| synthesis and siderophore activity of albomycin-like peptides derived from n5-acetyl-n5-hydroxy-l-ornithine. | n5-acetyl-n5-hydroxy-l-ornithine (1), the key constituent of several microbial siderophores, has been synthesized in 23% yield overall from n-cbz-l-glutamic acid 1-tert-butyl ester (6) derived from l-glutamic acid. reduction of 6 to 7 and treatment with n-[(trichloroethoxy)carbonyl]-o-benzylhydroxylamine (8), and diethyl azodicarboxylate and triphenylphosphine followed by deprotection produced the protected n5-acetyl-n5-hydroxy-l-ornithine derivatives 11 and 12 in large quantities (10-20 g). fol ... | 1991 | 1825849 |
| synthesis and siderophore and antibacterial activity of n5-acetyl-n5-hydroxy-l-ornithine-derived siderophore-beta-lactam conjugates: iron-transport-mediated drug delivery. | n5-acetyl-n5-hydroxy-l-ornithyl-n5-acetyl-n5-hydroxy-l-ornithyl-n5-acety l- n5-hydroxy-l-ornithine, the functionally instrumental component of the albomycins and ferrichromes, has been incorporated as a "carrier" substructure into both carbacephalosporin and oxamazin type beta-lactam antibiotics. the previously synthesized protected version of this tripeptide (14) was coupled with various beta-lactam analogues 17, 19, 24, and 25 to give protected conjugates 21, 22, 26, and 27. final deprotection ... | 1991 | 1825850 |
| [the manifestations of the epidemic process in shigellosis and their theoretical interpretation]. | this work, based on the retrospective analysis of shigellosis morbidity among organized groups of adults, as well as the whole population of the city, demonstrates the manifestations of the epidemic process. water supply was common in the city, while water consumption was autonomous. the organized groups of adults did not use the products of the local milk-processing factory. the following facts were established. the dynamics of morbidity in flexner's dysentery showed the change of dominating va ... | 1991 | 1830443 |
| [the epidemiological characteristics of dysentery outbreaks caused by infected milk]. | | 1991 | 1835232 |
| oral enteric vaccines--clinical trials. | oral enteric vaccines are reviewed with particular reference to cholera and typhoid. enterotoxigenic e. coli, shigella and rotavirus vaccines are also considered. clinical trials of those potentially useful vaccines are surveyed. | 1991 | 1836466 |
| [the structure of the population morbidity with specific intestinal infections in areas with different intensities in the development of the epidemic process and an evaluation of its manifestations]. | the authors analyze the morbidity structure in five enteric infections (typhoid fever, dysentery caused by shigella flexneri and shigella sonnei, hepatitis a, and hepatitis e (non a, non b) with the fecal/oral mechanism of the agent transmission) in three towns of turkmenia and in the town of novomoskovsk, tula province. the incidence of s. sonnei dysentery was found higher in novomoskovsk and that of the rest enteric infections under study in turkmenia. the incidence of typhoid fever and hepati ... | 1991 | 1836925 |
| [public health problems in relation to refugees]. | in hessen, obligatory health examination of refugees includes the following: clinical examination, faecal bacteriological examination for salmonella and shigella, chest x-ray of persons aged 3 years and older, lues- and hepatitis b serology in case of persons of 16 years of age and older. the results obtained with 3453 refugees were analysed: there were remarkable differences according to country of origin. in connection with public health, only two diseases are important: tuberculosis and lues. ... | 1991 | 1837866 |
| genetic analysis of homology between the virulence plasmids of salmonella dublin and yersinia pseudotuberculosis. | two segments within the virulence region of salmonella dublin plasmid psdl2 that were homologous to regions on yersinia pseudotuberculosis plasmid pib1 were located with regard to the four known genes (vsda, vsdb, vsdc, and vsdd) of psdl2. one segment mapped upstream of vsda within an insertion element related to is630 of shigella sonnei; the second was confined to a 45-bp sequence containing an inverted repeat between vsdc and vsdd. on pib1, both areas were located in an intergenic region upstr ... | 1991 | 1840573 |
| antimicrobial susceptibilities of shigella species isolated in ontario in 1990. | | 1991 | 1843660 |
| multiply-resistant shigella sonnei from recent outbreaks in canada. | | 1991 | 1843661 |
| genetic analysis of the enterobactin gene cluster in shigella flexneri. | the genes for transport and synthesis of the phenolate siderophore enterobactin are present on the chromosomes of both ent+ and ent- clinical isolates of shigella flexneri. to determine why ent- s. flexneri isolates fail to express a functional enterobactin system, the structure and expression of enterobactin genes were examined. several alterations may be responsible for the inability of s. flexneri to express enterobactin. (i) the mrna levels produced from the entc and fepb genes were not dere ... | 1991 | 1846151 |
| molecular epidemiology of shigella infections: plasmid profiles, serotype correlation, and restriction endonuclease analysis. | plasmid isolation was used to refine the epidemiologic analysis for 168 shigellosis cases in pima county, ariz. plasmids of less than 20 kb were used for comparison of plasmid profiles. plasmid patterns for each species were distinct. a total of 57 of 74 (77%) shigella flexneri strains could be placed into seven plasmid patterns, 70 of 79 (89%) shigella sonnei strains could be placed into seven patterns, 12 shigella boydii strains could be placed into six patterns, and each of 3 shigella dysente ... | 1991 | 1847148 |
| vaccines and milk immunoglobulin concentrates for prevention of infectious diarrhea. | considerable progress has been made in the last decade in developing vaccines against the most important enteric infections. two new, widely licensed vaccines (oral ty21a and parenteral vi) are available against typhoid fever, and new attenuated salmonella typhi strains are ready for testing. an engineered live orally administered cholera vaccine, cvd 103-hgr, is undergoing clinical trials for safety, immunogenicity, and transmissibility in children in areas where cholera is endemic. multiple ca ... | 1991 | 1848888 |
| four types of is1 with differences in nucleotide sequence reside in the escherichia coli k-12 chromosome. | the escherichia coli k-12 chromosome contains six copies of insertion element is1 at loci is1a-is1f. we determined their nucleotide (nt) sequences and found that they were classified into four types. two copies of is1 which flank a chromosomal segment containing the argf gene (is1b and is1c) have identical nt sequences. another identical pair are is1a and is1e. comparison of their nt sequences with the is1 in plasmid r100 revealed seven nt mismatches for is1a (or is1e), two for is1b (or is1c), f ... | 1991 | 1849492 |
| virulence-associated chromosomal loci of shigella flexneri identified by random tn5 insertion mutagenesis. | shigellae are the causative agents of bacillary dysentery and are capable of invading epithelial cells, multiplying therein and spreading into adjacent cells. to identify genes on the chromosome associated with the virulence phenotype, 9114 independent tn5 insertion mutants were isolated in a virulent strain of shigella flexneri. by using an in vitro assay for intercellular spread or an animal infection model, the serény test, 50 chromosomal tn5 mutants with reduced virulence were identified. th ... | 1991 | 1849606 |
| is200 is not a member of the is600 family of insertion sequences. | | 1991 | 1851557 |
| prospective hospital based study on persistent diarrhoea. | a total of 383 children aged less than 5 years suffering from acute watery diarrhoea or dysentery were studied in hospital to determine the rate of persistent diarrhoea. altogether 335 (87.5%) recovered within 13 days. only in 48 (12.5%) did the diarrhoea continue for 14 days or more, and they were considered as having persistent diarrhoea. children aged between 7 and 18 months had a significantly increased incidence of persistent diarrhoea. children suffering from grade ii-iv malnutrition const ... | 1991 | 1855686 |
| enteropathogens associated with acute diarrheal disease in urban infants in são paulo, brazil. | to determine the prevalence and epidemiology of enteropathogens in acute infantile diarrhea, 500 infants less than or equal to 12 months of age with diarrhea and 500 age-matched control subjects coming to a são paulo emergency room were studied. enteropathogens were identified in 55% of case infants and 10% of controls; enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) of classic epec serotypes producing epec adherence factor (eaf) (26% of case infants), rotavirus (14%), salmonella species (8%), enteroto ... | 1991 | 1856482 |
| temperature-regulated expression of invasion genes in shigella flexneri is controlled through the transcriptional activation of the virb gene on the large plasmid. | the invasion phenotype of shigellae is subject to thermoregulation that is known to be expressed through activation of some invasion (inv) genes such as ipab, ipac, and ipad encoded by the large virulence plasmid of shigella flexneri. the expression of ipa genes is regulated positively by virf through the activation of virb on the plasmid. to identify the mediator for the thermoregulation of the large plasmid, we have studied the effect of temperature on the transcription of virf and virb genes ... | 1991 | 1857209 |
| intestinal obstruction during shigellosis: incidence, clinical features, risk factors, and outcome. | to determine the incidence and outcome of intestinal obstruction during shigellosis, the authors assessed 1211 consecutive patients with shigellosis admitted during a 15-month period to a diarrhea treatment center in dhaka, bangladesh. obstruction was identified in 30 (2.5%) patients. ten (33.3%) of these patients died, compared with 97 (8.2%) of the 1181 patients without obstructions (p less than 0.001; rr = 4.1). in a case-control study, patients with obstructions were compared with 30 control ... | 1991 | 1860627 |
| shigellosis. | | 1991 | 1861289 |
| surveillance of shigellosis in rural bangladesh: a 10 years review. | over a period of 10 years 35,620 patients, admitted from a defined surveillance area, had a rectal swab culture done at a rural diarrhoea treatment centre in bangladesh. shigella spp. were isolated from 3,440 (9.7%) cases. marked year to year variations were observed in isolation rates of shigella spp. ranging from 5.7% to 16.7%. sh. flexneri was the predominant isolate between 1978 to 1982 (56%-67%), sh. dysenteriae type 1 predominated from 1983 to 1985 (45%-50%), and again sh. flexneri became ... | 1991 | 1861342 |
| haemolytic uraemic syndrome in children. | of the 4070 children admitted in the department of paediatrics, 830 (24%) presented with diarrhoea. eleven of these had haemolytic ureamic syndrome (hus) characterised by microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia and acute renal failure. only 3 had positive stool cultures (e. coli 2, shigella dysenteriae 1). two children expired while the rest recovered with conservative management and peritoneal dialysis. thus hus should be remembered as a complication of diarrhoea and a cause of ac ... | 1991 | 1861343 |
| use of quinolones in the treatment of gastrointestinal infections. | bacterial enteropathogens are responsible for between 40% and 80% of diarrheal illness depending upon the age of the persons affected and geographic areas where illness occurs. antibacterial agents will shorten the illness associated with enteric infection caused by enterotoxigenic escherichia coli, shigella spp. and campylobacter jejuni. these drugs also are effective in the therapy of certain clinical conditions (presumably because they are due to the same agents) which are characterized by mo ... | 1991 | 1864292 |
| high frequency of coinfecting enteropathogens in aeromonas-associated diarrhea of hospitalized peruvian infants. | rectal swabs from 391 infants less than 18 months of age who were hospitalized with acute diarrhea and from 138 similarly aged healthy infants were examined for the etiologic agents of diarrhea. aeromonas spp. were recovered from 205 of 391 (52.4%) diarrheic patients, whereas they were recovered from 12 of 138 (8.7%) controls (p less than 10(-11). among the 205 aeromonas-positive diarrheic patients, 118 (57.6%) were found to be coinfected with other common enteropathogens. of the 164 aeromonas-p ... | 1991 | 1864933 |
| microbiological status of egyptian prawn. | a total of 110 prawn individuals were collected from different markets at cairo and giza governorates. the average counts of aerobes, psychrophiles, enterobacteriaceae, coliforms and staphylococci were 5 x 10(3), 3 x 10(2), less than 2 x 10(2), less than 3 and 2 x 10(2) organisms per gram newly caught prawn sample, respectively. such counts were significantly increased in samples collected from markets including raw prawn in shell, raw peeled samples and frozen samples either peeled or in shell. ... | 1991 | 1865888 |
| [two biotin-labeled probes of gentamicin resistance genes]. | a 2.0 kb bamhi-hindiii fragment of pdg0103 from australia containing gentamicin 2"-o-adenylytransferase [ant(2")] gene and a 4.9 kb psti-ecori fragment of pby102 were recovered from low-temperature-melting agarose by the slot method. both fragments were labeled with biotin-7-datp by nick translation with a commercial kit. the result of colony and southern hybridization was that: the 2.0 kb probe from australia hybridized with that containing ant(2") from america, while no hybridization occurred ... | 1991 | 1866941 |
| [the determination of the dates of seasonal upsurges in morbidity by a computational method]. | | 1991 | 1867032 |
| [contacts between the cells in bacterial colonies]. | the interaction of cells in microbial colonies has been studied by electron-microscopic techniques. two types of contacts between cells have been found to exist in the colonies of gram-negative bacteria of the genera escherichia, shigella and salmonella: close cell adhesion due to the fusion of cell-wall outer membranes and the formation of intersections consisting of membranous tubules. at the sites of close adhesion the fusion of cytoplasmic and outer membranes have been found to occur in baye ... | 1991 | 1867039 |
| hemolytic uremic syndrome in children in northern india. | we observed 73 patients with the hemolytic uremic syndrome (hus) in 9 years (1980-1988), comprising 34% of patients with acute renal failure treated over the same period. there were 53 boys and 20 girls; 59% were below the age of 2 years and 33% between 2 and 5 years. acute, usually severe dysentery, responding poorly to various antibiotics, was the prodromal illness in 80%, whereas 12% had watery diarrhea. most patients had severe renal involvement with anuria in 56% and oliguria in 30%. a poly ... | 1991 | 1867981 |
| effect of prior infection with virulent shigella flexneri 2a on the resistance of monkeys to subsequent infection with shigella sonnei. | all virulent shigellae have large plasmids. plasmid-associated genes encode the expression of membrane-associated proteins (map), some of which correlate with the ability to invade susceptible epithelial cells. these map are serologically related in all of the shigella serotypes and evoke an antibody response after infection. to determine whether the map have a significant role in protection, 24 monkeys were infected with virulent shigella flexneri 2a. after recovery, one group (with controls) w ... | 1991 | 1869840 |
| virulence phenotype and genetic characteristics of the t32-istrati shigella flexneri 2a vaccine strain. | the t32-istrati strain, which has been used as an oral attenuated shigella flexneri 2a vaccine, has lost the invasive phenotype due to a spontaneous deletion in the shigella virulence plasmid. this deletion has eliminated three plasmid loci (ipabcda, inva and virg) that are necessary for production of a positive sereny test by shigella species. virulence in the sereny test was reconstituted in the t32-istrati strain by the conjugal transfer of an intact 140 m da virulence plasmid from s. flexner ... | 1991 | 1872021 |
| antigen sharing of salmonella typhi non-flagellar proteins with other salmonellae and some shigellae and escherichia coli. | cathodal moving protein components were identified in agarose gel electrophoresis of the veronal buffer extract of a non-motile strain of s. typhi (8393, colindale). rabbit antiserum was raised against these cationic proteins; it had both agglutinating and precipitating activity. a total of 80 salmonella strains belonging to serogroups a, b, c1, c2, d, e1 and e2 including 26 s. typhi and 10 s. paratyphi a were tested against this antiserum in a slide agglutination test; all strains were agglutin ... | 1991 | 1874550 |
| a rapid fluorogenic method for the detection of escherichia coli by the production of beta-glucuronidase. | a medium containing the fluorogenic substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-d-glucuronide was developed for the isolation and identification of escherichia coli within 7.5 h and was based on the detection of beta-glucuronidase. optimum conditions for the rapid development of fluorescent colonies were determined. the optimum temperature was 41.5 degrees c. development of fluorescence was delayed when carbohydrates were incorporated into the medium. water samples were used to evaluate the medium by su ... | 1991 | 1874684 |
| an evaluation of three commercial fecal transport systems for the recovery of enteric pathogens. | twenty-five isolates, including six strains of shigella species, six strains of salmonella species, five strains of yersinia enterocolitica, six strains of campylobacter jejuni, and two strains of vibrio parahaemolyticus, were inoculated at a concentration of 1.5 x 10(4) colony-forming units/ml into the following transport systems: fekal enteric plus (trend scientific, inc., st. paul, mn), cary blair transport medium (remel, inc., lenexa, ks), and para-pak c & s (meridian diagnostics, inc., cinc ... | 1991 | 1877533 |
| potentials of shigella flexneri y strain tsf21 as a candidate vaccine against shigellosis: safety, immunogenicity and protective efficacy in bonnet monkeys. | a thymine-requiring and temperature-sensitive mutant of shigella flexneri y was tested in bonnet monkeys for safety, immunogenicity and protective efficacy. a dose of 10(11) cells when fed orally mimicked natural infection in having invaded epithelial cells, but was otherwise clinically non-reactogenic. animals immunized with two oral doses, each dose consisting of 1 x 10(11) mutant bacteria, were fully protected when challenged, with respect to the lack of any clinical symptoms or detectable hi ... | 1991 | 1878259 |
| distribution of the inva, -b, -c, and -d genes of salmonella typhimurium among other salmonella serovars: inva mutants of salmonella typhi are deficient for entry into mammalian cells. | invasion of intestinal epithelial cells is an essential virulence factor of salmonellae. a group of genes, invabc and invd, that allow salmonella typhimurium to penetrate cultured epithelial cells have previously been characterized (j. e. galán and r. curtiss iii, proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 86:6383-6387, 1989). the distribution of these genes among salmonella isolates belonging to 37 different species or serovars was investigated by southern and colony blot hybridization analyses. regions of hig ... | 1991 | 1879916 |
| a case of shigellosis caused by shigella dysenteriae type 1 and shigella flexneri type 5b. | shigella dysenteriae type 1 and shigella flexneri type 5b strains were isolated as causative agents of bacterial dysentery in a patient having visited south-east asia. both strains are a rare finding for bulgaria. s. dysenteriae 1 strains have not been isolated since 1962, and there were only single isolates of s. flexneri 5b. the strains were of the same antibiotic resistance patterns. conjugation experiments showed that resistance is determined by transferrable r-plasmids having identical char ... | 1991 | 1880406 |
| [shigella endotoxin protein--its isolation and physicochemical characteristics]. | the scheme of the isolation of endotoxic protein from s. sonnei 9090 is presented. the isolation procedure includes the 10-minute hot (at 68 degrees c) extraction of protein from endotoxin with 45% aqueous phenol, the precipitation of protein from phenolic extract with 9.5 volumes of 95% ethanol, the purification of protein from lipid material and pigments by multiple extraction with the mixture of chloroform and ethanol in the proportion 2:1 by volume. the yield of protein obtained with the use ... | 1991 | 1882598 |
| [shigella endotoxin protein--its electrophoretic and serological properties]. | the electrophoretic analysis of lipid a-associated protein (lap), obtained from s. sonnei, in polyacrylamide gel in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and urea has revealed the heterogeneity of the preparation; it has found to contain three main components with molecular weights of 43, 38 and 18 kd and some minor components with molecular weights of 49, 45 35, 30, 29, 27, 5, 21 and 14 kd. the electrophoretic mobility of the main protein components in the isolated preparation of lap coincides ... | 1991 | 1882599 |
| [the action of ribosomal preparations on nonspecific resistance to bacterial infection and on early tolerance to endotoxic shock]. | ribosomal preparations from shigella flexneri and shigella sonnei, introduced parenterally into mice, enhance their resistance to infection with the causative agents of typhoid fever and staphylococci. this effect is considerably less pronounced than that produced by the preparation of homologous lipopolysaccharide isolated by boivin's method. after the administration of ribosomes nonspecific resistance to bacterial infective agents lasts for a short time. ribosomal preparations do not enhance t ... | 1991 | 1882607 |
| gastrointestinal infections in singapore children. | acute gastroenteritis is the commonest gastrointestinal disorder in children. it accounted for about 10% of the admissions to a general paediatric unit in singapore. about 5% of total paediatric admissions to all the government hospitals in singapore were due to acute gastroenteritis. some 50% of the cases had no identifiable organism in the stools. most of the remaining cases were due to bacterial or viral infections. the commonest bacteria responsible for acute gastroenteritis nowadays is salm ... | 1991 | 1883188 |
| trabulsiella guamensis, a new genus and species of the family enterobacteriaceae that resembles salmonella subgroups 4 and 5. | in 1985 the vernacular name enteric group 90 was coined for a small group of strains that had been referred to our laboratory as probable strains of salmonella but did not agglutinate in salmonella typing antisera. by dna-dna hybridization (hydroxyapatite method, 32p), seven strains of enteric group 90 were found to be closely related (98 to 100% at 60 degrees c and 94 to 100% at 75 degrees c) to the first strain received (0370-85). the relatedness of enteric group 90 to 62 strains of other spec ... | 1991 | 1885744 |
| genetic basis of virulence in shigella species. | shigella species and enteroinvasive strains of escherichia coli cause disease by invasion of the colonic epithelium, and this invasive phenotype is mediated by genes carried on 180- to 240-kb plasmids. in addition, at least eight loci on the shigella chromosome are necessary for full expression of virulence. the products of these genes can be classified as (i) virulence determinants that directly affect the ability of shigellae to survive in the intestinal tissues, e.g., the aerobactin sideropho ... | 1991 | 1886518 |
| [use of immunofluorescence method in the diagnosis and study of pathogenesis of acute dysentery]. | | 1991 | 1887317 |
| [pathology of the gastrointestinal tract in patients with reactive arthritis and its possible role in the pathogenesis of the disease]. | | 1991 | 1887410 |
| ompb (osmo-regulation) and icsa (cell-to-cell spread) mutants of shigella flexneri: vaccine candidates and probes to study the pathogenesis of shigellosis. | genetic and molecular data now available on the pathogenic properties of shigella flexneri allow rational design of live attenuated vaccine strains. the genes required at given steps of the infection process can be selectively mutated to impair the bacterium's capacity to interact with intestinal epithelial cells and/or survive within intestinal tissues in general. we have tested two mutations in s. flexneri serotype 5a (m90t) which, alone or in combination, have yielded promising results when e ... | 1991 | 1887672 |
| [the determination in saliva of iga antibodies to shigella ribosomes for the diagnosis of dysentery]. | the levels of antiribosomal antibodies to shigella ribosomes in serum and saliva samples from 38 dysentery patients (15 s. sonnei cases and 23 s. flexneri cases), 14 patients with salmonellosis and 136 healthy adults were determined in elisa with ribosomes from s. sonnei r-mutant used as solid-phase antigen. high levels of "normal" antiribosomal iga, igg and igm antibodies were revealed in the sera of healthy persons while the level of salivary iga antibodies was very low. in dysentery infection ... | 1991 | 1887713 |
| [an immunomorphological study of the lymphoid organs in the experimental administration of virulent and avirulent shigella flexneri 2a strains]. | | 1991 | 1887717 |
| simultaneous infection with multiple serotypes of shigellae in a patient. | we isolated three different serotypes of shigella on admission from a patient with dysentery as well as a shigella-like organism and campylobacter jejuni upon follow-up. the patient produced serum antibodies to all three serotypes of shigellae. | 1991 | 1889185 |
| bactericidal effect of 15-deoxyspergualin on staphylococcus aureus. | 15-deoxyspergualin (dsg), an immunosuppressive agent used in organ transplantation, exerts metabolic and antiproliferative effects on methicillin- and gentamicin-resistant staphylococcus aureus and other bacteria (e.g. sarcina lutea, bacillus subtilis, shigella sonnei, salmonella typhi and citrobacter freundii). dsg, at the concentration of 20 mg/l, depleted intracellular putrescine and spermidine in s. aureus to 43 and 40% of the controls, respectively. in these polyamine-depleted s. aureus cel ... | 1991 | 1889307 |
| infections in british clinical laboratories, 1988-1989. | during 1988-89 this continuing survey showed 18 infections in the staff of laboratories reporting from 166 centres, representing 21,756 person-years of exposure. shigella and other bowel infections (one caused by s typhi) predominated, affecting 11 microbiology medical laboratory scientific officers. three shigella infections originated from quality control samples. pulmonary tuberculosis affected four workers, including two mortuary technicians, but without detected occupational exposure to myc ... | 1991 | 1890201 |
| [changes in virulence of enterobacteriaceae in the presence of sub-inhibitory levels of antibiotics]. | the effect of subinhibitory concentrations of antimicrobial agents such as chloramphenicol, tetracycline, rifampicin and nalidixic acid on various factors of virulence in shigella spp. and enteroinvasive colon bacilli was studied. it was shown that under such conditions changes took place in various events of the interaction with the epithelial cells, i.e. in adhesion, penetration, intracellular multiplication and transfers between contacting cells. the total effect of chloramphenicol resulted i ... | 1991 | 1892427 |
| shigella flexneri infection: a histopathologic study of colonic biopsies in monkeys infected with virulent and attenuated bacterial strains. | macaca fascicularis monkeys were orally infected with live virulent shigella flexneri wild-type strains of either serotype y (s. flexneri sfl1), 2a (s. flexneri m4243) or 1b (s. flexneri sfl27). clinical signs of shigellosis varied from mild watery diarrhea (sfl1) to dysentery (m4243, sfl27), with a fatal outcome in two monkeys (sfl27). colonoscopy showed slight pathologic changes in monkeys infected with sfl1, and pronounced changes in monkeys infected with sfl27. in colonic biopsies the most s ... | 1991 | 1892634 |
| enterotoxigenic escherichia coli associated with infant diarrhoea in galicia, north-western spain. | to assess the role of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) in infantile diarrhoea, 482 children with diarrhoea and 103 healthy controls, from three localities of galicia, north-western spain, were investigated between 1985 and 1988. rotavirus (37.3%) and salmonella spp. (12.8%) were the most common causal agents, followed by etec (3.9%), campylobacter jejuni (2.3%), shigella spp. (0.9%) and yersinia enterocolitica (0.5%). etec were significantly more frequently isolated from children with dia ... | 1991 | 1895327 |
| travelers' diarrhea among united states military personnel during joint american-egyptian armed forces exercises in cairo, egypt. | a study was conducted of travelers' diarrhea in a united states military population on deployment in cairo, egypt, during july and august 1987. acute diarrhea requiring medical attention developed in 183 (4%) of 4,500 troops. a possible etiologic agent was identified in 49% of all diarrhea cases. enteric pathogens associated with cases of diarrhea included: enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (17% st-producers, 13% lt-producers, and 3% lt/st-producers); shigella (9%); campylobacter spp. (2%); salmo ... | 1991 | 1900113 |
| endocytosis and intracellular transport of the glycolipid-binding ligand shiga toxin in polarized mdck cells. | the glycolipid-binding cytotoxin produced by shigella dysenteriae 1, shiga toxin, binds to mdck cells (strain 1) only after treatment with short-chain fatty acids like butyric acid or with the tumor promoter 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate. the induced binding sites were found to be functional with respect to endocytosis and translocation of toxin to the cytosol. glycolipids that bind shiga toxin appeared at both the apical and the basolateral surface of polarized mdck cells grown on filter ... | 1991 | 1901867 |
| bacteriological and protozoal study on domestic water supply in karachi. | four hundred and fifty eight water samples collected from domestic tanks and taps and community taps were analysed for bacterial contamination. faecal pollution was more in domestic tanks and taps in mehmoodabad, korangi and least in water collected from community taps of liaquatabad, korangi and mehmoodabad. bacteria isolated were mostly e. coli, enterobacter sp, klebsiella sp. and a. faecalis, while other organisms (except pseudomonas) were found in lower numbers. salmonella para typhi and par ... | 1991 | 1902529 |
| shigellosis from swimming in a park pond in michigan. | in july 1989 an outbreak of shigellosis occurred among visitors to a recreational park in oakland county, mi. an epidemiologic investigation discovered an association between illness and swimming in a pond at the park, especially for those who had put their head underwater. no other factors were epidemiologically incriminated. a total of 65 cases were identified; nine were culture confirmed, all shigella sonnei. several water samples evaluated for fecal coliform counts shortly after the outbreak ... | 1991 | 1905054 |
| new trends in the use of al(oh)3-conjugated endotoxins and their subunits from the s- and r-forms of shigella dysenteriae serovar 1 for model vaccination purposes. | the lipopolysaccharides, lipopolysaccharide-protein complexes and their lipids a, isolated from shigella dysenteriae 1, exhibited lethal toxicity (ld50 300-400 micrograms per mouse), pyrogenicity (0.01-1.0 microgram), activity in the limulus test (10(-3)-10(-12) mg ml-1) and produced a positive local shwartzman reaction. it was found that these substances bound to al(oh)3 were capable of successfully protecting mice from challenge with both homologous and heterologous infections (up to 90% of mi ... | 1991 | 1905447 |
| antimicrobial activity of microgard against food spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. | microgard, a commercially available fermented milk product containing antimicrobial metabolites, was a potent inhibitor for gram-negative bacteria such as pseudomonas, salmonella, and yersinia when 1% concentration was incorporated into agar media. gram-positive bacillus cereus, staphylococcus aureus, and listeria monocytogenes were insensitive to microgard. kluyveromyces marxianus, an unidentified black yeast, and penicillium expansum were partially suppressed, whereas aspergillus niger and a y ... | 1991 | 1906486 |
| ["masked" autoantibodies from the serum of healthy blood donors cross-reacting with dna and bacterial lipopolysaccharides]. | the "masked" autoantibodies with polyspecific activity were found in the serum of healthy donors. it is shown that these antibodies are able to react with antigens after the ion exchange chromatography with qae-sephadex. it was found that these "masked" antibodies are able to cross-react with dna and lipopolysaccharides of wide-spread species of bacteria. the possible role of these antibodies as in protection of organism from the external antigens as in the origin of autoimmune diseases is discu ... | 1991 | 1908720 |
| studies on the pathogenicity of listeria monocytogenes. | the characterization of mutants of listeria monocytogenes with reduced virulence properties is described. reduction in the amount of the extracellular protein p60 (encoded by the ipa gene) leads to cell filaments with impaired invasiveness. mutants which cannot synthesize listeriolysin are still invasive but unable to survive within phagocytic cells. one type of listeriolysin-negative mutants is defective in the synthesis of a positive regulatory element prfa which coordinately regulates the lis ... | 1991 | 1908834 |
| [in vitro antibacterial activity of a new oral cephalosporin, ceftibuten. results of a multicenter study]. | minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) of ceftibuten (cbt) were evaluated by agar dilution for 1,416 bacterial strains isolated in 5 hospitals. for enterobacteriaceae, mic 50 and 90% were respectively (micrograms/ml): (i) naturally non beta-lactamase producing species: e. coli 0.12-0.5, shigella 0.06-0.12 and salmonella 0.03-0.12, p. mirabilis 0.16-0.03. (ii) chromosomal penicillinase producing species: k. pneumoniae 0.03-0.5 and k. oxytoca 0.03-0.06. (iii) chromosomal cephalosporin producing sp ... | 1991 | 1909017 |
| intercellular spread of shigella flexneri through a monolayer mediated by membranous protrusions and associated with reorganization of the cytoskeletal protein vinculin. | the spread of shigella flexneri in a monolayer of infected henle and hela cells was studied by using immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. infected cells produced numerous bacterium-containing membranous protrusions up to 18 microns in length that penetrated adjacent cells and were subsequently phagocytosed. fluorescence staining of actin and vinculin in infected cells with phalloidin and monoclonal antibody to vinculin, respectively, demonstrated that the protrusions containing the bacter ... | 1991 | 1910001 |
| cholera and vibrio parahaemolyticus diarrhoea endemicity in calabar, nigeria. | the microbiological and morbidity profiles of acute diarrhoeal episodes were studied in 881 patients seen at the out-patients department of the university of calabar teaching hospital (ucth), calabar, between january and december, 1988. of a total of 108 (12.3%) culturally confirmed bacterial diarrhoeas, 47 (43.5%) were due to escherichia coli, 33 (30.6%) to vibrios (vibrio cholerae-01; classical and e1 tor biotypes and v. parahaemolyticus), while shigella spp. and salmonella. spp. accounted for ... | 1991 | 1911487 |
| screening of children for enteric bacterial pathogens in the outborn neonatal ward in lagos, nigeria. | babies, on admission into a neonatal ward at the lagos university teaching hospital, had their rectal swab specimens examined bacteriologically and screened for enteric bacterial pathogens over a one-year-period at two-week intervals. it was found that on the average there were 3 (9.68%) enteric bacterial pathogens out of an average of 31 admissions at each screening period. the enteric bacterial pathogens isolated included: non-typhoid salmonellae, which accounted for 55 (80.88%) isolates out o ... | 1991 | 1915794 |
| sociodemographic factors associated with serum anti-shigella lipopolysaccharide antibodies and shigellosis. | the association between various sociodemographic variables and the presence of anti-shigella sonnei lipopolysaccharide (lps) antibodies was examined in a random sample (n = 383) of male israeli conscripts. of the male conscripts, 190 (49.6%) had pre-existing antibodies against s. sonnei lps (defined as ha titres of greater than or equal to 1:10 after treatment of sera with 2-mercaptoethanol). univariate analysis revealed a significant positive association between the presence of humoral anti-s. ... | 1991 | 1917263 |
| the epidemiology of diarrhoeal diseases in southeastern china. | in a community survey of 19,410 people for 12 months in southeastern china (fujian province), the overall annual incidence rate of diarrhoea was 729.9 episodes/1,000 population. the incidence varied with different age groups; children aged under five years had the highest rate, 2.25 episodes per child per year. a bacterial pathogen was isolated from 883 cases (44.03%), and 147 (14.76%) strains from 996 healthy controls. enterotoxigenic escherichia coli, enteropathogenic e. coli, and shigella spe ... | 1991 | 1918839 |
| [species and serovar distribution, and drug resistance of shigella strains isolated from imported and domestic cases in 1980-1989 in tokyo]. | a total of 1,189 shigella strains consisting 804 imported and 385 domestic strains were examined for their species and serovar distribution, and their drug-resistance. in both imported and domestic strains, s. sonnei was found to be the most prevalent species, followed by s. flexneri, s. boydii and s. dysenteriae in order. in imported strains, however, the isolation frequency of s. flexneri, s. boydii and s. dysenteriae were higher than that of domestic strains, and the serovar of each species w ... | 1991 | 1919117 |
| the penicillins. | the penicillin family of antibiotics remains an important part of our antimicrobial armamentarium. in general, these agents have bactericidal activity, excellent distribution throughout the body, low toxicity, and efficacy against infections caused by susceptible bacteria. the initial introduction of aqueous penicillin g for treatment of streptococcal and staphylococcal infections was an important pharmacologic landmark. the emergence of penicillinase-producing staphylococcus aureus prompted the ... | 1991 | 1921489 |
| [encephalopathy in an adult with shigella]. | a case of sporadic shigellosis is reported. a 30 year old woman, presented neurologic dysfunction, mild watery diarrhea and fever which had started one week before her admission. abdominal tenderness, confusion, delirium, impairment of orientation and of recent memory were found. abnormal motor activity with rigidity, tremors, myoclonus around the mouth also existed. there were neither focal signs nor signs of meningeal irritation. computed tomography and nuclear magnetic resonance of the brain ... | 1991 | 1921694 |
| reemergence of shigella dysenteriae type 2 in sicily: an epidemiological evaluation. | three strains of shigella dysenteriae type 2 were isolated from a small household outbreak which occurred in palermo, sicily, during summer 1990. two isolates were recovered from hospitalized patients and one from an asymptomatic carrier. the infection could not be associated with travel to foreign countries or contact with travellers returned from abroad. since 1953 s. dysenteriae has been never isolated in southern italy. the isolates from dysentery cases were susceptible to antibiotics and ca ... | 1991 | 1921742 |
| 140-mda plasmids of escherichia coli and shigella flexneri 5 do not influence phagocytosis. | enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec) and shigella flexneri possessing a 140-megadalton (mda) plasmid are capable of invading intestinal epithelial cells and causing dysentery. to determine if this plasmid affected phagocytosis of the organisms by leukocytes, we studied the in vitro phagocytosis of isogenic pairs of eiec and s. flexneri 5 which differed only in the presence or absence of the 140-mda plasmid. in addition five eiec strains containing 140-mda plasmids as well as one non-enteroinva ... | 1991 | 1921856 |
| houseflies (musca domestica) as mechanical vectors of shigellosis. | houseflies (musca domestica) are mechanical vectors of shigella organisms. seasons during which both flies and cases of dysentery are prevalent often coincide. houseflies have an affinity for human excrement and, as documented by bacteriologic culture of trapped flies, become contaminated with shigella organisms following contact with infected human feces. the inoculum required to transmit shigellosis is only 10-10(2). since houseflies cohabit with humans, they can readily contaminate food and e ... | 1991 | 1925289 |
| nucleotide sequence and phylogeny of a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase encoded by the plasmid pscs7 from staphylococcus aureus. | the nucleotide sequence of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene (cat) and its regulatory region, encoded by the plasmid pscs7 from staphylococcus aureus, was determined. the structural cat gene encoded a protein of 209 amino acids, which represented one monomer of the enzyme chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat). comparisons between the amino acid sequences of the pscs7-encoded cat from s. aureus and the previously sequenced cat variants from s. aureus, staphylococcus intermedius, staphy ... | 1991 | 1929326 |
| shigellosis. shigella dysenteriae type 1. | | 1991 | 1931580 |
| a new sensitive method for determining endotoxin in whole blood. | we developed a microplate method for determining endotoxin in whole blood with endospecy, an endotoxin-specific chromogenic limulus test reagent. the factors in blood that would interfere with the test were successfully removed by exposing samples to 0.66 mol/l hno3 containing 0.25% triton x-100. recoveries of various endotoxins spiked into whole blood of humans and experimental animals were almost complete, and were not enhanced by sample dilution. normal endotoxin concentration in human whole ... | 1991 | 1934509 |
| development of antisera to detect virulent yersinia enterocolitica, shigella and escherichia coli enteroinvasive. | | 1991 | 1935085 |
| yersinia enterocolitica and other enteric pathogens in patients with suspected appendicitis. | | 1991 | 1935101 |
| molecular epidemiology of plasmid patterns in shigella flexneri types 1-6. | a total of 123 drug-resistant and drug-sensitive shigella flexneri types 1-6, and their escherichia coli k12 transconjugants were used for plasmid profile analysis by agarose gel electrophoresis. resistance factors (r-factors) were further characterized by incompatibility testing. the overall distribution of small plasmids in s. flexneri showed that a cryptic plasmid of about 4.6 kb was found in all serotypes, and a plasmid of about 4.2 kb was found in serotypes 1-4. shigella flexneri types 2, 4 ... | 1991 | 1936154 |
| small-animal model to measure efficacy and immunogenicity of shigella vaccine strains. | the development of a small-animal model to test the protective efficacy and immunogenicity of a vaccine strain against shigellosis would greatly facilitate the evaluation of potential vaccine candidates. in guinea pigs, the ability of shigellae to invade and multiply within the corneal epithelium, causing keratoconjunctivitis, closely mimics the invasion process in the intestinal epithelium (b. sereny, acta microbiol. acad. sci. hung. 4:367-376, 1957). the serum response of animals recovering fr ... | 1991 | 1937767 |
| shiga toxin-associated hemolytic-uremic syndrome: combined cytotoxic effects of shiga toxin, interleukin-1 beta, and tumor necrosis factor alpha on human vascular endothelial cells in vitro. | this study explores the relationship between shiga toxin-producing shigella or escherichia coli strains and the development of vascular complications in humans following bacillary dysentery. we propose that endotoxin-elicited interleukin-1 or tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf) may combine with shiga toxin to facilitate vascular damage characteristic of hemolytic-uremic syndrome. this study examines the cytotoxic effects of shiga toxin, interleukin-1, and tnf on cultured human umbilical vein endot ... | 1991 | 1937774 |
| inhibition of chemotaxis of neutrophil leukocytes to interleukin-8 by endotoxins of various bacteria. | the effects of endotoxins from various bacteria (escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, vibrio cholerae, shigella flexneri, salmonella typhosa, and pseudomonas aeruginosa) on chemotaxis of neutrophil leukocytes to formyl peptide and interleukin-8 were tested in an improved chemotaxis assay involving a "sparse-pore" polycarbonate (nuclepore) membrane in a boyden-type chamber. the possible chemotactic activity of the endotoxins themselves were tested by the same technique. in addition, the effec ... | 1991 | 1937782 |
| antibody responses in the lungs of mice following oral immunization with salmonella typhimurium aroa and invasive escherichia coli strains expressing the filamentous hemagglutinin of bordetella pertussis. | the filamentous hemagglutinin (fha) of bordetella pertussis was expressed in the attenuated aroa mutant of salmonella typhimurium, sl3261, and in a strain of escherichia coli harboring shigella flexneri plasmid pwr110, which encodes bacterial invasiveness for epithelial cells. expression of fha in these strains did not interfere with their ability to invade henle cells. immunoglobulins a and g specific for fha were detected in lung washes of mice following oral immunization with the live recombi ... | 1991 | 1937797 |
| preparation, characterization, and immunogenicity of conjugates composed of the o-specific polysaccharide of shigella dysenteriae type 1 (shiga's bacillus) bound to tetanus toxoid. | the background for developing conjugate vaccines for shigellosis composed of the o-specific polysaccharide (o-sp) bound to a protein is described elsewhere (c. y. chu, r. schneerson, and j. b. robbins, submitted for publication). briefly, there is direct evidence for type (lipopolysaccharide [lps])-specific protection after infection with the wild type or with attenuated strains of shigellae. prospective studies of israeli armed forces recruits show a correlation between preexisting serum immuno ... | 1991 | 1937803 |
| blood group and shigellosis. | a study on the distribution of abo blood groups was carried out on 85 patients with clinically and bacteriologically proven shigellosis. a significant association (p less than 0.01) of blood group b was observed with shigellosis cases in comparison to controls from whom no shigella species or other enteropathogen could be isolated. patients with isoagglutinin b or those who possess blood group b antigen may be at a relatively increased risk of shigellosis. | 1991 | 1938846 |
| hyperendemic shigellosis in the united states: a review of surveillance data for 1967-1988. | in 1988, 22,796 shigella isolates were reported to the centers for disease control, the highest number since national surveillance was begun in 1967. from 1986 to 1988, isolation rates increased from 5.4 to 10.1 per 100,000 persons. increased isolation of shigella sonnei, primarily among children and young women, occurred throughout the united states in a manner similar to the nationwide increase that occurred during the early 1970s. the highest rates during 1987-1988 were reported from countrie ... | 1991 | 1940468 |
| treatment of shigellosis. | | 1991 | 1941398 |
| [traveler's diarrhea. incidence--pathogens--pathophysiology--clinical aspects--prevention and therapy]. | about one-third of travellers will be affected by travellers' diarrhoea. regions with low risk are northern europe, the united states, australia and new zealand. intermediate risk is found in southern europe, most islands of the caribbean, japan, israel and southern africa and high risk in developing countries. among the most commonly isolated pathogens are enterotoxigenic e. coli, salmonella, shigella, campylobacter, g. lamblia, e. histolytica and viruses. the individual risk depends on the age ... | 1991 | 1943430 |
| localization of ipab protein in escherichia coli k-12 mc1061 strain carrying shigella sonnei form i plasmid pss120. | we partially purified antigens which reacted with shigellosis convalescent-monkey antisera. hybridomas, which were constructed from mice immunized by the antigens, produced monoclonal antibodies recognizing ipab protein. using the monoclonal antibody against ipab, evidence indicating that ipab proteins were localized on the cell surface of invasive bacteria (escherichia coli k-12 mc1061 harboring pss120 plasmid) was obtained by immunoelectron microscopy. | 1991 | 1943845 |
| [virulence plasmids of shigella bacteria]. | the contemporary data on the genetical control of invasion process in dysentery causative agent coded by the virulence plasmids of the bacteria are presented. the examples of plasmid genes expression regulated by the genes-regulators located on the chromosome are presented. the mechanism for virulence genes regulation is discussed. | 1991 | 1944325 |
| [the adhesion of pathogenic microflora on carbon sorbents]. | the adsorbing activity of granulated carbonic sorbents skn and kau, as well as their oxidated forms, containing protogenic carboxylic and phenolic groups with respect to shigella flexneri, salmonella typhimurium, escherichia coli, streptococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogenic strains has been studied. as shown in this study, the process of interaction between microorganisms and carbonic sorbents has two stages. at the first stage the main role is played by long-distance electrostati ... | 1991 | 1950254 |
| [the dynamics of the formation of an infection focus in the intestines]. | the problem of the stability of the development of shigella population in the intestine, depending on the dose of the infective agent, is analyzed. the agent is reproduced in the intestinal mucosa in short cycles, starting with adhesion and followed by penetration, intracellular multiplication and, finally, emission of free bacteria and hulled tops of villi with shigella intracellular microcolonies. this form of emission maintains high concentration of bacteria and ensures, in case of the adhesi ... | 1991 | 1950279 |
| [shigellosis in the ussr: the biochemical picture of shigella sonnei]. | the article deals with original data characterizing the biochemical picture of s. sonnei circulating in the ussr in 1983-1985. sub-biovars iie, iig and ia have been shown to prevail practically in all regions, irrespective of the intensity of functioning of the centralized alimentary and chronic water routes of transmission of shigellae. these sub-biovars most frequently cause significant alimentary outbreaks of sonne dysentery transmitted with milk. doubts are expressed concerning the importanc ... | 1991 | 1950283 |
| [the protective properties of the endotoxin protein]. | the isolation and properties of endotoxin protein, or lipid a-associated protein (lap), from shigella sonnei were described earlier (zh. mikrobiol. epidemiol. immunobiol., 1991, no. 4, pp. 11-17, and no. 7). in this report the data on its protective activity are presented. in experiments on mice one nanogram of lap injected i. v. protected 50% of the animals against i. p. challenge with 40 ld50 of virulent s. sonnei. guinea pigs injected s. c. with 10 micrograms of lap were protected against loc ... | 1991 | 1950285 |
| epidemiologic patterns of acute diarrhea and endemic shigella infections in children in a poor periurban setting in santiago, chile. | to prepare a field site for evaluating preventive interventions against endemic shigellosis, the authors followed prospectively a cohort of 360 children (90 each of children aged 0-11, 12-23, 24-35, and 36-47 months) in santa julia, a low socioeconomic area in santiago, chile, from november 1986 through april 1989 with twice weekly household visits for diarrheal disease; infants replaced children who reached 60 months of age. coprocultures on 2 consecutive days from children with diarrhea and fr ... | 1991 | 1951266 |
| [detection of the determinants of tetracycline a, b and c resistance in shigella and salmonella using dna probes]. | genetic determinants of tetracycline resistance of classes a, b and c were detected with dna probes labeled with radioactive phosphorus (32p) in shigella (44 strains) and salmonella (50 strains). it was shown that in the shigella strains the frequency of the tet a gene amounted to 66 per cent, the frequency of the tet b gene was equal to 84 per cent, the frequency of their combination was equal to 50 per cent and the frequency of the tet c gene was nil. in the salmonella strains the frequency of ... | 1991 | 1953181 |
| bacterial protein toxins acting on intracellular targets. | a number of bacterial toxins act on targets located in the cytosol. diphtheria toxin, pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin a and shigella toxin inhibit protein synthesis by enzymatic inactivation of elongation factor 2 or the 60 s ribosomal subunit. these toxins enter the cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis, followed by translocation across the membranes of intracellular organelles. also a number or toxins that are not cytocidal act on targets in the cytosol. a number of nontoxic bacterial protein ... | 1991 | 1954345 |
| seasonal effects on the reported incidence of acute diarrhoeal disease in northeast thailand. | this paper examines the seasonal variation in the reported incidence of acute diarrhoea for selected areas in the northeast of thailand. charts are presented which show rainfall, temperature and reported incidence of acute diarrhoea for the period 1982 to 1987. incidence of diarrhoea appears to be inversely related to a sharp decrease in temperature around january each year. although rainfall does not appear to have a direct effect on the relative incidence of acute diarrhoea, there is always a ... | 1991 | 1955264 |