| restriction endonuclease fingerprinting analysis of canadian isolates of aeromonas salmonicida. | restriction endonuclease fingerprinting (ref) analysis was used to examine total cellular dna prepared from 56 independent field isolates of the fish pathogen, aeromonas salmonicida. dna was digested singly with the restriction enzymes ecori and hindiii, and the resulting fragments separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and visualized by silver staining. the ref patterns of typical isolates of a. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida were distinct from those of a. hydrophila, a. salmonicida su ... | 1990 | 2159364 |
| the in-vitro activity of piperacillin/tazobactam, ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime and imipenem against multiple resistant gram-negative bacteria. | one hundred and fifty gram-negative bacterial strains including respiratory pathogens, such as haemophilus influenzae and branhamella catarrhalis, and enterobacteriaceae with known resistance to beta-lactam and other antibiotics were tested in vitro for sensitivity to piperacillin, piperacillin/tazobactam (ratio 8:1), ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin and imipenem. a 16-fold or greater reduction in the mic90 of piperacillin was achieved by the addition of tazobactam, in the respiratory pathogens, thus ... | 1990 | 2164513 |
| glucose-mediated catabolite repression of the tricarboxylic acid cycle as an explanation for increased acetic acid production in suicidal aeromonas strains. | growth in the presence of glucose, even under highly aerobic conditions, significantly reduced the activities of three tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes, citrate synthetase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase, in suicidal but not nonsuicidal aeromonas strains. pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, however, was significantly increased. the activities of all of the enzymes, as well as the glucose-mediated increase in acetic acid production, were shown to be regulated by cataboli ... | 1990 | 2165482 |
| particle agglutination assays to identify fibronectin and collagen cell surface receptors and lectins in aeromonas and vibrio species. | a rapid particle agglutination assay (paa) utilizing latex beads coated with connective tissue and serum proteins was evaluated for its ability to identify fibronectin, collagen (types i and iv), fibrinogen, and transferrin cell surface receptors on vibrio and aeromonas strains isolated from diseased fish, human infections, and the environment. similar tests were performed to screen for cell surface lectins. vibrio as well as aeromonas strains were found to bind connective tissue proteins (colla ... | 1990 | 2166473 |
| [clinical evaluation of fosfomycin]. | a total of 15 patients with a variety of infectious disease were treated with fosfomycin in chang gung memorial hospital, kaoshiung. the drug was administered by iv drip infusion in doses of 204g per day for 5-28 days. the clinical response was satisfactory in 6 (100%) of 6 patients with urinary tract infection, 8 (80%) of 10 with septicemia and 1 with pneumonia. overall, fosfomycin was effective in 13 (86%) of all patients treated. except for 1 isolate of the pathogen, b. fragilis, and another ... | 1990 | 2168262 |
| aeromonas hydrophila water-associated traumatic wound infections: a review. | the bacterium aeromonas hydrophila is commonly found in natural bodies of water, and is a potential invasive pathogen for those who suffer trauma while submerged in water. five patients treated by the authors and 18 previously reported patients were reviewed to further define the characteristics of a. hydrophila wound infections. although aeromonas has been isolated from salt and brackish water, all 23 cases occurred following contact with fresh water. signs of infection usually appeared 8-48 ho ... | 1990 | 2179571 |
| aeromonas species bacteremia in nonimmunocompromised hosts. two case reports and a review of the literature. | aeromonas hydrophila septicemia usually occurs in immunocompromised hosts. we present two case reports of aeromonas hydrophila septicemia in uncompromised patients from two medical centers. three additional cases (two in immunocompromised hosts and one in a normal host) were found in these centers after retrospective screening of bacteriologic records over the last 3 years. a review of the english medical literature over four decades revealed only 24 additional cases of aeromonas infection in th ... | 1990 | 2180851 |
| third-generation cephalosporins in the treatment of rare infections. | this article reviews the published clinical experience of the use of the third-generation cephalosporins in the treatment of rare infections. rare infections are defined as those caused by unusual pathogens or multi-resistant organisms as well as those occurring in unusual or pharmacologically protected body sites. examples of such infections are uncommon causes of meningitis and ventriculitis, brain abscess, rare causes of bacterial endocarditis, metastatic salmonella infections, spontaneous ba ... | 1990 | 2183606 |
| biochemical characteristics and a simple scheme for the identification of aeromonas species and plesiomonas shigelloides. | the biochemical characteristics of 55 strains of aeromonas spp. and 16 p. shigelloides of human faecal origin were examined. results of tests for the production of oxidase, acid from xylose, dulcitol, adonitol, mannitol, or inositol; greenish pigmentation on nutrient agar, and growth in 6.5% nacl broth were found to be specific and reproducible. however, other tests such as haemolysis on blood agar (ba), production of dnase, amylase, ornithine or lysine decarboxylase; citrate utilization and the ... | 1990 | 2190003 |
| purification of cloned proaerolysin released by a low protease mutant of aeromonas salmonicida. | the precursor to the hole-forming toxin aerolysin has been purified in high yield from culture supernatants of a mutant of aeromonas salmonicida containing the cloned structural gene. the mutant strain was generated by tn5 mutagenesis. it released little or no protease or other extracellular proteins, including phospholipase, suggesting that it is a regulatory mutant. the absence of protease allowed the isolation of protoxin free from contaminating aerolysin. typically, more than 50 mg of pure p ... | 1990 | 2190617 |
| [inhibition of enteropathogens by clostridium butyricum miyairi 588]. | the inhibitory effect of clostridium butyricum miyairi 588 against various enteropathogens was investigated in mixed cultures. it was observed that c. butyricum m588 inhibited the growth of vibrio cholerae o1, v. cholerae non-o1, aeromonas hydrophila, and shigella flexneri. considering that the interaction between c. butyricum and shigella is especially important because of their proliferation site in the lower intestine, further examinations were carried out on shigella in particular. results w ... | 1990 | 2193065 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of an extracellular protease gene from aeromonas hydrophila. | a structural gene which codes for an extracellular protease in aeromonas hydrophilia so2/2 and d13 was cloned in escherichia coli c600-1 by using pbr322 as a vector. the gene codes for a temperature-stable protease with a molecular mass of approximately 38,000 daltons. the protein was secreted to the periplasm of e. coli c600-1 and purified by osmotic shock. cloned protease (p3) was identical in molecular mass and properties to the one purified from a. hydrophila so2/2 culture supernatant as an ... | 1990 | 2193924 |
| acute gastroenteritis due to double infection with enteropathogenic escherichia coli or salmonella and another bacterial pathogen. | two enteric bacterial pathogens were concomitantly isolated from the feces of 18 infants less than 6 months of age admitted to the assaf harofeh medical center over a 7-year period. in all but two patients stool cultures grew enteropathogenic escherichia coli, six of serogroup 0119. the other organisms cultured were shigella, salmonella, campylobacter jejuni and aeromonas hydrophila. the usual clinical presentation was diarrhea, dehydration and vomiting of acute onset, and low grade fever. patie ... | 1990 | 2199408 |
| isolation and identification of autoagglutinating serogroup o:11 aeromonas strains in the clinical laboratory. | we evaluated the extent to which serogroup o:11 aeromonas strains could be recovered from both clinical and environmental specimens and the cultural parameters that affected the phenotypic marker (autoagglutination) associated with this group. of over 200 aeromonas strains screened, serogroup o:11 was identified only among the phenospecies a. hydrophila and a. sobria and was associated with clinical isolates more frequently than with environmental strains. blood and wound isolates accounted for ... | 1990 | 2199496 |
| production of shiga-like toxin among escherichia coli strains and other bacteria isolated from diarrhea in são paulo, brazil. | an elevated level of shiga-like toxin i (slt-i) production was found in 1 of 466 escherichia coli strains studied. among the 34 sonic lysates obtained from classical enteropathogenic e. coli, 5 produced slt-i. the aeromonas, citrobacter, edwardsiella, enterobacter, klebsiella, proteus, providencia, pseudomonas, salmonella, serratia, shigella, yersinia, and vibrio strains also studied were not slt producers, except for a shigella dysenteriae type 1 strain. although slt-i-producing e. coli strains ... | 1990 | 2199511 |
| a concurrent increasing of natural antibodies and enhancement of resistance to furunculosis in rainbow trout. | in order to compare the respective roles of specific response and non-specific mechanisms in the enhancement of resistance to furunculosis, 2 groups of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) were immunized with supernatants of aeromonas salmonicida or escherichia coli cultures. the fish received 4 weekly intraperitoneal injections (70 micrograms of crude proteins). one control group was injected with phosphate-buffered saline, while another was untreated. specific agglutinins were produced only in ... | 1990 | 2202250 |
| survival of aeromonas hydrophila and escherichia coli in aquatic environments. | survival of aeromonas hydrophila and escherichia coli in distilled water, pond water and effluents of anaerobic digesters were examined. survival capabilities of a. hydrophila in various aquatic systems were similar to e. coli except in the raw effluents of anaerobic digesters, where a. hydrophila survived significantly better than e. coli for 6 days. pathogens such as staphylococcus aureus, salmonella enteritidis and vibrio cholerae were readily killed in the raw effluents of the anaerobic dige ... | 1990 | 2203637 |
| virulence factors in motile aeromonas species. | | 1990 | 2204614 |
| [the occurrence of bacteria pathogenic for humans in freshwater fish]. | freshwater fish are of minor importance as vectors of food-borne disease in humans. these diseases can only rarely be traced back to bacterial pathogens. however, there is a number of bacteria with facultative pathogenicity for man, which are part of the natural aquatic environment. among these bacteria, the motile aeromonads (a. sp.) have become more and more important. a review is presented on a. sp. infections which have been traced back to contact with fish or water. critical discussion of t ... | 1990 | 2205462 |
| temperature as an environmental factor influencing the pathogenicity of aeromonas hydrophila. | contamination of wounds by surface water and the aspiration of such water following an accident can lead to severe septic infection by a. hydrophila. as such water is often found at low temperatures, the question should be asked whether this particular water environment influences the pathogenicity of this organism. some experiments have been undertaken to assess if the pathogenicity of a. hydrophila is affected by temperature. the pathogenicity of a. hydrophila adapted to the low temperature of ... | 1990 | 2206202 |
| mucosal intussusception to avoid ascending cholangitis. | many methods have been devised to prevent ascending cholangitis following kasai's hepatic portoenterostomy for biliary atresia. to investigate the effectiveness of mucosal intussusception in preventing ascending cholangitis, 20 mongrel dogs were randomized to undergo roux-en-y cholecystjejunostomy and common bile duct ligation with or without mucosal intussusception. aeromonas hydrophila was instilled into the gastrointestinal tract. bacterial cultures were grown from samples taken from the gall ... | 1990 | 2207590 |
| rapid presumptive phenospecies identification of mesophilic aeromonads by testing for suicidal activity. | a new test combination for presumptive phenospecies identification of mesophilic aeromonads by testing for suicidal activity in conjunction with esculin hydrolysis and gas production from glucose was evaluated. of 40 clinical isolates of aeromonas tested statically at 30 degrees c, seven were identified as aeromonas hydrophilia (non-suicidal, aerogenic, esculin positive), eight as aeromonas sobria (suicide variable, mostly aerogenic, esculin negative), and 25 as aeromonas caviae (suicidal, anaer ... | 1990 | 2209629 |
| the incidence of virulence factors in mesophilic aeromonas species isolated from farm animals and their environment. | sixty-one isolates of aeromonas spp. from the faeces of pigs, cows and a variety of associated environmental sources were examined for the characteristics that are reputed to have roles in pathogenicity. most isolates of aeromonas hydrophila were cytotoxic (96.4%) and were capable of producing cell elongation factor (75%) and haemagglutinins (67.9%). in contrast few of the aeromonas caviae isolates produced these three markers (13.6%, 27.3% and 36.4% respectively). in general, aeromonas sobria o ... | 1990 | 2209733 |
| isolation and characterization of bacteriophage pm3 from aeromonas hydrophila the bacterial receptor for which is the monopolar flagellum. | pm3 is an aeromonas-specific bacteriophage which was isolated and characterized on a. hydrophila strain tf7. spontaneous mutants resistant to pm3 were non-motile having lost their characteristic monopolar flagellum. in addition, purified flagella inactivated pm3. pm3 is the first filamentous bacteriophage isolated on aeromonas, the adsorption site for which is the monopolar flagellum. | 1990 | 2210340 |
| in-vitro activity of pd 117 596, a new quinolone, against bacterial isolates from cancer patients. | the in-vitro activity of pd117 596, a new 4-quinolone antimicrobial agent was compared with that of ciprofloxacin against 798 gram-positive and gram-negative distinct isolates from cancer patients. pd117 596 was found to have a broad antimicrobial spectrum with excellent activity against the enterobacteriaceae (mic90 0.03 mg/l) acinetobacter spp. (mic90 0.25 mg/l), aeromonas spp. (mic100 0.06 mg/l) and pseudomonas spp. including ps. aeruginosa (mic90 0.5 mg/l). it was also extremely active again ... | 1990 | 2211445 |
| comparative study of the prevalence and clinical profiles of diarrheas due to aeromonas and other enteric pathogens. | the prevalence of aeromonas spp. and other enteric pathogens in stool specimens from diarrheic and non-diarrheic patients was studied over a 12 month period (january to december, 1986). except for the absence of fever, all the clinical features in aeromonas diarrhea were comparable to those associated with other diarrheagenic agents. these features included abdominal pain (30%), vomiting (24.5%), fever (31.5%), dehydration (9.5%) and hematochezia (19.5%). aeromonas spp. were more frequently isol ... | 1990 | 2212640 |
| water associated infections. | | 1990 | 2216140 |
| hemolysin as a marker for serratia. | all serratia marcescens strains (total of 33) of different sources were hemolytic including clinical strains previously classified as being nonhemolytic. dna fragments of the two hemolysin genes hybridized with the chromosomal dna of s. marcescens, s. liquefaciens, s. kiliensis, s. grimesii, s. proteamaculans, s. plymutica, s. rubridaea which were also hemolytic. the restriction pattern of the hemolysin locus differed in each strain. s. ficaria and s. marinorubra expressed a different hemolysin ... | 1990 | 2222120 |
| characterization of aeromonas salmonicida variants with altered cell surfaces and their use in studying surface protein assembly. | aeromonas salmonicida variants were characterized for alterations in their cell surface structure and used to examine reconstitution of the surface protein layer (a-layer). variants lacking outer membrane o-polysaccharide were devoid of a-layer and excreted stainable floret-like material of the surface protein (a-protein). one variant, showing partial loss of o-polysaccharide, was associated with a disrupted a-layer and excretion of some a-protein. variants lacking a-protein but possessing o-pol ... | 1990 | 2222123 |
| comparative in vitro activity of cefpirome and cefepime, two new cephalosporins. | in in vitro tests the broad-spectrum cephalosporins cefpirome and cefepime were highly active against enterobacteriaceae, although often less so against strains resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanate and ticarcillin-clavulanate, and against most strains of acinetobacter spp. and aeromonas hydrophila. they were also active against pseudomonas aeruginosa, although strains with non-plasmid mediated beta-lactam resistance were sometimes less sensitive. other pseudomonas spp. varied in their sensitivit ... | 1990 | 2226498 |
| electrophoretic analysis of the surface components of autoagglutinating surface array protein-positive and surface array protein-negative aeromonas hydrophila and aeromonas sobria. | the protein and lipopolysaccharide (lps) compositions of 10 autoagglutinating aeromonas hydrophila and aeromonas sobria strains were studied; one group consisted of five serogroup o:11 strains that contained an s layer, while a second group was composed of diverse serogroups that were s layer negative by transmission electron microscopy. all serogroup o:11 strains were found to contain a predominant 52,000- to 54,000-molecular-weight protein that was present on both whole-cell and outer membrane ... | 1990 | 2229347 |
| aerobic bacteria cultured from the mouth of the american opossum (didelphis virginiana) with reference to bacteria associated with bite infections. | the american opossum inflicts bite injuries both when hunted for food and when accidentally provoked when handled in captivity. this study involved aerobically culturing organisms from the mouths of seven wild opossums (didelphis virginiana). isolates included streptococci, coagulase-positive and -negative staphylococci, aeromonas spp., citrobacter freundii, eikenella corrodens, and escherichia coli. | 1990 | 2229365 |
| [an unusual hospital infection: aeromonas hydrophila infection due to the use of leeches]. | a patient is described with an infection with aeromonas hydrophila after the use of medical leeches to improve the circulation of a congested region of surgery. the use of medical leeches and the treatment of a leech-related infection are discussed. | 1990 | 2234189 |
| very prolonged diarrhea associated with aeromonas hydrophila. | | 1990 | 2239888 |
| production of exotoxins by aeromonas spp. at 5 degrees c. | the ability of 60 strains of aeromonas to produce enterotoxin and haemolysin after cultivation at 5 degrees c for 7-10 d was investigated. the strains were isolated from lamb meat, offal, carcasses and faeces, and had previously been tested for their ability to produce these exotoxins at 37 degrees c. the results showed that some strains of aeromonas hydrophila and a. sobria were capable of producing enterotoxin and haemolysin at 5 degrees c, but none of the a. caviae strains tested produced the ... | 1990 | 2246140 |
| the effect of terrestrial effluents on the incidence of aeromonas spp. in coastal waters. | the numbers of aeromonas species were monitored for one year at 18 stations on the barcelona coast. their concentrations exceed those of faecal coliforms and faecal streptococci in all samples, both on the shoreline and at 500 m from the coast. the mean values of the three bacterial counts reflected the proximity of the terrestrial effluents. there was a positive correlation between aeromonads and faecal indicators on the shoreline but not at 500 m offshore. this reflected their common origin an ... | 1990 | 2246147 |
| posttraumatic aeromonas hydrophila osteomyelitis. | | 1990 | 2251235 |
| circulation in italy of beta-lactamase-producing strains within the major groups of bacterial pathogens. | a multicenter study was undertaken in italy to assess the circulation of beta-lactamase-producing organisms and their current incidence within the major groups of bacterial pathogens. almost four thousand strains, all freshly isolated from clinical material, were examined at four centers serving different areas of italy. despite some significant center-to-center differences, this survey documented the occurrence of a large overall circulation of beta-lactamase-producing organisms among clinical ... | 1990 | 2253734 |
| detection of the aerolysin gene in aeromonas hydrophila by the polymerase chain reaction. | synthetic oligonucleotide primers were used in a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique to detect the gene for aerolysin in strains of aeromonas hydrophila and to screen for identical genes in a. caviae, a. sobria, and a. veronii isolated from patients with diarrheal disease. primers targeted a 209-bp fragment of the aer gene coding for the beta-hemolysin and detected template dna only in the pcr using nucleic acid (na) from hemolytic strains of a. hydrophila which were also cytotoxic to vero ... | 1990 | 2254423 |
| bacterial production of histamine in some tropical fish. | quantitative and qualitative distribution of histamine-forming bacteria associated with the fish rastrelliger kanagurta, sardinella longiceps, sillago sihama and liza subviridis, were investigated. these bacteria constituted a significant portion of the total bacterial population of fish and the values obtained in the present study were higher than those previously reported. the order of quantitative abundance of histamine-forming bacteria in the fish examined was: s. longiceps greater than r. k ... | 1990 | 2259288 |
| the presence of aeromonas in drinking water supplies in the netherlands. | the occurrence of aeromonas in raw, treated and distributed waters of 20 different treatment stations in the netherlands was studied over a one-and-a-half year period. river water yielded highest numbers (greater than 10,000 cfu/100 ml) of predominantly anaerogenic strains. in open storage reservoirs for river water or dune infiltrate, numbers were usually between 1,000 and 10,000/100 ml with a majority of aerogenic strains, in particular a. sobria. river water after dune infiltration or pure du ... | 1990 | 2261055 |
| purification and spectral study of a microbial fatty acyltransferase: activation by limited proteolysis. | a fatty acyltransferase with a reaction mechanism similar to that of mammalian lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase has been purified from culture supernatants of a mutant aeromonas salmonicida containing the cloned aeromonas hydrophila structural gene. typically, more than 35 mg of protein were isolated from 2 l of culture supernatant. the amino-terminal sequence, amino acid composition, and molecular weight of the purified protein corresponded to predictions based on the sequence of the gene, ... | 1990 | 2271578 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of aeromonas and plesiomonas strains isolated from patients with diarrhoea in nigeria. | the susceptibilities of 53 isolates of aeromonas species and 16 plesiomonas shigelloides, from patients with diarrhoea, to 15 commonly used antimicrobial agents were determined by the disk-agar diffusion technique. all the strains were susceptible to ofloxacin, a recent quinolone. also, over 70 pc of our strains were susceptible to gentamicin, carbenicillin, ceftriaxone, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline and co-trimoxazole. however, less than 30 pc of our strains were susceptible to am ... | 1990 | 2272086 |
| direct selection of monoclonal antibodies neutralising the cytotoxic activity of aeromonas sobria. | monoclonal antibodies directed against the cytotoxic activity of aeromonas sobria were raised by immunising mice with a culture supernatant concentrated by ammonium sulphate precipitation. neutralising antibodies were specifically selected for by exposing hybridomas to cytotoxic levels of the immunising preparation. cultures free from cytopathic effects after three hours were selected for further investigation. ten cytotoxin resistant hybridomas were isolated but only two of these produced detec ... | 1990 | 2272497 |
| usda expands early warning system for harmful food bacteria. | | 1990 | 2272871 |
| in vitro activity of hre 664, a penem antibiotic. | hre 664, a new penem antibiotic, inhibited 90% of escherichia coli, klebsiella, citrobacter diversus, proteus mirabilis, proteus vulgaris, salmonella, shigella, providencia, aeromonas, and morganella at less than or equal to 2 micrograms/ml but was considerably less active than cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and imipenem. it did not inhibit pseudomonas aeruginosa (mic greater than 128 micrograms/ml). hre 664 inhibited enterobacter spp., citrobacter freundii, and serratia marcescens at 1-8 micrograms/m ... | 1990 | 2279381 |
| in vitro activities of 4-quinolones against the fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida. | the activities of five fluorinated 4-quinolones, namely, sarafloxacin, enrofloxacin, pd127391, pd117596, and ci934, against the fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida were investigated and compared with that of oxolinic acid. the results indicated that with the exception of ci934, these drugs are more active than oxolinic acid in terms of mic. no inoculum effect was observed, but the drugs were less active at 10 degrees c than at 22 degrees c. the presence of 3% of nacl caused an increase in drug a ... | 1990 | 2285298 |
| cloned aerolysin of aeromonas hydrophila is exported by a wild-type marine vibrio strain but remains periplasmic in pleiotropic export mutants. | with a wide host range vector, the structural gene aera for the hole-forming extracellular protein aerolysin of aeromonas hydrophila was cloned into the marine vibrio sp. strain 60 and into three pleiotropic export mutants (epr mutants). the parent strain and all of the mutants were able to express the protein with the aera promoter in the plasmid. the parent strain exported proaerolysin into the medium, while all of the mutants accumulated the protoxin in their periplasms. two of the mutants al ... | 1990 | 2294091 |
| structural and chemical characterization of the s layer of a pseudomonas-like bacterium. | sections and freeze-fractured preparations showed an s layer on the surface of pseudomonas-like strain eu2. polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of cell envelopes extracted with 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds) at room temperature showed three proteins (45k, 55k, and 110k). the 55k protein was identified as the s-layer protein. incubation in 1.5 m guanidine hydrochloride removed the s layer from cell envelopes and dissociated the structure into subunits. the soluble 55k protein reassembled into pla ... | 1990 | 2298701 |
| in vitro activity of norfloxacin and other antibacterial agents against gastro-intestinal pathogens isolated in sweden. | the in vitro activity of norfloxacin was compared to that of ampicillin, doxycycline, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim in combination with sulfamethoxazole (1/20), and erythromycin, against 272 clinical isolates of gastro-intestinal pathogens. norfloxacin was the most active compound of those tested with mics in the range 0.004-2 mg/l. concentrations inhibiting 90% of the strains (mic 90) were 0.008 mg/l for vibrio cholerae, 0.016 mg/l for aeromonas hydrophila, 0.032 mg/l for vibrio cholerae non 01 ... | 1990 | 2302351 |
| in vivo effect of the organophosphorus insecticide trichlorphon on immune response of carp (cyprinus carpio). ii. effect of high doses of trichlorphon on nonspecific immune response. | the effect of trichlorphon, one of the most widely used organophosphorus insecticides, on the nonspecific immune response in carp (cyprinus carpio) was studied. the effect of 20,000 ppm trichlorphon on the immune response was followed for 3 and 56 days after intoxication. the effect of 10,000 ppm trichlorphon on the nonspecific immune response of carp experimentally infected by pseudomonas alcaligenes and aeromonas punctata was also examined. leucocyte number, phagocytic ability of neutrophils, ... | 1990 | 2311567 |
| biochemical identification of aeromonas genospecies isolated from humans. | one hundred phenotypic characteristics were determined for 138 clinical and environmental aeromonas strains. cluster analysis revealed three major phenons equivalent to the a. hydrophila, a. caviae, and a. sobria groups, each of which contained more than one genospecies and more than one named species. an excellent correlation was found between phenotypic identification and classification based on dna relatedness. dna hybridization groups within each of the phenotypic groups were also separable ... | 1990 | 2312673 |
| pathogenicity factors and virulence for rainbow trout (salmo gairdneri) of motile aeromonas spp. isolated from a river. | ninety-seven motile aeromonas strains were isolated over a period of a year from samples of water and sediment collected at different sites along a river. strains were regularly recovered from all samples, regardless of the source of isolation or seasonal conditions. isolates were biochemically characterized by the api 20ne system (analytab products, plainview, n.y.) and classified as aeromonas hydrophila (74 strains), aeromonas sobria (11 strains), and aeromonas caviae (12 strains). despite the ... | 1990 | 2312678 |
| pyrazinamidase activity as a phenotypic marker for several aeromonas spp. isolated from clinical specimens. | negative pyrazinamidase activity was significantly associated with aeromonas sobria, and positive pyrazinamidase activity was associated with a. hydrophila and a. caviae (chi 2, p less than 0.0001). the absence of pyrazinamidase activity may be a potentially significant phenotypic marker for a. sobria. | 1990 | 2312687 |
| [in vitro sensitivity of aeromonas spp. to antibiotics]. | aeromonas strains, isolated from stool samples and aquatic biotopes were tested for their susceptibility to 20 antibiotics. the beta-lactamase-resistant cephalosporins, imipenem, aminoglycosides, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim are highly efficient. | 1990 | 2316226 |
| aeromonas associated diarrhoea in an otherwise healthy 70-year-old man. | | 1990 | 2319150 |
| soft-tissue infection caused by edwardsiella tarda and aeromonas hydrophila. | | 1990 | 2319177 |
| human serum antibody response to the presence of aeromonas spp. in the intestinal tract. | a bacterial agglutination assay, a toxin-neutralizing assay, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) were used to compare antibodies against intestinal aeromonas strains in serum samples from healthy carriers (n = 6), from patients with acute (n = 15) or chronic (n = 8) gastroenteritis, from patients with gastroenteritis caused by other enteropathogenic bacteria (n = 3), and from healthy blood donors (n = 50). evaluation of the bacterial agglutination assay showed that it was not very u ... | 1990 | 2324279 |
| aeromonas in adult diarrhea: an enteropathogen or an innocent bystander? | this is a study from a district hospital in israel serving a population of 250,000. during 1986-1987, 1,005 stool specimens were cultured from 932 adult inpatients with acute diarrhea. seventeen yielded aeromonas species. of the 12 strains phenotyped, 10 qualified as enteropathogenic. five hundred stool specimens from asymptomatic control subjects, inhabitants of the same region, were negative for aeromonas. the finding of aeromonas as the apparently sole pathogen in acute adult diarrhea in a ge ... | 1990 | 2324479 |
| diverse potential of beta-lactamase inhibitors to induce class i enzymes. | the ability of various beta-lactamase inhibitors to induce class i beta-lactamases was assessed. clavulanate was the most active compound, inducing morganella morganii, aeromonas caviae, and enterobacter aerogenes over a broad concentration range and citrobacter freundii, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and serratia marcescens at high concentrations. disk approximation tests paralleled these results, with clavulanate, but not sulbactam or tazobactam, antagonizing the activity of several beta-lactams aga ... | 1990 | 2327752 |
| purification and characterization of inducible beta-lactamases in aeromonas spp. | beta-lactamases from aeromonas hydrophila and a. sobria were purified and characterized. both species produced beta-lactamases that were inducible by either cefoxitin or imipenem. these species were resistant to ampicillin and cephalothin but not imipenem. isoelectric focusing of sonic extracts revealed one band at pi 8.0 and a second band at pi 7.0 for a. hydrophila. likewise, a. sobria produced two bands, one at pi 8.4 and the other at pi 7.0. two enzymes from each species were separated by fl ... | 1990 | 2327760 |
| in vitro activities of tosufloxacin, temafloxacin, and a-56620 against pathogens of diarrhea. | tosufloxacin (a-60969 hcl), a new quinolone with broad activity against gram-positive and anaerobic organisms, was compared in vitro with other quinolones against bacterial pathogens of diarrhea. tosufloxacin was the most active agent against salmonella spp., shigella spp., campylobacter spp., aeromonas hydrophila, and vibrio spp. temafloxacin (a-62254) also demonstrated good activity against these organisms. | 1990 | 2327784 |
| crystallization of a proform of aerolysin, a hole-forming toxin from aeromonas hydrophila. | crystals of proaerolysin, the precursor of the hole-forming toxin from aeromonas hydrophila, have been obtained. the mature form of this protein binds to a receptor on mammalian cells, aggregates and forms 30 a holes in the membrane. the crystals are tetragonal, space group p4(3)2(1)2, a = b = 104.00 a, c = 222.0 a. they contain a dimer in the asymmetric unit and diffract to a resolution of 2.6 a. | 1990 | 2329576 |
| antibacterial activity of eisenia fetida andrei coelomic fluid: transcription and translation regulation of lysozyme and proteins evidenced after bacterial infestation. | 1. after bacterial infestation lysozyme and antibacterial activities are enhanced, peaking at 4 hr and 3 days, respectively. 2. both humoral defenses require rna and protein de novo synthesis in response to pathogenic bacteria injection (actinomycin d and cycloheximide experiments). 3. antibacterial activity exists naturally at some basic level, involving regular translation of stable rnas. 4. when antibacterial activity reaches its maximum after bacterial injection, proteins responsible for it ... | 1990 | 2331874 |
| evidence against dormancy in the bacterial fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida. | results indicate that a. salmonicida does not enter an unculturable dormant state. the resuscitation of dormant cells by nutrient broth described by previous workers appears to be due to the presence of small numbers of viable, culturable cells too few to be detected by the sampling protocol employed. | 1990 | 2332152 |
| a medium for the selective isolation of edwardsiella ictaluri. | a selective medium, called edwardsiella ictaluri medium (eim), has been formulated for the isolation of edwardsiella ictaluri. the medium inhibits the growth of most gram-negative bacteria, except proteus sp., serratia marcescens and some isolates of aeromonas hydrophila and yersinia ruckeri. the bacteria that grow on the eim are easily differentiated from e. ictaluri based on colony morphology. the eim inhibits gram-positive bacteria with the exception of enterococci. the addition of fungizone ... | 1990 | 2338726 |
| isolation and characterization of bacteriophage pm2 from aeromonas hydrophila. | pm2 is an aeromonas-specific bacteriophage isolated on a. hydrophila strain ah-3. the bacteriophage receptor for this phage was found to be the lipopolysaccharide (lps), specifically a low-molecular weight lps fraction (lps-core oligosaccharides). mutants resistant to this phage were isolated and found to be devoid of lps o-antigen and altered in the lps-core. no other outer-membrane (om) molecules appeared to be involved in phage binding. | 1990 | 2341024 |
| diarrhea and intestinal invasiveness of aeromonas strains in the removable intestinal tie rabbit model. | twelve aeromonas strains were tested for virulence by using the removable intestinal tie adult rabbit diarrhea model. mortality was 50% or greater for 7 of 12 strains; 23 of 37 rabbits that died developed diarrhea before death, and 11 of 27 surviving rabbits developed diarrhea. aeromonas bacteremia was detected in 36 of 37 (97%) animals that died, but only in 2 of 27 (7%) survivors. death, diarrhea, and bacteremia were all strongly strain dependent. gastrointestinal lesions varied from moderate ... | 1990 | 2341185 |
| observations on aeromonas species isolated from human faeces. | | 1990 | 2341740 |
| occurrence of aeromonas species and plesiomonas shigelloides in patients with and without diarrhoea in lagos, nigeria. | the prevalence of aeromonas spp. and plesiomonas shigelloides was determined in patients attending the enteric laboratory of the department of medical microbiology and parasitology, lagos university teaching hospital, nigeria. during the 12-month study (october 1986-september 1987), aeromonas spp. were isolated from 53 (2.26%) of 2350 patients with diarrhoea and only 2 (0.4%) of 500 patients without diarrhoea (p less than 0.01). similarly, p. shigelloides was isolated from 16 (0.68%) patients wi ... | 1990 | 2342086 |
| an analysis of molecular polymorphism of esterase m produced by motile aeromonas strains. | the high levels of electrophoretic polymorphism of esterase m detected in eight distinct hybridization groups of motile aeromonas raise questions of genetic homogeneity of the electromorphs. the 40 electromorphs detected fall in four mr classes--75, 80, 90, and 110 kd--and one typical variant belonging to each of these classes was purified. the four purified esterases exhibited the same resistance to heat, to ph and to diisopropyl fluorophosphate, the same km values for 1-naphthyl acetate and 1- ... | 1990 | 2344349 |
| a survey of the microflora of raw and pasteurized milk and the sources of contamination in a milk processing plant in addis ababa, ethiopia. | the microorganisms present in raw and pasteurized milk and the sources of contamination in the milk after it had arrived at the processing plant in addis ababa were studied. the lowest count registered for raw milk samples was 4 x 10(7) cfu/ml while the highest was 1 x 10(9) cfu/ml. pasteurized milk had mesophilic aerobic counts of 7 x 10(5) cfu/ml as it left the pasteurizing unit, but the population increased 2- to 4-fold as a result of subsequent contamination. of the total counts in raw milk, ... | 1990 | 2345191 |
| clinical features of aeromonas enteritis in hawaii. | the incidence and clinical features of enteritis associated with aeromonas in honolulu were studied. the stool isolation rate was 2.9% for aeromonas, the third most common bacterial pathogen in this population. clinical features of aeromonas-associated enteritis were compared with clinical features of enteritis without an associated bacterial pathogen. although there was a trend toward more abdominal pain, tenderness, nausea and prolonged illness in patients with aeromonas, these differences wer ... | 1990 | 2345913 |
| a case of septicaemia due to aeromonas hydrophila. | a case of aeromonas hydrophila septicaemia is reported, arising from the use of leeches in an attempt to salvage a replanted arm. it is believed that this is the first report of this complication. | 1990 | 2350649 |
| aeromonas sobria in bubaline (water buffalo) abortion: growth requirement, biochemical characters, antibiotic susceptibility, experimental pathogenicity and serology. | a. sobria was isolated unexpectedly on campylobacter selective medium from abortion specimens of 16 buffaloes. all strains (as1-as16) required campylobacter growth supplement (sodium pyruvate, sodium metabisulphate and ferrous sulphate) and 10% c02 atmosphere on primary isolation. they were unusually sensitive to bile salt and failed to grow on macconkey's agar. biochemically, these strains were homogeneous but antibiogram profile and physiological/other characters revealed a moderate heterogene ... | 1990 | 2351419 |
| a note on aeromonas spp. from chickens as possible food-borne pathogens. | the possible role of aeromonas spp. as potential food-borne psychrotrophic pathogens was investigated by examining organisms isolated from processed raw chicken for their biochemical characteristics, ability to produce exotoxins and to grow at chill temperatures. these strains, in particular a. sobria, with identical characteristics to human diarrhoea-associated aeromonads were readily found. chicken, and human and environmental (water) strains characterized in a previous study, were investigate ... | 1990 | 2351618 |
| microbiologic and clinical evidence supporting the role of aeromonas caviae as a pediatric enteric pathogen. | aeromonas caviae was recovered as the sole potential enteric pathogen from the stools of 14 of 17 symptomatic children (10 younger than 1 year of age) while aeromonas hydrophila, aeromonas sobria, and plesiomonas shigelloides were isolated once each. the infants from whom a. caviae was isolated all presented with a watery diarrhea lasting 1 to 3 weeks. none of these infants was breast-fed, and all had a stool ph of greater than 7.5. all of the a. caviae isolates, including a reference strain (at ... | 1990 | 2351730 |
| epidemiology of bacterial pathogens associated with infectious diarrhea in djibouti. | during a survey examining the causes of diarrhea in the east african country of djibouti, 140 bacterial pathogens were recovered from 209 diarrheal and 100 control stools. the following pathogens were isolated at comparable frequencies from both diarrheal and control stools: enteroadherent escherichia coli (eaec) (10.6 versus 13%), enterotoxigenic e. coli (etec) (11 versus 10%), enteropathogenic e. coli (epec) (7.7 versus 12%), salmonella spp. (2.9 versus 3%), and campylobacter jejuni-c. coli (3 ... | 1990 | 2351738 |
| extended serogrouping scheme for motile, mesophilic aeromonas species. | a total of 1,255 strains of motile, mesophilic aeromonas species isolated from clinical and environmental specimens in the united kingdom and 258 strains isolated in australia, brazil, peru, and the united states were examined by using antisera for serogroups o1 to o44 (r. sakazaki and t. shimada, jpn. j. med. sci. 37:247-255, 1984) and for unpublished serogroup o45 (r. sakazaki). the typeability rate for strains isolated in the united kingdom was 35%; the strains isolated in other countries had ... | 1990 | 2351741 |
| sensitivities of aeromonas hydrophila cultured from medicinal leeches to oral antibiotics. | infections associated with medicinal leech application are caused by aeromonas hydrophila, an organism that resides in the leech gut. we cultured the intestinal tracts of 25 leeches and evaluated the efficacy of oral antibiotics against aeromonas hydrophila. cultures of this organism showed no sensitivity to ampicillin and inconsistent sensitivity to cephalothin (equivalent to cephalexin). the aeromonas hydrophila cultures did show consistent sensitivity to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and trime ... | 1990 | 2352221 |
| isolation of aeromonas spp. from canal water. | aeromonas sobria was identified from soil and canal water at the east end of london. there was a correlation between water and faecal isolates from children attending the nearby children's hospital. in view of the potential risk of enteric and non-enteric infections due to aeromonas spp, efforts are needed to ensure that canals, rivers, natural water sources and domestic water supply are free of these organisms. | 1990 | 2361702 |
| bacterial aetiology of infantile diarrhoea in papua new guinea. | bacterial examination of stools of children with diarrhoea was carried out at port moresby, papua new guinea, where little information is available concerning the causative bacteria of diarrhoea. shigellae, enterotoxigenic escherichia coli, bacillus cereus, staphylococcus aureus, campylobacter jejuni, and aeromonas hydrophila were isolated with the decreasing frequency in that order. among these, enterotoxigenic e. coli and c. jejuni were isolated for the first time in this country. although vib ... | 1990 | 2362308 |
| aeromonas, acclimation, and penicillin as complications when leeches are applied to skin flaps in rabbits. | the medicinal leech, hirudo medicinalis, has been recognized by plastic surgeons for its ability to reduce congestion and improve blood flow in grafted skin flaps by withdrawing excess blood. the leech's ability to digest blood is due to the presence of aeromonas hydrophila in the gut of the leech. in this report we describe the occurrence of aeromonas hydrophila septicaemia in rabbits used in a study to evaluate the efficacy of the medicinal leech on abdominal skin flap survival. in new zealand ... | 1990 | 2366512 |
| [aeromonas species as cause of diarrhea and infections outside the gastrointestinal tract in the netherlands]. | in a national survey in the period may 1986-december 1987, aeromonas was isolated from 277 out of 16,857 (1.6%) samples of watery, bloody or mucous stool, from patients with diarrhoea. there was a clear seasonal pattern (less than 1% in winter, up to 3% in summer). a. caviae was isolated most frequently (49%), followed by a. sobria (35%) and a. hydrophila (15%). some non-identifiable strains were isolated as well. aeromonas were isolated in particular from faeces of patients aged over 70 years ( ... | 1990 | 2366898 |
| aeromonas hydrophila as cause of hemorrhagic septicemia in a ground-hornbill (bucorvus abyssinicus). | an acute hemorrhagic septicemia in a captive ground-hornbill (bucorvus abyssinicus) is reported. aeromonas hydrophila was isolated from lungs, liver, kidney, and intestines. postmortem lesions were characterized by hemorrhages in the internal organs. microscopically, necrotic lesions were found in the liver, lungs, and kidney. factors that might have contributed to the clinical disease condition are discussed. | 1990 | 2369389 |
| lymphomyeloid cells, susceptibility to erythrodermatitis of carp and bacterial antigens. | pronounced changes occur in the kidneys carp injected with extracellular product (ecp), lipopolysaccharide (lps) of a. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, freund's complete adjuvant (fca). ecp caused 50-70% decrease in macrophages and neutrophils, whereas blasts and lymphocyte-like cells increased fca-elicited increased percentages of blasts and a left shift of neutrophils after lps injection. after both ecp and fca injections, the density of major leucocyte types and red blood cells (rbc) in the ki ... | 1990 | 2369967 |
| differences in the phagocytosis of four bacteria by channel catfish neutrophils. | the purpose of this study was to compare the phagocytosis of aeromonas hydrophila, edwardsiella ictaluri, edwardsiella tarda and micrococcus luteus by channel catfish neutrophils. various aspects of opsonization effect and bactericidal ability of channel catfish neutrophils were investigated. percent phagocytosis ranged from a low of 1% to a high of 91%. the highest percent phagocytosis and phagocytic indices routinely occurred with normal serum and were highest for m. luteus (91.78%, 55.25) and ... | 1990 | 2369968 |
| aeromonas hydrophila diarrhea in a long-term care setting. | infectious diarrheal diseases can be a serious problem in long-term care institutions. aeromonas hydrophila, a facultative, anaerobic gram-negative rod, has not been implicated previously in an acute diarrheal outbreak in this setting. we report 17 patients with this disorder all characterized by the acute onset of painless, nonbloody diarrhea. thirteen of 17 (76%) patients had two to four loose bowel movements and a duration of illness of less than 48 hours. eleven of 17 (65%) patients were afe ... | 1990 | 2370399 |
| effect of transport medium on recovery of aeromonas species in intestinal infections. | | 1990 | 2373092 |
| phenotypic study of bacteria associated with the caribbean sclerosponge, ceratoporella nicholsoni. | heterotrophic bacteria associated with the caribbean sclerosponge, ceratoporella nicholsoni (hickson), were found to occur extracellularly and were confined to the mesohyl regions of the sponge tissue. physiological, metabolic, and morphological attributes of the culturable bacteria associated with the sponge were recorded by using numerical taxonomy methods for the analysis of 158 phenotypic attributes. morphometric methods were used to determine the proportion of the total sponge-associated ba ... | 1990 | 2383012 |
| [aeromonas hydrophila in the drinking water in djibouti: commensal germ or diarrhea-causing agent?]. | to investigate the bacteriological quality of drinking water used by inhabitants of the republic of djibouti who were not supplied with piped running water, we analysed 16 fresh-water samples from various sources. only 3 samples were sterile; they were taken from village pumps and from a water-truck. eleven samples yielded colonies of aeromonas hydrophila too numerous to be counted; they were taken from water tanks, metal barrels, or wells dug in either dry river beds or along the seashore. we s ... | 1990 | 2385169 |
| in vitro susceptibility of aeromonas caviae, aeromonas hydrophila and aeromonas sobria to fifteen antibacterial agents. | in vitro testing of the activity of 15 antibacterial agents against 522 clinical isolates of aeromonas species demonstrated some species-associated trends. amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid was effective against approximately 45% of aeromonas caviae and aeromonas hydrophila, but all aeromonas sobria isolates were resistant. aztreonam, piperacillin and mezlocillin were highly active against all the strains of aeromonas tested. ticarcillin was equally effective against aeromonas caviae and aeromona ... | 1990 | 2387294 |
| dynamics of aeromonas hydrophila, aeromonas sobria, and aeromonas caviae in a sewage treatment pond. | the spatiotemporal dynamics of aeromonas spp. and fecal coliforms in the sewage treatment ponds of an urban wastewater center were studied after 20 months of sampling from five stations in these ponds. isolation and identification of 247 aeromonas strains were undertaken over four seasons at the inflow and outflow of this pond system. the hemolytic activity of these strains was determined. the aeromonas spp. and the fecal coliform distributions showed seasonal cycles, the amplitude of which incr ... | 1990 | 2389929 |
| classification of the spoilage flora of fish, with special reference to shewanella putrefaciens. | one hundred and fifty-nine gram-negative strains isolated from refrigerated fish, taken from the baltic sea or swedish inland waters, together with 32 reference strains of shewanella, pseudomonas, aeromonas and alcaligenes, were phenotypically classified using 124 unit characters. data were processed by the simple matching (ssm) and jaccard (sj) coefficients, and unweighted pair group algorithm with arithmetic averages. fourteen clusters were defined at the 75% sj similarity level which correspo ... | 1990 | 2391295 |
| a method for detecting shiga toxin and shiga-like toxin-i in pure and mixed culture. | shiga toxin and shiga-like toxins (slts, syn. verotoxins) are currently detected by tissue culture assays that are expensive, time-consuming and require specialised facilities and experienced personnel. we have developed a rapid method to detect shiga toxin and slt-i (verotoxin 1) based on their binding to globotriosyl ceramide (gb3). bound toxin was then detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) with monoclonal antibodies. the direct detection of cytotoxins from pure culture plat ... | 1990 | 2391709 |
| distribution and characterization of hemolytic, and enteropathogenic motile aeromonas in aquatic environment. | a year-long survey on the distribution of motile aeromonas species in the surface waters of riverine and marine environments was conducted. the filtered membranes were directly placed onto the modified pril-xylose-ampicillin agar for the enumeration of aeromonas species. high counts of motile aromonads were found in riverine stations and this bacterial population was also observed in significant quantities in polluted marine samples. in the identification of 2,444 isolates, three species of moti ... | 1990 | 2392066 |
| [effect of the isolation medium and isolation conditions on the isolation of the bacterial species spectrum in drinking water]. | with the method of colony-count estimation according to german standards (trinkwasserverordnung, tvo), bacteria of the genera aeromonas, shewanella, pseudomonas etc. and (if present) representatives of the family enterobacteriaceae can be detected. longer incubation and application of low nutrient media enhance the colony counts up to 100-fold, and other bacteria can be isolated, in most cases belonging to the genera pseudomonas, alcaligenes, acinetobacter, flavobacterium etc.. for the detection ... | 1990 | 2393490 |
| antibiotic combination effect on the clinical isolates of aeromonas hydrophila. | the effect of antibiotic combinations on 191 clinical strains of aeromonas hydrophila was analysed by checkerboard microdilution methods. the combinations of antibiotics were as follows: amikacin (an) + carbenicillin (cb), an + cephalexin (clx), an + piperacillin (pip), an + cefoperazone (cfp), an + ceftriaxone (roc), gentamicin (gm) + cb, gm + clx, gm + pip, gm + cfp, gm + roc, gm + tetracycline (tc). the results of this study indicated that (i) the effect of an + cb and an + pip was considered ... | 1990 | 2394181 |
| [clinical aeromonas hydrophila contain the dna fragments with nucleotide sequence similar to those of hemolysin and cholera-toxin gene]. | the artificially synthesized aquatic aeromonas hydrophila partial aerolysin gene dna (ae, containing 48 oligonucleotides), and partial cholera-toxin gene dna fragments (c1 and c2, containing 34 and 19 oligonucleotide, respectively) were used as probes to determine their dna sequence homology to the chromosome dna of 191 strains of the clinically isolated a. hydrophila, using the colony hybridization test. the three probes had a positive reaction with clinical a. hydrophila strains. several posit ... | 1990 | 2394187 |
| [cloning and sequencing of hemolysin gene from clinical aeromonas hydrophila]. | aerolysin is one of the important virulence factors for aeromonas hydrophila infection. to understand the characteristics of the aerolysin gene in clinical a. hydrophila, a genomic library was constructed by using puc19 as cloning vector. the positive clone containing the aerolysin gene was selected by the colony hybridization method, using the aerolysin probe (an 48 mer oligonucleotide) of aquatic a. hydrophila. four positive out of 1,200 transformants were obtained from the primarily screened ... | 1990 | 2394188 |