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use of the internet for home testing for chlamydia trachomatis in sweden: who are the users?sweden was the first country to introduce online chlamydia trachomatis testing for both men and women and this article provides information about the user characteristics and which risk groups are reached with this method. during the years 2005-2007 a questionnaire was administered with a response rate of 86% (n = 6025) (62.5% women, 37.5% men). over 60% of respondents were aged below 26 years and single. the average years of education for men and women was 14 (range 9.0-26.0). the mean internet ...201222422680
hemostatic properties of the lymph: relationships with occlusion and thrombosis.lymphatic thrombosis is a rare occurrence, and although its frequency is likely underestimated, its burden remains substantially lower than that of venous or arterial thrombosis. current evidence suggests that despite measurable levels of fibrinogen, von willebrand factor and other coagulation factors in the lymph, fibrin generation is substantially inhibited under physiological conditions, essentially making the lymph a hypocoagulable biological fluid. although factor viia-tissue factor-catalyz ...201222422335
estimation of the burden of disease and costs of genital chlamydia trachomatis infection in canada.rates of chlamydia trachomatis (ct) infection in canada have been increasing since the mid-1990s. we sought to estimate the burden of ct in this population.201222421691
periodical antibiotic treatment for the control of gonococcal and chlamydial infections among sex workers in benin and ghana: a cluster-randomized placebo-controlled trial.in resource-poor settings, control of neisseria gonorrhoeae (ng) and chlamydia trachomatis (ct) among female sex workers (fsws) is difficult. we sought to determine whether periodical antibiotic treatment (pat) might be effective in controlling these infections among west african fsws. secondary objectives were to determine the impact of pat on human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) incidence among fsws and on ng/ct prevalence among their clients.201222421690
chlamydia and gonorrhea screening using urine-based nucleic acid amplification testing among males entering new york city jails: a pilot study.this article describes a pilot screening program to detect chlamydia trachomatis (ct) and neisseria gonorrhoeae (ng) sexually transmitted infections (stis) in adolescent and adult males newly incarcerated in new york city jails using urine-based nucleic acid amplification technology (naat). between december 8 and 22, 2003, 2,417 males were tested; 162 (6.7%) were found positive for ct and/or ng stis, with 138 (86.8%) exhibiting no sti signs or symptoms and 102 (63%) treated prior to jail release ...201222419642
'let men into the pregnancy'--men's perceptions about being tested for chlamydia and hiv during pregnancy.to investigate how to prevent transmission of hiv and chlamydia trachomatis (ct) by exploring whether screening of men during pregnancy may be an innovative way to reach men, to increase detection, and to avoid the present gendered responsibility.201322417755
azithromycin antimicrobial resistance and genital chlamydia trachomatis infection: duration of therapy may be the key to improving efficacy. 201222416272
distribution of chlamydia trachomatis serotypes in clinical urogenital samples from north-eastern croatia.the purpose of this study was to determine prevalence of chlamydia trachomatis (ct) urogenital infection and its serotype distribution from clinical samples in north-eastern croatia. during a 3-year period, 2,379 urogenital samples were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (a group), while 4,846 genital swabs were analyzed by direct fluorescent antibody test (b group). 132 ct positive specimens were genotyped by omp1 gene sequencing. the prevalence rate of ct was 3.2 % in a and 1 % in ...201222407226
whole-genome analysis of diverse chlamydia trachomatis strains identifies phylogenetic relationships masked by current clinical typing.chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for both trachoma and sexually transmitted infections, causing substantial morbidity and economic cost globally. despite this, our knowledge of its population and evolutionary genetics is limited. here we present a detailed phylogeny based on whole-genome sequencing of representative strains of c. trachomatis from both trachoma and lymphogranuloma venereum (lgv) biovars from temporally and geographically diverse sources. our analysis shows that predicting phy ...201222406642
viral and bacterial aetiologies of epithelial ovarian cancer.we sought to analyse the presence of human papillomavirus (hpv), chlamydia trachomatis and cytomegalovirus (cmv) infection in women with epithelial ovarian carcinomas. polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based detection of microbial infections was carried out. a total of 39 tissue samples were analysed with consensus and type-specific primers for hpv, primers specific for the cryptic plasmid of chlamydia and primers for glycoprotein b of cmv. the samples analysed showed 40%, 80% and 50% positivity f ...201222402815
point-of-care test for detection of urogenital chlamydia in women shows low sensitivity. a performance evaluation study in two clinics in suriname.in general, point-of-care (poc) tests for chlamydia trachomatis (ct) show disappointing test performance, especially disappointing sensitivity results. however, one study sponsored by the manufacturer (diagnostics for the real world) reported over 80% sensitivity with their chlamydia rapid test (crt). we evaluated the performance of this crt in a non-manufacturer-sponsored trial.201222393383
protection of pigs against genital chlamydia trachomatis challenge by parenteral or mucosal dna immunization.the current study evaluates combined aerosol-vaginal delivery of a momp-based chlamydia trachomatis (serovar e) dna vaccine in a pig genital challenge model. most non-replicating antigens are rather poor mucosal immunogens in comparison to replicating antigens. therefore, a mucosal administered dna vaccine, which actually mimics a live vaccine, could be promising. protection was promoted by plasmids encoding the porcine granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (pcdna3.1zeo::gm-csf), the ...201222387629
serum interleukin-1β, interleukin-8 and anti-heat shock 60 chlamydia trachomatis antibodies as markers of ectopic pregnancy.anti-chlamydial trachomatis (anti-ct) responses, particularly anti-heat shock 60 (hsp60), antibodies confer a higher risk of ectopic pregnancy. with emerging evidence supporting the pivotal role of interleukin-1β (il-1β) and il-8 in the immunopathogenesis of ct-specific tubal obstruction, we determined anti-ct hsp60 antibody reactivity and serum concentrations of il-1β and il-8 in failed pregnancies consisting of 30 consecutive ectopic pregnancies and 30 missed abortions, with 32 viable intraute ...201222386127
potential mechanisms for increased hiv-1 transmission across the endocervical epithelium during c. trachomatis infection.among the now pandemic sexually transmitted infections (stis), chlamydia trachomatis (c. trachomatis) is the predominant bacterial pathogen and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) is the most lethal of the viral pathogens. the female genital tract is the primary site for heterosexual transmission of both c. trachomatis and hiv-1. infection with c. trachomatis, and with a variety of other stis, increases the risk for transmission of hiv-1, although the mechanisms for this finding remain u ...201222384841
frequency of chlamydia trachomatis among male patients with urethritis in northeast of iran detected by polymerase chain reaction.planning for appropriate preventive measures against chlamydia trachomatis, a common cause of sexually transmitted disease, requires knowledge of prevalence of infection so that interventions can be targeted in a cost-effective manner. this study was performed on 178 male patients presenting with urethritis in the mashhad province to determine the prevalence of chlamydial infection in northeast iran. a cotton swab and first voided urine specimen were collected according to standard procedures. p ...201222382226
evaluation of a systematic postal screening and treatment service for genital chlamydia trachomatis, with remote clinic access via the internet: a cross-sectional study, east of england.england's national chlamydia screening programme provides opportunistic testing for all 15-24-year-olds in healthcare and non-healthcare settings. the authors undertook an evaluation of a population service-based postal chlamydia screening and treatment service, with registration and access to the service via the internet, in order to target screening interventions more effectively in future.201222375045
clinical and microbiological outcomes in treatment of men with non-gonococcal urethritis with a 100-mg twice-daily dose regimen of sitafloxacin.several microorganisms cause non-gonococcal urethritis (ngu). failure to eradicate mycoplasma genitalium from the urethra could be associated with persistent or recurrent urethritis; thus, the choice of antibiotics with activities potent enough to eradicate m. genitalium is crucial in the treatment of ngu. in in vitro studies, sitafloxacin has been shown to be highly active against chlamydia trachomatis and m. genitalium. we treated 89 males with ngu, including 15 patients with persistent or rec ...201222370921
the use of polymerase chain reaction assay versus cell culture in detecting neonatal chlamydial conjunctivitis.one of the most common bacterial infections that causes ophthalmia neonatorum is chlamydia trachomatis, (c. trachomatis). very few studies have been performed in iran using both cell culture and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) methods to determine the prevalence of c. trachomatis as an etiological agent of ophthalmia neonatorum. this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of neonatal chlamydial conjunctivitis (ncc) as diagnosed by both methods in two hospitals in tehran, iran. from march 2008 to ...201222369307
the first case record of a female patient with bubonic lymphogranuloma venereum (lgv), serovariant l2b.since 2003, a lymphogranuloma venereum epidemic has been reported in the netherlands and other european countries. this epidemic is caused by chlamydia trachomatis serovariant l2b and has only been seen in men having sex with men. the authors investigated a woman presenting with a bubo in her right groin. the authors showed by real-time pcr that the woman was infected with c trachomatis, serovariant l2b. this is the first reported case study of a female patient with bubonic lymphogranuloma vener ...201222363020
difficulties experienced in defining the microbial cause of pelvic inflammatory disease.clinical assessment of women with pelvic pain was a poor indicator of disease seen at laparoscopy. thus, of 109 women, 22 at laparoscopy had salpingitis, 19 had adhesions without salpingitis, 20 had endometriosis or ovarian pathology and 48 no observable abnormality. in all laparoscopic categories, ureaplasma spp. and mycoplasma hominis, but not mycoplasma genitalium, were at least as common in the cervix/vagina as chlamydia trachomatis and equally frequent in the endometrium. however, c. tracho ...201222362682
non-thermal argon plasma is bactericidal for the intracellular bacterial pathogen chlamydia trachomatis.non-thermal plasma (ntp) is a flow of partially ionized argon gas at an ambient macroscopic temperature and is microbicidal for bacteria, viruses and fungi. viability of the gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterial parasite chlamydia trachomatis and its host cells was investigated after ntp treatment. ntp treatment of c. trachomatis extracellular elementary bodies (ebs) diminished the concentration of infectious bacteria by a factor of 9×10(4), as established by the parallel infection of m ...201222361459
the active site residue v266 of chlamydial htra is critical for substrate binding during both in vitro and in vivo conditions.htra is a complex, multimeric chaperone and serine protease important for the virulence and survival of many bacteria. chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate, intracellular bacterial pathogen that is responsible for severe disease pathology. c. trachomatis htra (cthtra) has been shown to be highly expressed in laboratory models of disease. in this study, molecular modelling of cthtra protein active site structure identified putative s1-s3 subsite residues i242, i265, and v266. these residues were ...201222353774
female genital chlamydia trachomatis infection: where are we heading?urogenital infection by chlamydia trachomatis is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted disease in the world. c. trachomatis is the etiologic agent of several common genital tract syndromes such as urethritis, cervicitis, and pelvic inflammatory disease in women.201222350326
review: targeting trachoma: strategies to reduce the leading infectious cause of blindness.the world health organisation (who) estimated that in 2002, 1.3 million people were blind due to trachoma, an eye infection caused by chlamydia trachomatis. this review examines the evidence behind current strategies to reduce the global burden of trachoma. trachoma disappeared from most western nations before the advent of antibiotics, probably due to improvements in water, sanitation and hygiene. the current effort to target trachoma, headed by the who and the alliance for the global eliminati ...201222326056
hiv and sexually transmitted infections at the borderlands: situational analysis of sexual health in the brazilian amazon.the borderlands are considered areas of increased vulnerability to hiv and sexually transmitted infections (sti). the study aimed to determine the sti/hiv prevalence and risk factors in the triple-border area of the brazilian amazon.201222317841
azithromycin 1.5% ophthalmic solution: in purulent bacterial or trachomatous conjunctivitis.the second-generation macrolide azithromycin is available as a 1.5% ophthalmic solution for use in the treatment of bacterial or trachomatous conjunctivitis. this article reviews the pharmacological properties of azithromycin 1.5% ophthalmic solution and its clinical efficacy and tolerability in patients with purulent bacterial conjunctivitis or trachomatous conjunctivitis caused by chlamydia trachomatis. azithromycin 1.5% ophthalmic solution had good in vitro activity against haemophilus influe ...201222316352
non-culture diagnosis of chlamydia trachomatis genital infection in sexually active women.infections caused by chlamydia trachomatis (ct) are one of the most prevalent of all sexually transmitted diseases (std). this cross sectional study was carried out to diagnose genital ct infection on 108 (59 pregnant and 49 non-pregnant) women attending at department of gynaecology and obstetrics, mymensingh medical college hospital (mmch) during the period from january 2009 to december 2009. this non- culture technique was based on detection of ct major outer membrane protein (momp) by direct ...201222314447
sensitivity of gram stain in the diagnosis of urethritis in men.acute urethritis is among the most common types of sexually transmitted diseases in men. the diagnosis usually requires microscopic evidence of urethritis, but sometimes urethral pathogens are detected in asymptomatic men without such evidence. the aims of this study were to assess the sensitivity of gram stain in men with urethral symptoms and to relate it to the microorganisms isolated.201222308534
o(2)-evolving chlorite dismutase as a tool for studying o(2)-utilizing enzymes.the direct interrogation of fleeting intermediates by rapid-mixing kinetic methods has significantly advanced our understanding of enzymes that utilize dioxygen. the gas's modest aqueous solubility (<2 mm at 1 atm) presents a technical challenge to this approach, because it limits the rate of formation and extent of accumulation of intermediates. this challenge can be overcome by use of the heme enzyme chlorite dismutase (cld) for the rapid, in situ generation of o(2) at concentrations far excee ...201222304240
should urologists care for the pharyngeal infection of neisseria gonorrhoeae or chlamydia trachomatis when we treat male urethritis?detection of neisseria gonorrhoeae (ng) or chlamydia trachomatis (ct) from the pharynx of women or men is not uncommon. however, there is no recommendation how urologists should care for the pharyngeal infection of men with urethritis in japan. the aim of this study is to clarify the prevalence of ng or ct infection in the pharynx of men and to show a recommendation for urologists. the japanese reports about the detection of ng or ct from the pharynx or the oral cavity of men in japan are review ...201222302695
emerging sexual health issues among women who have sex with women.women who have sex with women (wsw) comprise a diverse group of people who evidence a spectrum of sexual identity, sexual behaviors, sexual practices, and risk behaviors. wsw are at risk of acquiring a diversity of sexually transmitted infections (stis) from current and prior partners, both male and female. notably, human papillomavirus (hpv) is sexually transmitted between female partners, and pap smear guidelines should be followed in this group. bacterial vaginosis is common among wsw. wsw sh ...201222302577
pelvic inflammatory disease: current concepts of diagnosis and management.pelvic inflammatory disease (pid), one of the most common infections in non-pregnant women of reproductive age, remains an important public health problem. it is associated with major long-term sequelae, including tubal factor infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain. in addition, treatment of acute pid and its complications incurs substantial health care costs. prevention of these long-term sequelae is dependent upon clinicians having a high index of suspicion in order to make an ...201222298157
first reported case of the swedish new variant of chlamydia trachomatis (nvct) in eastern europe (russia), and evaluation of russian nucleic acid amplification tests regarding their ability to detect nvct. 201222293657
trachomatous trichiasis and its management in endemic countries.trichiasis is the sight-threatening consequence of conjunctival scarring in trachoma, the most common infectious cause of blindness worldwide. trachomatous trichiasis is the result of multiple infections from childhood with chlamydia trachomatis, which causes recurrent chronic inflammation in the tarsal conjunctiva. this produces conjunctival scarring, entropion, trichiasis, and ultimately blinding corneal opacification. the disease causes painful, usually irreversible sight loss. over eight mil ...201722285842
behavioral and sociodemographic risk factors for serological and dna evidence of hpv6, 11, 16, 18 infections.risk for hpv6/11/16/18 infections in young sexually active, behaviorally low-risk females is not well described and may inform public policy.201222277329
amoebal endosymbiont protochlamydia induces apoptosis to human immortal hep-2 cells.protochlamydia, an environmental chlamydia and obligate amoebal endosymbiotic bacterium, evolved to survive within protist hosts, such as acanthamobae, 700 million years ago. however, these bacteria do not live in vertebrates, including humans. this raises the possibility that interactions between protochlamydia and human cells could induce a novel cytopathic effect, leading to new insights into host-parasite relationships. therefore, we studied the effect of protochlamydia on the survival of hu ...201222276171
molecular epidemiology of genital chlamydia trachomatis infection in shenzhen, china.to investigate molecular epidemiology of chlamydia trachomatis infection among patients recruited from different clinic settings in shenzhen, china.201222267815
evaluation of seeplex® std6 ace detection kit for the diagnosis of six bacterial sexually transmitted infections.traditionally, the diagnosis of bacterial sexually transmitted infection (sti) has been dependent on the isolation of the causative pathogens by culturing endocervical or urethral swab specimens on selective media. while such procedures typically provide excellent diagnostic accuracy, they are often time-consuming and expensive. a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay, based on a semi-automated detection system, was evaluated for the detection of six sti causative organisms. the seeple ...201222252268
interventions to increase rescreening for repeat chlamydial infection.repeat infection with chlamydia trachomatis following treatment is common and increases the risk of sequelae. despite clinical guidelines recommending rescreening within 3 months of treatment, rescreening rates remain low. we undertook a systematic review to identify studies that compared rates of rescreening for repeat chlamydial infection between patients receiving and not receiving an intervention.201222249303
long-term trends in chlamydia trachomatis infections and related outcomes in a u.s. managed care population.given recent increasing case rates of chlamydia trachomatis infection, we evaluated trends in chlamydia rates and related health outcomes in women and men aged 15 to 44 years who were enrolled in a pacific northwest health plan.201222249294
chlamydia trachomatis hijacks intra-golgi cog complex-dependent vesicle trafficking pathway.chlamydia spp. are obligate intracellular bacteria that replicate inside the host cell in a bacterial modified unique compartment called the inclusion. as other intracellular pathogens, chlamydiae exploit host membrane trafficking pathways to prevent lysosomal fusion and to acquire energy and nutrients essential for their survival and replication. the conserved oligomeric golgi (cog) complex is a ubiquitously expressed membrane-associated protein complex that functions in a retrograde intra-golg ...201222233276
chlamydia trachomatis testing sensitivity in midstream compared with first-void urine specimens.traditionally first-void urine specimens are used to test for chlamydia trachomatis. in contrast, midstream urine specimens are traditionally recommended for microscopy and culture of presumptive bacterial urinary tract infections. the ability to test for both c trachomatis and urinary tract infection on a single midstream urine specimen would greatly aid clinical practice, as an urinary tract infection is an extremely common complaint in primary care. this study set out to determine how well po ...201522230830
the cost and cost-effectiveness of opportunistic screening for chlamydia trachomatis in ireland.the objective of this study was to estimate the cost and cost-effectiveness of opportunistic screening for chlamydia trachomatis in ireland.201222213681
prevalence of chlamydia trachomatis infection among women seen at the lower genital tract pathology clinic, jundiaí school of medicine, brazil.to estimate the prevalence of chlamydia trachomatis in a population with a high risk of sexually transmitted diseases and to compare data of the literature and the relationship of infection with the presence of human papilloma virus induced lesions.201126761101
chlamydia trachomatis in tasmania 2001-2007: rising notification trends.to investigate trends in notification rates of chlamydia trachomatis in tasmania, australia, by population sub-groups, from 1 january 2001 to 31 december 2007.201023331353
treating reactive arthritis: insights for the clinician.there are two main forms of reactive arthritis (rea): postvenereal and postdysentery. chlamydia trachomatis (ct) is the major causative organism of the postvenereal type; salmonella, shigella, campylobacter, and yersinia are the major triggers for the postenteric type. all of these causative organisms have been shown to traffic to the synovium in affected individuals. however, one important difference is that the chlamydial organisms have been shown to be viable, whereas, in general, the postent ...201022870437
eradicating blinding trachoma: what is working?trachoma remains the leading cause of preventable corneal blindness in developing countries. the disease is contracted in early childhood by repeated infection of the ocular surface by c. trachomatis. initial clinical manifestation is a follicular conjunctivitis which if not treated on timely basis, may lead to conjunctival and eyelid scarring that may eventually result in corneal scarring and loss of vision. over the past two decades, a remarkable reduction in the prevalence of active trachoma ...201023960868
assessment of the association of chlamydia trachomatis infection and adverse perinatal outcomes with the use of population-based chlamydia case report registries and birth records.we assessed the relationship between chlamydia trachomatis (ct) infections identified during pregnancy and adverse perinatal birth outcomes (including premature rupture of membranes, preterm delivery, and low birthweight) by matching ct reports and birth records.200927382651
development and evaluation of gis-based chlamydia trachomatis intervention policy in illinois.chlamydia trachomatis is the most prevalent infectious disease in the united states. complications include pelvic inflammatory disease (pid), ectopic pregnancy, and infertility. the cost of pid in 1998 was estimated at greater than $1.9 billion. screening intervention strategies are often consumed by those at low risk. the objective of this study is the development of a more cost-effective intervention strategy by employing geographic information systems and census bureau demographic data in sel ...200923569571
chlamydia trachomatis infection and photosensitive dermatoses.photosensitivity to chlamydia trachomatis has been described in almost 50% of chronic cases of lymphogranuloma venereum (lgv) caused by l1, l2 or l3 serovars. photosensitivity in non lgv strains of c trachomatis has not been studied. we studied the association of various photosensitive dermatoses with c trachomatis infection in non lgv cases.200827688572
seropositivity of chlamydia trachomatis among saudi pregnant women in makkah.to determine the seroprevalence rates of immunoglobulin g (igg) and immunoglobulin m (igm) to chlamydia trachomatis in saudi pregnant women.200623012106
igm chlamydia trachomatis antibodies in cases of melasma.melasma is an acquired photosensitive hypermelanosis in sun-exposed areas, especially seen in females. the exact cause of this disorder is not known. association of melasma with chronic pelvic inflammatory disease (pid) has been described earlier. chlamydia trachomatis is an important etilogical agent in acute and chronic pid and photosensitivity has been described in almost 50% cases of chronic lymphogranuloma venereum caused by 1.1, 1.2 and 13 serovars of c. trachomatis.200527407806
sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction to determine chlamydia trachomatis eradication rate with levofloxacin therapy in patients with chlamydial cervicitis.for the treatment of chlamydial cervicitis, a 7- to 14-day regimen with appropriate antibacterial agents (eg, macrolides, tetracycline, fluoroquinolones) has been recommended. many clinicians in japan have determined the eradication rate of cervical chlamydia trachomatis by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) prior to 3 weeks after treatment because patients' second visit rate has been low.200324944386
to study incidence of chlamydial genital tract infections using enzyme immuno assay-antigen detection and cell culture methods.endocervical swabs from 315 patients were screened for chlamydial infection by using enzyme immuno assay technique for antigen detection. of these, 190 patients were of infertility and 125 patients were with history suggestive of pelvic inflammatory disease (pid). 100 age matched controls were also screened for the detection of chlamydial antigen by using eia. the overall incidence of chlamydial infection in this study group was 15.2%. 21 (11.05%) of the infertility patients and 27 (21.6%) of th ...200127365603
t lymphocyte immunity in host defence against chlamydia trachomatis and its implication for vaccine development.chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen that causes several significant human infectious diseases, including trachoma, urethritis, cervicitis and salpingitis, and is an important cofactor for transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. until very recently, over three decades of research effort aimed at developing a c trachomatis vaccine had failed, due mainly to the lack of a precise understanding of the mechanisms for protective immunity. although most studies co ...199822451777
current indications for the use of clindamycin: a critical review.to review the literature and develop evidence-based guidelines for the use of the antibiotic clindamycin.199822346533
bacterial colonization of the vagina during pregnancy in four ethnic groups.our purpose was determine whether there are ethnic diferences in vaginal colonization with organisms reputed to be associated with preterm delivery.199628140029
effectiveness of hpv vaccination on prevalence of vaccine genotypes in young sexually active women in france.effectiveness of human papillomavirus (hpv) vaccines in the context of both guidelines which recommend vaccination at 14 years and modest vaccine coverage is poorly documented.201628011911
follicular conjunctivitis due to chlamydia felis-case report, review of the literature and improved molecular diagnostics.a 29-year-old woman presented with unilateral, chronic follicular conjunctivitis since 6 weeks. while the conjunctival swab taken from the patient's eye was negative in a chlamydia (c.) trachomatis-specific pcr, c. felis was identified as etiological agent using a pan-chlamydia taqman-pcr followed by sequence analysis. a pet kitten of the patient was found to be the source of infection, as its conjunctival and pharyngeal swabs were also positive for c. felis. the patient was successfully treated ...201728770201
pregnancy outcomes in association with stds including genital hsv-2 shedding in a south african cohort study.genital herpes simplex virus-2 (hsv-2) shedding in pregnant women in association with neonatal herpes infection has been widely studied but there is limited evidence of its association with pregnancy outcomes.201728396556
a macaque model for rectal lymphogranuloma venereum and non-lymphogranuloma venereum chlamydia trachomatis: impact on rectal simian/human immunodeficiency virus acquisition.sustained genital tract inflammation caused by sexually transmitted infections (stis) is known to increase risk of vaginal human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infections but, to our knowledge, there are no nonhuman primate studies that have evaluated its link to rectal hiv acquisition.201728809773
development of a rectal sexually transmitted infection (sti) model in rhesus macaques using chlamydia trachomatis serovars e and l2.rectal sti coinfection models enhance the understanding of rectal hiv transmission risk factors.201728488731
urinary meatal swabbing detects more men infected with mycoplasma genitalium and four other sexually transmitted infections than first catch urine.urinary meatal swabs compared with urine showed higher infection rates for mycoplasma genitalium (15.3% vs 12.6%, p = 0.035), chlamydia trachomatis (11.3% vs 9.3%, p = 0.039), neisseria gonorrhoeae (1.4% vs 1.1%, p = 1.00), trichomonas vaginalis (8.0% vs 1.7%, p < 0.001), and high-risk human papillomavirus (5.9% vs 3.4%, p = 0.078) respectively.201728703728
seroprevalence of anti-chlamydia trachomatis igm in neonatal respiratory tract infections in hungary.to determine the seroprevalence of specific igm indicative of respiratory tract infection (rti) due to chlamydia trachomatis (ct) among symptomatic infants.201728771138
getting "inside" type i ifns: type i ifns in intracellular bacterial infections.type i interferons represent a unique and complex group of cytokines, serving many purposes during innate and adaptive immunity. discovered in the context of viral infections, type i ifns are now known to have myriad effects in infectious and autoimmune disease settings. type i ifn signaling during bacterial infections is dependent on many factors including whether the infecting bacterium is intracellular or extracellular, as different signaling pathways are activated. as such, the repercussions ...201728529959
the gene for the s7 ribosomal protein of chlamydia trachomatis: characterization within the chlamydial sfr operon.the prokaryotic ribosomal operon, str, contains open reading frames for the two elongation factors, elongation factor g (ef-g) and elongation factor tu (ef-tu), and ribosomal proteins 57 and s12. the dna sequence and predicted amino acid sequence for s7 from chlamydia trachomatis are presented and compared with homologues from other prokaryotes. also, the relationship of the s7 gene to the open reading frames for ribosomal protein s12 and ef-g is described. significant amino acid homology is als ...199228776799
a chlamydia-specific tcr-transgenic mouse demonstrates th1 polyfunctionality with enhanced effector function.chlamydia is responsible for millions of new infections annually, and current efforts focus on understanding cellular immunity for targeted vaccine development. the chlamydia-specific cd4 t cell response is characterized by the production of ifn-γ, and polyfunctional th1 responses are associated with enhanced protection. a major limitation in studying these responses is the paucity of tools available for detection, quantification, and characterization of polyfunctional ag-specific t cells. we ad ...201728855311
cell-free production of a functional oligomeric form of a chlamydia major outer membrane protein (momp) for vaccine development.chlamydia is a prevalent sexually transmitted disease that infects more than 100 million people worldwide. although most individuals infected with chlamydia trachomatis are initially asymptomatic, symptoms can arise if left undiagnosed. long-term infection can result in debilitating conditions such as pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and blindness. chlamydia infection, therefore, constitutes a significant public health threat, underscoring the need for a chlamydia-specific vaccine. chla ...201728739800
multistage vaccines containing outer membrane, type iii secretion system and inclusion membrane proteins protects against a chlamydia genital tract infection and pathology.pathogens with a complex lifecycles can effectively evade host immunity in part due to each developmental stage expressing unique sets of antigens. multisubunit vaccines incorporating signature antigens reflecting distinct developmental stages (multistage vaccines) have proven effective against viral, bacterial and parasitic infection at preventing pathogen evasion of host immunity. chlamydia trachomatis is characterized by a biphasic extra/intracellular developmental cycle and an acute/persiste ...201728602608
infection of hysterectomized mice with chlamydia muridarum and chlamydia trachomatis.we studied infection and immunity of hysterectomized mice infected with chlamydia muridarum and chlamydia trachomatis to determine if there were differences between these species in their ability to infect vaginal squamous epithelial cells in vivo independently of proximal upper genital tract tissues. we found that c. muridarum readily colonized and infected vaginal squamous epithelial cells, whereas c. trachomatis did not. primary infection of the vaginal epithelium with c. muridarum produced i ...201728461392
chlamydial type iii secretion system needle protein induces protective immunity against chlamydia muridarum intravaginal infection.chlamydia trachomatis imposes serious health problems and causes infertility. because of asymptomatic onset, it often escapes antibiotic treatment. therefore, vaccines offer a better option for the prevention of unwanted inflammatory sequelae. the existence of serologically distinct serovars of c. trachomatis suggests that a vaccine will need to provide protection against multiple serovars. chlamydia spp. use a highly conserved type iii secretion system (t3ss) composed of structural and effector ...201728459057
chlamydia trachomatis neither exerts deleterious effects on spermatozoa nor impairs male fertility.chlamydia trachomatis is the most prevalent sexually transmitted bacterial infection. however, whether chlamydia trachomatis has a negative impact on sperm quality and male fertility is still controversial. herein, we report the effects on sperm quality of the in vitro exposure of spermatozoa to chlamydia trachomatis, and also the effects of male genital infection on male fertility using an animal model. human and mouse sperm were obtained from healthy donors and cauda epididimys from c57bl/6 mi ...201728442719
effect of cold water-induced stress on immune response, pathology and fertility in mice during chlamydia muridarum genital infection.genital infection by chlamydia trachomatis is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted disease worldwide. it causes serious reproductive health complications, including pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility. stress is implicated as a risk factor for various infections; however, its effect on chlamydia genital infection is unknown. we previously showed that repeated exposure of mice to cold water results in increased severity of chlamydia genital infection. in this study, cold water-i ...201728431099
vaccination with the polymorphic membrane protein a reduces chlamydia muridarum induced genital tract pathology.chlamydia trachomatis serovars d-k are one of the most frequent causes of sexually transmitted infections of the female genital tract, with possible complications such as hydrosalpinx, pelvic inflammatory disease, extra-uterine gravidity or infertility. we used the murine genital tract infection model with c. muridarum for vaccination studies and found that more than 70% of the infected mice suffered from uterus dilatations and/or hydrosalpinx. systemic consequences of the vaginal infection were ...201728413133
evolution of acute infection with atypical bacteria in a prospective cohort of children with community-acquired pneumonia receiving amoxicillin.atypical bacteria are treatable causative agents of community-acquired pneumonia (cap). however, there is no conclusive evidence that a child with cap should receive empirical treatment against such agents.201728475737
identification of proteins differentially expressed by chlamydia trachomatis treated with chlamydiaphage capsid protein vp1 during intracellular growth.chlamydia trachomatis infection is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted diseases. our research pertains to the inhibitory effect and molecular mechanism of the chlamydiaphage capsid protein vp1 on the growth of chlamydia trachomatis. in this research, the capsid protein vp1 of the guinea-pig conjunctivitis chlamydiaphage phicpg1 was expressed, purified and identified, and then, it was applied to the cultivation of different serovars of chlamydia trachomatis and chlamydia psittaci. the ...201728444417
performance of the multitarget mikrogen chlamydia trachomatis igg elisa in the prediction of tubal factor infertility (tfi) in subfertile women: comparison with the medac momp igg elisa plus.there is a need for more accurate chlamydia trachomatis (ct) igg antibody tests for tubal factor infertility (tfi) diagnostics. we evaluated the predictive value for tfi of medac elisa plus (momp) and multitarget mikrogen elisa (momp-cpaf-tarp). based on medac elisa plus results, 183 subfertile women underwent either hysterosalpingography or laparoscopy to diagnose tfi. tfi was defined as extensive adhesions and/or distal occlusion of at least one tube. women not fulfilling the definition of tfi ...201728854690
an in vitro model of azithromycin-induced persistent chlamydia trachomatis infection.single-dose azithromycin is recommended for treating chlamydia trachomatis infections. here, we established an in vitro cell model of azithromycin-induced persistent infection. azithromycin inhibited the replication of c. trachomatis in a dose-time-dependent manner. electron microscopy indicated that small inclusions in the induced model contained enlarged, aberrant and non-infectious reticulate bodies. rt-pcr showed that c. trachomatis still has the ability to express the unprocessed 16s rrna g ...201728854672
erratum: assessing the presence of chlamydia trachomatis genome in pregnant women with spontaneous abortion using polymerase chain reaction method in yasuj: first report from southwest of iran.[this corrects the article on p. 45 in vol. 6, pmid: 28616412.].201728852668
genome-wide profiling of humoral immunity and pathogen genes under selection identifies immune evasion tactics of chlamydia trachomatis during ocular infection.the frequency and duration of chlamydia trachomatis (ct) ocular infections decrease with age, suggesting development of partial immunity. however, there is a lack of clear correlates of immunity to ct infection in humans. we screened sera from a cohort of gambian children followed for six-months against a ct-proteome microarray. at genome sequence level, we detected signatures of selection from a population of ocular ct isolates from guinea-bissau. together these approaches allowed us to highlig ...201728851925
syndromic management of sexually transmissible infections in resource-poor settings: a systematic review with meta-analysis of the abnormal vaginal discharge flowchart for neisseria gonorrhoea and chlamydia trachomatis.background: syndromic management of sexually transmissible infections is commonly used in resource-poor settings for the management of common stis; abnormal vaginal discharge (avd) flowcharts are used to identify and treat cervical infection including neisseria gonorrhoea and chlamydia trachomatis. a systematic review and meta-analysis was undertaken to measure the diagnostic test performance of avd flowcharts, including both world health organization (who)- and locally-adapted avd flowcharts. m ...201728838352
genital chlamydia trachomatis infections clear more slowly in men than women, but are less likely to become established.rigorous estimates for clearance rates of untreated chlamydia infections are important for understanding chlamydia epidemiology and designing control interventions, but were previously only available for women.201728838150
mycoplasma genitalium in women: current knowledge and research priorities for this recently emerged pathogen.health consequences of sexually transmitted diseases disproportionately affect women, making it important to determine whether newly emerged pathogens cause sequelae. although the pathogenic role of mycoplasma genitalium in male urethritis is clear, fewer studies have been conducted among women to determine its pathogenic role in the female reproductive tract. pelvic inflammatory disease (pid) is an important cause of infertility and ectopic pregnancy, and chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gon ...201728838078
the unique microbiology and molecular pathogenesis of mycoplasma genitalium.mycoplasma genitalium is increasingly appreciated as a common cause of sexually transmitted disease syndromes, including urethritis in men and cervicitis, endometritis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and possibly preterm birth, tubal factor infertility, and ectopic pregnancy in women. despite these disease associations, which parallel those of chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhoeae, the mechanisms by which this pathogen elicits inflammation, causes cellular damage, and persists in its onl ...201728838077
mycoplasma genitalium infection in men.mycoplasmagenitalium is one of the major causes of nongonococcal urethritis (ngu) worldwide but an uncommon sexually transmitted infection (sti) in the general population. the risk of sexual transmission is probably lower than for chlamydia trachomatis. infection in men is usually asymptomatic and it is likely that most men resolve infection without developing disease. the incubation period for ngu caused by mycoplasma genitalium is probably longer than for ngu caused by c. trachomatis. the clin ...201728838074
a national strategic plan for reducing the burden of sexually transmitted infections in israel by the year 2025.there is on ongoing debate in the literature regarding the real burden of stis (sexually transmitted infections) in western countries and the proper strategies needed to estimate and to prevent them. our purpose is to present an evidence-based national strategic plan for sti prevention in israel through assessing the current burden of illness, leading international preventive strategies, and practical policymaking experience.201728837003
a novel lipoate attachment enzyme is shared by plasmodium and chlamydia species.lipoate is an essential cofactor for enzymes that are important for central metabolism and other processes. in malaria parasites, scavenged lipoate from the human host is required for survival. the plasmodium falciparum mitochondrion contains two enzymes (pflipl1 and pflipl2) that are responsible for activating mitochondrial proteins through the covalent attachment of lipoate (lipoylation). lipoylation occurs via a novel redox-gated mechanism that remains poorly understood. we show that pflipl1 ...201728836704
chlamydia trachomatis: the persistent pathogen.chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacterium whose only natural host is man. although asymptomatic in most women, genital tract chlamydial infections are a leading cause of pelvic inflammatory disease, tubal factor infertility and ectopic pregnancy. c. trachomatis has evolved successful mechanisms to avoid destruction by autophagy and the host immune system and persist within host epithelial cells. the intracellular form of this organism, the reticulate body, can enter into a per ...201728835360
chlamydia testing and diagnosis following initiation of long-acting reversible contraception: a retrospective cohort study.long-acting reversible contraception (larc) effectively protects against pregnancy but provides no protection against sexually transmitted infections (stis).201728832936
copper(ii)-bis(thiosemicarbazonato) complexes as anti-chlamydial agents.lipophilic copper (cu)-containing complexes have shown promising antibacterial activity against a range of bacterial pathogens. to examine the susceptibility of the intracellular human pathogen chlamydia trachomatis to copper complexes containing bis(thiosemicarbazone) ligands [cu(btsc)], we tested the in vitro effect of cuii-diacetyl- and cuii-glyoxal-bis[n(4)-methylthiosemicarbazonato] (cu(atsm) and cu(gtsm), respectively) on c. trachomatis. cu(atsm) and to a greater extent, cu(gtsm), prevente ...201728830076
prevalence of genital chlamydia trachomatis infections in russia: systematic literature review and multicenter study.a reliable overview of data on the prevalence of chlamydia trachomatis (ct) in russia is lacking and needed. all the available data on ct prevalence were analyzed in a systematic literature review on ct prevalence in russia, strengthened with data from the multicenter study among 1263 people in the second-largest russian megalopolis, st. petersburg, testing for ct dna in urethral, anal, cervical and prostate samples. a total of 10 articles met the inclusion criteria. the overall average prevalen ...201728830072
screening for asymptomatic chlamydia and gonorrhea in adolescent males in an urban pediatric emergency department.to determine the prevalence of chlamydia trachomatis (ct) and neisseria gonorrhea (gc) in young men seeking care in the emergency department (ed) for non-sexually transmitted infection (sti) related symptoms.201728828298
sexually transmitted infections among victims attending a french sexual offence centre. 201728827306
lgv chlamydia trachomatis serotypes: an update from milan, italy. 201728827304
maternal serum c-reactive protein concentration and intra-amniotic inflammation in women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes.to evaluate maternal serum c-reactive protein (crp) concentrations in pregnancies complicated by preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (pprom) in relation to the presence of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (miac) and/or intra-amniotic inflammation (iai).201728813455
parents' and teachers' views on sexual health education and screening for sexually transmitted infections among in-school adolescent girls in kenya: a qualitative study.to successfully develop and implement school-based sexual health interventions for adolescent girls, such as screening for chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, and trichomonas vaginalis, it is important to understand parents' and teachers' attitudes towards sexual health education and acceptability of sexually transmitted infection (sti) screening interventions.201728806985
the detection of microorganisms related to urethritis from the oral cavity of male patients with urethritis.to investigate the presence of microorganisms related to urethritis in the oral cavity of male patients with urethritis and the efficacies of antimicrobials for urethritis on microorganisms in the oral cavity.201728803864
chlamydia trachomatis prevents apoptosis via activation of pdpk1-myc and enhanced mitochondrial binding of hexokinase ii.the intracellular human bacterial pathogen chlamydia trachomatis pursues effective strategies to protect infected cells against death-inducing stimuli. here, we show that chlamydia trachomatis infection evokes 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (pdpk1) signaling to ensure the completion of its developmental cycle, further leading to the phosphorylation and stabilization of myc. using biochemical approaches and imaging we demonstrate that chlamydia-induced pdpk1-myc signaling induces h ...201728803120
high prevalence of asymptomatic sexually transmitted infections among human immunodeficiency virus-infected pregnant women in a low-income south african community.there is a lack of evidence on the burden of chlamydia trachomatis (ct), neisseria gonorrhoeae (ng) and trichomonas vaginalis (tv) among hiv-infected pregnant women in south africa. we conducted a cross-sectional analysis of hiv-infected pregnant women in two healthcare facilities in a south african township to determine the prevalence of ct, ng and tv. hiv-infected pregnant women were recruited during the first antenatal care visit for their current pregnancy and requested to self-collect vulvo ...201728799824
non-activated titanium-dioxide nanoparticles promote the growth of chlamydia trachomatis and decrease the antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles.chlamydia trachomatis and herpes simplex virus are the most prevalent bacterial and viral sexually transmitted infections. due to the chronic nature of their infections, they are able to interact with titanium-dioxide nanoparticles applied as food additives or drug delivery vehicles. the aim of our study was to describe the interactions of these two prevalent pathogens with the titanium-dioxide nanoparticles.201728799270
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