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[effect of cr(vi) stress on growth of three herbaceous plants and their cr uptake].in order to elucidate the toxic mechanisms of trifolium repens, festuca arundinacea and medicago sativa under chromium [cr (vi)] stress, provide a theoretic foundation for phytoremediation of cr-contaminated soil, pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of cr(vi) on plant growth, physiological characteristics, cr accumulation and distribution in three herbaceous plants. soil sample was treated by adding k2cr2o7 with the cr(vi) concentration of 0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg x kg(-1) ...201222946192
comparison of biological and chemical measures of metal bioavailability in field soils: test of a novel simulated earthworm gut extraction.bioavailability of metals in soil is a major factor influencing estimates of risk associated with exposure of ecological receptors. metal concentrations in soil are often compared to ecological screening benchmarks, which are based on total concentrations in soil. often, the total concentration is not correlated with toxicity. no standardised method exists for determining the bioavailability of metals in soil to ecological receptors. several surrogate measures of bioavailability were compared to ...201020678790
therapeutic potential of temperate forage legumes: a review.the discovery of bioactive molecules from botanical sources is an expanding field, preferentially oriented to plants having a tradition of use in medicine and providing high yields and availability. temperate forage legumes are fabaceae species that include worldwide-important crops. these plants possess therapeutic virtues that have not only been used in veterinary and folk medicine, but have also attracted the interest of official medicine. we have examined here medicago sativa (alfalfa), trif ...201626507574
spatial density and movement of the lygus spp. parasitoid peristenus relictus (hymenoptera: braconidae) in organic strawberries with alfalfa trap crops.alfalfa trap crops are currently used to manage lygus spp. in organic strawberry fields on the california central coast. the retention of lygus spp. in alfalfa creates aggregated distributions that provide improved opportunities for biological control by the introduced parasitoid peristenus relictus (ruthe). the abundance and distribution of p. relictus between two trap crops separated by 50 strawberry rows were analyzed in 2008 and 2010. parasitism of lygus spp. nymphs by p. relictus (measured ...201424763093
dispersion, distribution, and movement of lygus spp. (hemiptera: miridae) in trap-cropped organic strawberries.alfalfa (medicago sativa l.) is a highly attractive plant host to lygus spp. and is used as a trap crop in california organic strawberries to influence the dispersion and dispersal of these pests, particularly lygus hesperus knight. the abundance and distribution of lygus spp. nymphs between two trap crops separated by 50 strawberry rows was analyzed in 2008 and 2010. nymphs demonstrated a bimodal distribution in strawberries between trap crops, where nymphs were most abundant and aggregated in ...201323905741
effects of dietary alfalfa inclusion on salmonella typhimurium populations in growing layer chicks.reducing salmonella in poultry has been a paramount goal of the poultry industry in order to improve food safety. inclusion of high-fiber fermentable feedstuffs in chicken diets has been shown to reduce the incidence of salmonella colonization in laying hens, but no work has been performed in growing birds. therefore, the present study was designed to quantify differences in artificially inoculated cecal salmonella typhimurium populations in growing layer chicks (n = 60 in each of two replicatio ...201222953742
genome sequence of ensifer arboris strain lmg 14919(t); a microsymbiont of the legume prosopis chilensis growing in kosti, sudan.ensifer arboris lmg 14919(t) is an aerobic, motile, gram-negative, non-spore-forming rod that can exist as a soil saprophyte or as a legume microsymbiont of several species of legume trees. lmg 14919(t) was isolated in 1987 from a nodule recovered from the roots of the tree prosopis chilensis growing in kosti, sudan. lmg 14919(t) is highly effective at fixing nitrogen with p. chilensis (chilean mesquite) and acacia senegal (gum arabic tree or gum acacia). lmg 14919(t) does not nodulate the tree ...201425197433
isolation and characterization of rhizobium sp. strain ys-1r that degrades lignin in plant biomass.the aim of this work was to isolate novel lignin-degrading organisms.201728092137
cohnella lubricantis sp. nov., isolated from a coolant lubricant solution.a gram-stain-positive, aerobic, non-endospore-forming organism, isolated from a coolant lubricant solution was studied for its taxonomic position. on the basis of 16s rrna gene sequence similarity comparisons, strain kss-154-50t was grouped into the genus cohnella, most closely related to cohnella formosensiscc-alfalfa-35t (97.3 % 16s rrna gene sequence similarity), cohnella rhizosphaerae cse-5610t (97.1 %) and cohnella nanjingensis d45t (97.0 %); the 16s rrna gene sequence similarity to other s ...201727902352
cloning of nodule-specific cdnas of galega orientalis.differential display was applied in order to clone cdnas expressed exclusively or predominantly in nodules, compared to uninoculated root tissue of galega orientalis. forty-five fragments were unique for nodule rna. these fragments were reamplified and cloned. six of them produced a nodule-specific signal on northern hybridization. these six fragments were sequenced. five of the sequenced fragments showed homology to nodulin-gene sequences in databases, among them vicia faba mrna for protein sho ...200211975733
nuclear rdna phylogeny in the fungal genus verticillium and its relationship to insect and plant virulence, extracellular proteases and carbohydrases.phylogenetic relationships among 18 isolates in the genus verticillium, representing 13 species of diverse econutritional groups (pathogens of insects, plants, mushrooms, nematodes and spiders, and saprobes), were examined by using sequences from the internal transcribed spacer (its) and small nuclear (ns) rrna regions. the isolates were also assessed for their abilities to infect insect larvae (galleria mellonella) and to cause necrosis in alfalfa (medicago sativa), and for their proteolytic, c ...199910220175
the effects of pantoea sp. strain y4-4 on alfalfa in the remediation of heavy-metal-contaminated soil, and auxiliary impacts of plant residues on the remediation of saline-alkali soils.the plant-growth-promoting rhizobacterium (pgpr) y4-4 was isolated from plant rhizosphere soil and identified as pantoea sp. by 16s rrna sequence analysis. the effects of strain y4-4 on alfalfa grown in heavy-metals-contaminated soil was investigated using a pot experiment. in a cu-rich environment, the shoot dry mass and total dry mass of plants inoculated with strain y4-4 increased by 22.6% and 21%, and cu accumulation increased by 15%. in a pb-zn-rich environment, the shoot dry mass and total ...201728177799
first record of dendrocerus carpenteri (hymenoptera: megaspilidae) on aphidius ervi in alfalfa fields in brazil. 201627191465
transcriptomic analysis of lignocellulosic biomass degradation by the anaerobic fungal isolate orpinomyces sp. strain c1a.anaerobic fungi reside in the rumen and alimentary tract of herbivores where they play an important role in the digestion of ingested plant biomass. the anaerobic fungal isolate orpinomyces sp. strain c1a is an efficient biomass degrader, capable of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of the cellulosic and hemicellulosic fractions in multiple types of lignocellulosic biomass. to understand the mechanistic and regulatory basis of biomass deconstruction in anaerobic fungi, we analyzed t ...201526649073
streptomyces alfalfae sp. nov. and comparisons with its closest taxa streptomyces silaceus, streptomyces flavofungini and streptomyces intermedius.a novel streptomycete strain, designated xy25t, was isolated from the rhizosphere soil in an alfalfa field in jingyang, shanxi, china. the isolate showed optimal growth at 37 °c, and was capable of growing at ph 6-10 and in the presence of 0-6 % (w/v) nacl. mycelia of strain xy25t appeared spiral and developed into white spore chains with long-rod spores and a smooth surface. the 16s rrna gene sequence of xy25t was determined and was found to be highly similar to those of species of the genus st ...201626449519
paenibacillus medicaginis sp. nov. a chitinolytic endophyte isolated from the root nodule of alfalfa (medicago sativa l.).a gram-stain-variable, short-rod-shaped, endospore-forming, strictly aerobic, non-motile, chitinolytic and endophytic bacterium, designated strain cc-alfalfa-19t, exhibiting unusual bipolar appendages was isolated from the root nodule of alfalfa (medicago sativa l.) in taiwan and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomy. based on 16s rrna gene sequence analysis, strain cc-alfalfa-19t was found to be most closely related to paenibacillus puldeungensis cau 9324t (95.2 %), whereas other paenibacillus spe ...201526242932
rhizobium favelukesii sp. nov., isolated from the root nodules of alfalfa (medicago sativa l).strains lpu83t and or191 of the genus rhizobium were isolated from the root nodules of alfalfa, grown in acid soils from argentina and the usa. these two strains, which shared the same plasmid pattern, lipopolysaccharide profile, insertion-sequence fingerprint, 16s rrna gene sequence and pcr-fingerprinting pattern, were different from reference strains representing species of the genus rhizobium with validly published names. on the basis of previously reported data and from new dna-dna hybridiza ...201627499008
evaluation of nutritive value and in vitro rumen fermentation gas accumulation of de-oiled algal residues.algae are widely recognized for their high oil content and for exponentially accumulating biomass with particular potential to provide single cell protein for human consumption or animal feed. it is believed that along with biodiesel from algae, the high protein de-oiled algal residue may become an alternative feed supplement option in the future. this study was conducted to investigate de-oiled algal residue obtained from the common chlorella species, thalassiosira weissflogii, selenarstrum cap ...201425093078
determination of nutrient contents and in vitro gas production values of some legume forages grown in the harran plain saline soils.the aim of this study was to determine the nutritive value of some legume species in salt-affected soils of south-east anatolian region using chemical composition and in vitro gas production kinetics. in this study, lotus corniculatus, trifolium alexandrinum, medicago sativa were sown and tested in four different locations. a 3 by 4 factorial design with 3 legume species and 4 salt levels (non salty electrical conductivity (ec)<4 ds/m; low salt: 4 ds/m>ec<8 ds/m, medium saline: 8 ds/m>ec<16 ds/m ...201425050020
ensifer alkalisoli sp. nov. isolated from root nodules of sesbania cannabina grown in saline-alkaline soils.a group of sesbania cannabina rhizobia belonging to four reca genotypes of a novel group was further characterized in comparison with the related ensifer species. they showed 98.2 to 99.9 % similarities among themselves and 92.9 to 93.3 % similarities with the most related strain ensifer sojae ccbau 05684t in multilocus sequence analysis of reca, atpd and glnii. the genome average nucleotide identity values between representative strain yic4027t and the type strains of its closely related specie ...201627653171
first report of syrphophagus aphidivorus (hymenoptera: encyrtidae) on aphidius ervi in alfalfa crops in state of são paulo, brazil. 201627579970
genome sequence of the acid-tolerant strain rhizobium sp. lpu83.rhizobia are important members of the soil microbiome since they enter into nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with different legume host plants. rhizobium sp. lpu83 is an acid-tolerant rhizobium strain featuring a broad-host-range. however, it is ineffective in nitrogen fixation. here, the improved draft genome sequence of this strain is reported. genome sequence information provides the basis for analysis of its acid tolerance, symbiotic properties and taxonomic classification.201424556327
genome sequences of the lignin-degrading pseudomonas sp. strain ys-1p and rhizobium sp. strain ys-1r isolated from decaying wood.pseudomonas sp. strain ys-1p and rhizobium sp. strain ys-1r were isolated from a lignin-degrading enrichment culture. the isolates degraded lignin-derived monomers, dimers, alkali lignin, and, to a smaller extent (3% to 5%), lignin in switch grass and alfalfa. genome analysis revealed the presence of a variety of lignin-degrading genes.201525744986
a novel phytotoxic nonenolide from phomopsis sp. hccb03520.a novel phytotoxic nonenolide, (6s,7r,9r)-6,7-dihydroxy-9-propylnon-4-eno-9-lactone (1), was isolated from solid cultures of the endophytic fungus phomopsis sp. hccb03520, together with three known compounds, cytochalasin h (2), cytochalasin n (3), and epoxycytochalasin h (4). the structures of these compounds were elucidated through spectroscopic analysis, and the absolute configurations were determined by cd spectroscopy. phytotoxic activities of compounds 1-4 were also investigated. compound ...201222344916
freezing and drying effects on potential plant contributions to phosphorus in runoff.phosphorus (p) in runoff from landscapes can promote eutrophication of natural waters. soluble p released from plant material can contribute significant amounts of p to runoff particularly after plant freezing or drying. this study was conducted to evaluate p losses from alfalfa or grass after freezing or drying as potential contributors to runoff p. alfalfa (medicago sativa l.) and grass (principally, agropyron repens l.) plant samples were subjected to freezing and drying treatments to determi ...201317332257
chlorpyrifos residue levels in avian food items following applications of a commercial ec formulation to alfalfa and citrus.two 10-day field residue studies were conducted to measure the amount of chlorpyrifos residue found in typical avian food following applications of a commercial 480 g liter(-1) ec (lorsban 4e) at 1.1 kg ai ha(-1) (1 lb ai acre(-1)) to alfalfa and at 2.3 kg al ha(-1) (2.0 lb ai acre(-1)) to citrus. avian food items used in these studies included: crickets (acheta domestica (l)), earthworms (lumbricus terrestris l), darkling ground beetle larvae (tenebrio molitor l), seed heads (triticum sp), and ...200314620043
field calibration of soil-core microcosms: ecosystem structural and functional comparisons.microcosms containing intact soil-cores are a potential biotechnology risk assessment tool for assessing the ecological effects of genetically engineered microorganisms before they are released to the field; however, microcosms must first be calibrated to ensure that they adequately simulate key field parameters. soil-core microcosms were compared with the field in terms of ecological response to the introduction of a large inoculum of a rifampicin-resistant rhizobacterium,pseudomonas sp. rc1. r ...199124194209
expression of symbiotic and nonsymbiotic globin genes responding to microsymbionts on lotus japonicus.leguminous plants have both symbiotic and nonsymbiotic hemoglobin (sym- and nonsym-hb) genes. three symbiotic (ljlb1, 2, 3) and one nonsymbiotic (ljnsg1) hb genes were isolated from a genomic library of lotus japonicus mg20 miyakojima. two motif sequences (aaagat and ctctt) critical for nodule specific expression were conserved on the 5'-upstream sequence of ljlb1, 2 and 3. the 5'-upstream region of ljnsg1 contained the sequence consensus for nonsym-hb. rt-pcr with specific primer sets for each ...200212461135
assessment of in-stream phosphorus dynamics in agricultural drainage ditches.the intensive agricultural systems in the midwestern united states can enrich surface waters with nutrients. agricultural drainage ditches serve as the first and second order streams throughout much of this region, as well as other highly productive agricultural areas in humid regions throughout the world. this project was conducted to evaluate in-stream processing of soluble p (sp) in agricultural drainage ditches. soluble p injection studies were conducted at seven sites along three drainage d ...200919324397
[effect of olive leaves (olea europea) feeding on the in vitro jh iii biosynthesis by the corpora allata in schistocerca gregaria during vitellogenesis].per os administration of olive leaves (olea europea) to females of schistocerca gregaria results in stopping vitellogenesis. these vitellogenins are not synthesised by the fat body in the heamolymph. the vitellogenin inhibition is induced by the stopping of juvenile hormone jh iii by the corpora allata. these corpora allata (medicago sp.) synthesise 10 times less jh iii than those of alfalfa fed females.20169412442
metabolism of [(14)c]flamprop-isopropyl in suspension cultures from medicago sativa and phaseolus sp.metabolism of the selective herbicide flamprop-isopropyl (isopropyl-n-benzoyl-n-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-2-aminopropionate) in suspension cultures of the dicotyledons phaseolus vulgaris, p. multiflorus and medicago sativa showed general similarities be, but particular variations from, that reported in intact plants of hordeum vulgare. hydrolysis of the ester and conjugation were major routes, but some hydroxylation and hydrolysis of the amide was also observed. the implications of these variati ...198224259137
the giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis) rumen microbiome.recent studies have shown that wild ruminants are sources of previously undescribed microorganisms, knowledge of which can improve our understanding of the complex microbial interactions in the foregut. here, we investigated the microbial community of seven wild-caught giraffes (giraffa camelopardalis), three of which were fed natural browse and four were fed boskos pellets, leafy alfalfa hay, and cut savanna browse, by characterizing the 16s rrna gene diversity using 454 flx high-throughput seq ...201425087453
serum concentration comparisons of amino acids, fatty acids, lipoproteins, vitamins a and e, and minerals between zoo and free-ranging giraffes (giraffa camelopardalis).serum concentrations of amino acids, fatty acids, lipoproteins, vitamins a and e, and minerals in zoo giraffes (giraffa camelopardalis) were compared to values obtained from free-ranging giraffes in an effort to identify potential nutritional differences in the zoo population. zoo giraffes have a specific set of maladies that may be nutritionally related, including peracute mortality, energy malnutrition, pancreatic disease, urolithiasis, hoof disease, and severe intestinal parasitism. dietary r ...200919368238
tooth wear in captive giraffes (giraffa camelopardalis): mesowear analysis classifies free-ranging specimens as browsers but captive ones as grazers.captive giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis) mostly do not attain the longevity possible for this species and frequently have problems associated with low energy intake and fat storage mobilization. abnormal tooth wear has been among the causes suggested as an underlying problem. this study utilizes a tooth wear scoring method ("mesowear") primarily used in paleobiology. this scoring method was applied to museum specimens of free-ranging (n=20) and captive (n=41) giraffes. the scoring system allows ...200717939353
mortality of captive giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis) associated with serous fat atrophy: a review of five cases at auckland zoo.five giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis) died peracutely within an 8-yr period. the giraffe were maintained in an outside enclosure during the day and moved under shelter at night. all the deaths occurred in winter. all the dead giraffe had serous fat atrophy at postmortem. the giraffe were fed good quantities of browse, together with alfalfa hay and commercial supplements. retrospective analysis of the dietary ingredients showed that the diets were energy deficient. subsequent additional high-ener ...200517323573
ecology and management of kudzu bug (hemiptera: plataspidae) in southeastern soybeans.kudzu bug, megacopta cribraria fabricius (hemiptera: plataspidae), is an invasive exotic pest of soybeans that has been present in the southeastern united states since 2009 and has been rapidly spreading through soybean-producing states. their primary reproductive hosts in the united states are soybean, kudzu, pigeon pea, black eye pea, lima bean, pinto bean, wisteria, white sweet clover, white clover, red clover, alfalfa, perennial peanut, and american joint vetch. in soybeans, the kudzu bug fe ...201627812397
long-term nitrous oxide fluxes in annual and perennial agricultural and unmanaged ecosystems in the upper midwest usa.differences in soil nitrous oxide (n2 o) fluxes among ecosystems are often difficult to evaluate and predict due to high spatial and temporal variabilities and few direct experimental comparisons. for 20 years, we measured n2 o fluxes in 11 ecosystems in southwest michigan usa: four annual grain crops (corn-soybean-wheat rotations) managed with conventional, no-till, reduced input, or biologically based/organic inputs; three perennial crops (alfalfa, poplar, and conifers); and four unmanaged eco ...201627510313
a field study on heavy metals phytoattenuation potential of monocropping and intercropping of maize and/or legumes in weakly alkaline soils.the study focused on the phytoattenuation effects of monocropping and intercropping of maize (zea mays) and/or legumes on cu, zn, pb, and cd in weakly alkaline soils. nine growth stages of monocropping maize were chosen to study the dynamic process of extraction of heavy metals. the total content of heavy metals extracted by the aerial part of monocropped maize increased in a sigmoidal pattern over the effective accumulative temperature. the biggest biomass, highest extraction content, and lowes ...201627159531
biochemical production of bioenergy from agricultural crops and residue in iran.the present study assessed the potential for biochemical conversion of energy stored in agricultural waste and residue in iran. the current status of agricultural residue as a source of bioenergy globally and in iran was investigated. the total number of publications in this field from 2000 to 2014 was about 4294. iran ranked 21st with approximately 54 published studies. a total of 87 projects have been devised globally to produce second-generation biofuel through biochemical pathways. there are ...201627012716
concerns over use of glyphosate-based herbicides and risks associated with exposures: a consensus statement.the broad-spectrum herbicide glyphosate (common trade name "roundup") was first sold to farmers in 1974. since the late 1970s, the volume of glyphosate-based herbicides (gbhs) applied has increased approximately 100-fold. further increases in the volume applied are likely due to more and higher rates of application in response to the widespread emergence of glyphosate-resistant weeds and new, pre-harvest, dessicant use patterns. gbhs were developed to replace or reduce reliance on herbicides cau ...201626883814
effect of white wheat bread and white wheat bread added with bioactive compounds on hypercholesterolemic and steatotic mice fed a high-fat diet.the effects of white wheat bread and white wheat bread added with a bioactive compound mixture (cyclanthera pedata, glycine max, monascus-fermented red mold rice, cynara scolymus and medicago sativa) were examined on hypercholesterolemic and steatotic mice, divided into four groups: control diet (ctr), high-fat diet (hfd), high-fat diet with white wheat bread added with 1.5 g kg(-1) of mixture (hfd+ab) and high-fat diet with white wheat bread (hfd+b).201525348650
nutritional quality of legumes, and their role in cardiometabolic risk prevention: a review.legumes (including alfalfa, clover, lupins, green beans and peas, peanuts, soybeans, dry beans, broad beans, dry peas, chickpeas, and lentils) represent an important component of the human diet in several areas of the world, especially in the developing countries, where they complement the lack of proteins from cereals, roots, and tubers. in some regions of the world, legume seeds are the only protein supply in the diet. the health benefits of legume consumption have received rising interest fro ...201323398387
a legume specific protein database (legprot) improves the number of identified peptides, confidence scores and overall protein identification success rates for legume proteomics.a legume specific protein database (legprot) has been created containing sequences from seven legume species, i.e., glycine max, lotus japonicus, medicago sativa, medicago truncatula, lupinusalbus, phaseolus vulgaris, and pisum sativum. the database consists of amino acid sequences translated from predicted gene models and 6-frame translations of tentative consensus (tc) sequences assembled from expressed sequence tags (ests) and singleton ests. this database was queried using mass spectral data ...201121353266
molecular characterisation of ltchi7, a gene encoding a class iii endochitinase induced by drought stress in lotus spp.chitinases are enzymes that digest chitin molecules, present principally in insects and fungi. in plants, these enzymes play an important role in defence against pathogen attack, although they have also been described as induced by mechanical damage, ozone, heavy metals, cold, salinity, etc. using an annealing control primer, we isolated a gene fragment whose translated sequence has high homology with a class iii endochitinase. the gene, named ltchi7, consisted of one orf of 1005 bp, which codes ...201121143727
phenology and abundance of bean leaf beetle (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) in eastern south dakota on alfalfa and soybean relative to tillage, fertilization, and yield.phenology and abundance of bean leaf beetles, cerotoma trifurcata (förster), were examined throughout two eastern south dakota growing seasons in relation to grain yields in chisel- and ridge-tilled soybeans [glycine max (l.) merrill] grown in 2-yr rotation with corn (zea mays l.) with and without added nitrogen (n). populations were also sampled early and late season in alfalfa (medicago sativa l.). beetles were present in alfalfa by late may and most were reproductively active within a week, b ...201020550786
energy efficiency of conventional, organic, and alternative cropping systems for food and fuel at a site in the u.s. midwest.the prospect of biofuel production on a large scale has focused attention on energy efficiencies associated with different agricultural systems and production goals. we used 17 years of detailed data on agricultural practices and yields to calculate an energy balance for different cropping systems under both food and fuel scenarios. we compared four grain and one forage systems in the u.s. midwest: corn (zea mays) - soybean (glycine max) - wheat (triticum aestivum) rotations managed with (1) con ...201020402534
assessing the risk of pesticide environmental impact in several argentinian cropping systems with a fuzzy expert indicator.the introduction of transgenic soybean (glycine max, l.) varieties resistant to glyphosate (gr soybeans) has rapidly expanded in argentina, increasing pesticide use where only grasslands were previously cultivated. the authors compared an estimate of environmental risk for different crops and active ingredients using the ipest index, which is based on a fuzzy-logic expert system. for ipest calculations, four modules are defined, one reflecting the rate of application, the other three reflecting ...201020232283
a rapid and simple procedure for the depletion of abundant storage proteins from legume seeds to advance proteome analysis: a case study using glycine max.2-d analysis of plant proteomes containing thousands of proteins has limited dynamic resolution because only abundant proteins can be detected. proteomic assessment of the non-abundant proteins within seeds is difficult when 60-80% is storage proteins. resolution can be improved through sample fractionation using separation techniques based upon different physiological or biochemical principles. we have developed a fast and simple fractionation technique using 10 mm ca(2+) to precipitate soybean ...200919526550
isolation, sequence identification and tissue expression profile of two novel soybean (glycine max) genes-vestitone reductase and chalcone reductase.the complete mrna sequences of two soybean (glycine max) genes-vestitone reductase and chalcone reductase, were amplified using the rapid amplification of cdna ends methods. the sequence analysis of these two genes revealed that soybean vestitone reductase gene encodes a protein of 327 amino acids which has high homology with the vestitone reductase of medicago sativa (77%). the soybean chalcone reductase gene encodes a protein of 314 amino acids that has high homology with the chalcone reductas ...200918989749
glyphosate-resistant crops: adoption, use and future considerations.glyphosate-resistant crops (grcs) were first introduced in the united states in soybeans in 1996. adoption has been very rapid in soybeans and cotton since introduction and has grown significantly in maize in recent years. grcs have grown to over 74 million hectares in five crop species in 13 countries. the intent of this paper is to update the hectares planted and the use patterns of grc globally, and to discuss briefly future applications and uses of the technology.200818078304
influence of diet transition on serum calcium and phosphorus and fatty acids in zoo giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis).in response to new recommendations for feeding giraffe in zoos, giraffe (n = 6) were transitioned from a typical hoofstock diet to diets containing reduced starch, protein, ca and p and added n3 fatty acids. this diet was fed as a 50:50 mix with alfalfa and grass hay. over the next 4 years, serum ca, p, and fatty acids were measured every 6 months (summer and winter). serum ca was not affected by season (p = 0.67) or by diet (p = 0.12). serum p was not affected season (p = 0.14), but was reduced ...201320954252
biology and pathogenicity of the microsporidian perezia hyperae sp. n., a pathogen of the alfalfa weevil, hypera postica. 19744216607
molecular cloning and sequence analysis of a novel chalcone synthase cdna from ginkgo biloba.a chalcone synthase (chs) gene was cloned from ginkgo biloba for the first time and it was also the first cloned gene involved in flavonoids metabolic pathway in g. biloba. the full-length cdna of g. biloba chs (designated as gbchs) was 1608bp with poly(a) tailing and it contained a 1173bp open reading frame (orf) encoding a 391 amino acid protein. gbchs was found to have extensive homology with those of other plant chs genes via multiple alignments. the active sites of the coa binding, coumaroy ...200415620216
health effects of phytoestrogens.phytoestrogens are naturally occurring plant-derived phytochemicals, whose common biological roles are to protect plants from stress or to act as part of a plant's defense mechanism. although composed of a wide group of nonsteroidal compounds of diverse structure, phytoestrogens have been shown to bind estrogen receptors and to behave as weak agonist/antagonist in both animals and humans. phytoestrogens include mainly isoflavones (if), coumestans, and lignans. these compounds are known to be pre ...200515702593
genome mapping of white clover (trifolium repens l.) and comparative analysis within the trifolieae using cross-species ssr markers.allotetraploid white clover (trifolium repens l.), a cool-season perennial legume used extensively as forage for livestock, is an important target for marker-assisted breeding. a genetic linkage map of white clover was constructed using simple sequence repeat (ssr) markers based on sequences from several trifolieae species, including white clover, red clover (t. pratense l.), medicago truncatula (gaertn.) and soybean (glycine max l.). an f(1) population consisting of 179 individuals, from a cros ...200717356868
vulnerability assessment of new jersey's food supply to invasive species: the new jersey import project.the united states' environment and economy have been severely impacted by unintentionally introduced biological organisms for the last 100 years. our ecosystems and biological reserves of conservation importance are regularly invaded by non-indigenous species. to help prevent future invaders from entering the ports, this project undertaken at the port of elizabeth proposed to: 1. catalog the different vegetable and fruit crops entering this country; 2. evaluate the potential risk to new jersey c ...200617145643
analysis of promoter activity of the early nodulin enod40 in lotus japonicus.our comparative studies on the promoter (pr) activity of enod40 in the model legume lotus japonicus in stably transformed gusa reporter lines and in hairy roots of l. japonicus demonstrate a stringent regulation of the enod40 promoter in the root cortex and root hairs in response to nod factors. interestingly, the l. japonicus enod40-2 promoter fragment also shows symbiotic activity in the reverse orientation. deletion analyses of the glycine max (gm) enod40 promoter revealed the presence of a m ...200515915640
identification of plant food raw material by rapd-pcr: legumes.random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) profiles were used to differentiate between several food and feed legume species. template dna was extracted from 63 seed meal samples representing 27 legume species (common, scarlet runner, lima, moth, and adzuki beans; broadbeans; soybeans; swordbeans; jackbeans; florida velvetbeans; common, pigeon, and broad-leaved peas; chickpeas; grasspeas; green, black, and bengal grams; horsegram; lentils; alfalfa; lupins; common sainfoin; and birdsfoot and sweet tr ...200212137460
phosphatidic acid activates a wound-activated mapk in glycine max.many plant species demonstrate a systemic increase in phosphatidic acid (pa) levels after being wounded (lee et al., 1997). to understand the role of pa in wound signal transduction, we investigated if pa can activate protein kinases in soybean (glycine max l.). we found that a mapk is activated in soybean seedlings in both wounded and neighboring unwounded leaves. the wound-activated soybean kinase is specifically recognized by an antibody against the alfalfa mapk, simk. when pa production is i ...200111439134
epic tile flow and nitrate loss predictions for three minnesota cropping systems.subsurface tile drains are a key source of nitrate n (no3-n) losses to streams in parts of the north central usa. in this study, the erosion productivity impact calculator (epic) model was evaluated by comparing measured vs. predicted tile flow, tile no3-n loss, soil profile residual no3-n, crop n uptake, and yield, using 4 yr of data collected at a site near lamberton, mn, for three crop rotations: continuous corn (zea mays l.) or cc, corn-soybean [glycine max (l.) merr.] or cs, and continuous ...200611401271
nitrogen fertilizer rate and crop management effects on nitrate leaching from an agricultural field in central pennsylvania.eighteen pan lysimeters were installed at a depth of 1.2 m in a hagerstown silt loam soil in a corn field in central pennsylvania in 1988. in 1995, wick lysimeters were also installed at 1.2 m depth in the same access pits. treatments have included n fertilizer rates, use of manure, crop rotation (continuous corn, corn-soybean, alfalfa-corn), and tillage (chisel plow-disk, no-till). the leachate data were used to evaluate a number of nitrate leaching models. some of the highlights of the 11 year ...200112805869
oxygen-induced membrane depolarizations in legume root nodules (possible evidence for an osmoelectrical mechanism controlling nodule gas permeability).various stresses trigger rapid and reversible decreases in the o2 permeability (po) of legume root nodules. several possible mechanisms have been proposed, but no supporting data have previously been presented that meet the requirements for both rapidity and reversibility. stomatal regulation of gas permeability in leaves involves electrically driven fluxes of inorganic osmoticants, so we investigated the possibility of a somewhat similar mechanism in nodules. we used microelectrodes to monitor ...199512228468
nitrate effects on nodule oxygen permeability and leghemoglobin (nodule oximetry and computer modeling).two current hypotheses to explain nitrate inhibition of nodule function both involve decreased o2 supply for respiration in support of n2 fixation. this decrease could result from either (a) decreased o2 permeability (po) of the nodule cortex, or (b) conversion of leghemoglobin (lb) to an inactive, nitrosyl form. these hypotheses were tested using alfalfa (medicago sativa l. cv weevlchek) and birdsfoot trefoil (lotus corniculatus l. cv fergus) plants grown in growth pouches under controlled cond ...199512228439
purification and characterization of protein disulfide isomerase from soybean.protein disulfide isomerase (pdi), which catalyses the folding of newly synthesized or denatured proteins through correct disulfide formation, was purified from soybean (glycine max). the enzyme was purified 12,000-fold over crude extracts to apparent homogeneity in six purification steps: 60-70% ammonium sulfate fractionation, and chromatography on deae toyopearl 650m, q-sepharose fast flow, hiload superdex 200 pg, phenyl sepharose hp, and tsk g-3000 sw. the native enzyme had a molecular weight ...19957775391
identifying populations potentially exposed to agricultural pesticides using remote sensing and a geographic information system.pesticides used in agriculture may cause adverse health effects among the population living near agricultural areas. however, identifying the populations most likely to be exposed is difficult. we conducted a feasibility study to determine whether satellite imagery could be used to reconstruct historical crop patterns. we used historical farm service agency records as a source of ground reference data to classify a late summer 1984 satellite image into crop species in a three-county area in sout ...200010622770
molecular characterization of the enzyme catalyzing the aryl migration reaction of isoflavonoid biosynthesis in soybean.the first specific reaction in the biosynthesis of isoflavonoid compounds in plants is the 2-hydroxylation, coupled to aryl migration, of a flavanone. using a functional genomics approach, we have characterized a cdna encoding a 2-hydroxyisoflavanone synthase from soybean (glycine max). microsomes isolated from insect cells expressing this cytochrome p450 from a baculovirus vector convert 4', 7-dihydroxyflavanone (liquiritigenin) to 4',7-dihydroxyisoflavone (daidzein), most likely via 2,4',7-tri ...199910375412
dietary phytoestrogens.broadly defined, phytoestrogens include isoflavones, coumestans, and lignans. a number of these compounds have been identified in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains commonly consumed by humans. soybeans, clover and alfalfa sprouts, and oilseeds (such as flaxseed) are the most significant dietary sources of isoflavones, coumestans, and lignans, respectively. studies in humans, animals, and cell culture systems suggest that dietary phytoestrogens play an important role in prevention of menopausa ...19979240932
measurements of the engagement of cyanide-resistant respiration in the crassulacean acid metabolism plant kalanchoë daigremontiana with the use of on-line oxygen isotope discrimination.discrimination against (18)o during dark respiration in tissues of kalanchoë daigremontiana, medicago sativa, and glycine max was measured using an on-line system that enabled direct measurements of the oxygen fractionation of samples in a gas-phase leaf disk electrode unit. discrimination factors for cytochrome pathway respiration were 18.6 to 19.8%(o) for all tissues. however, discrimination in cyanide-resistant respiration was significantly higher in green tissues (30.4-31.2%(o)) compared wit ...199216653089
aspartate aminotransferase in alfalfa root nodules : iii. genotypic and tissue expression of aspartate aminotransferase in alfalfa and other species.aspartate aminotransferase (aat) plays an important role in nitrogen metabolism in all plants and is particularly important in the assimilation of fixed n derived from the legume-rhizoblum symbiosis. two isozymes of aat (aat-1 and aat-2) occur in alfalfa (medicago sativa l.). antibodies against alfalfa nodule aat-2 do not recognize aat-1, and these antibodies were used to study aat-2 expression in different tissues and genotypes of alfalfa and also in other legume and nonlegume species. rocket i ...199016667896
effects of extruded soybeans and forage source on fermentation by rumen microorganisms in continuous culture.continuous culture fermenters were used to evaluate effects of extrusion of whole soybeans and changes in forage composition of diets on microbial fermentation. treatments were arranged in a 2 x 4 factorial design with soybeans (raw or extruded) and dietary treatment (ratio of alfalfa hay to corn silage; 82:18, 61:39, 43:57, and 27:73 of dietary forage) as main effects. soybeans constituted 9.6, 14.4, 19.2, and 23.9% of dm for each of the respective dietary treatments. true digestion of dm, adf, ...19948083419
dry deposition of o3, so2, and hno3 to different vegetation in the same exposure environment.agricultural meteorological modeling techniques are used to investigate the relative and absolute dry deposition fluxes of so2 (as sulfur), hno3 (as nitrogen) and o3 to large fields of maize, soybeans, and alfalfa exposed in conditions as measured in northern illinois, central pennsylvania, and eastern tennessee. for hno3, the differences in seasonal deposition rates among the three types of plant species are small. within the same environment, the soybean canopy has the potential to receive sub ...198815092538
specific determination of alpha-amylase activity in crude plant extracts containing beta-amylase.the specific measurement of alpha-amylase activity in crude plant extracts is difficult because of the presence of beta-amylases which directly interfere with most assay methods. methods compared in this study include heat treatment at 70 degrees c for 20 min, hgcl(2) treatment, and the use of the alpha-amylase specific substrate starch azure. in comparing alfalfa (medicago sativa l.), soybeans (glycine max [l.] merr.), and malted barley (hordeum vulgare l.), the starch azure assay was the only ...198316662809
ultrastructural localization of urate oxidase in nodules of sesbania exaltata, glycine max, and medicago sativa.the localization of urate oxidase (=uricase, e.c. 1.7.3.3) was determined cytochemically in nodules of sesbania exaltata (raf.) cory, soybean (glycine max [l.] merr.) and alfalfa (medicago sativa [l.] ), using the precipitation of peroxide (produced during the oxidation of urate) by cerium chloride. cerium perhydroxide reaction product was noted only in the microbodies, a localization consistent with biochemical fractionation studies on urate oxidase. urate oxidase was present not only in the un ...19827201988
transport and partitioning of co(2) fixed by root nodules of ureide and amide producing legumes.nodulated and denodulated roots of adzuki bean (vigna angularis), soybean (glycine max), and alfalfa (medicago sativa) were exposed to (14)co(2) to investigate the contribution of nodule co(2) fixation to assimilation and transport of fixed nitrogen. the distribution of radioactivity in xylem sap and partitioning of carbon fixed by nodules to the whole plant were measured. radioactivity in the xylem sap of nodulated soybean and adzuki bean was located primarily (70 to 87%) in the acid fraction w ...198516664323
specialized cellular arrangements in legume leaves in relation to assimilate transport and compartmentation: comparison of the paraveinal mesophyll.leaves of eight species of leguminosae-papilionoideae were examined for the presence of a highly specialized cell layer called the paraveinal mesophyli (pvm). three species, glycine max (l.) merr, psophocarpus tetragonolobus d.c. and vigna radiata l., contained pvm; five (medicago sativa l., phaseolus vulgaris l., pisum sativum l., vicia faba l., vigna unguiculata l.) did not. the pvm of g. max and p. tetragonolobus was anatomically identical and consisted of large, interconnected, multiarmed ce ...198324258294
a possible new nucleoside diphosphatase from the cytosol of soybean and alfalfa nodules.nucleoside diphosphatase activity has been found in the cytosol of soybean (glycine max) and alfalfa (medicago satavia) nodules. the enzyme differs from other diphosphatases in that it does not exhibit a strong preference for one nucleoside diphosphate over another. very little, if any, diphosphatase activity was detected in root extracts of alfalfa and soybean seedlings.197716659936
allelopathic effects of alfalfa.several experiments have been conducted at the university of illinois, urbana, illinois, to determine the role of allelopathic (autotoxicity) effects of alfalfa (medicago sativa l.) on the establishment of alfalfa. by means of correcting any soil fertility differences and protecting the alfalfa seedlings from fungal attack, results suggest that there is a release of phytotoxic factors from the previous crop on reestablishing alfalfa. field results indicate that the best preceding crop for alfalf ...198324407800
oxygen inhibition of photosynthesis: i. temperature dependence and relation to o(2)/co(2) solubility ratio.the magnitude of the percentage inhibition of photosynthesis by atmospheric levels of o(2) in the c(3) species solanum tuberosum l., medicago sativa l., phaseolus vulgaris l., glycine max l., and triticum aestivum l. increases in a similar manner with an increase in the apparent solubility ratio of o(2)/co(2) in the leaf over a range of solubility ratios from 25 to 45. the solubility ratio is based on calculated levels of o(2) and co(2) in the intercellular spaces of leaves as derived from whole ...197716659981
carbon exchange rates of shoots required to utilize available acetylene reduction capacity in soybean and alfalfa root nodules.the co(2)-exchange rate required to make full use of available n(2)-fixation capacity, measured as acetylene reduction, was determined in soybean and alfalfa. carbohydrates of root systems were depleted during a 40-hour dark treatment; then plants were exposed to a 24-hour light period during which different co(2)-exchange rates were maintained with various co(2) concentrations. in three- and four-week-old soybeans and four-week-old alfalfa plants, acetylene-reduction capacity was used fully wit ...198016661368
overexpression of gsgstu13 and scmrp in medicago sativa confers increased salt-alkaline tolerance and methionine content.tau-class glutathione s-transferases (gstus) are ubiquitous proteins encoded by a large gene family in plants, which play important roles in combating different environmental stresses. in previous studies, we constructed a glycine soja transcriptional profile, and identified three gstus (gsgstu13, gsgstu14 and gsgstu19) as potential salt-alkaline stress-responsive genes. two of them, gsgstu14 and gsgstu19, have been shown to positively regulate plant salt-alkaline tolerance. in this study, we fu ...201526010993
overexpression of gszfp1 enhances salt and drought tolerance in transgenic alfalfa (medicago sativa l.).gszfp1 encodes a cys2/his2-type zinc-finger protein. in our previous study, when gszfp1 was heterologously expressed in arabidopsis, the transgenic arabidopsis plants exhibited enhanced drought and cold tolerance. however, it is still unknown whether gszfp1 is also involved in salt stress. gszfp1 is from the wild legume glycine soja. therefore, the aims of this study were to further elucidate the functions of the gszfp1 gene under salt and drought stress in the forage legume alfalfa and to inves ...201323867600
botanical origin of dietary supplements labeled as "kwao keur", a folk medicine from thailand.in the course of our study on the quality of dietary supplements in japan, both the internal transcribed spacer (its) sequence of nrdna and the rps16 intron sequence of cpdna of products labeled as "kwao keur" were investigated. as a result, the dna sequence of pueraria candollei var. mirifica, which is the source plant of kwao keur, was observed in only about half of the products. inferred from the determined sequences, source plants in the other products included medicago sativa, glycyrrhiza u ...201423677774
enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle in rhizobia and nodules of legumes.the relatively high level of fatty acids in soybean nodules and rhizobia from soybean nodules suggested that the glyoxylate cycle might have a role in nodule metabolism. several species of rhizobia in pure culture were found to have malate synthetase activity when grown on a number of different carbon sources. significant isocitrate lyase activity was induced when oleate, which presumably may act as an acetyl coa precursor, was utilized as the principle carbon source. malate synthetase was activ ...196616656404
ectopic expression of gsppck3 and scmrp in medicago sativa enhances plant alkaline stress tolerance and methionine content.so far, it has been suggested that phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylases (pepcs) and pepc kinases (ppcks) fulfill several important non-photosynthetic functions. however, the biological functions of soybean ppcks, especially in alkali stress response, are not yet well known. in previous studies, we constructed a glycine soja transcriptional profile, and identified three ppck genes (gsppck1, gsppck2 and gsppck3) as potential alkali stress responsive genes. in this study, we confirmed the induced expre ...201424586886
functional characterization of a glycine soja ca(2+)atpase in salt-alkaline stress responses.it is widely accepted that ca(2+)atpase family proteins play important roles in plant environmental stress responses. however, up to now, most researches are limited in the reference plants arabidopsis and rice. the function of ca(2+)atpases from non-reference plants was rarely reported, especially its regulatory role in carbonate alkaline stress responses. hence, in this study, we identified the p-type ii ca(2+)atpase family genes in soybean genome, determined their chromosomal location and gen ...201626801329
resolving multiple host use of an emergent pest of cotton with microsatellite data and chloroplast markers (creontiades dilutus stål; hemiptera, miridae).following the global uptake of transgenic cotton several hemipteran pests have emerged as primary targets for pesticide control. previous research on one such emergent pest: the green mirid, creontiades dilutus, indicated differential use of two crop hosts, cotton (gossypium hirsutum, malvaceae) and lucerne (alfalfa) (medicago sativa, fabaceae). we tested the hypothesis that this apparent demographic independence of lucerne and cotton inhabiting mirids is the result of cryptic species being asso ...201323702301
development and population growth of lygus hesperus on selected weed hosts, artificial diet and cotton in the laboratory.laboratory studies were conducted to obtain basic biological information of lygus hesperus knight (hemiptera: miridae) on alfalfa (medicago sativa l.), pigweed (amaranthus palmeri s. wats.), russian thistle (salsola iberica sennen and pau), green bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.), artificial diet, and cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) square and cotton boll at 27 degrees c. the nymphal developmental duration was 28.8 d on cotton bolls, nearly twice longer, compared with approximately 15 d in other hosts ...201021309220
combined effects of elevated co2 and herbivore damage on alfalfa and cotton.we examined herbivore-induced responses of alfalfa (medicago sativa) and cotton (gossypium hirsutum) under different co2 conditions. plants were grown under ambient (350 ppm) or elevated (700 ppm) co2 levels, and were either damaged or undamaged by spodoptera littoralis larvae. at harvest, growth of undamaged (control) plants was determined, and foliar chemical composition of both undamaged and damaged plants was analyzed. cotton grew faster overall and showed a greater increase in growth in res ...200415672673
[nucleotide sequence of internal transcribed spacers and 5.8s rdna for the ribosomal operon from alfalfa medicago sativa and cotton gossypium hirsutum l].the 708- and 769-bp fragments from alfalfa and cotton containing the 3'-end of the 18s gene, the internal transcribed spacer. 1 (its1) the 5.8s gene, its2, and the 5'-end of the 28s gene were obtained using primers to the 18s and 28s ends of rdna from tomato by a polymerase chain reaction. these sequences were cloned into ptz19r. the 5.8s rdna, its1 and its2 nucleotide sequences of alfalfa and cotton were determined. comparative analysis of nucleotide sequences of alfalfa and cotton showed large ...20068145750
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