlings which were growing either hydroponically or in montmorillonite clay soil amendment (turface). all 11 of the r. japonicum s ... | 1978 | 16660472 |
| spectral characterization of five chlorophyll-protein complexes. | sodium dodecyl sulfate-solubilized chloroplast internal membranes of higher plants (cowpea [vigna unguiculata l. walp], chinese cabbage [brassica chinensi l.], and tobacco [nicotiana tabacum l.]) are resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis into two chlorophyll a- and three chlorophyll a,b-proteins. a small portion (about 15%) of the membrane chlorophyll migrates as a component of high electrophoretic mobility and presumably consists of detergent-complexed, protein-free pigment.one of the ... | 1978 | 16660625 |
| economy of photosynthate use in nitrogen-fixing legume nodules: observations on two contrasting symbioses. | the economy of c use by root nodules was examined in two symbioses, vigna unguiculata (l.) walp. (cv. caloona):rhizobium cb756 and lupinus albus l. (cv. ultra):rhizobium wu425 over a 2-week period in early vegetative growth. plants were grown in minus n water culture with cuvettes attached to the nodulated zone of their primary roots for collection of evolved co(2) and h(2). increments in total plant n and in c and n of nodules, and c:n weight ratios of xylem and phloem exudates were studied by ... | 1979 | 16661076 |
| nitrate effect on nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction): activities of legume root nodules induced by rhizobia with varied nitrate reductase activities. | the effect of nitrate on symbiotic nitrogen fixation by root nodules of cowpea (vigna unguiculata l., walp., cv. california blackeye) and lupine (lupinus augustifolius l., cv. frost) plants inoculated with nitrate reductase-expressing and nitrate reductase-nonexpressing rhizobium strains were examined. nitrate reductase of rhizobium bacteroids in the nodules of cowpea and lupine reduced nitrate to nitrite. both cowpea and lupine nodules accumulated nitrite when grown in the presence of 15 millim ... | 1980 | 16661223 |
| nitrogen nutrition and xylem transport of nitrogen in ureide-producing grain legumes. | xylem sap composition was examined in nodulated and nonnodulated cowpea (vigna unguiculata [l.] walp.) plants receiving a range of levels of no(3) and in eight other ureide-forming legumes utilizing no(3) or n(2) as sole source of nitrogen. a (15)n dilution technique determined the proportions of plant nitrogen derived from n(2) in the nodulated cowpeas fed no(3). xylem sap composition of no(3)-fed, nodulated cowpea varied predictably with the relative extents to which n(2) and no(3) were being ... | 1980 | 16661314 |
| uptake and subcellular compartmentation of gibberellin a(1) applied to leaves of barley and cowpea. | the uptake and subcellular accumulation of gibberellin a(1) (ga(1)) by leaves and protoplasts of barley (cv. numar) and cowpea (cv. blackeye pea no. 5) were investigated.uptake of ga(1) by cowpea leaves is optimal at ph 5.8 and occurs by a saturable, probably carrier-mediated process having a half-maximal velocity at 10 to 20 micromolar. uptake by both barley and cowpea leaves is inhibited by low temperature (+4 c) and the metabolic inhibitors 2,4-dinitrophenol and azide and is stimulated by atp ... | 1980 | 16661448 |
| differential compartmentation of gibberellin a(1) and its metabolites in vacuoles of cowpea and barley leaves. | the metabolism and efflux of gibberellin a(1) (ga(1)) taken up by leaves of cowpea (vigna sinensis cv. blackeye pea no. 5), as well as the distribution of ga(1) metabolites in the protoplasts and vacuoles of cowpea and barley (hordeum vulgare l. cv. numar), were studied.ga(1) is metabolized rapidly in cowpea leaf discs to products tentatively identified as gibberellin a(8) (ga(8)) and gibberellin a(8) glucoside (ga(8)-glu). after labeling leaf discs with [(3)h]ga(1) for 1 hour, the release of ra ... | 1981 | 16662014 |
| a comparative study of the physiology of symbioses formed by rhizobium japonicum with glycine max, vigna unguiculata, and macroptilium atropurpurem. | although rhizobium japonicum nodulates vigna unguiculata and macroptilium atropurpurem, little is known about the physiology of these symbioses. in this study, strains of r. japonicum of varying effectiveness on soybean were examined. the nonhomologous hosts were nodulated by all the strains tested, but effectiveness was not related to that of the homologous host. on siratro, compared to soybean, many strains reversed their relative effectiveness ranking. both siratro and cowpea produced more dr ... | 1982 | 16662732 |
| significance of hydrogen evolution in the carbon and nitrogen economy of nodulated cowpea. | the carbon and nitrogen economies of a single cultivar of cowpea (vigna unguiculata (l.) walp.cv caloona) nodulated with either a high h(2)-evolving strain (176a27) or a low h(2)-evolving strain (cb756) of rhizobium were compared. the two symbioses did not differ in total dry matter production, seed yield, nitrogen fixed, the spectrum of nitrogenous solutes produced by nodules for export, or the partitioning of net photosynthate within the plant throughout the growth cycle. detailed examination ... | 1983 | 16662769 |
| role of inosine monophosphate oxidoreductase in the formation of ureides in nitrogen-fixing nodules of cowpea (vigna unguiculata l. walp.). | cell-free extracts from nodules of cowpea (vigna unguiculata l. (walp.) cv caloona:rhizobium strain cb756) prepared in the presence of 15% (v/v) glycerol showed high rates (30 to 60 nanomoles nad reduced per minute per gram fresh weight nodule) of inosine monophosphate oxidoreductase (ec 1.2.1.14) activity. the enzyme was labile (half-life of activity less than 3 hours) but could be stabilized for up to 18 hours by inclusion of the substrates nad and inosine monophosphate in the breaking media. ... | 1983 | 16663115 |
| effect of temperature on nitrogenase functioning in cowpea nodules. | nitrogenase (ec 1.7.99.2) activity of a cowpea (vigna unguiculata (l.) walp cv caloona) symbiosis formed with a rhizobium strain (176a27) lacking uptake hydrogenase and maintained under conditions of a 12-hour day at an air temperature of 30 degrees c (800-1000 microeinsteins per square meter per second) and a 12-hour night at an air temperature of 20 degrees c showed a marked diurnal variation in ratio of nitrogen fixed to hydrogen evolved. as little as 0.3 micromole nitrogen was fixed per micr ... | 1983 | 16663226 |
| adsorption of slow- and fast-growing rhizobia to soybean and cowpea roots. | roots of soybean (glycine max [l.] merr. cv hardee) and cowpea (vigna unguiculata [l.] walp. cv pink eye purple hull) were immersed in suspensions containing 10(4)rhizobium cells per milliliter of a nitrogen-free solution. after 30 to 120 minutes the roots were rinsed, and the distal 2-centimeter segments excised and homogenized. portions of the homogenates then were plated on a yeast-extract mannitol medium for bacterial cell counts. the adsorption capacities of four slow-growing rhizobia and a ... | 1984 | 16663761 |
| effects of short-term n(2) deficiency on n metabolism in legume nodules. | the study aimed to test the hypothesis that ammonia production by rhizobium bacteroids provides not only a source of nitrogen for growth but has a central regulatory role in maintaining the metabolic activity and functional integrity of the legume nodule. production of ammonia in intact, attached nodules was interrupted by short-term (up to 3 days) exposure of the nodulated root systems of cowpea (vigna unguiculata l. walp cv vita 3: rhizobium cb 756) and lupin (lupinus albus l. cv ultra: rhizob ... | 1984 | 16663910 |
| transport of gibberellin a(1) in cowpea membrane vesicles. | the permeability properties of gibberellin a(1) (ga(1)) were examined in membrane vesicles isolated from cowpea hypocotyls. the rate of ga(1) uptake was progressively greater as ph decreased, indicating that the neutral molecule is more permeable than anionic ga(1). membrane vesicles used in this study possessed a tonoplast-type h(+)-translocating atpase as assayed by mgatp-dependent quenching of acridine orange fluorescence and methylamine uptake. however, ga(1) uptake was not stimulated by mga ... | 1986 | 16664723 |
| two indirect methods for detecting ureide synthesis by nodulated legumes. | two methods were developed for the detection of altered ureide metabolism in legume nodules. both techniques are based on the positive correlation between the presence of high xanthine dehydrogenase (ec 1.2.1.37) specific activity in nodules and the ability of those nodules to produce the ureides, allantoin and allantoic acid. in the first method, nodulated legumes are treated for 2 weeks with a soil drench of allopurinol. after allopurinol treatment, leaves of n(2)-fed, ureide-producing legumes ... | 1986 | 16664857 |
| species variation in the predawn inhibition of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. | the activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase was measured in extracts of leaves collected before dawn (predawn activity, pa) and at midday (midday activity, ma). twenty-three of the 37 species examined showed a pa/ma ratio (</=0.75, while only capsicum frutescens, cucumis sativa, glycine max, nicotiana tabacum, vigna unguiculata, and 3 solanum species showed a pa/ma ratio </=0.5. phaseolus vulgaris consistently showed a pa/ma ratio of </=0.1. activities and pa/ma ratios of the ... | 1986 | 16665155 |
| phytochrome regulation of the response to exogenous gibberellins by epicotyls of vigna sinensis. | the elongation rate of cowpea epicotyls from whole cowpea (vigna sinensis) seedlings and derooted and debladed plants (explants) increased after the main light period (8-hour duration) was extended with either continuous low intensity tungsten light or brief (5 minutes) far-red (fr) irradiation. this end-of-day fr effect was reversed by red (r) irradiation suggesting the involvement of phytochrome. these results confirm and extend those obtained previously with other species. localization studie ... | 1987 | 16665660 |
| elicitation of necrosis in vigna unguiculata walp. by homogeneous aspergillus niger endo-polygalacturonase and by alpha-d-galacturonate oligomers. | endo-polygalacturonase (pg) was purified from a commercial preparation of aspergillus niger pectinase by means of carboxymethylcellulose chromatography, preparative isoelectric focusing, and gel permeation through sephadex g-50. the enzyme was electrophoretically homogeneous and consisted of a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 33,500. the enzyme exhibited a specific activity significantly higher than those of purified polygalacturonases from phytopathogenic fungi. galacturonate ... | 1987 | 16665750 |
| efficiency of nodule initiation in cowpea and soybean. | when serial dilutions of a suspension of bradyrhizobium japonicum strain 138 were inoculated onto both soybean and cowpea roots, the formation of nodules in the initially susceptible region of the roots of both hosts was found to be linearly dependent on the log of the inoculum dosage until an optimum dosage was reached. approximately 30- to 100-fold higher dosages were required to elicit half-maximal nodulation on cowpea than on soybean in the initially susceptible zone of the root. however, at ... | 1988 | 16666056 |
| isoenzymes of superoxide dismutase in nodules of phaseolus vulgaris l., pisum sativum l., and vigna unguiculata (l.) walp. | the activity and isozymic composition of superoxide dismutase (sod; ec 1.15.1.1) were determined in nodules of phaseolus vulgaris l., pisum sativum l., and vigna unguiculata (l.) walp. formed by rhizobium phaseoll 3622, r. ieguminosarum 3855, and bradyrhizobium sp. br7301, respectively. a mn-sod was present in rhizobium and two in bradyrhizobium and bacteroids. nodule mitochondria from all three legume species had a single mn-sod with similar relative mobility, whereas the cytosol contained seve ... | 1989 | 16666924 |
| modulation of host gene expression during initiation and early growth of nodules in cowpea, vigna unguiculata (l.) walp. | inoculation of 2-day-old cowpea (vigna unguiculata [l.] walp.) seedlings with rhizobium fredii usda257 results in proficient nodulation of the tap root. the most abundant nodulation occurs in a region roughly corresponding to the position of the root tip at the time of inoculation. we have examined plant gene expression in this region, after inoculation with either usda257 or a nonnodulating mutant, 257b3. after isolation of mrna and in vitro translation, the protein products were separated by t ... | 1990 | 16667410 |
| effect of po(2) on growth and nodule functioning of symbiotic cowpea (vigna unguiculata l. walp.). | nodulated cowpea (vigna unguiculata l. walp. cv vita 3:bradyrhizobium cb 756) plants were cultured with their whole root system or crown root nodulation zone maintained for periods from 5 to 69 days after planting in atmospheres containing a range of po(2) (1-80%, v/v) while the rest of the plant grew in normal air. growth (dry matter yield) and n(2) fixation were largely unaffected by po(2) from 10 to 40%. decrease in fixation at po(2) below 5% was due to lower nodulation and nodule mass and, a ... | 1990 | 16667605 |
| effect of po(2) during growth on the gaseous diffusional properties of nodules of cowpea (vigna unguiculata l. walp.). | adaptations of nodules of cowpea (vigna unguiculata l. walp. cv vita 3: bradyrhizobium cb 756) to growth in po(2) ranging from 1 to 80% o(2) (volume/volume) involved both readily reversible mechanisms of adjustment and more stable alterations which together resulted in nodules with widely ranging resistance to diffusion of gases. those grown in subambient po(2) (1-5% o(2) were altered such that rapid diffusional adjustment was unable to prevent irreversible loss of nitrogenase on their transfer ... | 1990 | 16667606 |
| effect of po(2) on the formation and status of leghemoglobin in nodules of cowpea and soybean. | nodulated cowpea (vigna unguiculata [l.] walp. cv vita 3: bradyrhizobium strain cb756) and soybean (glycine max [l.] merr. cv white eye: bradyrhizobium strain cb1809) were grown with their root systems maintained in a flowing gas stream containing a range of po(2) (1-80%, v/v) in n(2) for up to 28 days after planting. at the extremes of sub- and supra-ambient po(2), the levels of leghemoglobin (lb) in nodules were reduced. however, neither the proportional composition of lb component proteins (e ... | 1991 | 16668046 |
| evaluation of the extent of homologous chloroplast dna sequences in the mitochondrial genome of cowpea (vigna unguiculata l.). | southern blot hybridization techniques were used to estimate the extent of chloroplast dna sequences present in the mitochondrial genome of cowpea (vigna unguiculata l.) the entire mitochondrial chromosome was homogeneously labeled and used to probe blotted dna fragments obtained by extensive restriction of the tobacco chloroplast genome. the strongest cross-homologies were obtained with fragments derived from the inverted repeat and the atpbe cluster regions, although most of the clones tested ... | 1992 | 16668671 |
| toxic effects of low concentrations of cu on nodulation of cowpea (vigna unguiculata). | although cu is phytotoxic at cu(2+) activities as low as 1-2 microm, the effect of cu(2+) on the nodulation of legumes has received little attention. the effect of cu(2+) on nodulation of cowpea (vigna unguiculata (l.) walp. cv. caloona) was examined in a dilute solution culture system utilising a cation exchange resin to buffer solution cu(2+). the nodulation process was more sensitive to increasing cu(2+) activities than both shoot and root growth; whilst a cu(2+) activity of 1.0 microm corres ... | 2007 | 16678321 |
| roots and leaves display contrasting oxidative response during salt stress and recovery in cowpea. | in this study, we compare some antioxidative responses of leaves and roots associated to growth reduction in cowpea plants (vigna unguiculata) during short-term salt stress and recovery. the salt treatment was imposed (200 mm nacl) for six consecutive days and the salt withdrawal after 3 d. the salt treatment caused an almost complete cessation in the relative growth rate of both leaves and roots. although nacl withdrawal has induced an intense reduction in the na(+) content from the leaves and ... | 2007 | 16690169 |