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detection of infectious bronchitis virus 793b, avian metapneumovirus, mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma synoviae in poultry in ethiopia.a survey was conducted into respiratory infectious diseases of poultry on a chicken breeder farm run by the ethiopian institute of agricultural research (eiar), located in debre zeit, ethiopia. oropharyngeal swabs were collected from 117 randomly selected birds, and blood was taken from a subset of 73 of these birds. a combination of serological and molecular methods was used for detection of pathogens. for the first time in ethiopia, we report the detection of variant infectious bronchitis viru ...201727924415
rapid and sensitive detection of mycoplasma synoviae by an insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction-based assay on a field-deployable device.mycoplasma synoviae (ms), causing respiratory diseases, arthritis, and eggshell apex abnormalities in avian species, is an important pathogen in the poultry industry. implementation of a biosecurity plan is important in ms infection management. working on a field-deployable pockit™ device, an insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction (iipcr) assay has a potential for timely ms detection on the farm. the ms iipcr assay had limit of detection 95% of about 9 genome equivalents by testing seria ...201727389062
profiling of mycoplasma gallisepticum ribosomes.the development of high-throughput technologies is increasingly resulting in identification of numerous cases of low correlation between mrna and the protein level in cells. these controversial observations were made on various bacteria, such as e. coli, desulfovibrio vulgaris, and lactococcus lactis. thus, it is important to develop technologies, including high-throughput techniques, aimed at studying gene expression regulation at the level of translation. in the current study, we performed pro ...201726798497
chicken gga-mir-19a targets zmynd11 and plays an important role in host defense against mycoplasma gallisepticum (hs strain) infection.mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg), one of the most pathogenic mycoplasmas, can cause chronic respiratory disease (crd) in chickens. it has been suggested that micro-ribonucleic acids (mirnas) are involved in microbial pathogenesis. however, little is known about the roles of mirnas in mg infection. previously, we found by deep sequencing that gga-mir-19a was significantly up-regulated in the lungs of mg-infected chicken embryos. in this work, we confirmed that gga-mir-19a was up-regulated in both mg ...201727683641
apparent effect of chronic plasmodium infections on disease severity caused by experimental infections with mycoplasma gallisepticum in house finches.an epidemic caused by a successful host jump of the bacterial pathogen mycoplasma gallisepticum from poultry to house finches in the 1990s has by now spread across most of north america. m. gallisepticum causes severe conjunctivitis in house finches. we experimentally show that m. gallisepticum transmission to birds with or without chronic plasmodium infection does not differ. however, once infected with m. gallisepticum house finches chronically infected with plasmodium develop more severe clin ...201728348959
the oppd gene and putative peptidase genes may be required for virulence in mycoplasma gallisepticum.relatively few virulence genes have been identified in pathogenic mycoplasmas, so we used signature-tagged mutagenesis to identify mutants of the avian pathogen mycoplasma gallisepticum with reduced capacity to persist in vivo and compared the virulence of selected mutants in experimentally infected chickens. four mutants had insertions in one of the two incomplete oppabcdf operons and a further three had insertions in distinct hypothetical genes, two containing peptidase motifs and one a member ...201728348054
identification of genes involved in mycoplasma gallisepticum biofilm formation using mini-tn4001-sgm transposon mutagenesis.mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) is an important pathogen that can cause chronic respiratory disease in chickens and infectious sinusitis in turkeys. mg has the ability to form biofilms. the molecular mechanisms underlying mg biofilm formation are complex and poorly understood. to better understand the mechanisms involved in biofilm formation, mini-tn4001-sgm, a novel transposon vector containing the gentamicin gene was constructed and electroporated into mg strain rlow. of the 738 mutants obtained ...201728062003
determination of the mutant selection window and evaluation of the killing of mycoplasma gallisepticum by danofloxacin, doxycycline, tilmicosin, tylvalosin and valnemulin.mycoplasma gallisepticum is a common etiological cause of a chronic respiratory disease in chickens; its increasing antimicrobial resistance compromises the use of tetracyclines, macrolides and quinolones in the farm environment. mutant selection window (msw) determination was used to investigate the propensity for future resistance induction by danofloxacin, doxycycline, tilmicosin, tylvalosin and valnemulin. killing of m. gallisepticum strain s6 by these antimicrobials was also studied by incu ...201728052123
identification of strain-specific sequences that distinguish a mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine strain from field isolates.despite attempts to control avian mycoplasmosis through management, vaccination, and surveillance, mycoplasma gallisepticum continues to cause significant morbidity, mortality, and economic losses in poultry production. live attenuated vaccines are commonly used in the poultry industry to control avian mycoplasmosis; unfortunately, some vaccines may revert to virulence and vaccine strains are generally difficult to distinguish from natural field isolates. in order to identify genome differences ...201727847370
serological screening suggests extensive presence of mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma synoviae in backyard chickens in southern mozambique.a total of 459 serum samples from unvaccinated backyard chickens originating from 4 villages in mandlakazi district, southern mozambique, were tested for the presence of mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma synoviae antibodies through commercial enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay [elisa] kits. anti-mg and anti-ms antibodies were detected in all villages surveyed and the overall seroprevalence was 48.8% [95% ci 39.1-57.8] and 84.5% [95% ci 76.8-90.4], respectively. the risk of being seroposit ...201728243629
binding site of restriction-modification system controller protein in mollicutes.bacteria of the class mollicutes underwent extreme reduction of genomes and gene expression control systems. only a few regulators are known to date. in this work, we describe a novel group of transcriptional regulators that are distributed within different mollicutes and control the expression of restriction-modification systems (rm-systems).201728143392
data on genome analysis of mycoplasmagallisepticum during intracellular infection.the genus mycoplasma relates to gram-positive bacteria that lack a cell wall and are capable to cause chronic disease in humans and animals. among the agents of infection and disease in domestic poultry and wild birds, mycoplasma gallisepticum is the most important mycoplasma species, causing considerable losses in the poultry industry. in the present paper, we provide data on adaptation of m. gallisepticum to the eukaryotic host cells on the genomic level. the major changes were predominantly l ...201728070539
immune responses to vaccination and infection with mycoplasma gallisepticum in turkeys.infection with mycoplasma gallisepticum induces severe lymphoproliferative lesions in multiple sites along the respiratory tract in chickens and turkeys. these immunopathological responses have been well-characterised in chickens, but have not been studied closely in turkeys. the aim of the studies described here was to examine the immune responses of turkeys after live vaccination and infection with m. gallisepticum. in a strain comparison study, the mean log10 antibody titre of birds exposed t ...201728345962
transcription profiling data set of different states of mycoplasma gallisepticum.mycoplasma gallisepticum belongs to class mollicutes and causes chronic respiratory disease in birds. it has a reduced genome, lack of cell wall and many metabolic pathways, and also easy to culture and non-pathogenic to humans. aforementioned made it is a convenient model for studying of systems biology of minimal cell. studying the transcriptomic level of m. gallisepticum is interesting for both understanding of common principles of transcription regulation of minimal cell and response to defi ...201727942460
eye of the finch: characterization of the ocular microbiome of house finches in relation to mycoplasmal conjunctivitis.vertebrate ocular microbiomes are poorly characterized and virtually unexplored in wildlife species. pathogen defense is considered a key function of microbiomes, but determining microbiome stability during disease is critical for understanding the role of resident microbial communities in infectious disease dynamics. here, we characterize the ocular bacterial microbiome of house finches (haemorhous mexicanus), prior to and during experimental infection with an inflammatory ocular disease, mycop ...201727871125
identification of differentially expressed mirnas through high-throughput sequencing in the chicken lung in response to mycoplasma gallisepticum hs.mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) infects chickens, causes chronic respiratory diseases (crd) and severely damages the poultry industry. it has been suggested that micro-ribonucleic acids (mirnas) are involved in microbial pathogenesis. here, we identified mirnas that are associated with mg infection in chicken lungs at 3 and 10days post-infection by deep sequencing. thirty-six down-regulated and 9 up-regulated mirnas belonging to 31 mirna families were detected at 3days post-infection, whereas 50 d ...201728433919
transcriptional profiling of the chicken tracheal response to virulent mycoplasma gallisepticum strain rlow.mycoplasma gallisepticum, the primary etiologic agent of chronic respiratory disease (crd) in poultry, leads to prolonged recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells in the respiratory mucosa. this is consistent with the current model of immune dysregulation that ostensibly allows the organism to evade clearance mechanisms and establish chronic infection. to date, studies using qrt-pcr and microarrays have shown a significant transient up-regulation of cytokines and chemokines from tracheal ...201728739827
pharmacokinetic depletion phase of doxycycline in healthy and mycoplasma gallisepticum-infected chicken broilers after coadministration of enrofloxacin traces.the objective of this study was to investigate the influence of enrofloxacin (enr) traces on doxycycline (dc) pharmacokinetic depletion phase parameters in plasma and lungs of healthy and mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg)-infected chicken broilers. the multiple-dose oral administration of dc to chickens which were permanently exposed on enr traces significantly increased concentration of dc in plasma and lung. it also prolonged the dc elimination time in both healthy and infected animals after final ...201728675463
gga-mir-99a targets smarca5 to regulate mycoplasma gallisepticum (hs strain) infection by depressing cell proliferation in chicken.mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg), one of the primary etiological agents of poultry chronic respiratory disease, has caused significant economic losses worldwide, and increasing evidence has recently indicated that mirnas are involved in its microbial pathogenesis. gga-mir-99a, a member of the mir-99 family, plays an essential role in a variety of diseases. through mirna solexa sequencing, we previously found that gga-mir-99a is significantly down-regulated in the lungs of mg-infected chicken embryo ...201728652181
short communication - study on quality and efficacy of commercial tylosin and doxycycline products against local isolates of mycoplasma in broilers.the present study was conducted to investigate the quality and efficacy of commercially available preparations of tylosin and doxycycline available in the local market at peshawar for poultry. in vitro and in vivo, tests were conducted to check the quality of these antimicrobial drugs. in vitro quality control test was performed by high performance liquid chromatographic (hplc) and micro dilution method. in vivo, efficacy of the test drugs was checked in broilers infected with mycoplasma gallise ...201728649082
the pk-pd relationship and resistance development of danofloxacin against mycoplasma gallisepticum in an in vivo infection model.mycoplasma gallisepticum is the causative agent of chronic respiratory disease (crd), a prevalent disease of poultry, which is responsible for significant economic losses in farms. although several antimicrobial agents are currently recommended for the treatment and prevention of m. gallisepticum infections, investigations of m. gallisepticum have been hampered by their fastidious growth requirements and slow growth rate. as such, little work has been conducted concerning the pk/pd relationship ...201728611739
tlr2 mediates autophagy through erk signaling pathway in mycoplasma gallisepticum-infected raw264.7 cells.toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2) plays a crucial role in early innate immune response of host to various microorganisms. mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) is one of the major pathogen that can cause chronic respiratory diseases in chickens, but the molecular mechanism of mg infection still remained unclear. in this study, we examined the typical hallmarks of autophagy and multiple signaling pathways by western blot, immunofluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy. the results indicated that infecti ...201728478286
efficacy of tiamulin alone or in combination with chlortetracycline against experimental mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in chickens.mycoplasma gallisepticum (m. gallisepticum) remains one of the most important diseases in poultry production. controlling the impact of the disease is done by eradication of positive breeder flocks or by vaccination and medication. a widely used molecule in medication programs is tiamulin, a pleuromutilin antibiotic. since recent data on the in vivo efficacy of this molecule are scarce, 2 challenge studies were conducted using a recently isolated m. gallisepticum strain belonging to the wildtype ...201728431183
synthesis and biological evaluation of novel thioether pleuromutilin derivatives.to develop new pleuromutilin derivatives as veterinary antibiotic medicines, we designed and synthesized a series of new thioether pleuromutilin derivatives possessing acylthiazolyl moiety based on previously designed derivatives. the antibacterial properties of the prepared pleuromutilin derivatives were assessed in vitro by the broth dilution method against five kinds of bacteria and the mycoplasma mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg). all of the tested compounds displayed moderate to good antibacter ...201728768998
attenuated phenotype of a recent house finch-associated mycoplasma gallisepticum isolate for domestic poultry.mycoplasma gallisepticum, known primarily as a respiratory pathogen of domestic poultry, has emerged since 1994 as a significant pathogen of the house finch (haemorhous mexicanus) causing severe conjunctivitis and mortality. house finch-associated m. gallisepticum (hfmg) spread rapidly and increased in virulence for the finch host in the eastern united states. in the current study, we assessed virulence in domestic poultry with two temporally distant, yet geographically consistent, hfmg isolates ...201728396323
development and validation of a house finch interleukin-1β (hfil-1β) elisa system.a unique clade of the bacterium mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg), which causes chronic respiratory disease in poultry, has resulted in annual epidemics of conjunctivitis in north american house finches since the 1990s. currently, few immunological tools have been validated for this songbird species. interleukin-1β (il-1β) is a prototypic multifunctional cytokine and can affect almost every cell type during mycoplasma infection. the overall goal of this study was to develop and validate a direct eli ...201728854912
host responses to pathogen priming in a natural songbird host.hosts in free-living populations can experience substantial variation in the frequency and dose of pathogen exposure, which can alter disease progression and protection from future exposures. in the house finch-mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) system, the pathogen is primarily transmitted via bird feeders, and some birds may be exposed to frequent low doses of mg while foraging. here we experimentally determined how low dose, repeated exposures of house finches to mg influence host responses and pr ...201728766063
snps across time and space: population genomic signatures of founder events and epizootics in the house finch (haemorhous mexicanus).identifying genomic signatures of natural selection can be challenging against a background of demographic changes such as bottlenecks and population expansions. here, we disentangle the effects of demography from selection in the house finch (haemorhous mexicanus) using samples collected before and after a pathogen-induced selection event. using ddradseq, we genotyped over 18,000 snps across the genome in native pre-epizootic western us birds, introduced birds from hawaii and the eastern united ...201628725414
binding site of mraz transcription factor in mollicutes.mollicutes (mycoplasmas) feature a significant loss of known regulators of gene expression. here, we identified the recognition site of the mraz-family regulator of mycoplasma gallisepticum, which is conserved in many species of different clades within class mollicutes. the mraz binding site is aaagtg[t/g], in the promoter of mraz gene it forms a series of direct repeats with a structure (aaagtg[t/g]n3)k, where k = 3 most frequently. mraz binds to a single repeat as an octamer complex. mraz can ...201626945841
influence of enrofloxacin traces in drinking water to doxycycline tissue pharmacokinetics in healthy and infected by mycoplasma gallisepticum broiler chickens.most of antibiotics, administrated in the treatment of poultry diseases are dissolved in drinking water, and it can lead to water supply systems contamination, especially when the regular cleaning is not using. this situation can lead to unconscious administration of low doses of antibiotics to untreated animals. the aim of this study was to clarify the impact of the exposure of enrofloxacin traces (500 μg l(-1)) to doxycycline pharmacokinetics in healthy and experimentally mycoplasma gallisepti ...201626875641
prevalence of mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma synoviae in commercial poultry, racing pigeons and wild birds in belgium.mycoplasma gallisepticum is the most important pathogenic avian mycoplasma species and causes chronic respiratory disease in poultry. in addition, the prevalence of mycoplasma synoviae is of increasing concern in several eu member states. we investigated the prevalence of m. gallisepticum in commercial poultry (5220 layers, 1224 broilers and 1020 meat turkeys), 56 racing pigeons and 890 wild birds (order anseriformes, galliformes, pelecaniformes, accipitriformes, gruiformes, charadriiformes, col ...201626814376
roles of toll-like receptors 2 and 6 in the inflammatory response to mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in df-1 cells and in chicken embryos.while mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) is a major pathogen that causes chronic respiratory diseases in chicken, the molecular mechanism of mg infection is not clear. in this study, we investigated the roles of toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2) and 6 (tlr6) in mg infection. we found that tlr2 type 2 (tlr2-2) and tlr6 had differential expressions in chicken embryo fibroblasts (df-1 cells), where tlr6 was highly expressed, but tlr2-2 was barely expressed. upon mg infection, tlr6 expression was upregulated, ...201626797426
the efficacy of chitosan-adjuvanted, mycoplasma gallisepticum bacterin in chickens.mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) is one of the major pathogens that cause respiratory signs in the poultry industry. to control mg infection, vaccination is the useful procedure. in this study, mg vaccine was developed by using the local thai mg isolate (ahrl 20/52). chitosan, a polysaccharide adjuvant derived from crustaceans, has been successfully used in various vaccines. the objectives of this study were to prepare mg bacterins by using chitosan, serving as an adjuvant, to determine protection ...201627902896
enhanced conformational flexibility of the histone-like (hu) protein from mycoplasma gallisepticum.the histone-like (hu) protein is one of the major nucleoid-associated proteins involved in dna supercoiling and compaction into bacterial nucleoid as well as in all dna-dependent transactions. this small positively charged dimeric protein binds dna in a non-sequence specific manner promoting dna super-structures. the majority of hu proteins are highly conserved among bacteria; however, hu protein from mycoplasma gallisepticum (humgal) has multiple amino acid substitutions in the most conserved r ...201627884082
phase transition of the bacterium upon invasion of a host cell as a mechanism of adaptation: a mycoplasma gallisepticum model.what strategies do bacteria employ for adaptation to their hosts and are these strategies different for varied hosts? to date, many studies on the interaction of the bacterium and its host have been published. however, global changes in the bacterial cell in the process of invasion and persistence, remain poorly understood. in this study, we demonstrated phase transition of the avian pathogen mycoplasma gallisepticum upon invasion of the various types of eukaryotic cells (human, chicken, and mou ...201627775027
house finch (haemorhous mexicanus) conjunctivitis, and mycoplasma spp. isolated from north american wild birds, 1994-2015.sampling wild birds for mycoplasma culture has been key to the study of house finch (haemorhous mexicanus) conjunctivitis, yielding isolates of mycoplasma gallisepticum spanning the temporal and geographic ranges of disease from emergence to endemicity. faced with the challenges and costs of sample collection over time and from remote locations for submission to our laboratory for mycoplasma culture, protocols evolved to achieve a practical optimum. herein we report making m. gallisepticum isola ...201627285414
pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profiles of tiamulin in an experimental intratracheal infection model of mycoplasma gallisepticum.mycoplasma gallisepticum is the most important pathogen in poultry among four pathogenic mycoplasma species. tiamulin is a pleuromutilin antibiotic that shows a great activity against m. gallisepticum and has been approved for use in veterinary medicine particularly for poultry. however, the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics (pk/pd) profiles of tiamulin against m. gallisepticum are not well understood. therefore, in the current studies, we investigated the in vivo pk/pd profiles of tiamulin using ...201627656647
changes in corticosterone concentrations and behavior during mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in house finches (haemorhous mexicanus).glucocorticoid stress hormones are important for energy mobilization as well as regulation of the immune system, and thus these hormones are particularly likely to both influence and respond to pathogen infection in vertebrates. in this study, we examined how the glucocorticoid stress response in house finches (haemorhous mexicanus) interacts with experimental infection of the naturally-occurring bacterial pathogen, mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg). we also investigated whether infection-induced co ...201627288634
the pk/pd interactions of doxycycline against mycoplasma gallisepticum.mycoplasma gallisepticum is one of the most important pathogens that cause chronic respiratory disease in chicken. this study investigated the antibacterial activity of doxycycline against m. gallisepticum strain s6. in static time-killing studies with constant antibiotic concentrations [0-64 minimum inhibitory concentration (mic)], m. gallisepticum colonies were quantified and kill rates were calculated to estimate the drug effect. the half-life of doxycycline in chicken was 6.51 ± 0.63 h. an i ...201627199972
data on translatome analysis of mycoplasma gallisepticum.mycoplasma gallisepticum is a bacterium of class mollicutes which encompasses wall-less bacteria with significantly reduced genomes. due to their overall reduction and simplicity mycoplasmas serve as a model of minimal cell and are used for systems biology studies. here we present raw data on translatome (ribosome-bound mrna) analysis of mycoplasma gallisepticum under logarithm growth and heat stress. the data supports the publication of "ribosomal profiling of mycoplasma gallisepticum" (g. y. f ...201627699194
egg quality in laying hens exposed to mycoplasma gallisepticum f-strain attenuated vaccine.mycoplasma gallisepticum causes coughing, ocular and nasal discharge, reduction in feed intake, lower and uneven growth, decline in egg production and quality, and increase in mortality. among the attenuated vaccination strains, mgf can reduce clinical signs and lesions in layer hens, stimulate immune responses of cellular and humoral basis, act as an instrument of competitive exclusion in relation to field strains, and reduce the use of antimicrobials. this study aimed to investigate the effect ...201627738118
mycoplasma gallisepticum modifies the pathogenesis of influenza a virus in the avian tracheal epithelium.multiple respiratory infections have a significant impact on health and economy. pathogenesis of co-infecting viruses and bacteria and their interaction with mucosal surfaces are poorly characterized. in this study we established a co-infection model based on pre-incubation of tracheal organ cultures (toc) with mycoplasma (m.) gallisepticum and a subsequent infection with avian influenza virus (aiv). mycoplasma gallisepticum modified the pathogenesis of aiv as demonstrated in toc of two differen ...201627079856
health evaluation of african penguins (<i>spheniscus demersus</i>) in southern africa.the african penguin (spheniscus demersus) is an endangered seabird that breeds along the coast of namibia and south africa, and disease surveillance was identified as a priority for its conservation. aiming for the establishment of baseline data on the presence of potential pathogens in this species, a comprehensive health assessment (blood smear examination, haematology, biochemistry and serology) was conducted on samples obtained from 578 african penguins at 11 breeding colonies and a rehabili ...201627796116
molecular versus conventional culture for detection of respiratory bacterial pathogens in poultry.acute respiratory tract infections are leading causes of morbidity in poultry farms allover the world. six pathogens; escherichia coli, mycoplasma gallisepticum, staphylococcus aureus, pasteurella multocida, mannheimia haemolytica and pseudomonas aeruginosa were involved in respiratory infections in poultry. herein, conventional identification procedures and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) were applied for detection of the most common respiratory bacterial pathogens in clinical specimens of poul ...201626950451
mycoplasma gallisepticum (hs strain) surface lipoprotein pmga interacts with host apolipoprotein a-i during infection in chicken.the adhesin protein from mycoplasma gallisepticum (hs strain), namely pmga1.2, is required for m. gallisepticum (mg) infection in chicken. however, the host factor(s) that interact with pmga1.2 is not known. in this study, we prepared the membrane fraction of trachea epithelial cells from chicken embryos. using an improved virus overlay protein blot assay (vopba) and glutathione s-transferase (gst) pull-down assay, we found that pmga1.2 specifically bound to a ∼30 kda host protein. this host pro ...201626549235
mutations of domain v in 23s ribosomal rna of macrolide-resistant mycoplasma gallisepticum isolates in egypt.avian mycoplasmas impose a significant economic burden to the poultry industry. in recent years, macrolide-resistant mycoplasma gallisepticum have occasionally been encountered in egypt.201627580325
effect of differing +2 amino acids on export of a heterologous phoa lipoprotein in mycoplasma gallisepticum.the significance of the amino acid adjacent to the amino terminal cysteine of lipoproteins, the +2 amino acid, has been well documented in e. coli and there have also been limited studies on gram-positive bacteria. in this study we investigated whether there was any preference for specific residues and any targeting role attributable to different residues following the cysteine at the amino terminus in lipoproteins of mycoplasma gallisepticum. there were found to be distinct preferences in this ...201627329526
in vitro antimicrobial activities of animal-used quinoxaline 1,4-di-n-oxides against mycobacteria, mycoplasma and fungi.the quinoxaline 1,4-di-n-oxides (qdnos) were known as potent antibacterial agents. for the purpose of evaluating the bioactivity of existing animal-used qdnos drugs against representative pathogenic microorganism, the representative drugs of quinoxalines including cyadox, mequindox, quinocetone and their metabolites were submitted to the in vitro evaluation for antituberculosis, antimycoplasma, antifungal and antiviral activities.201627600955
tickborne fever associated with abortion outbreak in dairy cows.anaplasma phagocytophilum detected in aborting cows on rough grazinglead poisoning in bullockspersistent bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection and colisepticaemia in a 20-hour-old calfabortion due to bovine herpesvirus 1 in a four-year-old cowtickborne fever in lambsinfectious sinusitis due to mycoplasma gallisepticum in pheasants these are among matters discussed in the disease surveillance report for may 2016 from sac consulting: veterinary services (sac c vs).201627550334
reconstruction of transcription control networks in mollicutes by high-throughput identification of promoters.bacteria of the class mollicutes have significantly reduced genomes and gene expression control systems. they are also efficient pathogens that can colonize a broad range of hosts including plants and animals. despite their simplicity, mollicutes demonstrate complex transcriptional responses to various conditions, which contradicts their reduction in gene expression regulation mechanisms. we analyzed the conservation and distribution of transcription regulators across the 50 mollicutes species. ...201627999573
mycoplasma iowae: relationships among oxygen, virulence, and protection from oxidative stress.the poultry-associated bacterium mycoplasma iowae colonizes multiple sites in embryos, with disease or death resulting. although m. iowae accumulates in the intestinal tract, it does not cause disease at that site, but rather only in tissues that are exposed to atmospheric o2. the activity of m. iowae catalase, encoded by kate, is capable of rapid removal of damaging h2o2 from solution, and kate confers a substantial reduction in the amount of h2o2 produced by mycoplasma gallisepticum kate trans ...201525880161
the effect of an alternate start codon on heterologous expression of a phoa fusion protein in mycoplasma gallisepticum.while the genomes of many mycoplasma species have been sequenced, there are no collated data on translational start codon usage, and the effects of alternate start codons on gene expression have not been studied. analysis of the annotated genomes found that atg was the most prevalent translational start codon among mycoplasma spp. however in mycoplasma gallisepticum a gtg start codon is commonly used in the vlha multigene family, which encodes a highly abundant, phase variable lipoprotein adhesi ...201526010086
co-infection with multiple respiratory pathogens contributes to increased mortality rates in algerian poultry flocks.respiratory infections are a common cause for increased mortality rates in poultry worldwide. to improve intervention strategies, circulating pathogens have to be identified and further characterized. because of the lack of diagnostic tools, it was not known what pathogens contribute to the high mortality rates in association with respiratory disease in algeria. our objective was to determine if primary pathogens including mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg), mycoplasma synoviae (ms), avian influenza ...201526478165
longitudinal monitoring for respiratory pathogens in broiler chickens reveals co-infection of chlamydia psittaci and ornithobacterium rhinotracheale.chlamydia psittaci is prevalent in broiler chicken production. however, the role of c. psittaci in the respiratory disease complex needs to be clarified. our aim was to identify the time point when a c. psittaci infection appeared on a broiler farm and to examine the presence of other respiratory pathogens at that time. we focused on the 'major' respiratory pathogens occurring in belgian broilers, namely infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), avian metapneumovirus (ampv), ornithobacterium rhinotrach ...201525724936
characterization of the chaperonin groel in mycoplasma gallisepticum.mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) is a common and widespread cause of chronic respiratory disease in poultry. in this study, antigenic proteins were identified from mg membrane using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-de) analysis followed by western blot and matrix-assisted desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof-ms), including translation elongation factor tu, dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (e2) component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, trigger factor, chaperon ...201525304689
identification and functional characterization of toll-like receptor 2-1 in geese.toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2), an important pattern recognition receptor, activates proinflammatory pathways in response to various pathogens. it has been reported in humans and chicken, but not in geese, an important waterfowl species in china. since some vaccines stimulate robust immune responsesl in chicken but not in geeeses we speculated that their immune systems are different.201525967535
seroepidemiologic survey of potential pathogens in obligate and facultative scavenging avian species in california.throughout the world, populations of scavenger birds are declining rapidly with some populations already on the brink of extinction. much of the current research into the factors contributing to these declines has focused on exposure to drug residues, lead, and other toxins. despite increased monitoring of these declining populations, little is known about infectious diseases affecting scavenger bird species. to assess potential infectious disease risks to both obligate and facultative scavenger ...201526606755
mycoplasma gallisepticum mga_0676 is a membrane-associated cytotoxic nuclease with a staphylococcal nuclease region essential for nuclear translocation and apoptosis induction in chicken cells.mycoplasma gallisepticum can infect a wide variety of birds including the commercial poultry. m. gallisepticum mga_0676 is a putative lipoprotein, which is similar to bacterial thermostable nucleases. but the possible pathogenic effect of m. gallisepticum mga_0676 has not been investigated so far. in the present study, we cloned the mga_0676 gene after deletion of the amino-terminal signal sequence and mutagenesis of the mycoplasma tga tryptophan codons to tgg and expressed recombinant mga_0676 ...201525363559
gexp analyzer-based multiplex reverse-transcription pcr assay for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of eleven duck viruses.duck viral pathogens primarily include the avian influenza virus (aiv) subtypes h5, h7, and h9; duck hepatitis virus (dhv); duck tembusu virus (dtmuv); egg drop syndrome virus (edsv); duck enteritis virus (dev); newcastle disease virus (ndv); duck circovirus (ducv); muscovy duck reovirus (mdrv); and muscovy duck parvovirus (mdpv). these pathogens cause great economic losses to china's duck breeding industry.201526518004
expression and immunological characteristics of the surface-localized pyruvate kinase in mycoplasma gallisepticum.the widespread avian pathogen mycoplasma gallisepticum is a causative agent of respiratory disease. the wall-less prokaryotes lack some tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes, therefore, the glycolysis metabolic pathway is of great importance to these organisms. pyruvate kinase (pk) is one of the key enzymes of the glycolytic pathway, and its immunological characteristics in mycoplasma are not well known. in this study, the m. gallisepticum pyruvate kinase fusion protein (pykf) was expressed in a pet ...201526456557
characterization of triosephosphate isomerase from mycoplasma gallisepticum.triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) is a glycolytic enzyme that is essential for efficient energy production in many pathogens. however, its function in mycoplasma gallisepticum has not been fully elucidated. in this study, the mga0357 gene of m. gallisepticum, which encodes tpia (mgtpia), was amplified and expressed in escherichia coli by iptg induction. the purified recombinant mgtpia protein exhibited catalytic activity that was similar to tpi from rabbit muscle, reducing nad(+) to nadh. the mgtp ...201526319024
construction of a cell-surface display system based on the n-terminal domain of ice nucleation protein and its application in identification of mycoplasma adhesion proteins.to construct and demonstrate a surface display system that could be used to identify mycoplasma adhesion proteins.201525857598
ex vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of valnemulin against mycoplasma gallisepticum s6 in mycoplasma gallisepticum and escherichia coli co-infected chickens.pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (pk/pd) indices against mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) s6 were investigated in an ex vivo pk/pd model following oral administration of valnemulin to chickens co-infected with m. gallisepticum and escherichia coli. the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) for valnemulin against mg s6 in artificial medium and chicken serum were determined. in vitro time-killing curves were established according to a series of multiples of the mic value in an artificial medium ...201525744809
cloning, expression, and antigenic characterization of recombinant protein of mycoplasma gallisepticum expressed in escherichia coli.mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) is a member of the most important avian mycoplasmas, causing chronic respiratory disease in chickens and leading to important economic losses in the poultry industry. recombinant technology represents a strategic approach used to achieve highly reliable and specific diagnostic tests in veterinary diseases control: in particular this aspect is crucial for confirming mycoplasma infection and for maintaining mycoplasma-free breeder flocks. in this study, we identified ...201525667423
global changes in mycoplasma gallisepticum phase-variable lipoprotein gene vlha expression during in vivo infection of the natural chicken host.mycoplasma gallisepticum is the primary etiologic agent of chronic respiratory disease in poultry, a disease largely affecting the respiratory tract and causing significant economic losses worldwide. immunodominant proteins encoded by members of the variable lipoprotein and hemagglutinin (vlha) gene family are thought to be important for mechanisms of m. gallisepticum-host interaction, pathogenesis, and immune evasion, but their exact role and the overall nature of their phase variation are unkn ...201526553465
interaction of mycoplasma gallisepticum with chicken tracheal epithelial cells contributes to macrophage chemotaxis and activation.mycoplasma gallisepticum colonizes the chicken respiratory mucosa and mediates a severe inflammatory response hallmarked by subepithelial leukocyte infiltration. we recently reported that the interaction of m. gallisepticum with chicken tracheal epithelial cells (tecs) mediated the upregulation of chemokine and inflammatory cytokine genes in these cells (s. majumder, f. zappulla, and l. k. silbart, plos one 9:e112796, http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0112796). the current study extends the ...201526527215
response of black-capped chickadees to house finch mycoplasma gallisepticum.tests for the presence of pathogen dna or antibodies are routinely used to survey for current or past infections. in diseases that emerge following a host jump estimates of infection rate might be under- or overestimated. we here examine whether observed rates of infection are biased for a non-focal host species in a model system. the bacterium mycoplasma gallisepticum is a widespread pathogen in house finches (haemorhous mexicanus), a fringillid finch, but an unknown proportion of individuals o ...201525880849
immune responses of wild birds to emerging infectious diseases.over the past several decades, outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases (eids) in wild birds have attracted worldwide media attention, either because of their extreme virulence or because of alarming spillovers into agricultural animals or humans. the pathogens involved have been found to infect a variety of bird hosts ranging from relatively few species (e.g. trichomonas gallinae) to hundreds of species (e.g. west nile virus). here we review and contrast the immune responses that wild birds ar ...201525847450
in vivo pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profiles of valnemulin in an experimental intratracheal mycoplasma gallisepticum infection model.valnemulin, a semisynthetic pleuromutilin antibiotic derivative, is greatly active against mycoplasma. the objective of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness of valnemulin against mycoplasma gallisepticum in a neutropenic intratracheal model in chickens using a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (pk-pd) method. the pk of valnemulin after intramuscular (i.m.) administration at doses of 1, 10, and 20 mg/kg of body weight in m. gallisepticum-infected neutropenic chickens was evaluated by liquid ...201525845865
mycoplasma gallisepticum inactivated by targeting the hydrophobic domain of the membrane preserves surface lipoproteins and induces a strong immune response.an innovative approach for inactivation of mycoplasma gallisepticum using the hydrophobic photoinduced alkylating probe 1, 5-iodonaphthylazide (ina) is described. treatment of washed m. gallisepticum mid-exponential culture (0.2 mg cell protein /ml) with ina followed by irradiation with far-ultraviolet light (310-380 nm) completely abolished viability. transmission electron microscopy showed that the majority of the inactivated m. gallisepticum were comparable in size to intact cells, but that p ...201525781939
gga-mir-101-3p plays a key role in mycoplasma gallisepticum (hs strain) infection of chicken.mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg), one of the most pathogenic mycoplasma, has caused tremendous economic loss in the poultry industry. recently, increasing evidence has suggested that micro ribonucleic acids (mirnas) are involved in microbial pathogenesis. however, little is known about potential roles of mirnas in mg infection of chicken. in the present study, using mirna solexa sequencing we have found that gga-mir-101-3p was up-regulated in the lungs of mg-infected chicken embryos. moreover, gga- ...201526633386
proteomic analysis of tylosin-resistant mycoplasma gallisepticum reveals enzymatic activities associated with resistance.mycoplasma gallisepticum is a significant pathogenic bacterium that infects poultry, causing chronic respiratory disease and sinusitis in chickens and turkeys, respectively. m. gallisepticum infection poses a substantial economic threat to the poultry industry, and this threat is made worse by the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains. the mechanisms of resistance are often difficult to determine; for example, little is known about antibiotic resistance of m. gallisepticum at the proteome le ...201526584633
application of molecular and serological methods for rapid detection of mycoplasma gallisepticum infection (avian mycoplasmosis).mycoplasma infection is a major problem in veterinary medicine and in poultry production. the pathogen has many strains, so that diagnosis of the disease using culture method is not effective. the objective of this work was to evaluate the prevalence of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) in kuwait poultry farms using serology and molecular methods in comparison to the culture under specific conditions. a total of 50 swab samples from choanal cleft and tracheal samples and blood samples were obtained ...201526364358
effects of different vaccine combinations against mycoplasma gallisepticum on blood characteristics in commercial layer chickens.mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) is a major and economically significant pathogen of avian species. when administered before lay, f-strain mg (fmg) can reduce egg production during lay, but the ts-11 strain of mg (ts11mg) does not exert this effect. two trials were conducted to determine the effects of pre-lay vaccinations of ts11mg, mg-bacterin (mgbac), or their combination, in conjunction with an fmg challenge overlay after peak production on the blood characteristics of commercial layers. in eac ...201526217033
evolution of pathogen virulence across space during an epidemic.we explore pathogen virulence evolution during the spatial expansion of an infectious disease epidemic in the presence of a novel host movement trade-off, using a simple, spatially explicit mathematical model. this work is motivated by empirical observations of the mycoplasma gallisepticum invasion into north american house finch (haemorhous mexicanus) populations; however, our results likely have important applications to other emerging infectious diseases in mobile hosts. we assume that infect ...201525674688
effect of lonicera japonica extract on mycoplasma gallisepticum in naturally infected broiler flocks.1. in this study, the effect of chlorogenic acid extract from lonicera japonica thunb. on mycoplasma gallisepticum infections and the performance of broiler flocks was investigated. 2. a total of 360 ross-308 broiler chicks taken from m. gallisepticum seropositive flocks were divided equally into three groups designated as control (nothing administered), antibiotic (tylosin tartrate given for the first 3 d and d 20-22) and test group (chlorogenic acid extract given twice a day on d 16 and 22). 3 ...201525731588
effects of different vaccine combinations against mycoplasma gallisepticum on the internal egg and eggshell characteristics of commercial layer chickens 1,2,3.live f-strain mycoplasma gallisepticum (fmg) vaccines are presently being used to help control field-strain mg outbreaks. however, they may exert some adverse effects on egg production. live strains of mg of lesser virulence as well as killed vaccines have little or no effect on egg production, but afford lower levels of protection. this has led to research investigating their use in combination with a subsequent overlay vaccination of fmg given later in the production cycle. in the present stud ...201525701207
mycoplasma gallisepticum in vivo induced antigens expressed during infection in chickens.until now only a few genes encoding virulence factors have been characterized in the avian pathogen mycoplasma gallisepticum. in order to identify candidate targets associated with infection we applied an immunoscreening technique-in vivo induced antigen technology (iviat)-to detect immunogens of m. gallisepticum strain rlow expressed preferentially during in vivo infection. we identified 13 in vivo-induced (ivi) proteins that correspond to different functional categories including: previously r ...201525575879
the efficacy of mycoplasma gallisepticum k-strain live vaccine in broiler and layer chickens.the efficacy of a live mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) vaccine candidate (k-strain) was compared to commercially available vaccines in broiler-type chickens (trial 1) and layer-type chickens (trial 2). in trial 1, three-week-old broiler-type chickens were vaccinated via aerosol with k-strain or an f-strain vaccine. the vaccinated chickens and 10 non-vaccinated controls were subsequently challenged with virulent r-strain via aerosol at six weeks post vaccination; both k-strain and f-strain vaccinat ...201525571953
seroprevalence of mycoplasma gallisepticum antibody by elisa and serum plate agglutination test of laying chicken.mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) is important avian pathogens responsible for chronic respiratory diseases of chicken and turkeys, which result in large economic loss for the poultry industry. the objectives of this study were determination of seroprevalence of mg antibody of commercial layer chicken at laying period in selected areas of bangladesh.201527046987
effects of different vaccine combinations against mycoplasma gallisepticum on the digestive and reproductive organ characteristics of commercial egg-laying hens.mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) is a major and economically significant pathogen of avian species. when administered before lay, f-strain mg (fmg) can reduce egg production during lay, but the ts-11 strain of mg (ts11mg) does not exert this effect. two trials were conducted to determine the effects of pre-lay vaccinations of ts11mg, mg-bacterin (mgbac), or their combination, in conjunction with an fmg vaccination overlay after peak production on the digestive and reproductive organ characteristics ...201526467015
feeder use predicts both acquisition and transmission of a contagious pathogen in a north american songbird.individual heterogeneity can influence the dynamics of infectious diseases in wildlife and humans alike. thus, recent work has sought to identify behavioural characteristics that contribute disproportionately to individual variation in pathogen acquisition (super-receiving) or transmission (super-spreading). however, it remains unknown whether the same behaviours enhance both acquisition and transmission, a scenario likely to result in explosive epidemics. here, we examined this possibility in a ...201526378215
house finch responses to mycoplasma gallisepticum infection do not vary with experimentally increased aggression.aggression can alter infectious disease dynamics through two, non-exclusive mechanisms: 1) increasing direct contact among hosts and 2) altering hosts' physiological response to pathogens. here we examined the latter mechanism in a social songbird by manipulating intraspecific aggression in the absence of direct physical contact. we asked whether the extent of aggression an individual experiences alters glucocorticoid levels, androgen levels, and individual responses to infection in an ecologica ...201525387693
the impact of deposition site on vaccination efficiency of a live bacterial poultry vaccine.vaccines are utilized within the poultry industry to minimize disease-associated losses and spray vaccination is a commonly utilized means for the mass application of poultry vaccines. during this process, vaccine-laden particles are deposited upon target areas (e.g., eyes, nares, and oral cavity) resulting in the direct internalization of the vaccine. however, particles are also deposited on nontarget areas such as the exterior of the subject and its surrounding environment. to better determine ...201526049801
evaluation of the egg transmission and pathogenicity of mycoplasma gallisepticum isolates genotyped as ts-11.live mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccines are used for the control of respiratory disease, egg production losses and egg transmission associated with m. gallisepticum infection in long-lived poultry. the first field case of apparent increased virulence and vertical transmission of ts-11, a live m. gallisepticum vaccine, has been reported. in that study a m. gallisepticum isolate from the broiler progeny of ts-11-vaccinated breeders was genotyped as ts-11 by sequence analysis of four different genet ...201525925422
development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification targeting a gene within the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, the pdha gene, for rapid detection of mycoplasma gallisepticum.mycoplasma gallisepticum infections impose a significant economic burden on the poultry industry. in the current study, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay was developed and optimized to detect m. gallisepticum based on a gene within the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, the pdha gene, which codes for the major subunit (e1α) in the complex. the reaction conditions were optimized, and the specificity was confirmed by successful amplification of several m. gallisepticum strains, wh ...201526038479
a survey of mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma synovaie with avian influenza h9 subtype in meat-type chicken in jordan between 2011-2015.commercial chickens in jordan suffer from respiratory disease of undetermined etiology. this study was designed to document the involvement of avian influenza virus (aiv) h9 subtype, mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg), and mycoplasma synoviae (ms) in this respiratory disease. in this study, trachea swabs from 350 commercial broiler chicken flocks that suffered from respiratory disease were tested for aiv h9 subtype by using reverse transcription (rt)-pcr and for mg and ms by using pcr. pcr and rt-pcr ...201525971950
evaluation of the capacity of pcr and high-resolution melt curve analysis for identification of mixed infection with mycoplasma gallisepticum strains.pathogenicity and presentation of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) infection may differ from one strain to another and this may have implications on control measures. infection of individual birds with more than one mg strain has been reported. a pcr followed by high resolution melt (hrm) curve analysis has been developed in our laboratory and routinely used for detection and differentiation of mg strains. however the potential of this test for identification of mg strains in a mixed specimen has n ...201525970590
experimental pathology of t-2 toxicosis and mycoplasma infection on performance and hepatic functions of broiler chickens.this experiment was conducted using 192 day-old ross 308 chicks, divided into 4 groups of 4 replicate consisting 48 birds. group i was fed a control diet, group ii was fed control diet supplemented with 0.5 ppm t-2 toxin for 5 weeks, group iii was fed control diet supplemented with 8 × 10(8) cfu/ml of mycoplasma gallisepticum, and group iv was fed control diet supplemented by t-2 toxin and mycoplasma gallisepticum. body weight and feed conversation ratio (fcr), relative organ weights, clinical s ...201525910901
synthesis and antimicrobial activity of the hybrid molecules between sulfonamides and active antimicrobial pleuromutilin derivative.a series of novel hybrid molecules between sulfonamides and active antimicrobial 14-o-(3-carboxy-phenylsulfide)-mutilin were synthesized, and their in vitro antibacterial activities were evaluated by the broth microdilution. results indicated that these compounds displayed potent antimicrobial activities in vitro against various drug-susceptible and drug-resistant gram-positive bacteria such as staphylococci and streptococci, including methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, and mycoplasma. ...201525431015
development of a mycoplasma gallisepticum infection model in turkeys.mycoplasma gallisepticum causes chronic respiratory disease in chickens and is also highly pathogenic in turkeys. several live attenuated m. gallisepticum vaccines are available for prevention of disease in chickens but they are considered to be either not safe or not efficacious in turkeys. the studies presented here aimed to develop a suitable infection model in turkeys, a prerequisite for development of a vaccine against m. gallisepticum for turkeys. two wild-type australian m. gallisepticum ...201525431001
infection with mycoplasma gallisepticum buffers the effects of acute stress on innate immunity in house finches.when wild animals become infected, they still must cope with the rigors of daily life, and, thus, they still can be exposed to acute stressors. the suite of physiological responses to acute stress includes modifying the innate immune system, but infections can also cause similar changes. we examined the effects of an acute stressor (capture stress) on leukocyte abundance and bacteria-killing ability (bka) in wild birds (house finches haemorhous mexicanus) with and without a naturally occurring i ...201424642543
extended survival times of mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma synoviae on kanekalon synthetic hair fibres.the survival times of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) and mycoplasma synoviae (ms) on washed and unwashed natural and synthetic kanekalon hair samples over a 5-d period were evaluated using the color changing unit method for comparison with results of previous studies conducted on natural hair. regardless of whether synthetic or natural hair samples prewashed with a disinfectant shampoo were spiked with mg or ms, all viable organisms rapidly dropped below a count of 1 × 10(1)/ml of culture. unwash ...201424570416
mycoplasma gallisepticum lipid associated membrane proteins up-regulate inflammatory genes in chicken tracheal epithelial cells via tlr-2 ligation through an nf-κb dependent pathway.mycoplasma gallisepticum-mediated respiratory inflammation in chickens is associated with accumulation of leukocytes in the tracheal submucosa. however the molecular mechanisms underpinning these changes have not been well described. we hypothesized that the initial inflammatory events are initiated upon ligation of mycoplasma lipid associated membrane proteins (lamp) to tlrs expressed on chicken tracheal epithelial cells (tec). to test this hypothesis, live bacteria or lamps isolated from a vir ...201425401327
sequencing analysis of mycoplasma gallisepticum wild strains in vaccinated chicken breeder flocks.mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) infection is still of continuing economic concern in commercial broiler breeder chicken flocks in egypt. mg infection continues to emerge despite the application of vaccination programs in breeder flocks. this prompted flock surveillance including mg isolation and molecular characterization of the circulating mg strains. the present study was concerned with 15 broiler breeder flocks of different ages (5-51 weeks). three flocks were apparently healthy and 12 flocks w ...201424525899
is mycoplasma synoviae outrunning mycoplasma gallisepticum? a viewpoint from the netherlands.mycoplasma gallisepticum and m. synoviae are the most relevant mycoplasma species for commercial poultry from the clinical and economic point of view. although the importance of m. gallisepticum was recognized many decades ago, the relevance of m. synoviae has been a matter of debate. until the turn of the century, only the respiratory and synovitis forms of the disease were reported, while the majority of infections were subclinical. since the year 2000 m. synoviae strains with oviduct tropism, ...201424397240
effects of mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccination on serum α1-acid glycoprotein concentrations in commercial layer chickens.increases in circulating acute phase protein (app) levels occur in reaction to systemic infections in animals. however, no previous research has been conducted to monitor possible changes in app levels of birds in response to prelay vaccinations of various live attenuated mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccines in conjunction with their subsequent use as an overlay vaccine during the production period. serum concentrations of the app, α1-acid glycoprotein (agp), were determined on d 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, an ...201424879689
a house finch (haemorhous mexicanus) spleen transcriptome reveals intra- and interspecific patterns of gene expression, alternative splicing and genetic diversity in passerines.with its plumage color dimorphism and unique history in north america, including a recent population expansion and an epizootic of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg), the house finch (haemorhous mexicanus) is a model species for studying sexual selection, plumage coloration and host-parasite interactions. as part of our ongoing efforts to make available genomic resources for this species, here we report a transcriptome assembly derived from genes expressed in spleen.201424758272
evidence of trade-offs shaping virulence evolution in an emerging wildlife pathogen.in the mid-1990s, the common poultry pathogen mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) made a successful species jump to the eastern north american house finch haemorhous mexicanus (hm). subsequent strain diversification allows us to directly quantify, in an experimental setting, the transmission dynamics of three sequentially emergent geographic isolates of mg, which differ in the levels of pathogen load they induce. we find significant among-strain variation in rates of transmission as well as recovery. ...201424750277
effects of live and killed vaccines against mycoplasma gallisepticum on the performance characteristics of commercial layer chickens.different vaccine strains of mycoplasma gallisepticum have been used on multiple-age commercial layer farms in an effort to protect birds against virulent field-strain infections. use of the f-strain of m. gallisepticum (fmg), as an overlay vaccine during lay, may be necessary because of the lower level of protection afforded by m. gallisepticum vaccines of low virulence given before lay. two replicate trials were conducted to investigate effects of live and killed m. gallisepticum vaccines admi ...201424879690
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