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in vitro evaluation of the susceptibility of edwardsiella ictaluri, etiological agent of enteric septicemia in channel catfish, ictalurus punctatus (rafinesque), to florfenicol.in vitro studies were conducted to assess the sensitivity of edwardsiella ictaluri, the etiological agent of enteric septicemia of catfish (esc), to the antibacterial drug florfenicol (ffc). twelve different e. ictaluri isolates from cases submitted between 1994 and 1997 to the thad cochran national warmwater aquaculture center fish diagnostic laboratory (stoneville, ms) were used for testing. these isolates originated from channel catfish (ictalurus punctatus) infected with e. ictaluri through ...200314667023
protection of tilapia (oreochromis mosambicus) from edwardsiellosis by vaccination with edwardsiella tarda ghosts.the vaccine potential of edwardsiella tarda ghosts produced by gene e mediated lysis was investigated using tilapia (oreochromis mosambicus). tilapia immunized with e. tarda ghosts (etg) and formalin killed e. tarda (fkc) vaccines showed significantly higher serum agglutination titers than control fish. fish immunized with etg showed no significant differences with fish immunized with fkc in serum agglutination titers, but showed significantly higher bactericidal activity than fish immunized wit ...200616226892
analysis of a catfish gene resembling interleukin-8: cdna cloning, gene structure, and expression after infection with edwardsiella ictaluri.chemokines are important mediators for innate immunity involved in recruitment, activation and adhesion of a variety of leukocyte types to inflammatory foci. while almost all chemokines have been identified from mammals, only a handful of fish chemokines have been identified. here we report molecular cloning, sequence analysis, and expression of a channel catfish gene resembling interleukin-8 (il-8). the gene has two alternatively spliced transcripts encoding 114 and 111 amino acids, respectivel ...200515450753
determination of the bacterial pathogen edwardsiella tarda in fish species by capillary electrophoresis with blue light-emitting diode-induced fluorescence.high-performance capillary electrophoresis (hpce) has been applied to the identification, separation, and quantitation of intact bacteria. we demonstrate that a pathogen (edwardsiella tarda) which causes systemic infection in commercially important fish species can be rapidly identified and determined (< 10 min) after direct injection into fish fluid by ce blue light-emitting diode (led)-induced fluorescence. syto 13 (488 nm/509 nm), a cell-permeable green nucleic acid stain, was used to stain t ...200415472969
the immunomodulatory effects of tuftsin on the non-specific immune system of indian major carp, labeo rohita.the purpose of this study was to determine if injections of different dosages of tuftsin would enhance the immune response and disease resistance against the infections due to the opportunistic pathogens aeromonas hydrophila and edwardsiella tarda in labeo rohita fingerlings. hence, four different dosages of tuftsin in pbs suspension at the rate of 0, 5, 10, 15 mg kg(-1) body weight of fish were injected intraperitoneally to the fingerlings of l. rohita at 2-week intervals for four times. after ...200616293422
carriage by the housefly (musca domestica) of multiple-antibiotic-resistant bacteria that are potentially pathogenic to humans, in hospital and other urban environments in misurata, libya.using standard microbiological procedures, bacteria that are potentially pathogenic to humans were isolated from 150 houseflies collected in the libyan city of misurata (50 flies each from the central hospital, streets and abattoir). salmonella spp., yersinia enterocolitica and edwardsiella tarda were isolated from flies collected on the streets and in the abattoir but not from those collected in the hospital. shigella sonnei was detected in just one fly, which was collected in the abattoir. of ...200516297293
a novel 'skinny pot-belly' disease in asian seabass fry, lates calcarifer (bloch). 200415575881
polymicrobial bacteremia caused by escherichia coli, edwardsiella tarda, and shewanella putrefaciens.edwardsiella tarda, a member of enterobacteriaceae, is found in freshwater and marine environments and in animals living in these environments. this bacterium is primarily associated with gastrointestinal diseases, and has been isolated from stool specimens obtained from persons with or without clinical infectious diseases. shewanella putrefaciens, a saprophytic gram-negative rod, is rarely responsible for clinical syndromes in humans. debilitated status and exposure to aquatic environments are ...200415605912
warmwater fish vaccinology in catfish production.the ability of the fish industry to provide a continuous supply of fish protein depends on both proper biosecurity and strategies to significantly reduce the risk of infectious diseases. vaccination is a safe and effective means to prevent disease and to increase the productivity and profitability of farmed fish. vaccines are likely to be the prime prophylactic measure of the future because of rapidly developing advances in fish vaccine technology and producer acceptance. the efficacy of a vacci ...200415984345
pathogenesis and inflammatory response to edwardsiella tarda infection in the zebrafish.the zebrafish (danio rerio) is a widely used model for developmental biology, neurobiology, toxicology, and genetic disease. recently, the zebrafish has been recognized as a valuable model for infectious disease and immunity. in this study the pathogenesis and inflammatory cytokine response of zebrafish to experimental edwardsiella tarda infection was characterized. in challenge experiments, zebrafish embryos were susceptible to infection by immersion. adult fish were susceptible to challenge by ...200415752547
molecular cloning of the gyra gene and characterization of its mutation in clinical isolates of quinolone-resistant edwardsiella tarda.knowing the entire sequence of the gene encoding the dna gyrase subunit a (gyra) of edwardsiella tarda could be very useful for confirming the role of gyra in quinolone resistance. degenerate primers for the amplification of gyra were designed from consensus nucleotide sequences of gyra from 9 different gram-negative bacteria, including escherichia coli. with these primers, dna segments of the predicted size were amplified from the genomic dna of e. tarda and then the flanking sequences were det ...200516408842
edwardsiella tarda as a cause of postdysenteric ulcerative colitis. 200615772809
pathology of edwardsiella tarda infection in turbot, scophthalmus maximus (l.).macroscopic and histopathological changes in cultured turbot, scophthalmus maximus (l.), in spain caused by infection with edwardsiella tarda are described. eye tumefaction, inflammation, haemorrhages, ascites and the presence of a purulent fluid were the main macroscopic lesions observed. histopathological lesions were found in the kidney, spleen and liver. in the kidney and spleen these were characterized by a severe apostematous inflammatory reaction, with a large number of abscesses. the liv ...200616436119
occurrence of foodborne pathogenic bacteria in retail prepackaged portions of marine fish in spain.to survey the presence of indigenous and nonindigenous foodborne bacterial pathogens in displayed prepacked portions of fresh marine fish.200616478492
functional characterization of full-length tlr3, irak-4, and traf6 in zebrafish (danio rerio).recently, the zebrafish, danio rerio, has been recognized as a useful model for infectious disease and immunity. the toll-like receptor (tlr) family is an evolutionarily conserved component of the innate immune system that responds to specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) during an infection. this study reports the identification and characterization of a full-length orthologue of mammalian tlr3, and the key tlr pathway signaling molecules irak-4 and traf6 in the zebrafish. seq ...200515829296
important unusual infections in australia: a critical care perspective.to review a number of the important unusual infections in australia that can lead to critical illness.200116573516
immunofluorescent test for simultaneous detection of edwardsiella ictaluri and flavobacterium columnare.enteric septicemia of catfish (esc) and columnaris disease are 2 bacterial diseases significantly affecting the aquaculture industry, and thus rapid diagnosis of disease is imperative for making judicious management decisions. a rapid indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) test with antibody conjugated fluorochromes having 2 different spectral properties (alexa fluor 488-emitting green fluorescence, and alexa fluor 594-emitting red fluorescence) was compared with bacteriological culture (accepted s ...200616610585
effects of cortisol and stress on channel catfish (ictalurus punctatus) pathogen susceptibility and lysozyme activity following exposure to edwardsiella ictaluri.periods of stress are often associated with disease outbreaks in cultured fish, and stress is often characterized by the secretion of cortisol. although stress and cortisol secretion are highly correlated in fish, the role of cortisol in affecting channel catfish (ictalurus punctatus) pathogen susceptibility is unclear. the effects of short-term stress and exogenous cortisol administration on channel catfish susceptibility to edwardsiella ictaluri, the etiologic agent of enteric septicemia of ca ...200515862571
the structure of the antigenic o-polysaccharide of the lipopolysaccharide of edwardsiella ictaluri strain mt104.the structural characterization of the antigenic o-polysaccharide component of the lipopolysaccharide produced by the fish pathogenic bacterium edwardsiella ictaluri mt104 was undertaken by the application of nmr spectroscopy and chemical analysis. the o-chain was found to be a linear polymer of a repeating tetrasaccharide unit composed of d-glucose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-galactose, and d-galactose in a 1:2:1 ratio having the structure: [carbohydrate structure]; see text.200515882848
extraintestinal manifestations of edwardsiella tarda infection.summary edwardsiella tarda, a member of the family enterobacteriaceae, is a rare human pathogen. gastroenteritis is the most frequently reported manifestation of e. tarda infection. in contrast, extraintestinal infection with e. tarda has rarely been reported. this study made a retrospective case and microbiological data review of patients with extraintestinal e. tarda infections to further understand this disease. this study retrospectively reviewed the charts of all isolates of e. tarda cultur ...200516033613
biofilm formation in an ice cream plant.the sites of biofilm formation in an ice cream plant were investigated by sampling both the production line and the environment. experiments were carried out twice within a 20-day period. first, stainless steel coupons were fixed to surfaces adjacent to food contact surfaces, the floor drains and the doormat. they were taken for the analysis of biofilm at three different production stages. then, biofilm forming bacteria were enumerated and also presence of listeria monocytogenes was monitored. b ...200616779628
genetic loci of major antigenic protein genes of edwardsiella tarda.seven antigenic proteins of edwardsiella tarda were identified by using a rabbit polyclonal antiserum. four of these proteins also reacted with a japanese flounder antiserum. the amino acid sequences had identity to lipoproteins, periplasmic proteins, and exported and secreted proteins with roles in transport of metabolites across the cell membrane, stress response, and motility. these genes and their products are useful for developing dna or recombinant subunit vaccines to control edwardsiellos ...200516151172
evaluation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for rapid detection of channel catfish ictalurus punctatus important bacterial pathogen edwardsiella ictaluri.channel catfish ictalurus punctatus infected with edwardsiella ictaluri results in 40--50 million dollars annual losses in profits to catfish producers. early detection of this pathogen is necessary for disease control and reduction of economic loss. in this communication, the loop-mediated isothermal amplification method (lamp) that amplifies dna with high specificity and rapidity at an isothermal condition was evaluated for rapid detection of e. ictaluri. a set of four primers, two outer and t ...200516157211
protective effects and mechanisms of a probiotic bacterium lactobacillus rhamnosus against experimental edwardsiella tarda infection in tilapia (oreochromis niloticus).in recent years, probiotics, especially lactic acid bacteria, have been used as dietary supplements to protect fish from various infections. here, we examined the protective effects of lactobacillus rhamnosus against experimental edwardsiella tarda infection in tilapia (oreochromis niloticus). cumulative mortality was significantly lower in probiotic-supplemented fish than in control fish. in a histopathological survey, pyogranulomatous responses were observed at an earlier stage and to a greate ...200616870266
effect of climate on the bacteriology of chronic suppurative otitis media.we evaluated the correlation between the microbial content of chronic suppurative otitis media (csom) and regional climatic parameters.200516190100
characterization and expression analysis of bactericidal permeability-increasing protein (bpi) antimicrobial peptide gene from channel catfish ictalurus punctatus.antimicrobial peptides are important components of host defenses against microbial invasions. bactericidal permeability-increasing protein (bpi) is an antimicrobial peptide belonging to the lipid transfer/lps-binding protein family. it serves important roles in defending against gram-negative bacteria in the innate immune system. here we report cloning of complete bpi cdna from channel catfish (ictalurus punctatus) by 5' race after obtaining the partial bpi cdna sequence from est analysis. the c ...200515896843
response of toll-like receptors, lysozyme, and igf-i in back-cross hybrid (f1 male (blue x channel) x female channel) catfish challenged with virulent edwardsiella ictaluri.responses of toll-like receptors (tlr3 and tlr5), lysozyme, and insulin-like growth factor-i (igf-i) to experimental challenge with virulent edwardsiella ictaluri were measured in back-cross hybrid (f1 male (blue x channel) x female channel) catfish. the resistance levels to e. ictaluri and host response mechanisms of back-cross hybrids are unknown. fish were challenged with virulent e. ictaluri and sampled pre-challenge, 2 h and 2, 5, 8, 14, and 21 days post-challenge. levels of mrna expression ...200615905103
identification and characterization of a two-component hemolysin from edwardsiella ictaluri.the channel catfish pathogen edwardsiella ictaluri possesses hemolysin activity, and strains that are adapted for growth in fish tend to have greater hemolysin activity than strains that are adapted for in vitro growth conditions. to investigate its potential role in virulence, an isogenic hemolysin mutant strain of e. ictaluri r4383 was constructed by transposon mutagenesis. sequencing of the chromosomal insertion site identified two genes, designated eiha and eihb, that encode proteins with ho ...200515923091
catfish hepcidin gene is expressed in a wide range of tissues and exhibits tissue-specific upregulation after bacterial infection.antimicrobial peptides (amps) are important components of the host innate immune response against microbial invasion. the cysteine-rich amps such as defensin and hepcidin have been extensively studied from various organisms, but their role in disease defense in catfish is unknown. as a first step, we sequenced a hepcidin cdna from both channel catfish and blue catfish, and characterized the channel catfish hepcidin gene. the channel catfish hepcidin gene consists of two introns and three exons t ...200515935472
constitutive expression of three novel catfish cxc chemokines: homeostatic chemokines in teleost fish.chemokines are best known for their vital role in leukocyte chemotaxis, as part of the larger inflammatory response. expression analysis and functional characterization of chemokines in mammalian species have often overlooked the role of these proteins under homeostatic conditions. recent investigations of chemokine diversity in teleost fish have also centered on the immune-related functions of chemotactic cytokines, such as cxcl8 and cxcl10. while a disease-based approach to chemokines is essen ...200515950731
regulation of a type iii and a putative secretion system in edwardsiella tarda by esrc is under the control of a two-component system, esra-esrb.edwardsiella tarda is a gram-negative enteric pathogen that causes hemorrhagic septicemia in fish and gastro- and extraintestinal infections in humans. a type iii secretion system (ttss) and a putative secretion system (evp) have been found to play important roles in e. tarda pathogenesis. our previous studies suggested that the ttss and evp gene clusters were regulated by a two-component system of esra-esrb. in the present study, we characterized another regulator, esrc, which showed significan ...200515972502
a conserved 37 kda outer membrane protein of edwardsiella tarda is an effective vaccine candidate.an effective vaccine against edwardsiella tarda has not been reported, one of main reasons is the variation in its serotypes. this study aimed to develop an effective vaccine against different serotypes of e. tarda. a conserved 37 kda outer membrane protein (omp) of e. tarda was obtained by sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page). it showed comprising several proteins by two-dimensional (2d) page analysis and showed a high similarity to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate d ...200415308366
identification of quorum-sensing signal molecules and the luxri homologs in fish pathogen edwardsiella tarda.edwardsiella tarda is a gram-negative bacterium that causes septicaemia in fish and serious damage to the aquaculture industry. the virulence factors of this pathogen and control mechanisms of the expression of virulence genes have not yet been clearly elucidated. a number of gram-negative pathogenic bacteria have a quorum-sensing system. these bacteria produce n-acyl-l-homoserine lactone (ahl) that they use them as a quorum-sensing signal molecule. in this study, we found that e. tarda isolated ...200416233705
bacterial enteritis and the development of the larval digestive tract in olive flounder, paralichthys olivaceus (temminck & schlegel).three bacterial isolates obtained from diseased olive flounder larvae, paralichthys olivaceus, were identified as vibrio ichthyoenteri based on the results of phenotypic characterization and 16s rrna gene sequencing studies. bacterial enteritis was reproduced in 16 and 22 days post-hatch (dph) larvae by administering brine shrimp nauplii, artemia salina, dosed with the environmental isolates and reference strains of v. ichthyoenteri. to investigate the effect of the disease on development of the ...200415357708
genomic organization, gene duplication, and expression analysis of interleukin-1beta in channel catfish (ictalurus punctatus).interleukin-1beta (il-1beta) is one of the pivotal early response pro-inflammatory cytokines that enables organisms to respond to infection and induces a cascade of reactions leading to inflammation. in spite of its importance and two decades of studies in the mammalian species, genes encoding il-1beta were not identified from non-mammalian species until recently. recent research, particularly with genomic approaches, has led to sequencing of il-1beta from many species. clinical studies also sug ...200616280165
loop-mediated isothermal amplification: an emerging technology for detection of fish and shellfish pathogens.fish and shellfish diseases are a constant threat to the sustainability and economic viability of aquaculture. early diagnosis plays a vital role in management of fish and shellfish diseases. traditionally, various biochemical and serological tests have been used for fish disease diagnosis. however, the time and expertise required for such diagnoses makes it difficult for aquaculturists to easily adopt them under production conditions. polymerase chain reaction and probe-based nucleic acid detec ...200516302951
a thermostable variant of fructose bisphosphate aldolase constructed by directed evolution also shows increased stability in organic solvents.thermostable variants of the class ii fructose bisphosphate aldolase have been isolated following four rounds of directed evolution using dna shuffling of the fda genes from escherichia coli and edwardsiella ictaluri. variants from all four generations of evolution have been purified and characterized. the variants show increased thermostability with no loss of catalytic function at room temperature. the temperature at which 50% of the initial enzyme activity is lost after incubation for 10 min ...200415531627
structural characterization of the o-polysaccharide antigen of edwardsiella tarda mt 108.edwardsiella tarda, a gram-negative bacterium, is an important cause of hemorrhagic septicemia in fish and also of gastro- and extraintestinal infections in humans. the lipopolysaccharide produced by the fish pathogenic strain e. tarda mt 108 was isolated and the structure of its antigenic o-polysaccharide component determined by the application of chemical analyses, high-resolution 1d and 2d nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. the polysaccharide was found to be a pol ...200515620670
probiotic properties of lactobacillus and bifidobacterium strains isolated from porcine gastrointestinal tract.one strain of lactobacillus salivarius, two strains of lactobacillus reuteri and lactobacillus amylovorus, and two strains of bifidobacterium thermacidophilum with antagonistic effect against clostridium perfringens were isolated from porcine gastrointestinal tract. isolates were assayed for their ability to survive in synthetic gastric juice at ph 2.5 and were examined for their ability to grow on agar plate containing porcine bile extract. there was a large variation in the survival of the iso ...200717136367
catfish cc chemokines: genomic clustering, duplications, and expression after bacterial infection with edwardsiella ictaluri.chemokines are a family of structurally related chemotactic cytokines that regulate the migration of leukocytes, under both physiological and inflammatory conditions. cc chemokines represent the largest subfamily of chemokines with 28 genes in mammals. sequence conservation of chemokines between teleost fish and higher vertebrates is low and duplication and divergence may have occurred at a significantly faster rate than in other genes. one feature of cc chemokine genes known to be conserved is ...200616341548
identification and characterization of a myeloid differentiation factor 88 (myd88) cdna and gene in japanese flounder, paralichthys olivaceus.the interleukin-1 receptor/toll-like receptor (il-1r/tlr) superfamily signaling involves myeloid differentiation factor 88 (myd88) that acts as an important adapter protein. a japanese flounder (paralichthys olivaceus) myd88 (jfmyd88) cdna and gene were cloned, and found to have lengths of 1.5 and 3.01 kb, respectively. the orf encodes 285 amino acids that contain a death domain and a toll/il-1 receptor domain. the gene is composed of 5 exons and 4 introns. the jfmyd88 gene is highly expressed i ...200616412507
development of a defined minimal medium for the growth of edwardsiella ictaluri.in this report, a complete defined medium and a minimally defined medium are described for edwardsiella ictaluri. the complete defined medium consists of 46 individual components, including a basal salt solution, glucose, magnesium sulfate, iron sulfate, six trace metals, four nucleotides, 10 vitamins, and 19 amino acids. this medium supports growth in broth and on solid media. optimal growth at 30(deg)c was obtained at ph 7.0, and at an osmolality of 390 mosmol/kg of h(inf2)o, with a glucose co ...199616535274
a case of empyema caused by edwardsiella tarda.in december 2003, a 57-year-old-man was diagnosed as having a hepatic tumor for which he had a hepatectomy. on pathology, the hepatic tumor biopsy specimen was diagnosed as malignant lymphoma. in february 2005, the patient was referred to our hospital because of fever and chest pain. a right pleural effusion was seen on chest x-ray. microscopic examination of the stained pleural fluid revealed many neutrophils and gram-negative rods, and edwardsiella tarda was cultured from the pleural effusion ...200616620999
serum antibody response of indian major carp, labeo rohita to three species of pathogenic bacteria; aeromonas hydrophila, edwardsiella tarda and pseudomonas fluorescens.the immune response to mixed whole cell antigens of aeromonas hydrophila, edwardsiella tarda and pseudomonas fluorescens, the common gram negative bacterial pathogens associated with diseases of indian major carps were evaluated for their efficacy in triggering antibody responses in rohu, labeo rohita (ham.). the rohu yearlings were either immunized with antigens from single bacterial strain, a. hydrophila, e. tarda and p. fluorescens or a combination of all three. an antibody response was detec ...200717383016
liver abscess caused by edwardsiella tarda biogroup 1 and identification of its epidemiological triad by ribotyping.two clinical isolates and an environmental isolate of edwardsiella tarda biogroup 1 (etb1), recovered from liver pus, the stool specimen and from the pond water of the village of the patient, diagnosed to have liver abscess, were found to be identical by protein fingerprinting and ribotyping. it can be construed that the pond water served as the source of infection. the epidemiological triad of the agent (etb1), host (the patient) and environment (pond water) was thus established. this is the fi ...200616687868
effect of dietary supplementation of probiotic and vitamin c on the immune response of indian major carp, labeo rohita (ham.).the immunostimulatory effect of probiotics and vitamin c has been established in many systems including fish. an investigation was carried out to study the effect of dietary supplementation of a probiotic bacterium "bacillus subtilis", vitamin c in the form of ascorbyl polyphosphate and their combination on the immune response of indian major carp, rohu, (labeo rohita ham.) fingerlings fed for a period of 60 days. the total serum protein and globulin content was significantly higher (p<0.05) in ...200717434319
identification and characterization of an intervening sequence within the 23s ribosomal rna genes of edwardsiella ictaluri.comparison of the 23s rrna gene sequences of edwardsiella tarda and edw. ictaluri confirmed a close phylogenetic relationship between these two fish pathogen species and a distant relation with the 'core' members of the enterobacteriaceae family. analysis of the rrl gene for 23s rrna in edw. ictaluri revealed the presence of an intervening sequence (ivs) in helix-45. this new 98bp ivs shared 97% nucleotide identity with salmonella typhimurium helix-45 ivs. edw. ictaluri helix-45 ivs was present ...200716697134
multiplex-pcr for simultaneous detection of 3 bacterial fish pathogens, flavobacterium columnare, edwardsiella ictaluri, and aeromonas hydrophila.a multiplex pcr (m-pcr) method was developed for simultaneous detection of 3 important fish pathogens in warm water aquaculture. the m-pcr to amplify target dna fragments from flavobacterium columnare (504 bp), edwardsiella ictaluri (407 bp) and aeromonas hydrophila (209 bp) was optimized by adjustment of reaction buffers and a touchdown protocol. the lower detection limit for each of the 3 bacteria was 20 pg of nucleic acid template from each bacteria per m-pcr reaction mixture. the sensitivity ...200717465305
transgenic zebrafish expressing chicken lysozyme show resistance against bacterial diseases.we established a transgenic zebrafish strain expressing chicken lysozyme gene under the control of the japanese flounder keratin gene promoter, and investigated its resistance to a pathogenic bacterial infection. to generate the lysozyme transgenic construct, japanese flounder keratin promoter was linked to both the hen egg white (hew) lyoszyme gene and green fluorescence protein (gfp) gene used as a selection marker for the transgenic strains, in a recombinant plasmid. the recombinant plasmid w ...200616779653
development of bioluminescent edwardsiella ictaluri for noninvasive disease monitoring.edwardsiella ictaluri is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes enteric septicemia of catfish (esc). in this study, we aimed to develop bioluminescent e. ictaluri that can be monitored by noninvasive bioluminescence imaging (bli). to accomplish this, the luxcdabe operon of photorhabdus luminescens was cloned downstream of the lacz promoter in the broad host range plasmid pbbr1mcs4. edwardsiella ictaluri strain 93-146 transformed with the new plasmid, paklux1, was highly bioluminescent ...200616842347
mortality and pathology in brown bullheads amieurus nebulosus associated with a spontaneous edwardsiella ictaluri outbreak under tank culture conditions.brown bullheads amieurus nebulosus (family ictaluridae) are commonly used as a sentinel of environmental contamination. these fish are not generally cultured under laboratory conditions and little is known about their disease susceptibility. here we report an outbreak of disease due to edwardsiella ictaluri in a laboratory population of tank-reared, wild-caught brown bullheads. the isolate was positively identified as e. ictaluri using standard bacteriological substrate utilization tests and a m ...200616903233
unraveling edwardsiella tarda pathogenesis using the proteomics approach. 200616929682
characterization of edwardsiella tarda strains isolated from turbot, psetta maxima (l.).the biochemical, serological and molecular characteristics of a group of 21 edwardsiella tarda strains isolated from turbot, psetta maxima, in two different areas of europe were analysed and compared with a total of 13 strains of this bacterial species with different geographical and host origins. all the turbot isolates were biochemically identical to the e. tarda strains included as reference. the use of different techniques including microagglutination, dot blot and western blot of lipopolysa ...200616948704
toll-like receptor 3 and ticam genes in catfish: species-specific expression profiles following infection with edwardsiella ictaluri.toll-like receptors (tlrs) are a family of transmembrane proteins that recognize specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns and use conserved signaling pathways to activate proinflammatory cytokines and type-1 interferons to fight infection. tlr3 in mammals is best known for its recognition of dsrna as ligand and its myd88-independent signaling. tlr3, upon recognition of dsrna, recruits and binds its adaptor protein tir domain-containing adapter molecule (ticam) 1. here we report the genomi ...200616969679
pathogenicity of edwardsiella tarda to olive flounder, paralichthys olivaceus (temminck & schlegel).the ld50 and cytotoxic and enzymatic activities of both cells and extracellular products (ecps) of eight edwardsiella tarda strains were determined and their bacterial superoxide dismutase gene (sodb) and catalase gene (katb) were sequenced. strains were also examined for their ability to resist the immune responses of olive flounder, paralichthys olivaceus. ld50 values of strains (fsw910410, ke1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) in olive flounder ranged between 10(2.5) and 10(5.3) cfu (colony forming units) p ...200617026669
susceptibility of channel catfish, ictalurus punctatus (rafinesque), to edwardsiella ictaluri challenge following copper sulphate exposure.channel catfish, ictalurus punctatus (rafinesque), with or without a preliminary 24 h exposure to 2 mg copper sulphate l(-1), were challenged with 7.5 x 10(6) colony forming units l(-1) of edwardsiella ictaluri to determine the effect of copper sulphate on disease resistance. catfish previously exposed to copper sulphate were significantly more resistant to the bacterial challenge than those not exposed. catfish not exposed to copper sulphate suffered 35.5% mortality while catfish exposed to cop ...200717850574
effects of gh on immune and endocrine responses of channel catfish challenged with edwardsiella ictaluri.the effects of gh on immune and endocrine responses to channel catfish challenged with the bacterium edwardsiella ictaluri were examined. catfish (11.7+/-1.0 g) treated with recombinant bovine growth hormone (rbgh) and challenged with e. ictaluri experienced similar mortality as control-exposed fish. plasma activity of lysozyme was higher (p<0.01) in rbgh-exposed fish. compared to day 0 controls (non-exposed fish), igf-i levels decreased (p<0.05) in challenged fish while levels were similar (p>0 ...200717030140
lymphoid apoptosis in edwardsiella tarda septicemia in tilapia, oreochromis niloticus.the present study revealed a relationship between the kinetic change of apoptosis and the inflammatory response during experimental intraperitoneal infection with edwardsiella tarda as a septicemic model. the morphological changes of apoptotic cells including cellular shrinkage, condensed nuclear chromatin, nuclear fragmentation and membrane blebbing were detected by light and transmission electron microscopy. tunel and agarose gel electrophoresis confirmed the fragmentation of dna in the apopto ...200717046284
gene expression of leucocytes in vaccinated japanese flounder (paralichthys olivaceus) during the course of experimental infection with edwardsiella tarda.in this paper, we focused on the detection of differentially expressed genes in peripheral blood leucocytes (pbl) during the course of edwardsiella tarda infection in vaccinated and non-vaccinated japanese flounder (paralichthys olivaceus). cdna microarray analysis was performed to compare the gene expression patterns of the pbl between the vaccinated and non-vaccinated fish in response to e. tarda inoculation. fish were vaccinated twice, at a two-week interval and experimentally challenged with ...200717049272
intracellular replication of edwardsiella tarda in murine macrophage is dependent on the type iii secretion system and induces an up-regulation of anti-apoptotic nf-kappab target genes protecting the macrophage from staurosporine-induced apoptosis.edwardsiella tarda is a pathogen with a broad host range that infects both animals and humans. resistance to phagocytic killing may be involved in the pathogenicity of this bacterium. here we show that intracellular replication of e. tarda in murine macrophages is dependent on the type iii secretion system and induces an anti-apoptotic effect by up-regulating anti-apoptotic nf-kappab target genes. the wild-type strain replicates within the phagosomal membrane of macrophages; whereas the type iii ...200617049431
immunization of eyed channel catfish, ictalurus punctatus, eggs with monovalent flavobacterium columnare vaccine and bivalent f. columnare and edwardsiella ictaluri vaccine.the efficacy of a modified live monovalent flavobacterium columnare vaccine and bivalent f. columnare and edwardsiella ictaluri vaccines were evaluated following immersion vaccination of eyed channel catfish (ictalurus punctatus) eggs. the modified live f. columnare vaccine was grown in modified shieh broth and administered at 1.35 x 10(7) cfu/ml for 15 min exposure (1l water). booster immunization was conducted at day 34 with 2.17 x 10(7) cfu/ml for 15 min. bivalent vaccines consisted of a 1:1 ...200717050050
genotyping of edwardsiella tarda isolated from freshwater fish culture system.the applicability of pcr-rflp of 16s rdna and conventional phenotypic methods for differentiation of edwardsiella tarda associated in freshwater fish culture system was studied. in this study, by conventional biochemical tests and antibiotic resistant patterns 2 and 14 groups were obtained. but these methods failed to discriminate the isolates habitat wise. however, pcr-rflp of 16s rdna was found to be specific to detect habitat-specific isolates. all the fish isolates belonging to particular ge ...200717113645
structural characterisation and expression analysis of toll-like receptor 2 gene from catfish.toll-like receptors (tlrs) are important components of innate immunity. they were found to recognise specific structures on pathogens termed pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) and utilise conserved signaling pathways to activate pro-inflammatory cytokines and type-1 interferons. in spite of much understanding gained from the mammalian systems, many fish tlrs are unknown. recent studies in japanese flounder as well as in zebrafish suggested that the ligand binding and activation of in ...200717116407
molecular cloning and characterization of toll-like receptor 9 in japanese flounder, paralichthys olivaceus.toll-like receptor (tlr) 9 cdna and gene were cloned from japanese flounder, paralichthys olivaceus. the japanese flounder tlr9 cdna encodes 1065 amino acids. the leucine-rich domain (lrd) and the toll/interleukin-1 receptor (tir) domain found in other vertebrate tlr9s were conserved in japanese flounder tlr9. the gene is composed of three exons and two introns. the japanese flounder tumor necrosis factor (tnf) gene promoter was activated in japanese flounder tlr9-transformed hirame natural embr ...200717118454
the catfish liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (leap-2) gene is expressed in a wide range of tissues and developmentally regulated.antimicrobial peptides (amps) are important components of the host's innate immune response against microbial invasion. the cysteine-rich amps such as defensin and hepcidin have been extensively studied, but the recently identified cysteine-rich liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (leap-2) has been characterized from only a few organisms. here we cloned and sequenced the leap-2 cdnas from both channel catfish and blue catfish. the leap-2 gene from channel catfish was also sequenced and chara ...200616310050
fate of fluorescent microspheres in developing ictalurus punctatus following prolonged immersion.particulate antigen uptake by the mucosa of developing channel catfish was determined by immersing larvae and fry [2-day post-hatch (dph), 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 8-week post-hatch (wph)] to two forms of fluorescent microspheres (fms): blue fms were carboxylated, and green fms were coated via conjugation with a crude extract of edwardsiella ictaluri outer membrane protein (omp). phagocytosis, destination, and clearance appeared similar for the two types of fms used. in the older age classes, primary ...200616326113
improvement of aquaculture wastewater using chitosan of different degrees of deacetylation.removal of organic compounds and inorganic nutrients from aquaculture wastewaters prior to discharge can not only minimize deterioration of receiving water quality, but it could also be further reused to culture prawn, fish and shellfish. chitosan can be used as a coagulant, adsorbent, or bactericide; therefore it has been used to improve aquaculture wastewater quality as it could remove suspended solids (ss), organic compounds, nh3, po43-, and pathogens. the best performance of chitosan in remo ...200617203601
purification and characterisation of a natural lectin from the serum of the shrimp litopenaeus vannamei.a natural lectin from the serum of the shrimp litopenaeus vannamei was purified to homogeneity by a single-step affinity chromatography using fetuin-coupled agarose. the purified serum lectin (named lvl) showed a strong affinity for human a/b/o erythrocytes (rbc), mouse rbc, chicken rbc and its haemagglutinating (ha) activity was specifically dependent on ca2+ and reversibly sensitive to edta. lvl inactive form had a molecular mass estimate of 172 kda and was composed of two non-identical subuni ...200717239614
occurrence of edwardsiella tarda in wild european eels anguilla anguilla from mediterranean spain.pure cultures of edwarsiella tarda were isolated from body ulcers and internal organs of wild european eels caught in a mediterranean freshwater coastal lagoon (albufera lake, valencia, spain) over a 1 yr period. overall, the e. tarda isolation rate from wild eels was 9%, but this increased to 22.8% in diseased individuals. all 22 e. tarda isolates belonged to the 'wild-type' biogroup of the species and were virulent for eels (lethal dose that kills 50% of exposed individuals [ld50 dose]: 10(4.8 ...200617240756
isolation of an unusual strain of edwardsiella tarda from turbot and establish a pcr detection technique with the gyrb gene.the aim of this study was to report an unusual edwardsiella tarda and develop an effective method to identify this bacterium.200818341558
the macrophage chemotactic activity of edwardsiella tarda extracellular products.the chemoattractant capabilities of edwardsiella tarda extracellular products (ecp) were investigated from two isolates, the virulent fl6-60 parent and less virulent ret-04 mutant. chemotaxis and chemokinesis were assayed in vitro using blind well chambers with peritoneal macrophages obtained from nile tilapia, oreochromis niloticus, 5 days following squalene injection. non-purified ecp derived from both isolates stimulated predominantly chemokinetic migration of macrophages. additionally, the e ...200818355182
transferable, multiple antibiotic and mercury resistance in atlantic canadian isolates of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is associated with carriage of an inca/c plasmid similar to the salmonella enterica plasmid psn254.the aim of this study was to examine the molecular basis for multiple antibiotic and mercury resistance in canadian isolates of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida.200818375380
transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder in a beluga whale (delphinapterus leucas).a transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder was found in a beluga whale stranded in the st. lawrence middle estuary. various organs of this animal were submitted to high resolution gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry analysis. high frequency of urinary bladder cancer in the human population of the same area and the presence of carcinogenic compounds in the marine environment of this animal are discussed.concurrent isolation of edwardsiella tarda from various organs of this ...198517422578
expression analysis of the acute phase response in channel catfish (ictalurus punctatus) after infection with a gram-negative bacterium.the acute phase response (apr) is a set of metabolic and physiological reactions occurring in the host in response to tissue infection or injury and is a crucial component of the larger innate immune response. the apr is best characterized by dramatic changes in the concentration of a group of plasma proteins known as acute phase proteins (apps) which are synthesized in the liver and function in a wide range of immunity-related activities. utilizing a new high-density in situ oligonucleotide mic ...200717449095
construction and characterization of a live, attenuated esrb mutant of edwardsiella tarda and its potential as a vaccine against the haemorrhagic septicaemia in turbot, scophthamus maximus (l.).the esrb gene of edwardsiella tarda, which encodes a regulator protein of the type iii secretion system, was mutated by the unmarked deletion method and reintroduced by allelic exchange into the chromosome of e. tarda lse40 by means of the suicide vector pre112. the lse40 esrb mutant was highly attenuated when inoculated intraperitoneally into turbot scophthamus maximus l., showing a 50% lethal dose of 10(8.1)cfu/fish. the esrb mutants were not recoverable from the internal organs at 14 days pos ...200717478097
escc is a chaperone for the edwardsiella tarda type iii secretion system putative translocon components eseb and esed.edwardsiella tarda is a gram-negative enteric pathogen that causes disease in both humans and animals. recently, a type iii secretion system (t3ss) has been found to contribute to ed. tarda pathogenesis. eseb, esec and esed were shown to be secreted by the t3ss and to be the major components of the extracellular proteins (ecps). based on sequence similarity, they have been proposed to function as the 'translocon' of the t3ss needle structure. in this study, it was shown that eseb, esec and esed ...200717526852
chemical investigation of finlaysonia obovata: part i--a rare triterpene acid showing antibacterial activity against fish pathogens.the antibacterial screening of extracts of the leaves of finlaysonia obovata with hexane, chloroform and alcohol was carried out against fresh water fish pathogenic bacteria viz., micrococcus sp. (multidrug resistant strain), aeromonas hydrophila, pseudomonas aeruginosa, vibrio alginolyticus, staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, edwardsiella tarda by disc-assay method. the hexane and chloroform extracts were found active against four and five pathogens, respectively. the highly active chloro ...200818569719
identification of a novel c-type lectin gene in japanese flounder, paralichthys olivaceus.a novel c-type lectin of japanese flounder (jfctl) was identified among japanese flounder liver est. of 2083 of japanese flounder liver ests in the genbank database, 48 were identical to jfctl, suggesting that jfctl is abundantly produced in liver. jfctl cdna contains an open reading frame of 642 bp encoding 214 amino acids. a c-type lectin domain was conserved in the deduced amino acid sequence. the protein showed homology to transmembrane-type c-type lectin receptors rather than the soluble c- ...200717596963
microarray analysis of gene expression in the blue catfish liver reveals early activation of the mhc class i pathway after infection with edwardsiella ictaluri.the acute nature of disease outbreaks in aquaculture settings has served to emphasize the importance of the innate immune response of fish for survival and led to the recent identification and characterization of many of its components. catfish, the predominant aquaculture species in the united states, is an important model for the study of the teleost immune system. however, transcriptomic-level studies of disease-related gene expression in catfish have only recently been initiated, and underst ...200817599411
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of edwardsiella tarda has protective antigenicity against vibrio anguillarum in japanese flounder.edwardsiella tarda glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) may be an effective vaccine candidate against infection by e. tarda in japanese flounder paralichthys olivaceus. the gapdh of e. tarda is highly homologous to that of vibrio cholerae (91%), and therefore e. tarda gapdh may have protective antigenicity against vibrio species. in this study, we immunized japanese flounder with gapdh of e. tarda and infected the fish with v anguillarum. the result showed that gapdh prepared from e. ...200717629116
edwardsiella tarda septicemia with underlying multiple liver abscesses.edwardsiella tarda has recently been described as a member of the family enterobacteriaceae. the genus edwardsiella contains three species; e. hoshinae, e. ictaluri and e. tarda. edwardsiella tarda is the only species which has been recognised as pathogenic to humans, especially in those with an underlying disease. the most common presentation is watery diarrhoea. extra intestinal infections have been reported infrequently. humans seem to be infected or colonised with edwardsiella through ingest ...200617694959
base changes in the flic gene of edwardsiella tarda: possible effects on flagellation and motility.edwardsiella tarda is a broad host-range pathogen infecting both animals and humans. e. tarda isolates from red sea bream pagrus major are non-motile, whereas isolates from japanese eel anguilla japonica and japanese flounder paralichthys olivaceus are motile with peritrichous flagella. we compared the flic gene coding for flagellin (flic) in motile and non-motile e. tarda strains isolated from diseased fish. twenty-two amino acid residues differed in the predicted flic amino acid sequences betw ...200717760384
production of monoclonal antibodies specific to major outer membrane protein of edwardsiella tarda.edwardsiella tarda is an important cause for hemorrhagic septicemia in fish and gastro and extra-intestinal infections in humans. monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were produced against outer membrane proteins (omps) of e. tarda et-7, isolated from diseased snakehead (ophiocephalus punctatus). two stable hybridoma clones, designated as 3f10 and 2c3 mabs were found to be potentially specific for e. tarda by indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). these mabs recognized major immunogenic omp ...201018804863
comparative study of mannose-binding c-type lectin isolated from channel catfish (ictalurus punctatus) and blue catfish (ictalurus furcatus).mannose-binding c-type lectin (mbl) was isolated from channel catfish (ictalurus punctatus) nwac 102 and 103 strains, blue catfish (ictalurus furcatus) d+b and rio grande strains, hybrid catfish (channel catfish female nwac 103 x blue catfish male d+b) sera, and purified by affinity chromatography from channel catfish norris strain serum. reduction of purified channel catfish mbl with 2-me yielded a single band of 62 kda by sds-page and western blot analysis using guinea pig anti-mbl igg as prim ...200717950622
signature-tagged mutagenesis of edwardsiella ictaluri identifies virulence-related genes, including a salmonella pathogenicity island 2 class of type iii secretion systems.edwardsiella ictaluri is the leading cause of mortality in channel catfish culture, but little is known about its pathogenesis. the use of signature-tagged mutagenesis in a waterborne infection model resulted in the identification of 50 mutants that were unable to infect/survive in catfish. nineteen had minitransposon insertions in miscellaneous genes in the chromosome, 10 were in genes that matched to hypothetical proteins, and 13 were in genes that had no significant matches in the ncbi databa ...200717965213
influence of carp intestinal mucus molecular size and glycosylation on bacterial adhesion.the first step of the pathogenesis of many infectious diseases is the colonisation of the mucosal surface by the pathogen. bacterial colonisation of the mucosal surface is promoted by adherence to high molecular weight mucus glycoproteins. we examined the effect of carp intestinal mucus glycoproteins on the adhesion of different bacteria. the bacteria used were 3 strains of aeromonas hydrophila, and a. salmonicida, edwardsiella tarda and yersinia ruckeri. all bacteria adhered to mucus, but at va ...200818924378
dissection of a type vi secretion system in edwardsiella tarda.bacterial pathogens use different protein secretion systems to deliver virulence factors. recently, a novel secretion system was discovered in several gram-negative bacterial pathogens, and was designated as the type vi secretion system (t6ss). in edwardsiella tarda, a partial e. tardavirulent protein (evp) gene cluster was implicated in protein secretion. here, we identified the entire evp cluster as a t6ss and two additional secreted proteins (evpi, a homologue of vgrg, and evpp) were found. w ...200717986187
channel catfish hepcidin expression in infection and anemia.hepcidin, originally identified as a 25 amino acid antimicrobial peptide made in the liver, is a key regulator of iron balance and recycling in humans and mice. closely related hepcidin genes and peptides have also been identified in a number of fish species and in teleosts are thought to function as endogenous antibiotics involved in host defense against infection. here we report the transcriptional regulation of hepcidin expression by infection and anemia in the channel catfish. changes in hep ...200717126400
retention of virulence in a viable but nonculturable edwardsiella tarda isolate.edwardsiella tarda is pathogen of fish and other animals. the aim of this study was to investigate the viable but nonculturable (vbnc) state and virulence retention of this bacterium. edwardsiella tarda cw7 was cultured in sterilized aged seawater at 4 degrees c. total cell counts remained constant throughout the 28-day period by acridine orange direct counting, while plate counts declined to undetectable levels (<0.1 cfu/ml) within 28 days by plate counting. the direct viable counts, on the oth ...200717189433
channel catfish, ictalurus punctatus, cyclophilin a and b cdna characterization and expression analysis.the preliminary observation of up-regulation of cyclophilin transcripts during edwardsiella ictaluri infection prompted us to speculate on the potential importance of cyclophilins in the early stage of infection. to provide a framework for answering these questions, two cyclophilin cdna of channel catfish, ictalurus punctatus, were identified, sequenced and characterized. the complete nucleotide sequences of cyclophilin a and cyclophilin b cdna consisted of 1170 and 996 bases, respectively. anal ...200818001845
differences in mortality, growth, lysozyme, and toll-like receptor gene expression among genetic groups of catfish exposed to virulent edwardsiella ictaluri.survivorship to esc (enteric septicemia of catfish) varies among and within strains of commercially raised catfish, however the immunological basis for differences in susceptibility is not well-understood. we assessed the effect of pathogen challenge with edwardsiella ictaluri on five genetic groups of catfish by measuring both phenotypic response (mortality, pathogen levels, specific growth rate), and three measures of immune response, including lysozyme activity and mrna expression of two toll ...200818023209
the two channel catfish intelectin genes exhibit highly differential patterns of tissue expression and regulation after infection with edwardsiella ictaluri.intelectins (intl) are ca(2+)-dependent secretory glycoproteins that play a role in the innate immune response. the mammalian intl is also known as lactoferrin receptor (lfr) that is involved in iron metabolism. the objective of this study was to characterize the intelectin genes in both channel catfish and blue catfish, to determine their genomic organization and copy numbers, to determine their patterns of tissue expression, and to establish if they are involved in defense responses of catfish ...200818078992
gastroenteritis caused by edwardsiella tarda in a pediatric renal transplant recipient.edwardsiella tarda, a member of the family enterobacteriaceae, is a gram-negative bacillus that is most often pathogenic in aquatic environments. human infections with edwardsiella are rare, with most occurring in immunocompromised or immunosuppressed hosts. reported infections include meningitis, cholecystitis, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, soft tissue infections, bacteremia and septicemia, dysentery, and gastroenteritis. this report describes a case of e. tarda gastroenteritis in a renal transp ...200818086238
comparison of the responses of peritoneal macrophages from japanese flounder (paralichthys olivaceus) against high virulent and low virulent strains of edwardsiella tarda.in vivo infection studies in japanese flounder (paralichthys olivaceus) demonstrated that the number of viable cells of the virulent strain (nuf251) of edwardsiella tarda increased gradually in kidney and hepato-pancreas after intraperitoneal injection, but the low virulent strain (nuf194) did not. to gain insight into the virulence factors of e. tarda, in vitro responses of japanese flounder (p. olivaceus) peritoneal macrophages to these strains were compared in terms of phagocytosis, bacterici ...200818178102
evaluation of zebrafish danio rerio as a model for enteric septicemia of catfish (esc).zebrafish (also known as zebra danio) danio rerio were injected intramuscularly with edwardsiella ictaluri at doses of 6 x 10(3), 6 x 10(4), or 6 x 10(5) colony-forming units per gram (cfu/g) or sterile phosphate-buffered saline (sham) or were not injected. mortality occurred from 2 to 5 d postinjection (dpi) at rates of 0, 76.6, and 81.3% for the low, medium, and high doses, respectively, and e. ictaluri was isolated from dead fish. survivors were sampled at 10 dpi and e. ictaluri was not isola ...200718201056
edwardsiellosis in fish: a brief review.edwardsiellosis is one of the most important bacterial diseases in fish. scientific work on this disease started more than forty years ago and numerous workers around the world are continually adding to the knowledge of the disease. in spite of this, not a single article that reviews the enormous scientific data thus generated is available in the english language. this article briefly discusses some of the recent research on edwardsiellosis, describing the pathogen's interaction with the host an ...200718202458
characterization of the rrn operons in the channel catfish pathogen edwardsiella ictaluri.to advance diagnostics and phylogenetics of edwardsiella ictaluri by sequencing and characterizing its rrn operons.200818217940
phenotypic and genetic characterization of edwardsiella tarda isolated from pond sediments.the extent of genotypic and phenotypic diversity of edwardsiella tarda isolated from pond sediment was assessed by sds-page, plasmid profiling and eric-pcr. sds-page of whole cell protein extracts reveals 20-23 discrete bands with molecular wt of 14-110 kda. several bands with molecular weight range of 38-83 kda were present in all the isolates. numerical analysis of protein electrophoregram delineated the isolates into four clusters. two different types of plasmids having molecular mass of 23 k ...200918243313
ecological and developmental dynamics of a host-parasite system involving a sea anemone and two ctenophores.the lined sea anemone edwardsiella lineata has evolved a derived parasitic life history that includes a novel body plan adapted for life inside its ctenophore hosts. reputedly its sole host is the sea walnut, mnemiopsis leidyi, a voracious planktivore and a seasonally abundant member of many pelagic ecosystems. however, we have observed substantially higher e. lineata prevalence in a second ctenophore species, the ctenophore predator beroë ovata. the interplay among these 3 species has important ...200718314686
the type iii secretion system-dependent repression of nf-kappab activation to the intracellular growth of edwardsiella tarda in human epithelial cells.edwardsiella tarda is a pathogen with a broad host range infecting animals and humans. we have reported recently that the type iii secretion system (ttss) is essential for intracellular replication of the bacterium in murine macrophages. the present study shows that the ttss is also needed for intracellular growth of the bacterium in human epithelial cells (hep-2). however, different from the previous microarray analyses on murine macrophages, upregulation of the mrna expression level of nf-kapp ...200818397289
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