| comparison of two anticoagulants for production of antigens of cowdria ruminantium in neutrophils. | ethylene diamine tetra-acetate (edta) and lithium heparin were used comparatively as anticoagulants for blood obtained from goats clinically infected with cowdria ruminantium. neutrophils were extracted from the blood and cultured for the production of heartwater antigen. edta proved superior to heparin in terms of the recovery rate and the better separation of neutrophils from other leucocytes. the antigen produced was tested in the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat) and proved to be of ... | 1995 | 7569230 |
| the serological response to heartwater immunization in cattle is an indicator of protective immunity. | a significant correlation was demonstrated in friesian-cross steers between the serological response to previous vaccination with the ball 3 strain of cowdria ruminantium and the development of protective immunity against the kalota isolate from malawi. of 10 animals which seroconverted after vaccination, all were completely or partially immune to challenge. ten of the 14 animals which failed to seroconvert were immune but the proportion was not significantly different from that in the unvaccina ... | 1995 | 7569231 |
| studies of experimental infection and cross-immunity between stocks of cowdria ruminantium in sokoto red goats. | the course of experimental infection and cross-immunity tests between stocks of cowdria ruminantium were investigated using eight infected and four uninfected control sokoto red goats. all eight infected goats reacted to the primary infection. the incubation period varied between 8 and 23 days. during the febrile reaction, the highest rectal temperature recorded was 40 degrees c and the lowest was 39.7 degrees c, compared with a range of 38.6 +/- 0.15 to 38.1 +/- 0.19 in control goats. following ... | 1995 | 7571334 |
| ehrlichia muris sp. nov., identified on the basis of 16s rrna base sequences and serological, morphological, and biological characteristics. | the 16s rrna gene of a new infectious agent, strain as145t (t = type strain), which was isolated from a wild mouse in japan, was amplified by using the pcr. the amplimers were directly sequenced by dideoxynucleotide methods with taq dna polymerase. sequence comparisons with other members of the tribe ehrlichieae and related species revealed that the infectious agent isolated from the mouse is a new species of the genus ehrlichia that is most closely related to ehrlichia chaffeensis (level of seq ... | 1995 | 7537059 |
| identification of the causative agent of granulocytic ehrlichiosis in swedish dogs and horses by direct solid phase sequencing of pcr products from the 16s rrna gene. | seven swedish isolates of ehrlichia species from the blood of four dogs and three horses with clinical granulocytic ehrlichiosis, were identified by direct solid phase dna sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) products from the 16s rrna gene. the amplified dna fragments were produced with primers complementary to the universal regions, u1, u2, u5 and u8 of the 16s rrna molecule. identical sequences were obtained from all seven isolates. this nucleotide sequence was similar to the sequenc ... | 1995 | 7539151 |
| serologic cross-reactions among ehrlichia equi, ehrlichia phagocytophila, and human granulocytic ehrlichia. | homology in the 16s rdnas shows that the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) is closely related to the veterinary pathogens erlichia equi and erlichia phagocytophila. after hge, patients develop antibodies reactive with e. equi and e. phagocytophila; thus, we hypothesized that these species are closely related and share significant antigenicity. antisera from humans, horses, dogs, and cattle were tested by indirect fluorescent-antibody assay (ifa) for antibodies reactive with e. equi ... | 1995 | 7542262 |
| usefulness of rabbits and mice as experimental laboratory models for ehrlichia bovis. | attempts were made to infect mice and immunosuppressed rabbits with ehrlichia bovis. while evidence of infection could be noticed in rabbits, their identity as e. bovis needs confirmation. mice appeared to be infected and showed clear inclusions in both blood monocytes and peritoneal macrophages. while symptoms of disease were not observable in rabbits, alopecia, dullness and death were noticed among infected mice. it is concluded that mice are better laboratory models for e. bovis infection; al ... | 1995 | 7590950 |
| targeting ticks for control of selected hemoparasitic diseases of cattle. | development in and transmission of hemoparasites by tick vectors are phenomena closely synchronized with the tick feeding cycle. in all known life cycles, initial infection of tick tissues occurs in midgut epithelial cells and transmission is effected as ticks feed after parasites have developed and multiplied in salivary glands. many factors reviewed affect development and transmission of hemoparasites by ticks including age of ticks, artificial temperature, climate and/or season, tick stage or ... | 1995 | 7597779 |
| vector situation of tick-borne diseases in the caribbean islands. | the most important ticks transmitting diseases to ruminants in the caribbean islands are: amblyomma variegatum, vector of cowdriosis and associated with acute dermatophilosis; amblyomma cajennense, potential vector of cowdriosis; boophilus microplus, vector of babesiosis and anaplasmosis. at the present time, amblyomma variegatum is widespread in the lesser antilles from barbados to puerto rico. the intensity of the tick control program varies in the different islands and the tick infestation in ... | 1995 | 7597781 |
| current status of in vitro cultivation of cowdria ruminantium. | heartwater caused by cowdria ruminantium infection is the most important tick-borne disease of ruminants in southern africa. the in vitro culture system for this rickettsia, developed less than a decade ago, is responsible for the great majority of research accomplishments currently being reported in the areas of epidemiology, diagnosis and control of heartwater. despite this progress, cultivation of c. ruminantium remains more of an art than a science, inasmuch as significant discrepancies exis ... | 1995 | 7597785 |
| live vaccines against hemoparasitic diseases in livestock. | live vaccines against hemoparasitic diseases in livestock are based on parasites derived from culture (theileria annulata), from blood of infected animals (babesia bovis, babesia bigemina, anaplasma centrale, (attenuated) anaplasma marginale and cowdria ruminantium), and from ticks (theileria parva). the t. annulata attenuated cultured schizont vaccine is safe for all varieties of cattle. blood derived vaccines are recommended mainly for young cattle, the age limit varying with the different vac ... | 1995 | 7597786 |
| recent developments in the molecular biology of anaplasmosis. | recent applications of dna analysis, cloning, sequencing and expression technology have resulted in significant advances in our understanding of the hemoparasite anaplasma marginale. analysis of 16s ribosomal rna has confirmed a phylogenetic position close to ehrlichia sp. and cowdria ruminantium. intact genomic dna of a. marginale digested with sfii separates into bands from 14 to 170 kbp on pulse-field gels, with a total genome size of 1200-1260 kbp and g + c content of 56 mol%. major surface ... | 1995 | 7597790 |
| review of the molecular biology of cowdria ruminantium. | cowdria ruminantium is a rickettsial agent which causes heartwater, an economically important disease of livestock in the tropics and the caribbean. significant advances have been made in the molecular biology of c. ruminantium since its reproducible propagation in vitro in bovine endothelial cells. these advances have been targeted towards the development of improved vaccines and diagnostic tests. several immunogenic proteins of c. ruminantium have been identified and monoclonal antibodies have ... | 1995 | 7597792 |
| nucleic acid probes as a diagnostic method for tick-borne hemoparasites of veterinary importance. | an increased number of articles on the use of nucleic acid-based hybridization techniques for diagnostic purposes have been recently published. this article reviews nucleic acid-based hybridization as an assay to detect hemoparasite infections of economic relevance in veterinary medicine. by using recombinant dna techniques, selected clones containing inserts of anaplasma, babesia, cowdria or theileria genomic dna sequences have been obtained, and they are now available to be utilized as specifi ... | 1995 | 7597795 |
| evaluation of the pathogenic potential of rickettsia canada and rickettsia prowazekii organisms in dogs. | an unusual pattern of seroreactivity to antigens of rickettsial organisms (rickettsia rickettsii, r rhipicephali, r montana, and r bellii), particularly to r bellii antigen, was detected in 3 dogs during a 2-month period. thus, studies were initiated to clarify the pathogenic potential of the more distantly related rickettsial organisms (r canada and r prowazekii) in dogs. because r bellii are nonpathogenic rickettsiae that share numerous common properties with spotted fever-group and typhus-gro ... | 1995 | 7601694 |
| further evidence for the efficacy of imidocarb dipropionate in the treatment of ehrlichia canis infection. | three dogs experimentally infected with ehrlichia canis developed thrombocytopaenia and high antibody titres to e. canis in indirect fluorescent antibody tests. one dog also became leukopaenic. at weeks 6 and 8 post-infection, the dogs were treated with imidocarb dipropionate (5 mg kg-1 subcutaneously) and a further dose was administered at week 12 (5 mg kg-1 intramuscularly). twelve weeks after the last treatment (post-treatment), all dogs had normal platelet counts which persisted for a furthe ... | 1994 | 7595915 |
| potomac horse fever in eastern ontario. | | 1995 | 7585427 |
| ehrlichiosis in a golf-oriented retirement community. | ehrlichiosis due to ehrlichia chaffeensis usually occurs sporadically or in small clusters, with an annual incidence estimated at 3 to 5 cases per 100,000 population in areas of endemic disease. the putative principal vector is the lone star tick (amblyomma americanum). we investigated an outbreak of ehrlichiosis that occurred in june 1993 among members of a golf-oriented retirement community (community a) in tennessee. the community is densely wooded and borders a wildlife-management area where ... | 1995 | 7616991 |
| tick-borne diseases--a growing risk. | | 1995 | 7616997 |
| ehrlichiosis with pancytopenia and ards. | as illustrated by the case described in this report, the possibility of ehrlichiosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of sulfasalazine toxicity/drug fever and other febrile illnesses presenting with pancytopenia/leukopenia and pulmonary abnormalities, when patients have been exposed to known tick-infested areas. furthermore, the possibility of delayed serologic confirmation of ehrlichia infection should be integrated into the diagnostic process as well. | 1995 | 7617311 |
| laboratory reared amblyomma hebraeum and amblyomma variegatum ticks differ in their susceptibility to infection with cowdria ruminantium. | the susceptibility of laboratory reared zimbabwean amblyomma hebraeum and a. variegatum ticks to infection with geographically distinct cowdria ruminantium strains was investigated by feeding both species simultaneously on individual sheep infected with one of the four strains (crystal springs [zimbabwe], ball 3 [south africa], gardel [guadeloupe] and nigeria [nigeria]). a. hebraeum ticks demonstrated a high susceptibility to infection with all four c. ruminantium strains. in comparison, a. vari ... | 1995 | 7589273 |
| ehrlichial diseases of humans: emerging tick-borne infections. | the ehrlichioses are emerging zoonotic infections that are caused by obligate intracellular bacteria in the genus ehrlichia. two human ehrlichioses occur in the united states: monocytic ehrlichiosis (hme), which is caused by ehrlichia chaffeensis that infects mononuclear phagocytes in blood and tissues, and granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge), an infection of granulocytes that is due to a phylogenetically distinct organism. both infections cause undifferentiated fever with leukopenia, thrombocytopen ... | 1995 | 7619983 |
| correlation between antibodies to cowdria ruminantium (rickettsiales) in cattle and the distribution of amblyomma vector ticks in zimbabwe. | cowdriosis, caused by cowdria ruminantium, is transmitted by amblyomma ticks, which are widely distributed in zimbabwe. to assess the distribution of this disease in zimbabwe, cattle either exposed to amblyomma ticks or maintained in areas free from these ticks were tested for antibodies to cowdria. a total of 324 sera were tested using competitive elisa and the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat). at diptanks in amblyomma-infested areas 52% (n = 95) and 26% (n = 47) of sera were positive ... | 1993 | 7628226 |
| factors affecting the distributions of the ticks amblyomma hebraeum and a. variegatum in zimbabwe: implications of reduced acaricide usage. | the ticks amblyomma hebraeum and a. variegatum are the main vectors of heartwater, a disease of ruminants caused by cowdria ruminantium, in the agricultural areas of zimbabwe. at present, a. hebraeum is widely distributed in the dry southern lowveld, and occurs in at least seven foci in the higher rainfall highveld. amblyomma variegatum occurs in the zambezi valley and surrounding dry lowveld areas in the northwest. the distribution of a. hebraeum has changed considerably over the past 70 years, ... | 1994 | 7628253 |
| ehrlichiosis mimicking thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. case report and pathological correlation. | human ehrlichiosis is a tick-borne zoonosis caused by the newly described human hematotropic rickettsiae, ehrlichia chaffeensis. the pathology and pathogenesis of human ehrlichiosis have not been adequately studied. even with immunoperoxidase, the only previously known method to detect these organisms in tissue, ehrlichae are difficult or impossible to identify. this led many investigators to speculate that the pathogenesis of ehrlichiosis was not caused directly by the organism but could be cau ... | 1995 | 7635455 |
| systemic phaeohyphomycosis caused by xylohypha bantiana in a dog. | an 8-year-old, maltese-cross bitch presented with chronic neck and back pain and an acute onset of circling, hyperaesthesia and constant crying. clinical examination revealed temporal muscle atrophy, an abnormal hanging reflex, cervical rigidity and severe hepatomegaly. ultrasonography of the liver showed several disseminated, poorly demarcated, hypoechoic areas which on fine needle aspirates, contained large numbers of pigmented fungal hyphae. cerebrospinal fluid examination revealed fungal hyp ... | 1994 | 7602573 |
| experimental transmission of ehrlichia chaffeensis (rickettsiales: ehrlichieae) among white-tailed deer by amblyomma americanum (acari: ixodidae). | ehrlichia chaffeensis anderson, dawson & wilson, causative agent of human (predominantly monocytic) ehrlichiosis, was successfully transmitted experimentally by amblyomma americanum (l.) to white-tailed deer, odocoileus virginianus (zimmerman). deer were needle-exposed intravenously to e. chaffeensis in tissue-culture canine macrophage (dh82) cells, and 11 d later were exposed to laboratory-reared a. americanum larvae, nymphs, and adults for acquisition feeding. three months after this feeding, ... | 1995 | 7616529 |
| antibodies against rickettsiaceae in dogs of setúbal, portugal. | an indirect fluorescent antibody test was performed on sera collected from dogs housed in the municipal kennel of setúbal to assess the prevalence of antibodies to ehrlichia canis, the causative agent of canine ehrlichiosis and to rickettsia conorii, agent of boutonneuse fever in humans. two other members of the family rickettsiaceae, coxiella burnetii and rickettsia typhi, were included in the serosurvey. of the 104 dogs tested, 85.6% had antibodies to r. conorii, 50% to e. canis, 26.9% to r. t ... | 1995 | 7655402 |
| seroepidemiological survey of rickettsial infections among blood donors in central tunisia. | in this report we attempt to evaluate the prevalence of antibodies against rickettsia conorii, r. typhi, coxiella burnettii, and ehrlichia chaffeensis in central tunisia. five hundred sera from blood donors, collected between march and june 1993, were tested for these 4 antibodies using an indirect immunofluorescence antibody assay (ifa). nine percent of the sera had antibodies against r. conorii (igg > 1:32) by ifa, and 8% by western blotting; with ifa, 3.6% had antibodies to r. typhi, 26% to c ... | 1995 | 7660428 |
| identification of ehrlichia risticii as the causative agent of two equine abortions following natural maternal infection. | two pregnant mares diagnosed as having equine monocytic ehrlichiosis based on history, clinical signs, and high serum antibody titers to ehrlichia risticii aborted subsequent to recovery from illness. mare 1 and mare 2 experienced clinical illness at 120 and 143 days of gestation and aborted at 203 and 226 days of gestation, respectively. the fetuses were expelled in fresh condition, and both mares retained their placentas upon abortion. gross findings for the fetuses included meconium staining ... | 1995 | 7619902 |
| isolation and characterization of a new strain of ehrlichia chaffeensis from a patient with nearly fatal monocytic ehrlichiosis. | ehrlichia chaffeensis is the causative agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis, a disease that ranges in severity from asymptomatic infection to death. only one isolate of e. chaffeensis has been made, the arkansas strain, upon which all characterizations of the agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis have been based. we report the isolation and characterization of a new strain of e. chaffeensis, the 91he17 strain, which was cultivated from a patient with a nearly fatal illness. the new isolate grow ... | 1995 | 7665632 |
| serologic evidence for human ehrlichiosis in africa. | human ehrlichiosis is a recently recognized rickettsial disease. it is caused by ehrlichia chaffeensis, an intraleucocytic gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacterium, grouped within the genus ehrlichiae. most human cases of ehrlichiosis have been diagnosed in the usa. two cases have been reported outside of the usa, one in europe and one in africa. from 1 january to 30 june 1992, 765 sera from blood donors or other asymptomatic subjects in 8 african countries, including ivory coast, burkina ... | 1994 | 7672049 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. human granulocytic ehrlichiosis--new york, 1995. | | 1995 | 7674488 |
| [ehrlichiosis: a new infectious disease]. | human ehrlichiosis is transmitted by ticks. for the first time it was described in 1987. the ethiologic agent is ehrlichia chaffeenisis. the course of the disease may be mild, self-limited or sometimes severe finishing with dead. the main symptoms are: fever, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, or pancytopenia. tetracyclines are mostly efficient in the treatment. | 1995 | 7676057 |
| endocarditis in a dog due to infection with a novel bartonella subspecies. | vegetative valvular endocarditis involving the aortic and, to a lesser extent, mitral valves was diagnosed echocardiographically in a 3-year-old spayed female labrador retriever. historically, the dog had been treated with tetracycline hydrochloride and prednisolone for positive seroreactivity to ehrlichia canis and antinuclear antigens. although three aerobic and anaerobic blood cultures failed to grow bacteria, blood cultured simultaneously by the lysis centrifugation technique grew a fastidio ... | 1995 | 7699033 |
| development and evaluation of pcr assay for detection of low levels of cowdria ruminantium infection in amblyomma ticks not detected by dna probe. | the sensitivities of a pcr assay and a dna probe assay were compared for the detection of cowdria ruminantium in amblyomma ticks that were fed on c. ruminantium-infected, clinically reacting, and recovered carrier animals. the pcr assay and dna probe detected infection in 86.0 and 37.0%, respectively, of 100 ticks fed on a febrile animal. in 75 ticks fed on carrier animals, pcr and the dna probe detected infection in 28.0 and 1.33% of ticks, respectively. this demonstrates that the dna probe has ... | 1995 | 7699036 |
| infection of bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells with cowdria ruminantium elicits il-1 beta, -6, and -8 mrna production and expression of an unusual mhc class ii dq alpha transcript. | cowdria ruminantium is a bacterial parasite that infects ruminants, causing an acute and often fatal disease. these obligate intracellular gram-negative bacteria preferentially infect neutrophils and vascular endothelial cells, especially in the brain. the present study was performed with bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells in culture, infected by c. ruminantium in the presence or absence of ifn-gamma. infection induced the production of il-1 beta, -6, and -8 mrnas, and this effect was po ... | 1995 | 7706742 |
| [canine ehrlichiosis in tunisia. seroepidemiological survey]. | the seroprevalence of ehrlichiosis was investigated in 1,216 dogs from eight administrative areas in five regions with different climates. in and around tunis, where the animals receive satisfactory care, the average prevalence is 49%, but it ranges from 75 to 85% in the other regions of the interior. the authors underline the importance of this disease and describe the conditions which favour its transmission. they also note that the high percentage of asymptomatic carriers provides further pro ... | 1994 | 7709025 |
| immunisation of sheep against heartwater with inactivated cowdria ruminantium. | the immunisation of sheep with inactivated cowdria ruminantium organisms (the causative agent of heartwater) emulsified in freund's adjuvant induced protective immunity against a homologous challenge with virulent cell culture-derived c ruminantium organisms. this protective immunity was associated with the development of high titres of c ruminantium-specific antibodies, a low level of rickettsiosis in brain endothelium and no mortalities. in contrast, when unimmunised sheep were challenged, the ... | 1995 | 7709059 |
| images in clinical medicine. ehrlichiosis. | | 1995 | 7723798 |
| granulocytic ehrlichiosis and meningitis in a dog. | a 4-year-old male mixed-breed dog from the sierra nevada mountains in california was referred because of epistaxis and signs of cervical pain. dermacentor variabilis ticks were found on the dog at the time of physical examination. clinicopathologic abnormalities included nonregenerative anemia, thrombocytopenia, and rare intracytoplasmic morulae within circulating neutrophils. abnormalities of the csf included pleocytosis and intracytoplasmic morulae in approximately 9% of neutrophils. serum ant ... | 1994 | 7730122 |
| [human ehrlichiosis. review]. | human ehrlichiosis is a newly recognized tick-borne disease. since 1935 ehrlichia canis has been known as a cause of illness in dogs and other canine species, and for a few years it was related with human disease. in 1990, ehrlichia chaffeensis was isolated from a man suspected of having ehrlichiosis. partial sequencing of the rrnas from the human isolate and e. canis, indicated that they are 98.7% related. more recently (may 1994) an "human granulocytic ehrlichiosis" have been reported in usa. ... | 1994 | 7734523 |
| detection of platelet-bound and serum platelet-bindable antibodies for diagnosis of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in dogs. | the sensitivity and specificity of 2 antibody tests for diagnosis of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (itp) in dogs were investigated prospectively. an elisa to detect antibodies bound to the surface of platelets from affected dogs (direct test) was performed in 34 dogs with a clinical diagnosis of itp and in 21 dogs with thrombocytopenia attributable to other causes. an elisa to detect platelet-bindable antibodies in serum from affected dogs (indirect test) was performed in 32 dogs with itp ... | 1995 | 7744662 |
| seroepidemiology of infections due to spotted fever group rickettsiae and ehrlichia species in military personnel exposed in areas of the united states where such infections are endemic. | a prospective, seroepidemiologic study of spotted fever group rickettsiae (sfgr) and ehrlichia infections was done among 1194 us military personnel exposed in a heavily tick-infested area of arkansas in 1990. seroconversion (4-fold) and seroprevalence rates were determined by indirect immunofluorescent antibody assays. seroconversions to sfgr occurred in 30 persons (2.5%), whereas seroconversion to ehrlichia species occurred in 15 (1.3%). the majority of seroconverters did not report symptoms (2 ... | 1995 | 7751702 |
| ehrlichiosis in kentucky. | ehrlichiosis is a recently described tick-borne disease characterized by headache, fever and chills, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and transaminase elevation. the presentation is similar to rocky mountain spotted fever but the rash is less frequently present in ehrlichiosis. the diagnosis is confirmed by elevated antibody titers to ehrlichia chaffeensis or visualization of inclusions in white blood cells and the disease is easily cured with tetracyclines or chloramphenicol. cases of ehrlichiosis ... | 1995 | 7751803 |
| hypergammaglobulinemia in a dog. | | 1995 | 7649766 |
| serologic survey of selected canine pathogens among free-ranging jackals in kenya. | serum samples from 76 free-ranging adult jackals of three species from four localities in kenya were examined for circulating antibodies against four canine pathogens: rabies virus, canine parvovirus (cpv-2), canine distemper virus (cdv), and ehrlichia canis. samples were collected between april 1987 and january 1988. among black-backed jackals (canis mesomelas), the most sampled species, the mean prevalence of antibodies to cpv-2, cdv, rabies virus, and e. canis was 34% (14 positive/55 sampled) ... | 1994 | 7760476 |
| serological evidence of ehrlichia canis in dogs in southern italy. | a serological survey of antibodies to ehrlichia canis was performed on 423 dogs. the indirect fluorescence antibody test was employed. for this purpose mouse-dog hybridoma cells infected with ehrlichia canis were used. eighty-five dogs were found positive. the study tested 25 dogs with clinical signs suggestive of a rickettsial infection. twenty-three of them had antibodies to e. canis. | 1995 | 7760762 |
| role of ca2+ and calmodulin in ehrlichial infection in macrophages. | replication of ehrlichia risticii was inhibited in p388d1 cells and murine peritoneal macrophages when a calmodulin antagonist (w-7, chlorpromazine, or trifluoperazine); a ca2+ channel blocker (verapamil, diltiazem, nifedipine, or flunarizine); an extracellular ca2+ chelator, egta [ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid]; an inhibitor of intracellular ca2+ mobilization, tmb-8; or ca2+ ionophore a23187 was added after internalization of the organism at 3 h postincub ... | 1995 | 7768614 |
| [field trial of an attenuated vaccine against heartwater disease]. | the results are given of a field trial using a senegalese stock of cowdria ruminantium which had been attenuated by passage in cell culture. thirty vaccinated and thirty control sheep were exposed in the niayes region of senegal and were monitored daily. in the control group, 22 animals died of heartwater, associated in one case with anaplasmosis. in the vaccinated group, 13 animals died; cowdria was found only in two sheep which had previously suffered from ehrlichiosis or anaplasmosis; three o ... | 1994 | 7770664 |
| [human ehrlichiosis in spain. various epidemiologic considerations]. | | 1995 | 7779887 |
| western immunoblot analysis of ehrlichia chaffeensis, e. canis, or e. ewingii infections in dogs and humans. | ehrlichia chaffeensis, e. canis, and e. ewingii are genetically closely related, as determined by 16s rrna gene base sequence comparison, but they exhibit biologic differences. e. chaffeensis is the etiologic agent of human ehrlichiosis. e. canis and e. ewingii cause two distinctly different forms of canine ehrlichiosis and infect different types of leukocytes, monocytes and granulocytes, respectively. e. chaffeensis can also infect dogs. in the study, western immunoblot analysis of sera from do ... | 1994 | 7814533 |
| detection of ehrlichia risticii from feces of infected horses by immunomagnetic separation and pcr. | potomac horse fever, caused by ehrlichia risticii, is an important disease of equines. the major features of the disease are fever, leukopenia, and diarrhea. the organism has been detected from the blood mononuclear cells of infected horses, but its presence in the feces has not been known. a method for immunomagnetic separation of e. risticii from the feces of infected horses was developed, and the separated organisms were detected by pcr. coating immunomagnetic beads (dynabeads) with a 1:5 dil ... | 1994 | 7814538 |
| respiratory burst activity associated with phagocytosis of ehrlichia risticii by mouse peritoneal macrophages. | peritoneal macrophages from two strains of mice, balb/c and c3h/hen, were analysed by flow cytometry for a respiratory burst associated with the phagocytosis of ehrlichia risticii. resident murine peritoneal macrophages failed to respond with a respiratory burst after phagocytosing e risticii. in contrast, mice previously infected with e risticii yielded peritoneal macrophages that did generate a respiratory burst on phagocytosing ehrlichiae. | 1994 | 7817006 |
| human granulocytic ehrlichiosis--new york, 1995. | since 1986, two human tickborne diseases caused by ehrlichia spp. have been recognized in the united states: human monocytic ehrlichiosis (hme), caused by e. chaffeensis, and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge), caused by an agent closely related to e. equi (1,2). in june 1995, the westchester county (new york) department of health (wcdoh) received reports from physicians who were treating patients for suspected hge. in response, the wcdoh sent information to all primary-care physicians in wes ... | 1995 | 7662028 |
| cultivation of ehrlichia chaffeensis in mouse embryo, vero, bgm, and l929 cells and study of ehrlichia-induced cytopathic effect and plaque formation. | we successfully propagated ehrlichia chaffeensis in mouse embryo, vero, bgm, and l929 cells inoculated with host cell-free ehrlichiae, indicating that e. chaffeensis is capable of entry, survival, and growth in a relatively wide range of cell types derived from different species. we demonstrated rapid adaptation of e. chaffeensis in these cell lines, so that typical morulae could be detected as early as 5 days after inoculation. e. chaffeensis-induced cytopathic effect with different morphologic ... | 1995 | 7822034 |
| platelet concentration and hemoglobin function in greyhounds. | hematologic characteristics of 36 greyhounds were studied and compared with characteristics of 22 non-greyhound controls. fourteen of the greyhounds were tested and found to be seronegative for ehrlichia canis and babesia canis. compared with the non-greyhounds, greyhounds had higher mean hemoglobin concentration, pcv, mean corpuscular volume, and mean cellular hemoglobin, and lower mean rbc count, hemoglobin p50 value, hill coefficient, platelet count, and total plasma protein concentration. th ... | 1994 | 7829376 |
| experimental trypanosoma congolense infection on naturally occurring ticks in n'dama and gobra zebu cattle. | the effects of experimental trypanosoma congolense infection in gambian n'dama and gobra zebu cattle on number of naturally-occurring adult ticks attaching were studied. an indirect fluorescent antibody test was performed to detect serological prevalence of cowdria ruminantium antibody. the intravenously imposed trypanosome infection did not result in significant (p > 0.05) differences in amblyomma variegatum and hyalomma spp. infestations between control and infected n'dama cattle. control n'da ... | 1994 | 7638002 |
| microtubule associated protein map1a is an actin-binding and crosslinking protein. | high molecular weight microtubule-associated proteins map1a and map2 form thin projections from microtubule surfaces and have been implicated in crosslinking microtubules and other cytoskeletal components. we have purified native map1a from bovine brain and have studied its interaction with g- and f-actin. using a solid-phase immunoassay we show that map1a binds in a dose-dependent manner to both g-actin and f-actin. addition of map1a to f-actin causes gelation of f-actin and sds-page analysis s ... | 1994 | 7820861 |
| susceptibility of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) to infection with ehrlichia chaffeensis, the etiologic agent of human ehrlichiosis. | although more than 320 cases of human ehrlichiosis have been diagnosed in 27 states since 1986, the reservoir host or hosts remain unknown. since antibodies reactive to ehrlichia chaffeensis, the etiologic agent of human ehrlichiosis, have been found in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), we experimentally evaluated the susceptibilities of four white-tailed deer to infection with e. chaffeensis and ehrlichia canis, a closely related species. a fifth deer served as a negative control. iso ... | 1994 | 7852563 |
| evolution of the chaperonin families (hsp60, hsp10 and tcp-1) of proteins and the origin of eukaryotic cells. | the members of the 10 kda and 60 kda heat-shock chaperonin proteins (hsp10 and hsp60 or cpn10 and cpn60), which form an operon in bacteria, are present in all eubacteria and eukaryotic cell organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. in archaebacteria and eukaryotic cell cytosol, no close homologues of hsp10 or hsp60 have been identified. however, these species (or cell compartments) contain the tcp-1 family of proteins (distant homologues of hsp60). phylogenetic analysis based on global a ... | 1995 | 7752884 |
| osmotic fragility of erythrocytes in clinically normal dogs and dogs infected with parasites. | the osmotic fragility of the erythrocytes was measured in blood samples collected from randomly selected healthy and infected dogs at a dogs' rescue shelter. the dogs were classified into six groups on the basis of the final diagnoses from clinical, post mortem and laboratory findings. the minimum (less than 5 per cent) and maximum (more than 90 per cent) haemolysis of the erythrocytes of the clinically normal dogs (group 1), occurred in 0.60 per cent and 0.30 per cent solutions of sodium chlori ... | 1994 | 7871255 |
| comparison of the dot-blot enzyme linked immunoassay with immunofluorescence for detecting antibodies to ehrlichia canis. | | 1994 | 7846828 |
| molecular cloning of a gene encoding the immunogenic 21 kda protein of cowdria ruminantium. | major immunogenic polypeptides (21, 32, 40, 46, 58, 85 and 160 kda) of cowdria ruminantium were identified by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting. a puc13 library of c. ruminantium genomic dna was screened with hyperimmune sheep serum to identify escherichia coli colonies which expressed genes encoding these immunogenic proteins. a recombinant e. coli colony, f5.2, was identified containing plasmid insert dna of 2773 bp. the cloned dna insert contained two long open reading frames (orfs) of 6 ... | 1994 | 7921263 |
| abrogation of gamma interferon-induced inhibition of ehrlichia chaffeensis infection in human monocytes with iron-transferrin. | ehrlichia chaffeensis is an obligate intracellular bacterium which infects cells of the macrophage/monocyte lineage. to test whether gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) inhibits infection of monocytes with e. chaffeensis, human peripheral blood monocytes were incubated with recombinant human ifn-gamma for 3 h and then exposed to e. chaffeensis. with 2,000 u of ifn-gamma per ml, maximal inhibition of infection by e. chaffeensis was observed. thp-1 cells, a human monocyte cell line, pretreated with phorb ... | 1994 | 7927758 |
| inhibition of infection of macrophages with ehrlichia risticii by cytochalasins, monodansylcadaverine, and taxol. | the requirement of functions of clathrin, microfilaments, and microtubules in binding, internalization, proliferation, and spreading of ehrlichia risticii in macrophages was studied. monodansylcadaverine (mdc), which inhibits clustering and internalization of the ligand-receptor complexes into clathrin-coated vesicles; cytochalasin b or d, which depolymerizes microfilaments; and taxol, which binds and stabilizes polymerized microtubules, were found to prevent ehrlichial infection in murine perit ... | 1994 | 7927796 |
| reisolation of ehrlichia canis from blood and tissues of dogs after doxycycline treatment. | we present evidence that supports the carrier status of dogs experimentally infected with ehrlichia canis after treatment with doxycycline. canine ehrlichiosis was induced in five dogs by intravenous inoculation with e. canis-infected dh82 cells. all animals developed mild clinical signs of transient fever, body weight loss, thrombocytopenia, and increased gamma globulin levels in plasma. an indirect fluorescent-antibody test (ifa) revealed that all dogs had seroconverted (titer, 5,120) by day 1 ... | 1994 | 7929751 |
| comparison of pcr with other tests for early diagnosis of canine ehrlichiosis. | the purpose of the study was to compare the sensitivity of pcr with those of cell culture reisolation of ehrlichia canis, the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifa), and western immunoblotting (wi) in the early diagnosis of canine ehrlichiosis. five german shepherd dogs were intravenously inoculated with 10(7) e. canis-infected dh82 cells. blood was collected on alternate days during a 2-week postinoculation period. mononuclear cell fractions were harvested and used for e. canis reisolation an ... | 1994 | 7929754 |
| ehrlichiosis. | | 1994 | 7983865 |
| [ticks and hemoparasitoses of livestock in senegal. vi. the soudano-sahelian zone]. | the authors report the results of a study on ticks and hemoparasitoses among cattle, sheep and goats in the sudano-sahelian zone. during a period of 15 months, ticks were systematically removed from 40 cattle, 40 sheep and 40 goats in order to assess the population dynamics and determine more accurately the preferential sites of settlement of the different species. the following species were collected in ruminants: hyalomma truncatum, h. marginatum rufipes, rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, rh. gui ... | 1994 | 7991897 |
| absence of antinuclear antibodies in dogs infected with ehrlichia canis. | | 1994 | 8009803 |
| human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in the upper midwest united states. a new species emerging? | to characterize the clinical presentation and course, laboratory findings, and treatment outcome of 12 patients with human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. | 1994 | 8022040 |
| c-reactive protein and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein levels in dogs infected with ehrlichia canis. | to elucidate whether acute-phase protein responses occur in dogs infected with ehrlichia canis, c-reactive protein (crp) and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (aag) levels were serially measured in the plasma of five dogs experimentally inoculated with e. canis and 10 sham-inoculated or noninoculated control dogs. the crp concentration was measured by a canine-specific capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the aag concentration was measured by a canine-specific radial immunodiffusion method. in ... | 1994 | 8027343 |
| white-tailed deer as a potential reservoir of ehrlichia spp. | we determined the antibody prevalence to ehrlichia spp., in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and the geographic distribution of seropositive animals in 84 counties in alabama, arkansas, florida, georgia, illinois, kentucky, louisiana, maryland, massachusetts, mississippi, missouri, north carolina, south carolina, tennessee, texas, virginia, and west virginia (usa). using an indirect fluorescent antibody test we detected antibodies (> or = 1:128) to this bacterium in 544 (43%) of 1269 d ... | 1994 | 8028099 |
| inhibition of binding, entry, or intracellular proliferation of ehrlichia risticii in p388d1 cells by anti-e. risticii serum, immunoglobulin g, or fab fragment. | the effects of equine antiserum, immunoglobulin g (igg) specific for ehrlichia risticii, and its fab fragment on e. risticii binding to, internalization into, and proliferation in p388d1 cells were studied by immunofluorescence flow cytometry. anti-e. risticii equine serum or igg inhibited e. risticii at a stage beyond binding and internalization. in contrast, monovalent anti-e. risticii equine fab fragments inhibited e. risticii binding and internalization into p388d1 cells. in the presence of ... | 1994 | 8039884 |
| pharmacokinetics and tolerance of weekly oxygent ca infusions in the dog. | this study determined the oxygent ca (90% w/v perflubron emulsion, alliance pharmaceutical corporation) dose necessary to achieve a 3-4% fluorocrit, and the tolerance of this dose administered once per week for four weeks to dogs. this study simulated oxygent ca use as a radiosensitizing agent. six adult dogs were administered 6 ml/kg oxygent ca once per week for 4 weeks. blood samples were collected following infusion, until fluorocrits were < or = 0.5%. one week after the fourth infusion, thre ... | 1994 | 7849917 |
| studies on oral transmission of potomac horse fever. | eight normal ponies placed in direct contact with ponies experimentally infected with ehrlichia risticii for 30 to 90 days did not develop signs of potomac horse fever. they also did not seroconvert, and they remained susceptible to iv infection. one of 8 ponies that were force fed fresh feces from infected ponies while in direct contact with ponies experimentally infected with e. risticii developed potomac horse fever and seroconverted. the other 7 remained asymptomatic, did not seroconvert, an ... | 1994 | 8046681 |
| transmission of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. | | 1995 | 7864987 |
| effect of acaricide treatment of cattle on amblyomma variegatum (acari: ixodidae) infestation of mongooses (carnivora: viverridae: herpestes auropunctatus) in guadeloupe, french west indies. | the effect of acaricide treatment of cattle on the infestation of the small indian mongoose (herpestes auropunctatus hodgson) by amblyomma variegatum (f.) was determined during a field evaluation of selected acaricides in guadeloupe, french west indies. from april 1990 to april 1991, cattle at one site were treated every 14 d with pour-on formulations of deltamethrin, flumethrin, or permethrin; and cattle at a second site were treated as per a local standard treatment using a spray formulation o ... | 1994 | 8057326 |
| the immunoprotective anaplasma marginale major surface protein 2 is encoded by a polymorphic multigene family. | an anaplasma marginale florida msp-2 gene was cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and southern blot analysis revealed the presence of multiple msp-2 gene copies that were widely distributed throughout the chromosomes of all three strains examined. genomic polymorphism among copies was greatest in the 5' end of msp-2 but also occurred in 3' regions. the presence of gene-copy-specific epitopes was indicated by the reactivity of the cloned msp-2 copy with some ... | 1994 | 8063397 |
| protection of goats against heartwater acquired by immunisation with inactivated elementary bodies of cowdria ruminantium. | in two experiments, four and five goats were vaccinated by giving two subcutaneous injections of a preparation of inactivated elementary bodies of cowdria ruminantium (gardel stock) mixed with freund's adjuvant. all vaccinated animals together with four naive controls were challenged intravenously with 5 ml of supernatant of a culture of bovine endothelial cells infected with the same stock of cowdria. all goats developed a high temperature. two out of four, and four out of five vaccinated goats ... | 1994 | 8066991 |
| [ehrlichia and ehrlichiosis (leukocyte rickettsia and rickettsiosis)]. | | 1993 | 8067101 |
| [ticks and hemoparasitoses in livestock in senegal. v. the northern guinea area]. | the authors report the results of a study on ticks and hemoparasitoses among cattle, sheep and goats in the north-guinean zone. during a period of 15 months, ticks were systematically removed from 40 cattle, 40 sheep and 40 goats in order to assess the population dynamics and to determine more accurately the preferential sites of settlement of the following different species collected from these animals: amblyomma variegatum, boophilus geigyi, hyalomma truncatum, h. marginatum rufipes, rhipiceph ... | 1993 | 8073170 |
| humoral antibody and lymphocyte blastogenesis responses in balb/c, c3h/hej and akr/n mice following ehrlichia risticii infection. | three strains of mice, two susceptible to ehrlichia risticii induced disease (balb/c and c3h/hej) and one resistant (akr/n), were evaluated for the development of humoral and cell mediated immune responses following infection with e risticii. the production of serum antibody was determined by indirect fluorescent antibody testing of sera from mice of each strain challenged with one of three different dose levels of e risticii. antibody was assayed on days 7, 9, 12, 15 and 20 after inoculation. c ... | 1994 | 8073178 |
| reactivity of sera collected from dogs in mutare, zimbabwe, to antigens of ehrlichia canis and cowdria ruminantium. | six of 20 sera from apparently healthy dogs in mutare, zimbabwe, contained antibodies which were reactive with cowdria ruminantium and ehrlichia canis in indirect fluorescent antibody tests at similar titres. in western blots these sera recognised the immunodominant antigen bands of the two organisms. sera with high titres (> 1/80) recognised additional antigen bands of each organism. it was not possible to determine whether these dogs had been exposed to c ruminantium, e canis or other ehrlichi ... | 1994 | 8073593 |
| the chaperone connection to the origins of the eukaryotic organelles. | the heat-shock 60 proteins (hsp60) constitute a subset of molecular chaperones essential for the survival of the cell, present in eubacteria as well as in eukaryotic organelles. here, we have employed these highly conserved proteins for the inferences of the origins of the organelles. hsp60s present in mitochondria from different eukaryotic lineages formed a clade, which showed the closest relationship to that of the ehrlichia/rickettsia cluster among the alpha-proteobacteria. this, in addition ... | 1994 | 7907991 |
| ehrlichia chaffeensis expresses an immunoreactive protein homologous to the escherichia coli groel protein. | a clone expressing a 58-kda protein reactive with human convalescent-phase serum was isolated from a recombinant library of ehrlichia chaffeensis, the etiologic agent of human ehrlichiosis. sequencing identified two open reading frames, one encoding a 10.3-kda polypeptide consisting of 94 amino acids and another encoding a 58-kda polypeptide consisting of 550 amino acids. the sequences of the 10.3- and 58-kda polypeptides were homologous to those of the escherichia coli groes and groel heat shoc ... | 1993 | 8101510 |
| a rickettsia-like organism from ixodes uriae ticks collected on the kerguelen islands (french subantarctic territories). | a rickettsia-like microorganism was isolated in suckling mice from ixodes uriae ticks collected from penguins breeding on mayes island, kerguelen archipelago, french subantarctic territories. at isolation, this agent mimicked a tick-borne arbovirus. finally, electron microscopy studies of infected suckling mouse livers showed the presence of inclusions filled with pleomorphic microorganism in the cytoplasm of some hepatocytes, sometimes dividing by binary fission and thus of obviously non-viral ... | 1993 | 8105647 |
| taxonomic position of the rickettsiae: current knowledge. | the term rickettsiae initially encompassed all intracellular bacteria. early rickettsial taxonomy was based on a comparison of a few phenotypic characteristics and recently, molecular studies brought new bases for rickettsial taxonomy. all rickettsial species studied so far belong to the alpha and gamma groups of the proteobacteria. ehrlichiae complex groups cowdria ruminantium, anaplasma marginale and wolbachia pipientis and the related parthenogenesis and cytoplasmic incompatibility bacteria, ... | 1994 | 8117465 |
| cultural, molecular, and immunological characterization of the etiologic agent for atypical canine ehrlichiosis. | more than 100 cases of canine ehrlichiosis, with three fatalities, were serologically negative by the indirect immunofluorescent antibody (ifa) test with ehrlichia canis or e. sennetsu antigen but were reactive at titers of 10 to 640 with e. risticii. ehrlichia-like agents were isolated from three such cases. the agents isolated from those cases were morphologically indistinguishable from each other and from a prototype, e. risticii, the etiologic agent of equine monocytic ehrlichiosis, in terms ... | 1994 | 8126175 |
| molecular cloning, sequence analysis, and expression of the gene encoding the immunodominant 32-kilodalton protein of cowdria ruminantium. | cowdria ruminatium, the causative agent of heartwater disease, expresses an immunodominant and conserved 32-kilodalton protein (map1; formerly called cr32), which is currently in use for serodiagnosis of the disease. the gene encoding this protein, designated map1, was detected, cloned, and characterized. the gene is conserved between four different stocks of c. ruminantium originating from senegal, sudan, south africa, and zimbabwe. homology searches revealed map1 to be homologous to the anapla ... | 1994 | 8132352 |
| lyme disease with concurrent ehrlichiosis. | lyme disease constitutes a major health hazard with an increased incidence throughout the united states, in particular the eastern states. human ehrlichiosis, also a tick-borne illness, has recently been identified. it is characterized by fever, headache, malaise, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and elevated liver enzyme titers, and has been reported to occur mainly in the south central and south atlantic states. as with lyme disease, most patients have a history of tick exposure. these two diseas ... | 1994 | 8083066 |
| variation in susceptibility of ten mouse strains to infection with a strain of ehrlichia risticii. | eight inbred strains of mice (a/j, akr/ncrlbr, balb/cannhsd, c3h/hej, c3h/henhsd, c57bl/6j, c57bl/10snj and cba/j) and two outbred strains (cf1 and icr) were inoculated with a strain of ehrlichia risticii and their relative susceptibility to disease was determined. the strains varied widely in susceptibility, some showing profound illness, with illness being barely detectable in others. severity of illness was uniform within strains. this study confirmed that the a/j and balb/cannhsd strains wer ... | 1994 | 8040381 |
| clinical ehrlichiosis in a cat. | clinical ehrlichiosis was diagnosed in a cat from colorado on the basis of cytologic, serologic, and clinical findings. clusters of gram-negative organisms that were morphologically similar to morulae of ehrlichia spp were found only in mononuclear cells. the cat had clinical signs that were referable to infection by a rickettsial organism, and antibodies against e canis (titer, 1:80) and e risticii (titer, 1:40) were detected in serum. exclusion of other obvious causes inducing similar clinical ... | 1994 | 8050974 |
| the sero-diagnosis of heartwater: a comparison of five tests. | five serological tests, the indirect and competitive elisa, the indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) test with 2 different antigens and the western blot technique were compared and applied to sera that were known to be either negative or positive against cowdria ruminantium or that were collected from animals in heartwater-free regions. no false positive reactions were recorded with any of the tests against the known negative sera. except for minor variations in the sensitivity of the 5 tests, th ... | 1993 | 8134622 |
| the relationship between cowdria and ehrlichia: change in the behaviour of ehrlichial agents passaged through amblyomma hebraeum. | following an earlier report that an ehrlichia-like agent isolated from an adult hyalomma truncatum female became more pathogenic and elicited a disease in sheep indistinguishable from heartwater after having been passaged through amblyomma hebraeum, a similar phenomenon is herewith recorded. an ehrlichial agent demonstrated in the blood smear of a serologically positive, naturally infected lamb, changed in behaviour and assumed the characteristics of cowdria after passage through a. hebraeum. cr ... | 1993 | 8134623 |
| the immunodominant 32-kilodalton protein of cowdria ruminantium is conserved within the genus ehrlichia. | serological tests for cowdriosis are hampered by cross-reacting antibodies from animals suspected to be infected with ehrlichia species. we have monitored infections with ehrlichia bovis, e. ovina, e. canis and e. phagocytophila in experimental animals by competitive elisa, western blotting and immunofluorescence using cowdria-infected endothelial cell culture antigens. cross-reactions due to ehrlichia antibodies could be attributed to the recognition of epitopes on the immunodominant cr32 cowdr ... | 1993 | 8134624 |
| bovine and human endothelial cell growth on collagen microspheres and their infection with the rickettsia cowdria ruminantium: prospects for cells and vaccine production. | we successfully cultivated the rickettsia cowdria ruminantium, in bovine endothelial cell lines (bovine umbilical endothelial cells/buec and bovine microvasculature cells/bmc) and also in primary endothelial cells of bovine origin (bovine aorta endothelial cells/baec) and more surprisingly in cells of human origin--human umbilical vein endothelial cells/huvec--and human endothelial cells from the microvasculature/hemec. this first evidence of the pathogenicity of this bovine rickettsia in the hu ... | 1993 | 8134625 |
| isolation and characterization of antigenic proteins of cowdria ruminantium. | two antigenically conserved cowdria ruminantium proteins, an immunodominant 31 kda and a minor 27 kda protein, were characterized. the 31 kda and 27 kda proteins are single polypeptide chains. the 31 kda protein contains no glycoconjugates and the partial, internal amino acid sequence was determined. the acidic nature of this protein, deduced from the amino acid composition, was confirmed by ief (pi 5.7). monospecific antiserum was prepared against the 27 and 31 kda proteins and results indicate ... | 1993 | 8134626 |
| cloning and partial characterization of the cr32 gene of cowdria ruminantium. | cowdria organisms were purified by density gradient centrifugation. the dna was used to construct expression libraries. the immunodominant cr32 protein was purified and its n-terminal amino acid sequence was determined. the expression libraries were screened with cr32-specific monoclonal antibodies, but did not yield cr32-positive clones. therefore a part of the cr32-gene was amplified using primers derived from the n-terminal and an internal amino acid sequence. this dna was used as a probe to ... | 1993 | 8134627 |