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regeneration of a functional rna virus genome by recombination between deletion mutants and requirement for cowpea chlorotic mottle virus 3a and coat genes for systemic infection.rnas 1 and 2 of the tripartite cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) genome are sufficient for rna replication in protoplasts, whereas systemic infection of cowpea plants additionally requires rna3, which encodes the 3a noncapsid protein and coat protein. by using biologically active ccmv cdna clones, we find that deletions in either rna3 gene block systemic infection. thus, though some plant rna viruses are able to spread systemically without encapsidation, both the coat and 3a genes are require ...19902308940
analysis and application of substrate hydrolysis rates in indirect elisa of a purified plant virus.the transient colorimetric signal in a microtiter plate is used to quantify a purified plant virus, cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), over five concentration decades in a single plate. the method involves the coating of the polystyrene microtiter plate wells directly with the cpmv antigen, followed by incubation with a rabbit-derived cpmv-specific antibody, and lastly by incubation with a commercially available antibody against rabbit immunoglobulin which has been pre-labeled with alkaline phosphatase ...19883366853
rna2 of grapevine fanleaf virus: sequence analysis and coat protein cistron location.the nucleotide sequence of the genomic rna2 (3774 nucleotides) of grapevine fanleaf virus strain f13 was determined from overlapping cdna clones and its genetic organization was deduced. two rapid and efficient methods were used for cdna cloning of the 5' region of rna2. the complete sequence contained only one long open reading frame of 3555 nucleotides (1184 codons, 131k product). the analysis of the n-terminal sequence of purified coat protein (cp) and identification of its c-terminal residue ...19902374004
potassium salts influence the fidelity of mrna translation initiation in rabbit reticulocyte lysates: unique features of encephalomyocarditis virus rna translation.it is widely assumed that in vitro translation of mrna is more efficient in the presence of potassium acetate rather than kcl, that the optimum concentration of potassium acetate is higher than for kcl, and that uncapped rnas exhibit a lower optimum salt concentration than capped mrnas. when these assumptions were examined using several different mrna species in four batches of rabbit reticulocyte lysate, some notable exceptions were found. the translation of encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) rn ...19911849749
molecular cloning and sequence determination of the genomic regions encoding protease and genome-linked protein of three picornaviruses.to investigate the degree of similarity between picornavirus proteases, we cloned the genomic cdnas of an enterovirus, echovirus 9 (strain barty), and two rhinoviruses, serotypes 1a and 14lp, and determined the nucleotide sequence of the region which, by analogy to poliovirus, encodes the protease. the nucleotide sequence of the region encoding the genome-linked protein vpg, immediately adjacent to the protease, was also determined. comparison of nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences with ...19863512851
functional analysis of deletion mutants of cucumber mosaic virus rna3 using an in vitro transcription system.full-length dna copies of rnas 1, 2, and 3 of cmv y strain (cmv-y) were cloned downstream of modified phage t7 promoter sequences to obtain infectious rna transcripts. the small number of extra nonviral nucleotides at the 5' ends considerably decreased the specific infectivity of the transcripts of rnas 1 and 2 but did not affect that of the rna3 transcripts. using the most infective transcripts, up to 45% of tobacco protoplasts could be infected. various cdna mutants were constructed from the f ...19912053275
sequence of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus rnas 2 and 3 and evidence of a recombination event during bromovirus evolution.the genomic sequence of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) was completed by sequencing biologically active cdna clones of ccmv rna2 (2774 bases) and rna3 (2173 bases). while only the central core of the encoded 94-kda ccmv 2a protein contains features conserved among known and putative rna replication proteins from many viruses, both flanking regions of ccmv 2a show substantial similarity to the corresponding protein of the related brome mosaic virus (bmv). the 3a proteins of ccmv and bmv, imp ...19892773323
proteolytic activity of the cowpea mosaic virus encoded 24k protein synthesized in escherichia coli.the function of the 24-kilodalton (24k) protein encoded by cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) has been studied by constructing a bacterial expression plasmid that contained a cloned chimeric segment consisting of partial dna copies of cpmv m-rna (including sequences coding for both capsid proteins) and b-rna (including sequences coding for the 24k protein). viral sequences were transcribed from the phage t7 promoter phi 10 of plasmid pt7-6 using t7-rna polymerase expressed from plasmid pgp1-2 present in ...19873300014
binding of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus to cowpea protoplasts and relation of binding to virus entry and infection.cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) and cowpea protoplasts were used to study initial interactions between virus and protoplast. protoplasts and virus were incubated under varying conditions of temperature, ph, ionic strength, and the presence of added compounds. both the amount of 35s-labeled virus bound to protoplasts and the percentage of infected cells were determined. at 0 and 25 degrees the amount of virus associated with protoplasts increased with the amount of virus added. with inoculum ...19883363871
enzymes of the beta-ketoadipate pathway are inducible in rhizobium and agrobacterium spp. and constitutive in bradyrhizobium spp.protocatechuate is a universal growth substrate for members of the family rhizobiaceae, and these bacteria utilize the aromatic compound via the beta-ketoadipate pathway. this report describes transcriptional controls exercised by different subgroups of the rhizobiaceae over five enzymes that catalyze consecutive reactions in the pathway: protocatechuate oxygenase (ec 1.13.11.3), beta-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate lactonizing enzyme (ec 5.5.1.2), gamma-carboxymuconolactone decarboxylase (ec 4.1.1.44) ...19863941043
infectious in vitro transcripts from cowpea chlorotic mottle virus cdna clones and exchange of individual rna components with brome mosaic virus.complete cdna copies of genomic rna1, rna2, and rna3 of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) were cloned 1 base downstream from a t7 rna polymerase promoter. the mixture of capped in vitro transcripts from all three clones produced normal ccmv infections in barley protoplasts and cowpea plants. by using transcripts from these clones and from a similar set of biologically active clones of the related brome mosaic virus (bmv), all possible single component exchanges between the bmv and ccmv tripar ...19883418781
rna-directed rna polymerases from healthy and from virus-infected cucumber.much work has been done on the isolation, purification, and characterization of the rna-directed rna polymerase (ec 2.7.7.48) of cucumber mosaic virus (cmv)-infected cucumbers. uninfected plants were reported to have no such enzyme, but we recently detected low levels of the activity in cucumber. since tobacco and cowpea contain such an enzyme that is variably increased in amount by various virus (as well as viroid) infections, we assumed that this would also be the case upon cmv infection of cu ...19863458203
compositional evaluation of some cowpea varieties and some under-utilized edible legumes in nigeria.the nutritive potentials of some cowpea varieties such as ife brown, ife bimpe, it84e-124, k59 and tvx716 and some under-utilized edible legumes grown in nigeria such as pigeon pea (cajanus cajan), lima bean (phaseolus lunatus), lablab bean (dolichos lablab), mucuna bean (mucuna sp.) and sphenostilis sternocarpa have been evaluated with respect to their proximate chemical composition, mineral content and some endogenous toxic constituents. the cowpea varieties contained on the average 22.5 g cru ...19892561305
dietary modification of potential vitamin k supply from enteric bacterial menaquinones in rats.rats given a low-fibre diet based on boiled white rice developed symptoms of severe vitamin k deficiency within 23 d. inclusion of autoclaved black-eye beans (vigna unguiculata) in the diet prevented the bleeding syndrome. to test the hypothesis that deficiency resulted from low phylloquinone intake exacerbated by inadequate production of menaquinones by the enteric bacteria, a follow-up experiment was carried out in which groups of rats were given an all-rice diet, a rice + beans diet or a stoc ...19902383538
decreased accuracy of protein synthesis in extracts from aging human diploid fibroblasts.the accuracy of protein synthesis has been measured in extracts from human diploid fibroblasts of different ages. extracts were supplied with purified mrna for the coat protein of the cowpea variant of tobacco mosaic virus (cctmv), which lacks codons for cysteine and methionine. the presence of 35s-cysteine in cctmv coat protein synthesized during translation reactions therefore represents translational error. translation reactions were performed with extracts from young fibroblasts (less than 5 ...19892721600
amino acid composition protein quality and water-soluble vitamin content of germinated cowpeas (vigna unguiculata).amino acid composition, protein digestibility, calculated protein efficiency ratio (c-per and dc-per), chemical scores and water-soluble vitamin content of cowpea seeds germinated at 25 degrees c or 30 degrees c for 24 h were determined. also, the effect of processing steps (heated-air drying, decortication and cooking) on these parameters were examined. germination had little effect on amino acid profile of cowpeas. in vitro protein digestibility was not improved significantly by germination no ...19892762247
serological relationship of brome mosaic and cowpea chlorotic mottle viruses. 19714108620
structure and infectivity of picornaviral rna encapsidated by cowpea chlorotic mottle virus protein.poliovirus and mengo virus rna were shown to associate efficiently with cowpea chlorotic mottle virus protein to form pseudovirions. the sedimentation coefficient for the pseudovirions was similar to that of poliovirus, and electron microscope observations showed the mengo pseudovirions to be similar in size to mengo virus. such pseudovirions were infectious and were more resistant to ribonuclease than viral rna; however, under our assay conditions, their infectivity was about equal to that of v ...19734128376
identification of the initiation codons for translation of cowpea mosaic virus middle component rna using site-directed mutagenesis of an infectious cdna clone.a full-length cdna copy of cpmv m rna has been cloned downstream of a phage lambda promoter in the plasmid ppmi. transcripts obtained from this clone can be translated in vitro and replicated in cowpea mesophyll protoplasts in the presence of viral b rna. we have constructed a series of site-directed mutants of this clone to investigate the mechanism of translation of cpmv m rna. the results obtained confirm that the aug at position 161 is used to direct the synthesis of a 105k protein in vitro ...19892773321
evidence that nucleocapsid disassembly and a later step in virus replication are inhibited in transgenic tobacco protoplasts expressing tmv coat protein.tobacco mosaic virus (tmv)-like pseudovirus particles containing mrna for escherichia coli beta-glucuronidase (gus) were electroporated into mesophyll protoplasts from control or tmv coat protein (cp)-transgenic tobacco (nicotiana tabacum cv. xanthi). gus-particles were expressed 100-fold less efficiently in cp-transformed than in control protoplasts whereas unencapsidated gus mrna was expressed only 2.8-fold less efficiently. lower transient expression of packaged gus mrna is probably due to in ...19892773325
the amino acid sequences of the tryptic peptides of the cowpea strain of tobacco mosaic virus protein. 19744441618
the localization of virus-specific double-stranded rna of cowpea mosaic virus in subcellular fractions of infected vigna leaves. 19734576343
the infection of tobacco protoplasts with cowpea chlorotic mottle virus and its rna. 19734584931
the tryptic peptides and terminal sequences of the protein from the cowpea strain of tobacco mosaic virus. 19724640687
east african strains of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus. 19734701692
the effects of aflatoxin b1 and palmotoxins b0 and g0 on the germination and leaf colour of the cowpea (vigna sinensis). 19734768220
a bacterium and dipterous parasite in wild populations of cowpea curculio larvae: effects of treatment with spores of metarrhizium anisopliae. 19714930318
antigenic analysis of rhizobium japonicum by immunodiffusion.immunodiffusion reactions were studied with seven strains of rhizobium japonicum and three strains of the cowpea miscellany by using antisera against eight of the strains. most strains yielded only weak precipitin bands when untreated cell suspensions were used as antigens in the diffusions. ultrasonic disruption or heat treatment of the cells led to stronger bands, and immersion in boiling water for 20 min was used as the standard procedure for preparing these bacteria for immunodiffusion analy ...19714998353
citrus oils as protectants of black-eyed peas against cowpea weevils: laboratory evaluation. 19725085809
sexual competition of gamma-sterilized male cowpea weevils. 19715122367
inhibition of proteolytic processing of the polyproteins of cowpea mosaic virus by hemin.cleavages of the polyproteins synthesized from cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) b rna and m rna in rabbit reticulocyte lysates are inhibited by hemin. cleavage of the cpmv b rna-encoded 200k polyprotein and of the m rna-encoded 60k intermediary precursor protein were most sensitive to hemin inhibition, while cleavages of other precursor proteins were less sensitive. a significant observation was that at a hemin concentration of 25 microm, but not at higher concentrations, the 60k protein was cleaved t ...19892815588
structures derived from cowpea chlorotic mottle and brome mosaic virus protein. 19695784855
the amino acid and nucleotide composition of the bean and cowpea strains of southern bean mosaic virus. 19665921641
rhizobial relationship of the genus phaseolus. i. cross-inoculation performance of different species to r. phaseoli, r. japonicum, and the cowpea organism. 19676036898
sequence and organization of southern bean mosaic virus genomic rna.the genomic rna sequence of the cowpea strain of southern bean mosaic virus (sbmv-c) has been determined. the genome is 4194 nucleotides in length and has four open reading frames. a 5' proximal open frame, from base 49 to base 603, corresponds to the length of the p4 proteins translated in cell-free extracts from full-length and smaller virion rna. the largest open frame extends from base 570 to base 3437 and encodes the two largest proteins translated in cell-free extracts from full-length vir ...19872823471
hybrid brome mosaic virus rnas express and are packaged in tobacco mosaic virus coat protein in vivo.brome mosaic virus (bmv) is an icosahedral virus with a tripartite rna genome which infects monocotyledonous plants, while the cowpea or legume strain of tobacco mosaic virus (cctmv) is a rod-shaped virus with a single component rna genome which infects dicotyledonous plants. to examine the potential for exchanging entire genes between rna viruses, biologically active cdna clones were used to replace the natural coat gene of bmv rna3 with the coat gene and encapsidation origin of cctmv. in proto ...19882847411
virus-ribosome complexes from cell-free translation systems supplemented with cowpea chlorotic mottle virus particles.when particles of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) were added to cell-free extracts from wheat germ, the encapsidated viral genome was translated into polypeptides similar to the translation products specified by unencapsidated viral rna (as shown before by m.j. brisco, r. hull, and t.m.a. wilson, 1986, virology 148, 210-217). the rate of protein synthesis observed upon addition of virus particles was much slower than that of extracted rna and the quantity of protein formed was only 10% of t ...19892909987
identification of a nodd-dependent locus in the rhizobium strain ngr234 activated by phenolic factors secreted by soybeans and other legumes.transfer of the strain ngr234nodd 1 gene into the narrow host range r. trifolii strain anu843 on either a 6.7-kb hindiii or 17-kb xhoi fragment broadens the host range of this bacterium to include the tropical legumes vigna unguiculata, glycine ussuriensis, leucaena leucocephala, and siratro (macroptilium atropurpureum). contrary to previous data (bassam et al. 1986), mutagenesis of the 17-kb xhoi fragment with a mini-mu lac transposon (mu dii1734) showed that a functional nodd 1 gene was essent ...19882980201
cleavage of a viral polyprotein by a cellular proteolytic activity.the 200,000-dalton polyprotein encoded by the bottom component rna of cowpea mosaic virus was synthesized in rabbit reticulocyte lysates, and this in vitro-synthesized protein was isolated from the lysate reaction mixture by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. incubation of the isolated polyprotein with buffer caused no change in the protein, but incubation with reticulocyte lysates or with fractionated lysate proteins resulted in cleavage of the protein into the expected cleavage products ...19863003387
gene cluster of pseudomonas syringae pv. "phaseolicola" controls pathogenicity of bean plants and hypersensitivity of nonhost plants.loss of the ability of pseudomonas syringae pv. "phaseolicola" nps3121 to elicit a hypersensitive response on tobacco and other nonhost plants was associated with loss of pathogenicity on the susceptible host bean. eight independent, prototrophic transposon tn5 insertion mutants which had lost the ability to elicit a hypersensitive response on tobacco plants were identified. six of these mutants no longer produced disease lesions on primary leaves of the susceptible bean cultivar red kidney and ...19863023280
isolation and characterization of symbiotic mutants of bradyrhizobium sp. (arachis) strain nc92: mutants with host-specific defects in nodulation and nitrogen fixation.random transposon tn5 mutagenesis of bradyrhizobium sp. (arachis) strain nc92, a member of the cowpea cross-inoculation group, was carried out, and kanamycin-resistant transconjugants were tested for their symbiotic phenotype on three host plants: groundnut, siratro, and pigeonpea. two nodulation (nod- phenotype) mutants were isolated. one is unable to nodulate all three hosts and appears to contain an insertion in one of the common nodulation genes (nodabcd); the other is a host-specific nodula ...19873032910
proximate composition and antinutritional factors in rice bean (vigna umbellata).thirteen promising strains of rice bean (vigna umbellata) were analysed for their proximate compositions and antinutritional factors. protein content in these varieties ranged from 17.50 to 23.10 per cent, ash from 3.06 to 4.48 per cent, ether extract from 2.4 to 3.9 per cent and crude fibre from 1.70 to 4.25 per cent. trypsin inhibitor activity ranged from 112.63 to 163.98 units/g and polyphenols ranged from 0.58 to 1.19 per cent. phytohemagglutinating activity was present in all the strains, e ...19883231596
similarity in gene organization and homology between proteins of animal picornaviruses and a plant comovirus suggest common ancestry of these virus families.the amino acid sequences deduced from the nucleic acid sequences of several animal picornaviruses and cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), a plant virus, were compared. good homology was found between cpmv and the picornaviruses in the region of the picornavirus 2c (p2-x protein), vpg, 3c pro (proteinase) and 3d pol (rna polymerase) regions. the cpmv b genome was found to have a similar gene organization to the picornaviruses. a comparison of the 3c pro (proteinase) regions of all of the available picorn ...19846384934
replication of chimeric tobacco mosaic viruses which carry heterologous combinations of replicase genes and 3' noncoding regions.three tobacco mosaic virus (tmv)-l (tomato strain)-derived chimeras, designated ol1, lg11, or lk31, were constructed by replacing the 3' noncoding region with the corresponding sequence of tmv-om (common strain), cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (cgmmv), or tmv-cc (cowpea strain), respectively. the genomic rnas of tmv-l, -om, and cgmmv carry histidine-accepting trna-like structures at their 3' termini, while the genome of tmv-cc accepts valine. the three chimeric viruses were able to multiply ...19882452515
protein and cdna sequences of bowman-birk protease inhibitors from the cowpea (vigna unguiculata walp.).the protein and gene sequences of the cowpea bowman-birk type trypsin inhibitor which confers enhanced insect resistance to transgenic tobacco plants, and of cowpea trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitors are presented. there are regions of high conservation and high divergence within the 5' leader, mature protein and 3' non-coding regions of the bowman-birk inhibitors and in the genes which encode them in different members of this family within the leguminosae. the practical implications of this findin ...19892491685
high-level synthesis of cowpea mosaic virus rna polymerase and protease in escherichia coli.an expression system for the production of polymerase proteins of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) in escherichia coli cells is described. high-level synthesis of proteins containing protease and polymerase moieties (110-kda protein) and polymerase alone (87-kda protein) were obtained from cells containing different plasmid constructions. precursor and processed forms of cpmv proteins were detected by immunoblotting with antisera directed against 170-kda precursor polyprotein and 24-kda viral protease ...19892548928
effects of storage and processing on the nutritive value of certain nigerian foods.the effects of storage and processing on the nutritive value of two nigerian foods--raw cowpea (vigna unguiculata) flour and palm oil, have been investigated. increased retention of both thiamine and riboflavin as a result of increased water activity (aw) were recorded for cowpea flour stored for 6 months. a storage temperature of 5 degrees c led to minimal losses of both vitamins in the stored flour. differences in physico-chemical characteristics were observed between palm oil produced by the ...19863743721
the application of protein concentrates from locally available legumes in the development of weaning foods.the effect of mixing different sources of vegetable proteins from legumes in the preparation of infant weaning foods was investigated. melon, cowpea and soya as sole protein sources or as a mixture were fed to 60 albino rats. a milk powder-based commercial product (cerelac) was used as control diet. the mixture of the vegetable protein diet compared favorably with the control diet in terms of growth rate, protein efficiency ratio (per) and net protein ratio (npr) and also ensured optimum nitroge ...19863825189
identification of rhizobium plasmid sequences involved in recognition of psophocarpus, vigna, and other legumes.symbiotic dna sequences involved in nodulation by rhizobium must include genes responsible for recognizing homologous hosts. we sought these genes by mobilizing the symbiotic plasmid of a broad host-range rhizobium mpik3030 (= ngr234) that can nodulate glycine max, psophocarpus tetragonolobus, vigna unguiculata, etc., into two nod- rhizobium mutants as well as into agrobacterium tumefaciens. subsequently, cosmid clones of pmpik3030a were mobilized into nod+ rhizobium that cannot nodulate the cho ...19863958042
legume agglutinins that bind to rhizobium meliloti.a protein found in seeds and roots of alfalfa (medicago sativa) was implicated in the specificity of the infection process, based on its binding to the symbiont rhizobium meliloti. we found an agglutinin with similar properties in seeds and roots of sweet clover (melilotis alba). the sweet clover differed from alfalfa in nodulation by a mutant strain of r. meliloti, but the agglutinins were indistinguishable by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, rhizobium agglutination, a ...19853988714
the nifh and nifdk promoter regions from rhizobium japonicum share structural homologies with each other and with nitrogen-regulated promoters from other organisms.in several species of rhizobium the three genes which encode the nitrogenase complex are separated into two operons, nifh and nifdk. we have mapped the transcriptional promoter sites for these two operons from r. japonicum usda strain 110 by s1 protection analyses using bacterial rna isolated from soybean nodules. transcription of the nifdk operon is initiated at a site located 46 nucleotides upstream of the proposed translation initiation codon. nifh transcription initiates predominantly at a s ...19846588133
the accuracy of protein synthesis in reticulocyte and hela cell lysates.the accuracy of translation in protein synthesis is measured as the rate of misincorporation of a particular amino acid, different from that specified by an mrna codon, into protein. the cowpea variant of tobacco mosaic virus, cctmv, contains no cysteine or methionine in its coat protein. translation in vitro of purified cctmv coat protein mrna by rabbit reticulocyte and hela cell lysates has been performed. the coat protein product was purified by immunoprecipitation with specific antisera, and ...19854016118
the use of cowpeas (vigna unguiculata) in improving a popular nigerian weaning food.a weaning food commonly used in nigeria was simulated by mixing processed sorghum (sorghum bicolor) with skim-milk powder (830: 170, w/w). replacing 310 g/kg sorghum with processed cowpeas (vigna unguiculata) resulted in an increase in protein content from 96 to 113 g/kg and an increase in biological value of the protein from 0.74 to 0.87. the two mixtures were compared with an established commercial baby food by a panel of nigerian mothers and all three foods were found to be equally acceptable ...19854063322
novel application of quantitative immunoassays for screening seed globulins of cowpea varieties.using antibodies raised in rabbits, radioimmunoassay (ria) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) are standardized for cowpea (var. pusa barsati) seed globulins. the ria, when used to screen three stages of seed development, reveals that maximum globulins are detected at 28 days after flowering. when three different varieties of cowpea are assayed for their globulin content by ria and elisa, it is observed that the bold grain cowpea has the highest amount of related globulin as compared t ...19854063471
some properties of pea green mottle virus, a member of the cowpea mosaic group, isolated in czechoslovakia. 19694106754
hypocholesterolemic effect of cowpea in rats on atherogenic diet. 19836674171
minor protein components in cowpea chlorotic mottle virus and satellite of tobacco necrosis virus. 19744414688
structure of isometric viruses containing nonidentical polypeptide chains.the theory of caspar and klug (1962) for the structure of isometric viruses has been generalized to the case in which the identical repeating unit is composed of n nonidentical polypeptide chains. this modified theory accounts for the structure of picornaviruses, the lambda phage head, cowpea mosaic virus, and phix174, while at the same time conserving the principle of having identical subunits in identical environments. furthermore, the modified theory suggests amending the triangulation number ...19744418754
molecular assembly of tobacco mosaic virus in vitro.tmv assembly starts with a specific interaction between the assembly origin on the rna and a disk aggregate of coat protein. the assembly origin is located in the 30k protein cistron for common and tomato strains of tmv and in the coat protein cistron for cowpea strain of tmv and for cgmmv. all the assembly origins have three essential structures: a long base-paired hairpin loop structure; a target sequence, gapuguug, at the top of the hairpin loop structure; and a tract where every third base i ...19863551520
electron microscopy of the bean and cowpea strains of southern bean mosaic virus within leaf cells. 19705430452
pleomorphism and acetylene-reducing activity of free-living rhizobia.cowpea-type rhizobium sp. strain 32h1 and rhizobium japonicum usda 26 and 110 grown on a glutamate-mannitol-gluconate agar medium showed increases in the number of pleomorphic cells coincident with their acetylene-reducing activity. pleomorphs appeared to be inhibited in growth nonuniformly, because acetylene-reducing cultures were mixtures of rod, branched (v, y, and t), and other irregularly shaped cells. in contrast, strain usda 10 consistently failed to reduce acetylene, even though it also ...19836822472
isolation and characterization of mutants of cowpea rhizobium defective in nitrate uptake system.in this communication, two mutants of cowpea rhizobium cb756 (nr-18 and nr-23), defective in nitrate uptake system, were described. they failed to grow in a medium where nitrate was the sole source of nitrogen and unable to show nitrate reductase activity in cell suspensions. however, they showed nitrate reductase activity (to the level of wild type) in cell-free extract preparations. thus it appears that in these mutants, the transport genes of nitrate uptake were affected and the synthesis of ...19836194663
multiple proteins and subgenomic mrnas may be derived from a single open reading frame on tobacco mosaic virus rna.it has previously been shown that messenger activity for a protein of mr = ca. 30k exists in rna fractions extracted from particles of either native or alkali stripped u1 tmv, or from cowpea strain tmv, that are smaller than full genomic length. analysis of sucrose gradient fractions containing this activity reveals a number of slightly smaller template activities directing synthesis of proteins between 18.5k and 29k in size. all of these messenger activities, including that for the 30k protein, ...19836835837
primary structural comparison of rna-dependent polymerases from plant, animal and bacterial viruses.possible alignments for portions of the genomic codons in eight different plant and animal viruses are presented: tobacco mosaic, brome mosaic, alfalfa mosaic, sindbis, foot-and-mouth disease, polio, encephalomyocarditis, and cowpea mosaic viruses. since in one of the viruses (polio) the aligned sequence has been identified as an rna-dependent polymerase, this would imply the identification of the polymerases in the other viruses. a conserved fourteen-residue segment consisting of an asp-asp seq ...19846207485
h+/atp stoichiometry of cowpea rhizobium sp. strain 32h1 cells grown under nitrogen-fixing and nitrogen-nonfixing conditions.the obligate aerobe cowpea rhizobium sp. strain 32h1 in axenic culture is able to fix n2 when grown under 0.2% o2 but not when grown under 21% o2. it was, therefore, of interest to investigate atp synthesis in these cells grown under the two conditions. when respiring in buffers having phs ranging from 6 to 8.5, cells grown under either o2 tension maintained an intracellular ph more alkaline than the exterior. the transmembrane chemical gradient of h+ (delta ph) was essentially the same under bo ...19846237099
terminal uridylyl transferase of vigna unguiculata: purification and characterization of an enzyme catalyzing the addition of a single ump residue to the 3'-end of an rna primer.an enzyme which catalyzes the addition of a single ump residue from utp to the 3'-end of an rna primer and which is referred to as terminal uridylyl transferase (tut) has been extensively purified from the membrane fraction of vigna unguiculata leaves. the purification procedure involved (i) solubilization by cation depletion (ii) deae-sepharose cl-6b column chromatography (iii) affinity chromatography of poly(u)-sepharose 4b and (iv) glycerol gradient centrifugation. the molecular weight of the ...19816269049
nucleotide sequence of the 30k protein cistron of cowpea strain of tobacco mosaic virus.the nucleotide sequence of cloned cdna copies of cowpea strain of tobacco mosaic virus rna including the 30k protein cistron was determined. the 30k protein cistron was located at residue 676-1,527 from the 3' end of the genomic rna. the 30k protein was composed of 282 amino acid residues and was basic, similar to the 30k protein of common strain om. however, homology of the amino acid sequences between the two strains was only 27%.19826292867
contribution of cowpea (vigna unguiculata) in a mixed diet to the nutrient intake of rural children in ibadan.1. sixty-four subjects from the rural areas of ibadan participated in a study to determine the contribution of cowpea (vigna unguiculata) foods to the total intake of nutrients in a mixed diet. the subjects were randomly selected from those who, according to their mothers, reacted to cowpea foods (reactors) and those who did not (non-reactors). 2. the results showed that for all subjects, protein, energy and riboflavin needs were not met from the total diet consumed. however, the requirements fo ...19873620436
effects of increasing the fibre content of a layer diet.the fibre content of a basal diet fed to laying hens was increased from 149.2 g to between 218.6 and 292.3 g/kg by the inclusion of various fibrous farm wastes and by-products at 200 g/kg diet. the fibrous ingredients lowered the metabolisable energy (me) of the basal diet from 11.82 to between 9.31 and 11.21 mj/kg. utilisation (g food/kg egg) of the basal diet was not significantly different from values for diets containing maize cob, cassava or maize starch residues. the diet containing maize ...19846329485
preservation of rhizobium viability and symbiotic infectivity by suspension in water.three rhizobium japonicum strains and two slow-growing cowpea-type rhizobium strains were found to remain viable and able to rapidly modulate their respective hosts after being stored in purified water at ambient temperatures for periods of 1 year and longer. three fast-growing rhizobium species did not remain viable under the same water storage conditions. after dilution of slow-growing rhizobium strains with water to 10(3) to 10(5) cells ml-1, the bacteria multiplied until the viable cell coun ...19846378090
mobilization of a sym plasmid from a fast-growing cowpea rhizobium strain.a large sym plasmid from a fast-growing cowpea rhizobium species was made mobilizable by cointegration with plasmid psup1011, which carries the orit region of rp4. this mobilizable sym plasmid was transferred to a number of rhizobium strains, in which nodulation and nitrogen fixation functions for symbiosis with plants of the cowpea group were expressed.19846384201
aspergillus infection and aflatoxin production in some cowpea (vigna unguiculata (l.) walp) lines in tanzania.seeds of twenty-two cowpea (vigna unguiculata (l.) walp) lines/cultivars were inoculated with aspergillus parasiticus (link) (nrrl 3145) and aflatoxin production was evaluated. all the cowpea samples were susceptible to aspergillus infection and subsequent aflatoxin production. the amount of aflatoxin produced ranged between 466.6 micrograms/kg to 1 806 micrograms/kg in the case of b (b1 + b2) and 20.8 micrograms/kg to 82.7 micrograms/kg of seed in the case of g (g1 + g2). on the basis of the am ...19836422301
[nutritive value of diets based on tubers and legumes consumed in 3 different proportions].this study was an attempt to determine the nutritional value of diets based on mixtures of manioc and cowpea flours. the proportions analyzed were 87/13, 70/30 and 50/50, respectively. the effect of supplementing these diets with methionine was also investigated. the nutritional value of the diets was evaluated using as a basis the percentage of utilizable protein. findings revealed that the protein was best utilized when the percentages of manioc and cowpea flours were 50/50, with significant d ...19846536219
mode of infection, nodulation specificity, and indigenous plasmids of 11 fast-growing rhizobium japonicum strains.eleven fast-growing strains of rhizobium japonicum were characterized with respect to indigenous plasmids and abilities to infect (inf+) and nodulate (nod+) cowpea, siratro, wild soybean, and three commercial cultivars of soybean. all strains caused infection via infection threads in root hairs and consistently nodulated cowpea, siratro, and wild soybean in growth pouches. interactions with commercial cultivars of soybean were strikingly strain specific. some combinations were nod-, and infectio ...19846542099
study of the genetic organisation of a plant viral rna genome by in vitro expression of a full-length dna copy.the genetic approach for elucidating functions encoded by rna plant viruses has been hampered by the lack of methods to select desired mutants following random mutagenesis. an alternative might be to copy rna genomes into dna and use methods for site-directed mutagenesis to modify specific regions of the dna copy. transcription of the dna copy will subsequently produce viral rna with desired mutations. we have constructed a full-length dna copy of the smaller of the two cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv ...19846549293
effect of hemagglutinin extracts on acetylcholinesterase activity in some brain areas of weanling rats.two trials involving male and female weanling albino rats (wistar strain) were conducted to investigate the effects of cowpea and limabean hemagglutinin extracts on acetylcholinesterase (ache) activity in different parts of the brain. the results show that ache activity varies with brain region. cowpea hemagglutinin significantly inhibited ache activity in the pons of male and female rats, while limabean hemagglutinin significantly inhibited ache activities in the pons of both male and female ra ...19836623517
intracellular occurrence of cowpea mild mottle virus in two unrelated plant species.the filamentous particles of cowpea mild mottle virus (cmmv) were detected only in the cytoplasm of palisade, mesophyll, parenchyma and epidermal cells of glycine max (papilionaceae) and nicotiana clevelandii (solanaceae). they were aggregated to form either sheets or bundles or, more frequently, brush-like inclusions. although cmmv was initially considered to be a possible member of the carlavirus group, it differs from aphid-borne carlaviruses in its intracellular occurrence and transmission b ...19836629699
polysaccharide production by certain antibiotic resistant mutants of rhizobium sp (cowpea miscellany). 19836629842
pathological observations on rats dosed with limabean and cowpea hemagglutinins.the toxic effects of cowpea and limabean extracts containing hemagglutinins and pathological changes in organs of weanling and growing rats were investigated. livers of weanling rats injected with limabean hemagglutinin mean lethal dose (mld), showed marked congestion of the sinusoids. livers of growing rats thus inoculated, including those given the lethal and sublethal doses of cowpea hemagglutinin, did not show any marked lesions. there was evidence of marked congestion of the medullary sinus ...19836665805
translational stability of plant viral rnas microinjected into living cells. influence of a 3'-poly(a) segment.three different alternative structural features have been shown to be present at the 3' terminus of plant viral rnas: (a) a poly(a) track, (b) a trna-like structure, (c) no special structural or sequence characteristic. we have compared the translational stability after injection into frog oocytes of a representative of each type: (a) the small genomic rna (m-rna) of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv), (b) the subgenomic mrna for coat protein (rna 4) of brome mosaic virus (bmv), (c) the subgenomic mrna ...19836681761
proteolytic processing of the proteins translated from the bottom component rna of cowpea mosaic virus. the primary and secondary cleavage reactions.the products of translation of cowpea mosaic virus b-rna in rabbit reticulocyte lysates are proteolytically cleaved to form a specific set of proteins. the primary cleavage occurs as nascent peptide chains elongate to a size of about 150 kilodaltons yielding a 32k protein and, upon chain completion, a 170k protein. this cleavage reaction is inhibited by 3 mm iodoacetamide. the 170k protein, in turn, is cleaved to yield either of two pairs of proteins, a 110k and 60k pair or a 87k and 84k pair. t ...19846699013
cholesterolaemic action of vigna sinensis (cowpea). 19846706368
highly insect-resistant transgenic tobacco plants containing both b.t. and cpti genes.the cowpea trypsin inhibitor (cpti) gene was synthesized according to its cdna sequence using dna synthesizer and confirmed by dna sequencing. the cpti gene and modified bacillus thuringiensis (b.t.) delta-endotoxin gene were cotransformed to tobacco explants mediated by agrobacterium tumefaciens. the integrations of b.t and cpti genes were confirmed by pcr and southern hybridization. three kinds of transgenic plants were obtained: (1) containing cpti gene, (2) containing b.t gene, (3) containin ...19957548766
specificity of the actinomycin-d-sensitive function of some rna plant viruses.the actinomycin-d(amd)-sensitive step of replication of three plant viruses - cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv), cowpea mosaic virus, and the cowpea strain of tobacco mosaic virus - in cowpea was specific for each virus. different combinations of the viruses were examined in which leaves were inoculated with one virus and incubated for 48 h until multiplication was almost resistant to amd. at that time, the same leaves were inoculated with a different virus and the ability of amd to inhibit m ...19846735660
methylammonium uptake by rhizobium sp. strain 32h1.we present evidence that methylammonium is transported into cowpea rhizobium sp. strain 32h1 cells by a membrane carrier whose natural substrate is ammonium. after growth in low (0.2%) oxygen, which is necessary for nitrogen fixation by these cells, respiring rhizobial cells took up [14c]methylammonium to high intracellular levels. cells grown in atmospheric (21%) oxygen did not take up methylammonium. uptake (transport plus metabolism) was maximal in cells harvested in the early stationary phas ...19836826521
characterization of a lectin from cowpeas.a lectin without blood group specificity was isolated from cowpeas (vigna unguiculata (l.) walp.). this lectin was prepared from a crude saline extract by acid precipitation and sephadex gel filtration. purification steps generally resulted in increased agglutination activity. homogeneity was demonstrated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and ultracentrifugation. the native lectin had a molecular weight of approximately 55,000 as shown by gel filtration, polyacrylamide electrophoresis, and ...19836856584
bromovirus movement protein genes play a crucial role in host specificity.monocot-adapted brome mosaic virus (bmv) and dicot-adapted cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) are closely related bromoviruses with tripartite rna genomes. although rnas 1 and 2 together are sufficient for rna replication in protoplasts, systemic infection also requires rna3, which encodes the coat protein and the nonstructural 3a movement protein. we have previously shown with bromoviral reassortants that host specificity determinants in both viruses are encoded by rna3 as well as by rna1 and ...19937682628
antigenic signature analysis reflects differences among plant virus isolates.antigenic differences among cowpea severe mosaic virus (cpsmv) isolates were clearly reflected in signature analysis employing a panel of seven well-characterized, monoclonal antibodies. separate binding curves were generated by reacting serial dilutions of extracts from infected plant tissue containing each antigen simultaneously with each antibody in the panel. an iterative procedure was used to align unknown cpsmv antigen concentrations from different antigen preparations to allow comparison ...19937685770
expression of an animal virus antigenic site on the surface of a plant virus particle.to investigate if cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) particles can be used to express foreign protein sequences, oligonucleotides encoding an epitope derived from vp1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) were cloned into the region of the cpmv genome encoding the small (s) coat protein. the chimeras were designed so that the foreign sequence was expressed either as an insertion or as a replacement for part of the wild-type sequence. while rna from both chimeras was able to replicate in cowpea protopla ...19937692669
inhibition of alfalfa mosaic virus rna and protein synthesis by actinomycin d and cycloheximide.actinomycin d, added early after inoculation, reduces the production of infectious alfalfa mosaic virus in cowpea protoplasts by 90%. this reduction was associated with an inhibition of viral minus-strand and plus-strand rna synthesis, suggesting the involvement of host factors in these processes. coat protein production was less affected by the drug. addition of cycloheximide throughout the growth cycle resulted in an immediate cessation of coat protein production and an enhanced degradation of ...19836857995
structures of the native and swollen forms of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus determined by x-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy.rna-protein interactions stabilize many viruses and also the nucleoprotein cores of enveloped animal viruses (e.g. retroviruses). the nucleoprotein particles are frequently pleomorphic and generally unstable due to the lack of strong protein-protein interactions in their capsids. principles governing their structures are unknown because crystals of such nucleoprotein particles that diffract to high resolution have not previously been produced. cowpea chlorotic mottle virions (ccmv) are typical o ...19957743132
[nutritional evaluation of the replacement of soy bean flour and sorghum by raw cowpea (vigna sinensis) flour]. 19826892099
human immunodeficiency virus type 1-neutralizing antibodies raised to a glycoprotein 41 peptide expressed on the surface of a plant virus.an oligonucleotide encoding the amino acids 731-752 of the gp41 envelope protein of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strain iiib, which is known to induce cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies in humans, was inserted into a full-length clone of the rna encoding the coat proteins of cowpea mosaic virus (rna 2 of cpmv). when transfected together with rna 1 of cpmv, transcribed rna 2 was able to replicate in plants and form infectious virions (cpmv-hiv). purified virions were injected subcu ...19957786579
imitation milks from cicer arietinum (l.), vigna unguiculata (l.) walpers and vigna radiata (l.) wilczek and other legumes. 19816894776
complete nucleotide sequences of the coat protein messenger rnas of brome mosaic virus and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus.the nucleotide sequences of the subgenomic coat protein messengers (rna4's) of two related bromoviruses, brome mosaic virus (bmv) and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv), have been determined by direct rna and cdna sequencing without cloning. bmv rna4 is 876 b long including a 5' noncoding region of nine nucleotides and a 3' noncoding region of 300 nucleotides. ccmv rna 4 is 824 b long, including a 5' noncoding region of 10 nucleotides and a 3' noncoding region of 244 nucleotides. the encoded c ...19826895941
comparative studies on ribonucleic acid dependent rna polymerases in cucumber mosaic virus infected cucumber and tobacco and uninfected tobacco plants.rna-dependent rna polymerases have been isolated in almost pure form from cucumber mosaic virus (cmv) infected cucumber cotyledons and from tobacco leaves and were compared with the less pure enzyme from uninfected tobacco. the purified polymerase from cucumber shows on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels two peptide chains of about 100 and 112 kdaltons. the enzyme from tobacco shows a close doublet of about 125 kdaltons, which is also present in the less pure preparation from healthy tobacco. while bot ...19826896652
root exudates in relation to growth and nitrogenase activity of rhizobium japonicum.root exudates of cowpea and soybean were collected in aerated water cultures. the ability of these exudates to support nitrogenase activity of r. japonicum was studied on defined media. when a complete nitrogenase-inducing medium was supplemented with concentrated root exudate, there was an increased nitrogenase activity. when the cowpea root exudate was substituted for glutamine or sodium succinate in the medium, nitrogenase activity was not detected. growth was good when the root exudate was s ...19816949404
effect of thermal treatments on the chemical and biological value of irradiated and non-irradiated cowpea bean (vigna unguiculata l. walp) flour.chemical and nutritional characteristics of irradiated and nonirradiated cowpea bean at 0.2 kgy submitted to several thermal treatments were studied. the cowpea bean flours irradiated at 0.2 kgy were superior to those non-irradiated concerning digestibility and the flours submitted to microwave oven were superior to those cooked under low pressure, autoclaved or even raw from the nutritional point of view. as to the presence of anti-nutritional factors, the results showed that the variety of cow ...19947855086
supplementation of irradiated and non-irradiated cowpea bean (vigna unguiculata l. walp) protein with cereal proteins. supplementation of soup with a protein blend of appropriate nutritional value.the quality of the cowpea bean protein was improved through supplementations with flours from beans exposed to microwave oven treated with cereal proteins such as wheat, rice, corn, and sorghum. biological assays results with these blends showed that the casein exceeded the other diets concerning digestibility only; however, in parameters such as biological value, net protein utilization (npu), protein efficiency ratio (per) and nutritional efficiency ratio (ner), no significant differences occu ...19947855092
consumption of diets containing raw soya beans (glycine max), kidney beans (phaseolus vulgaris), cowpeas (vigna unguiculata) or lupin seeds (lupinus angustifolius) by rats for up to 700 days: effects on body composition and organ weights.feeding trials have been done with rats to assess the effects of long-term (700 d) consumption of diets based on raw cowpeas (vigna unguiculata; moderate bowman-birk inhibitor content, low lectin content), lupin seeds (lupinus angustifolius; low lectin and protease inhibitor content) or soya beans (glycine max; high kunitz inhibitor content, moderate bowman-birk inhibitor content, moderate lectin content) or diets containing low levels of raw kidney bean (phaseolus vulgaris; high lectin content, ...19957857911
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