Publications

bacterial spot of cowpea.		1923	17820798
action of inhibitors on hydrogenase in azotobacter.	the inhibitors usually associated with the activity of the cytochrome oxidase system-cyanide and carbon monoxide-are also effective in reducing the oxidation of h(2) by intact cells of azotobacter vinelandii. the hydrogenase system is more sensitive to co than is the respiratory system. oxidation of a carbon source and of hydrogen by azotobacter cells is inhibited in a quantitatively different manner by the following compounds: sodium azide, hydroxylamine, sodium iodoacetate, and sodium fluoride ...	1943	19873342
some variables affecting the use of cowpea as an assay host for cucumber mosaic virus.		1954	13189819
temperature influence on the rate of passage of cucumber mosaic virus through the epidermis of cowpea leaves.		1958	13544110
acquired tolerance of leaves to heat.	when bean, cowpea, cucumber, fig and tobacco leaves were heated 15 to 30 seconds at 50 degrees c, 12 to 48 hours later they tolerated a temperature of 55 degrees c up to three times as long for the same degree of heat injury as did leaves which were not previously heated.	1961	17812919
quick serological method of classifying strains of rhizobium japonicum in nodules.	means, ura m. (u.s. department of agriculture, beltsville, md.), herbert w. johnson, and r. a. date. quick serological method of classifying strains of rhizobium japonicum in nodules. j. bacteriol. 87:547-553. 1964.-a new method of classifying strains of rhizobium japonicum serologically by utilizing the contents of nodules as antigens is described. the method differs from standard procedures only in the preparation of antigens, but it is less time-consuming. agglutination reactions of culture a ...	1964	14127569
effects of ethylene on auxin transport.	the effect of ethylene on the uptake, distribution and polar transport of c(14) from indole-3-acetic acid-2-c(14) and naphthalene acetic acid-1-c(14) in tissue sections was studied. test species were cotton (gossypium hirsutum, l.) and cowpea (vigna sinensis, endl.). generally, incubation of tissue or intact plants with ethylene reduced the degree of polar auxin transport. ethylene inhibited the movement of both auxins in stem tissue and iaa in petiole tissue of cotton. the effect of ethylene on ...	1966	16656230
the amino acid and nucleotide composition of the bean and cowpea strains of southern bean mosaic virus.		1966	5921641
bentonite aids virus transmission.	the addition of 0.1-1% bentonite to crude sap of erigeron glaucus containing tomato ringspot virus increased transmission of the virus to bean, but similar amounts of bentonite to the same inoculum decreased transmission to cucumber and cowpea. addition of bentonite to crude inoculum of this virus in cucumber, bean, and cowpea reduced transmission to cucumber, bean, and cowpea. bentonite decreased transmission to cowpea of cucumber mosaic virus from young cucumber but increased transmission from ...	1966	18611479
enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle in rhizobia and nodules of legumes.	the relatively high level of fatty acids in soybean nodules and rhizobia from soybean nodules suggested that the glyoxylate cycle might have a role in nodule metabolism. several species of rhizobia in pure culture were found to have malate synthetase activity when grown on a number of different carbon sources. significant isocitrate lyase activity was induced when oleate, which presumably may act as an acetyl coa precursor, was utilized as the principle carbon source. malate synthetase was activ ...	1966	16656404
electron microscopy of leaves infected with sowbane mosaic virus and other small polyhedral viruses.	leaves of chenopodium amaranticolor were infected with sowbane mosaic virus (smv), sectioned and examined by electron microscopy. leaves of brassica pekinensis and c. amaranticolor were infected with turnip yellow mosaic virus and cowpea mosaic virus, respectively, and similarly studied. with all three viruses it was difficult, in sections, to distinguish the small isometric virus particles from ribosomes though sometimes this was possible, especially when the viruses crystallized. pretreatment ...	1967	18614059
rhizobial relationship of the genus phaseolus. i. cross-inoculation performance of different species to r. phaseoli, r. japonicum, and the cowpea organism.		1967	6036898
structures derived from cowpea chlorotic mottle and brome mosaic virus protein.		1969	5784855
some properties of pea green mottle virus, a member of the cowpea mosaic group, isolated in czechoslovakia.		1969	4106754
electron microscopy of the bean and cowpea strains of southern bean mosaic virus within leaf cells.		1970	5430452
serological relationship of brome mosaic and cowpea chlorotic mottle viruses.		1971	4108620
a bacterium and dipterous parasite in wild populations of cowpea curculio larvae: effects of treatment with spores of metarrhizium anisopliae.		1971	4930318
antigenic analysis of rhizobium japonicum by immunodiffusion.	immunodiffusion reactions were studied with seven strains of rhizobium japonicum and three strains of the cowpea miscellany by using antisera against eight of the strains. most strains yielded only weak precipitin bands when untreated cell suspensions were used as antigens in the diffusions. ultrasonic disruption or heat treatment of the cells led to stronger bands, and immersion in boiling water for 20 min was used as the standard procedure for preparing these bacteria for immunodiffusion analy ...	1971	4998353
sexual competition of gamma-sterilized male cowpea weevils.		1971	5122367
citrus oils as protectants of black-eyed peas against cowpea weevils: laboratory evaluation.		1972	5085809
the tryptic peptides and terminal sequences of the protein from the cowpea strain of tobacco mosaic virus.		1972	4640687
east african strains of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus.		1973	4701692
the effects of aflatoxin b1 and palmotoxins b0 and g0 on the germination and leaf colour of the cowpea (vigna sinensis).		1973	4768220
the localization of virus-specific double-stranded rna of cowpea mosaic virus in subcellular fractions of infected vigna leaves.		1973	4576343
the infection of tobacco protoplasts with cowpea chlorotic mottle virus and its rna.		1973	4584931
structure and infectivity of picornaviral rna encapsidated by cowpea chlorotic mottle virus protein.	poliovirus and mengo virus rna were shown to associate efficiently with cowpea chlorotic mottle virus protein to form pseudovirions. the sedimentation coefficient for the pseudovirions was similar to that of poliovirus, and electron microscope observations showed the mengo pseudovirions to be similar in size to mengo virus. such pseudovirions were infectious and were more resistant to ribonuclease than viral rna; however, under our assay conditions, their infectivity was about equal to that of v ...	1973	4128376
variation in pathogenicity of seventeen isolates of meloidogyne incognita.	pathogenicity of 17 isolates of meloidogyne incognita collected in tennessee was studied in the greenhouse on: rutgers tomato, n.c. 95 tobacco, mcnair 1032 cotton, dixie queen watermelon, california wonder pepper and line m57-13n cowpea. root-knot indices of the isolates on the different hosts differentiated six physiological races. the host reactions of each race are discussed.	1973	19319300
the mechanism of infection of plant protoplasts by viruses.	the process of virus infection of protoplasts isolated from tobacco leaves has been examined by means of electron microscopy. immediately after inoculation, virus particles appear at two types of site: trapped in complex surface lesions of the plasmalemma, or in peripheral cytoplasmic vesicles. the complex lesions are only visible after treatment of the protoplasts with inocula containing poly-l-ornithine. with infection by tobacco mosaic virus and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus, which require po ...	1973	24468812
minor protein components in cowpea chlorotic mottle virus and satellite of tobacco necrosis virus.		1974	4414688
structure of isometric viruses containing nonidentical polypeptide chains.	the theory of caspar and klug (1962) for the structure of isometric viruses has been generalized to the case in which the identical repeating unit is composed of n nonidentical polypeptide chains. this modified theory accounts for the structure of picornaviruses, the lambda phage head, cowpea mosaic virus, and phix174, while at the same time conserving the principle of having identical subunits in identical environments. furthermore, the modified theory suggests amending the triangulation number ...	1974	4418754
the amino acid sequences of the tryptic peptides of the cowpea strain of tobacco mosaic virus protein.		1974	4441618
the effect of double-stranded cowpea mosaic viral rna on protein synthesis.	the effect of double-stranded cowpea mosaic viral rna on several in vitro protein synthesizing systems was studied. no inhibitory effect of this rna at concentrations up to 16 mug/ml was found in wheat germ protein synthesis programmed with cowpea mosaic viral-, alfalfa mosaic viral- or globin 9 s-rna. at high concentrations of this double-stranded rna, inhibition of escherichia coli in vitro protein synthesis programmed with ms-2- and cowpea mosaic viral-rna was found, whereas at low concentrat ...	1975	1092369
the amino acid sequence of the cowpea strain of tobacco mosaic virus protein.	the amino acid sequence of the coat protein of the cowpea strain of tobacco mosaic virus (cowpea virus) has been determined. the tryptic peptide overlaps were obtained by digesting the protein with chymotrypsin and separating and analysing the lysine-and arginine-containing chymotryptic peptides. the primary structure of cowpea virus protein has been found to differ markedly from that of any other known strain of tobacco mosaic virus, and contains 3 amino acid residues more and 96 amino acid cha ...	1975	1138919
protozoa and the decline of rhizobium populations added to soil.	a fall in rhizobium abundance occurred in nonsterile soil inoculated with large numbers of the root-nodule bacteria, but many of the rhizobia still survived. no such decline was evident in sterile soil. protozoa feeding on these bacteria were isolated from soil and other environments. as the abundance of rhizobium meliloti and a cowpea rhizobium strain in soil decreased, the protozoan density increased. the inability of the predators to eliminate their prey from soil was not the result of the pr ...	1975	807307
comparison of chemical and microbiological methods in the estimation of methionine in cowpea (vigna unguiculata) seeds.	1. meals were prepared from the seeds of fifteen varieties of cowpea (vigna unguiculata), one of lima bean (phaseolus lunatus) and one of yam bean (sphenostylis stenocarpa), and their methionine content was determined by six different methods. 2. total methionine content was determined by two chemical methods (ion-exchange chromatography and a colorimetric procedure) and by two microbiological methods. the 'available' methionine content was determined by microbiological assay with streptococcus ...	1976	821514
an efficient mrna-dependent translation system from reticulocyte lysates.	a simple method is described for converting a standard rabbit reticulocyte cell-free extract (lysate) into an mrna-dependent protein synthesis system. the lysate is preincubated with cacl2 and micrococcal nuclease, and then excess ethyleneglycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-n,n'-tetraacetic acid is added to chelate the ca2+ and inactivate the nuclease. lysates treated in this way have neglibible endogenous amino acid incorporation activity, but 75% of the activity of the original lysate can be recover ...	1976	823012
nitrogenase activity in cultured rhizobium sp. strain 32h1: nutritional and physical considerations.	nutritional and physical conditions affecting nitrogenase activity in the strain of "cowpea" rhizobia, 32h1, were examined using cultures grown on agar medium. arabinose in the basic medium (cs7) could be replaced by ribose, xylose, or glycerol, but mannitol, glucose, sucrose, or galactose only supported low nitrogenase (c2h2 reduction) activity. succinate could be replaced by pyruvate, fumarate, malate, or 2-oxoglutarate, but without any carboxylic acid, nitrogenase activity was low or undetect ...	1976	5982
nitrogen fixation in cultured cowpea rhizobia: inhibition and regulation of nitrogenase activity.		1976	11803
investigation on the infection of cucumber mesophyll protoplasts with cucumber mosaic virus.	isolated protoplasts from the first leaf mesophyll of cucumber plants have been successfully infected in vitro with cucumber mosaic virus (cmv). virus instability before, during and after inoculation of the protoplasts resulted in low infectivities when extracts were assayed on cowpea; however, viral rna extraction improved the bioassay technique. attempts to optimize inoculation and incubation of protoplasts are outlined, incorporating the improved assay.	1976	13767
proceedings: the cowpea strain of tmv is a pseudo-multicomponent virus.		1976	1275404
in vitro and in vivo translation of the ribonucleic acids of a cowpea strain of tobacco mosaic virus.		1976	936472
use of inactivating agents to detect and partially characterize very early events in the infection of cowpea leaf epidermal cells by peanut stunt virus.		1976	948863
nitrogenase activity and respiration of cultures of rhizobium spp. with special reference to concentrations of dissolved oxygen.	studies of nitrogenase in cultures of the cowpea rhizobia (rhizobium spp.) strains 32h1 and cb756 are reported. preliminary experiments established that, even when agar cultures were grown in air, suspensions of bacteria prepared anaerobically from them were most active at low concentrations of free dissolved o2. consequently, assays for activity used low concentrations of o2, stabilized by adding the nodule pigment leghaemoglobin. in continuous, glutamine-limited cultures of 32h1, nitrogenase a ...	1976	953022
homogenization-resistant and -susceptible components of tobacco mosaic virus replicative form rna.	when prepared from tissue frozen with liquid nitrogen, tobacco mosaic virus replicative form rna (tmv rf) was uniform in size but when prepared by high-speed homogenization, or when tmv rf prepared with liquid nitrogen was homogenized, 80 to 90% of the rf broke into relatively discrete pieces. the unbroken rf was not fragmented by additional homogenization. the tmv rf components susceptible and resistant to breakage, respectively, were synthesized with similar kinetics in relation to length of l ...	1976	1018172
effect of protein additives on acetylene reduction (nitrogen fixation) by rhizobium in the presence and absence of soybean cells.	the effect of protein additives on acetylene reduction (n(2) fixation) by rhizobium associated with soybean cells (glycine max [l.] merr.) in vitro was studied. acetylene reduction was promoted on the basal medium supplemented with 1.4 mg of n/ml supplied as aqueous extracts of hexane-extracted soybean, red kidney beans (phaseolus vulgaris l.), or peas (pisum sativum l.). commercial samples of alpha-casein, or bovine serum albumin also promoted acetylene reduction at a concentration of 1.4 mg of ...	1976	16659592
effects of inhibitors of rna and protein synthesis on aspartate transcarbamylase activity in etiolated plant tissue.	aspartate transcarbamylase (atcase) activity declines in etiolated cowpea (vigna unguiculata l. walp.) and soybean (glycine max l. merr.) hypocotyls between 3 and 11 days after planting. treating cow-pea hypocotyls with cycloheximide (ch), actinomycin d (amd), 6-methyl purine (6-mp), or cordycepin increases atcase activity up to 740, 350, 465, and 305%, respectively, over water-treated controls 48 to 72 hours after treatment. in contrast erythromycin had no effect, and d-threo-chloramphenicol (c ...	1976	16659653
hydrogen reactions of nodulated leguminous plants: i. effect of rhizobial strain and plant age.	the atp-dependent evolution of h(2) catalyzed by nitrogenase and the hydrogenase-catalyzed oxidation of h(2) have been implicated as factors influencing the efficiency of energy utilization in the n(2) fixation process. the effects of rhizobial strain and plant age on the h(2)-evolving and h(2)-utilizing activity of leguminous root nodules are described in this manuscript. two classes of legume-rhizobium combinations were observed in studies with soybeans (glycine max l. merr.) and cowpeas (vign ...	1977	16660157
differential stimulation and inhibition of growth of rhizobium trifolii strain t1 and other rhizobium species by various carbon sources.	the physiological properties of rhizobium trifolii strain t1 were studied in detail, since this strain has many useful characteristics and appears ideal for development as a reference strain for r. trifolii. some tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and related compounds were found to stimulate growth in the presence of sucrose and arabinose, while others inhibited growth partially or completely. other r. trifolii strains behaved likewise. moreover, similar responses were also observed with ot ...	1977	617211
escherichia coli plasmid pbr313 insertion into plant protoplasts and into their nuclei.	cowpea mesophyll protoplasts were shown to bind irreversibly up to 3% input radioactive pbr313 plasmid dna after 15 min of contact. maximum uptake occurred in the presence of 5 mm znso4 and 5 microgram/ml poly-l-ornithine. under these conditions about one half of the tca precipitable radioactivity was associated with the nuclear fraction and behaved as linear plasmid molecules. these could not be chased from the protoplasts upon further incubation with unlabeled plasmid dna. the presence of dono ...	1977	331080
nitrogen fixation in nitrate reductase-deficient mutants of cultured rhizobia.	forty-eight mutants unable to reduce nitrate were isolated from "cowpea" rhizobium sp. strain 32hl and examined for nitrogenase activity in culture. all but two of the mutants had nitrogenase activity comparable with the parental sttain and two nitrogenase-defective strains showed alterations in their symbiotic properties. one strain was unable to nodulate either macroptilium atropurpureum or vigna uguiculata and, with the other, nodules appeared promptly, but effective nitrogen fixation was del ...	1977	838684
examination and modification of the use of leuconostoc mesenteroides for measurements of the sulfur-containing amino acids from vigna unguiculata.		1977	858858
differential effect of 2-thiouracil on synthesis of two plant viruses in the same host.	in cowpea leaves singly or doubly infected with cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) and/or southern bean mosaic virus (sbmv), treatment with 2-thiouracil increased the accumulation of ccmv particles and strongly decreased the accumulation of sbmv particles. thiouracil prevented the usual inhibition of synthesis of ccmv particles at about 6 days after inoculation, and 2-3 times as many ccmv particles accumulated as in water-treated plants. a single treatment of thiouracil 48 h before, at the tim ...	1977	870449
further evidence for the regulation of bacterial populations in soil by protozoa.	after the addition to soil of large numbers of a cowpea rhizobium strain, the population declined steadily until the numbers reached about 10(7)/g, and the protozoa rose to about 10(4)/g. when indigenous protozoa were suppressed by the addition of actidione to the soil, the density of the test rhizobium did not fall initially, but its abundance declined to about 10(7)/g when actidione-resistant protozoa arose in significant numbers. the addition to actidione-treated soil of an antibiotic-resista ...	1977	879960
infection of cowpea mesophyll protoplasts with cucumber mosaic virus.		1977	929986
electron-paramagnetic-resonance studies of leghaemoglobins from soya-bean and cowpea root nodules. identification of nitrosyl-leghaemoglobin in crude leghaemoglobin preparations.	1. leghaemoglobins from soya-bean (glycine max) and cowpea (vigna unguiculata) root nodules were purified by chromatography on deae-cellulose phosphate columns at ph8.0 and ph5.8, to avoid the relatively low ph (5.2) commonly used to purify these proteins. 2. e.p.r. (electron-paramagnetic-resonance) spectra of the fluoride, azide, hydroxide and cyanide complexes of these ferric leghaemoglobins were very similar to the spectra of the corresponding myoglobin derivatives, indicating that the immedi ...	1977	23110
development of the nitrogen fixing apparatus in the legumes, centrosema pubescens benth., and vigna unguiculata l. walp.	the sequence of events leading up to the establishment of symbiotic nitrogen-fixation were studied in two tropical legumes, centrosema pubescens benth, and vigna unguiculata l. walp. parameters measured included fresh and dry weights, chlorophyll and leghaemoglobin contents, as well as the activities of nadh-nitrate reductase (ec 1.6.6.1), and nitrogenase (nitric-oxide reductase-ec 1.7.99.2) in plants that were inoculated with suitable rhizobia or which were watered with potassium nitrate. dry w ...	1978	24414160
surface charge of protoplasts and their significance in cell-cell interaction.	ζ-potential of mesophyll protoplasts of tobacco (nicotiana tabacum l.), petunia (petunia hybrida hort.), turnip (brassica rapa l.) and cowpea (vigna unguiculata l. walpers) was determined by use of a cell electrophoresis apparatus. all protoplasts examined showed a constant negative value of-10 to-35 mv. the addition of cacl2 nullified the ζ-potential of tobacco protoplasts. this phenomenon is explained by dlvo theory of colloid science, which has been successfully applied to animal cells. furth ...	1978	24408109
activity of nitrogenase and glutamine synthetase in relation to availability of oxygen in continuous cultures of a strain of cowpea rhizobium sp. supplied with excess ammonium.	in samples from nitrogen-fixing continuous cultures of strain cb756 of the cowpea type rhizobia (rhizobium sp.), newly fixed nh+4 is in equiblibrium with the medium, from where it is assimilated by the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase pathway. in samples from steady state cultures with different degrees of oxygen-limitation, nitrogenase activity was positively correlated with the biosynthetic of glutamine synthetase in cell free extracts. also, activities in biosynthetic assays were posit ...	1978	23859
efficient reverse transcription of cowpea mosaic virus rnas.	conditions are described which give an efficient synthesis of dna copies of cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) rnas, using avian myeloblastosis reverse transcriptase and oligo (dt) primers. maximum incorporation of damp into cdna is attained with 0.4 to 0.8 mm of each deoxynucleoside triphosphate, 12 mm mg++ and 60 mm k+ ion concentrations. high enzyme concentrations (up to 100 units/ml) were used. under these conditions over 1000 pmoles of damp were incorporated per reaction. the cdna:rna molar ratio ...	1978	85293
conformational states of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus ribonucleic acid components.	the conditions determining conformational changes in the four ribonucleic acid components of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus have been studied. all four components have at least two electrophoretically separable conformers, the occurrence of which can be regulated by both monovalent and polyvalent cations. this phenomenon also occurs, in a much less striking way, in the ribonucleic acids of the two other members of the bromovirus group, brome mosaic virus and broad bean mottle virus. although spec ...	1978	643624
denitrification in rhizobium.	thirty-three strains of rhizobium were examined for their reduction of nitrate under anoxic conditions. three patterns of dissimilatory nitrate reduction were observed: (1) reduction to n2o and n2 (denitrification), (2) reduction to and subsequent accumulation of no2- (nitrate respiration), (3) no reduction. strains of r. japonicum and the cowpea miscellany displayed all three types, while strains of r. leguminosarum, r. phaseoli, and r. trifolii did not reduce nitrate by dissimilatory means. th ...	1978	667742
survival and efficiency of cowpea rhizobia on pelleted and non-pelleted peanut seeds, treated with fungicides.	peanut seeds were either normally inoculated with the legume inoculant okadin, containing cowpea rhizobia, or pelleted and treated with each of the fungicides brassical, thiram, orthocide 75, falisan, vitavax 75, and agrosan. the seeds were then incubated at room (+/- 25 degrees c) or refrigeration temperatures (+/- 5 degrees c). survival tests were made after 2 and 10 days. treated seeds were also planted in pots containing nile silt for testing the efficiency of rhizobia as affected by the fun ...	1978	696041
toxicity of leucaena leucocephala. the effect of iodine and mineral supplements on penned steers fed a sole diet of leucaena.	steers fed a sole diet of leucaena leucocephala cv. peru (leucaena), rapidly developed a hypothyroid condition. total serum thyroxine (t4) levels declined from c 120 n mol litre-1 to 13 n mol litre-1 within six weeks of full leucaena feeding. associated with the hypothyroidism was a declined in feed intake, poor weight gain, hair loss, excessive salivation and the development of lesions on the oesophagus of some animals. light steers (119 kg) were more severely affected than heavy steers (220 kg ...	1978	718558
nitrate reductase and dehydrogenase activities of cowpea nodules as affected by ammonium sulphate and urea fertilizers.		1978	726712
the correlation between the efficiency of rhizobia and nitrate reductase and dehydrogenase activities of cowpea nodules.	cowpea seeds variety fettriat were planted in nile silt soil and inoculated with 5 strains of cowpea rhizobia. after 50 and 80 days, the plants were uprooted, analysed for dry weight, total nitrogen, fresh weight of nodules, nitrate reductase activity in the leaves, and nitrate reductase and dehydrogenase activities in the nodule homogenate in the presence or absence of succinate, citrate, and ethyl alcohol. the data were analysed to establish the correlation coefficients between total nitrogen ...	1978	726713
comparison of the relationships of southern bean mosaic virus and the cowpea strain of tobacco mosaic virus with the bean leaf beetle.		1978	563640
bacteriocin-like substances produced by rhizobium japonicum and other slow-growing rhizobia.	bacteriocin-like substances were commonly produced by slow-growing rhizobium japonicum and cowpea rhizobia on an l-arabinose medium. antagonism between strains of r. japonicum was not detected in vitro; however, such strains were often sensitive to some bacteriocins produced by cowpea rhizobia. inhibitory zones (2 to 8 mm from colony margins), produced by 58 of 66 r. japonicum test strains, were reproducibly detected with corynebacterium nebraskense as an indicator. quantitative production was n ...	1978	570016
hydrogen reactions of nodulated leguminous plants: ii. effects on dry matter accumulation and nitrogen fixation.	the interaction between the atp-dependent evolution of h(2) catalyzed by nitrogenase and the oxidation of h(2) via a hydrogenase has been postulated to influence the efficiency of the n(2)-fixing process in nodulated legumes. a comparative study using soybean (glycine max l. merr.) cv. anoka inoculated with either rhizobium japonicum strain usda 31 or usda 110 and cowpea (vigna unguiculata l. walp.) cv. whippoorwill inoculated with rhizobium strain 176a27 or 176a28 cultured on a n-free medium wa ...	1978	16660301
role of lectins in plant-microorganism interactions: iii. influence of rhizosphere/rhizoplane culture conditions on the soybean lectin-binding properties of rhizobia.	the influence of rhizosphere/rhizoplane culture conditions on the ability of various rhizobia to bind soybean seed lectin (sbl) was examined. eleven strains of the soybean symbiont, rhizobium japonicum, and six strains of various heterologous rhizobium species were cultured in root exudate of soybean (glycine max [l.] merr.) and in association with roots of soybean seedlings which were growing either hydroponically or in montmorillonite clay soil amendment (turface). all 11 of the r. japonicum s ...	1978	16660472
spectral characterization of five chlorophyll-protein complexes.	sodium dodecyl sulfate-solubilized chloroplast internal membranes of higher plants (cowpea [vigna unguiculata l. walp], chinese cabbage [brassica chinensi l.], and tobacco [nicotiana tabacum l.]) are resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis into two chlorophyll a- and three chlorophyll a,b-proteins. a small portion (about 15%) of the membrane chlorophyll migrates as a component of high electrophoretic mobility and presumably consists of detergent-complexed, protein-free pigment.one of the ...	1978	16660625
economy of photosynthate use in nitrogen-fixing legume nodules: observations on two contrasting symbioses.	the economy of c use by root nodules was examined in two symbioses, vigna unguiculata (l.) walp. (cv. caloona):rhizobium cb756 and lupinus albus l. (cv. ultra):rhizobium wu425 over a 2-week period in early vegetative growth. plants were grown in minus n water culture with cuvettes attached to the nodulated zone of their primary roots for collection of evolved co(2) and h(2). increments in total plant n and in c and n of nodules, and c:n weight ratios of xylem and phloem exudates were studied by ...	1979	16661076
effect of cordycepin triphosphate on in vitro rna synthesis by plant viral replicases.	in vitro rna synthesis by tobacco mosaic virus and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus replicase were inhibited by cordycepin triphosphate. inhibition could be overcome with higher concentrations of atp in assay mixtures but not with utp. products synthesized in vitro by tobacco mosaic virus rna replicase in the presence of inhibitor revealed replicative form but not replicative intermediate rnas. these results suggest that cordycepin triphosphate competes specifically with atp and results in prematur ...	1979	16789174
sequence homology adjacent to the 3' terminal poly(a) of cowpea mosaic virus rnas.	we have determined the sequence of 80 nucleotides adjacent to 3' poly(a) of both (middle and bottom component) cowpea mosaic virus rnas, using dideoxynucleotide termination of reverse transcription. sequence conservation is indicated, there being about 80% homology between the first 65 bases of each rna. although both rnas are polyadenylated, there is no aauaaa sequence as associated with most known polyadenylated mrnas of eukaryotes and viruses. however both rnas are u and a-rich in this region ...	1979	91160
nitrate reductase activities of rhizobia and the correlation between nitrate reduction and nitrogen fixation.	all species of rhizobium except r. lupini had nitrate reductase activity. only r. lupini was incapable of growth with nitrate as the sole source of nitrogen. however, the conditions necessary for the induction of nitrate reductase varied among species of rhizobium. rhizobium japonicum and some rhizobium species of the cowpea strains expressed nitrate reductase activities both in the root nodules of appropriate leguminous hosts and when grown in the presence of nitrate. rhizobium trifolii, r. pha ...	1979	119573
tumor induction by agrobacterium tumefaciens prevented in vigna sinensis seedlings systemically infected by ribonucleic acid viruses.	cowpea (vigna sinensis) seedlings failed to develop tumors after being inoculated with crown gall bacteria (agrobacterium tumefaciens) if, at times earlier than 1 day later, they were inoculated on the primary leaves with a cowpea mosaic virus that systemically infects them. inoculation with buffer or with a virus that is restricted to a localized infection, or to which the cowpea is immune, did not interfere with the subsequent development of tumors. the virus infection did not appear to affect ...	1979	422243
fatty acid composition of rhizobium spp.	the fatty acid composition of 42 isolates belonging to the major plant affinity groups of rhizobium has been determined and found to vary reproducible with culture age. numerical taxonomic techniques applied to the 15 major fatty acid components of log-phase cultures of comparable physiological age showed that the rhizobia constitute a uniform group. however, two clusters comprising soybean-cowpea isolates and pea-bean isolates were evident. these observations, based on a simple analysis of only ...	1979	427657
[bean and rice mixtures of high protein value (author's transl)].	the optimum content of different rice (oryza sativa) and bean (vigna unguiculata l.) combinations was studied in albino rats. the mixture containing 3 g of rice proteins, corresponding to 41g of rice "in natura", and 7 g of bean protein, corresponding to 59 g of bean "in natura", presented the highest protein efficiency ratio and the feed efficiency ratio. since the limiting amino acid of this mixture was methionine, new assays using varying levels of this amino acid as a supplement were carried ...	1979	515465
occurrence of certain physiological groups of soil micro-organisms in the rhizosphere and rhizoplane of watermelon, cucumber, and cowpea.	a field experiment was run for studying the occurrence of ammonifiers, azotobacter, aerobic cellulose-decomposers, and nitrifiers in rhizosphere soils as well as in rhizoplane samples of watermelon, cucumber, or cowpea at different stages of growth. in unamended soil, all the heterotrophs were generally stimulated in the rhizosphere of each plant, especially the leguminous one, resulting in positive rhizosphere effects. in amended soil, on the other hand, both negative and positive (but lower th ...	1979	545941
salt tolerance of rhizobium species in broth cultures.	salt tolerance of five rhizobia strains was examined in broth cultures. five levels of nacl concentration were used and the optical density was taken as a measure for the vigour of bacterial growth. rhizobium leguminosarum and r. meliloti were tolerant to high levels of salinity and growth curves in saline broth showed a similar pattern to the control level. rhizobium japonicum, cowpea rhizobium, and r. trifolii were intolerant to salt and showed a strong growth retardation with increasing salt ...	1979	547498
genome-associated proteins of comoviruses.	previously, a protein has been reported to be associated with the rnas of cowpea mosaic virus. here we present evidence for genome-associated proteins of other comoviruses: squash mosaic virus, echtes ackerbohnemosaik-virus, and another strain of cowpea mosaic virus. although the proteins and protein-oligonucleotide complexes derived from the rnas of these viruses showed similar patterns of electrophoretic mobility, two-dimensional chromatograms of their tryptic peptides were distinct. chromatog ...	1979	18631616
in vitro replication of cowpea mosaic virus rna iii. template recognition by cowpea mosaic virus rna replicase.	cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) rna replicase has been purified about 200-fold from cpmv-infected vigna unguiculata leaves. optimal reaction conditions for replicase activity have been established that allow rna synthesis to proceed for at least 15 h. using a polymerase assay under conditions optimal for cpmv rna-directed rna synthesis, all natural rna species tested appeared to be able to direct the incorporation of labeled ribonucleotides, whereas synthetic homoribopolymers were either inactive or ...	1979	16789172
the histopathological reactions of vigna sinensis to separate and concomitant parasitism by meloidogyne javanica and rotylenchulus reniformis.	cellular alterations in cowpea roots and nodules induced by single and concomitant meloidogyne javanica and rotylenchulus reniformis were investigated. m. javanica induced giant cells inside the vascular bundles of roots and nodules, and syncytia in cortical tissue of the nodules. in contrast, r. reniformis stimulated hypertrophy of pericycle and endodermal cells of the roots and nodules. syncytia induced in the roots involved a sheet of pericycle cells and an endodermal cell. cortical ceils of ...	1979	19305543
interrelations between meloidogyne javanica, rotylenchulus reniformis, and rhizobium sp. on vigna sinensis.	the interactions of meloidogyne javanica, rotylenchulus reniformis, and rhizobium sp. on cowpea seedlings were investigated. upon simultaneous inoculation with the two nematode species, m. javanica invaded first but did not affect root invasion by r. reniformis. m. javanica populations increased less in competition with r. reniformis than when present alone. preinvasion by r. renilormis significantly suppressed the number of m. javanica in the roots. inoculation of m. javanica and/or r. reniform ...	1980	19300672
titration behaviour of three strains of tobacco mosaic virus.	hydrogen ion titration curves of the virions and proteins of three strains of tobacco mosaic virus (y-tamv, u2, and cowpea) were measured in the absence and the presence of ca2+, mg2+, or mn2+ ions, and compared with the analogous curves for the type strain (vulgare). extinction coefficients were also measured for all four strains' virions and proteins. y-tamv is very like vulgare in its cation affinities: the virion has probably three groups per protein subunit that titrate near neutral ph and ...	1980	18631628
lack of specificity of virus-stimulated plant rna-dependent rna polymerases.	rna-dependent rna polymerase preparations from tobacco and cowpea plants, either uninfected, or infected with tobacco necrosis or cowpea mosaic virus, were tested for their capability to bind radioactive viral or other rnas or polynucleotides. the limited binding of up to 30% of all rnas tested was found to be completely nonspecific in regard to any infecting virus, and it was nonspecifically diminished by excess of other unlabeled rnas. these data are in line with our previous conclusion that p ...	1980	18631634
the site of initiation of rod assembly on the rna of a tomato and a cowpea strain of tobacco mosaic virus.	genome rna of a tomato (t) and a cowpea (cc) strain of tobacco mosaic virus (tmv), as well as rna of the short particles of cowpea strain, were tritium labeled at the termini. chromatographic analyis of the alkali-hydrolysate of these rnas showed that they all have a(oh) at the 3'-terminus and are capped with m7g ppp at the 5'-terminus. the site of initiation of rod assembly for these strains was determined by sequential reconstitution of virus rods with proteins of two different strains followe ...	1980	18631643
cucumber mosaic virus and peanut stunt virus differ in an initial event that occurs during the infection of cowpea leaf epidermal cells.	using procedures described earlier for peanut stunt virus (psv) (g. i. mink, virology 72, 291-298, 1976), hydroxylamine, ribonuclease (rnase), and tetrachloro-o-benzoquinone were used to determine 10-min inactivation profiles for cucumber mosaic virus (cmv) and cmv-rna. these profiles indicate that the first event that is detectable by the use of inactivating agents in the infection of cowpea primary leaves by either cmv or cmv-rna differed significantly from that reported earlier for psv and ps ...	1980	18631664
double infection of tobacco protoplasts with brome mosaic virus and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus.	mixed infections of tobacco protoplasts with cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv) and brome mosaic virus (bmv) have been studied. fluorescent antibody staining showed that capsids of both viruses were made in doubly infected protoplasts but only infectious bmv could be recovered, i.e., bmv dominated in mixed infections and prevented synthesis of infectious ccmv. healthy protoplasts could be infected after several hours in culture but the susceptibility to infection decreased with time in culture ...	1980	18631680
inhibition of mosaic virus of vigna sinensis endl. with four chemicals.	four chemicals--gibberellic acid, indoleacetic acid, 2,4-6 and thiouracil were tested for their inhibitory effect against a virus disease of vigna sinensis (cowpea). all the four chemicals inhibited the virus to a considerable extent in in vitro studies. pre and post-inoculation treatments were equally effective in inhibiting the virus, viz. local lesion formation on chenopodium amaranticolor leaves. the level of inhibition subsequently decreased with lower concentration of the chemicals. seed s ...	1980	6155055
isolation & characterization of antibiotic resistant mutants of cowpea rhizobium 32hi.		1980	7228122
in vivo and in vitro translation of the rnas of four tobamoviruses.	the rnas from four tobamoviruses [tobacco mosaic virus(tmv) vulgare, tmv dahlemense, tmv u2, and the cowpea strain of tmv (cctmv)] were translated in a cell-free ribosome system from reticulocytes. among the translation products found were two polypeptides with molecular weights of 170,000 and 120,000 which were produced by all the viral rnas tested. these two polypeptides comigrated with the corresponding virus-specific proteins synthesized in tobacco protoplasts infected with any of the four t ...	1980	7251334
[effect of the cooking-extrusion process (brady crop cooker) on the nutritive value of mixtures based on cowpea (vigna sinensis)-corn, and cowpea-cassava].		1980	7283629
carbon and nitrogen nutrition of plant pathogenic fungi associated with basal stem rots of cowpeas, vigna unguiculata (l) walp in nigeria.	pythium aphanidermatum, rhizoctonia bataticola (syn. = macrophomina phaseolina), botryodiplodia theobromae, and two strains of sclerotium rolfsii readily utilized for growth the monosaccharides glucose, fructose and mannose, the disaccharides sucrose and maltose and the polysaccharides dextrin and starch. in addition, s. rolfsii grew appreciably well on carboxymethylcellulose (cmc). when filter paper (nature cellulose) was supplied as sole carbon source, it was decomposed by b. theobromae, s. ro ...	1980	7376690
morphology and general characteristics of viruses active against cowpea rhizobium cb756 and 32h1.	two newly isolated viruses, rs1 and rs2, infective on two strains of cowpea rhizobium capable of n2-fixation in vitro, were characterized. rs1 parasitizes cb756 but rs2 infects both 32h1 and cb756. rs1 has an isometric, polyhedral head and a long contractile tail, while rs2 has an oblate, polyhedral head and a long flexible non-contractile tail; rs1 is considerably larger than rs2. the phages were relatively stable between ph 5 and 9 (1 hour incubation). rs1 appeared to be more thermal sensitive ...	1980	7377972
the rnas of bromoviruses: 3'-terminal sequences of the four brome mosaic virus rnas and comparison with cowpea chlorotic mottle virus rna 4.		1980	7389920
translation initiation site of the coat protein messenger ribonucleic acid of the cowpea strain of tobacco mosaic virus.	the 5'-terminus of the coat protein messenger rna of the cowpea strain of tobacco mosaic virus contains a m7g(5')ppp(5')gp... cap group. removal of this cap group followed by introduction of a 5'-terminal [32p]phosphomonoester onto the decapped rna and use of this 32p-labeled rna in nucleotide sequence studies establishes that the 5'-terminal nucleotide sequence of this rna is m7g(5')ppp(5')guauuugaugauggcauacucgauuccgacucccuagcu.... the codons following the two consecutive aug sequences match t ...	1980	7459348
expression of bottom component rna of cowpea mosaic virus in cowpea protoplasts.	upon inoculation of cowpea protoplasts with the bottom component of cowpea mosaic virus, at least six virus-induced proteins (with sizes of 170, 110, 87, 84, 60, and 32 kilodaltons) are synthesized, but not the capsid proteins (37 and 23 kilodaltons). these bottom-component-induced proteins were studied with respect to their genetic origin and mode of synthesis. the analyses were based on their electrophoretic peptide patterns resulting from partial digestion with staphylococcus aureus protease ...	1980	16789203
nitrate effect on nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction): activities of legume root nodules induced by rhizobia with varied nitrate reductase activities.	the effect of nitrate on symbiotic nitrogen fixation by root nodules of cowpea (vigna unguiculata l., walp., cv. california blackeye) and lupine (lupinus augustifolius l., cv. frost) plants inoculated with nitrate reductase-expressing and nitrate reductase-nonexpressing rhizobium strains were examined. nitrate reductase of rhizobium bacteroids in the nodules of cowpea and lupine reduced nitrate to nitrite. both cowpea and lupine nodules accumulated nitrite when grown in the presence of 15 millim ...	1980	16661223
nitrogen nutrition and xylem transport of nitrogen in ureide-producing grain legumes.	xylem sap composition was examined in nodulated and nonnodulated cowpea (vigna unguiculata [l.] walp.) plants receiving a range of levels of no(3) and in eight other ureide-forming legumes utilizing no(3) or n(2) as sole source of nitrogen. a (15)n dilution technique determined the proportions of plant nitrogen derived from n(2) in the nodulated cowpeas fed no(3). xylem sap composition of no(3)-fed, nodulated cowpea varied predictably with the relative extents to which n(2) and no(3) were being ...	1980	16661314
uptake and subcellular compartmentation of gibberellin a(1) applied to leaves of barley and cowpea.	the uptake and subcellular accumulation of gibberellin a(1) (ga(1)) by leaves and protoplasts of barley (cv. numar) and cowpea (cv. blackeye pea no. 5) were investigated.uptake of ga(1) by cowpea leaves is optimal at ph 5.8 and occurs by a saturable, probably carrier-mediated process having a half-maximal velocity at 10 to 20 micromolar. uptake by both barley and cowpea leaves is inhibited by low temperature (+4 c) and the metabolic inhibitors 2,4-dinitrophenol and azide and is stimulated by atp ...	1980	16661448