Publications

[new selective indicator medium for detection of aeromonas and plesiomonas: unisc agar].	we evaluated a new selective indicator medium (unisc agar) for isolation of classical enteropathogens, aeromonas spp and plesiomonas shigelloides. the xylose fermentation capacity is indicated by a yellow color (fermenting agents) or blue (no fermenting agent). this, together with the oxidase test, establishes it as an indicator for detecting aeromonas and plesiomonas shigelloides. its productivity and selectivity, as assessed using the absolute count index and relative count index, indicate it ...	2008	18853024
oral immunization: an update.	oral immunization with vaccines against intestinal infectious diseases has been extensively explored for several decades. despite the immunologic and economic rationale behind oral immunization, only a few mucosal vaccines are available for the prevention of mucosal infections. here, we summarize the current status of such vaccines, with a focus on intestinal infectious diseases, describe alternative approaches, and analyze advantages and difficulties encountered with a broad implementation of t ...	2008	19122521
coliforms and prevalence of escherichia coli and foodborne pathogens on minimally processed spinach in two packing plants.	minimally processed spinach has been recently associated with outbreaks of foodborne illnesses. this study investigated the effect of commercial minimal processing of spinach on the coliform and escherichia coli counts and the prevalence of e. coli o157:h7, salmonella, shigella spp., and listeria monocytogenes on two types of spinach before and after minimal processing. a total of 1,356 spinach samples (baby spinach, n = 574; savoy spinach, n = 782) were collected daily in two processing plants ...	2008	19244890
comparative study of leaf and stem bark extracts of parkia biglobosa against enterobacteria.	hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts of leaf and stem bark of parkia biglobosa (jacq) benth. (mimosaceae) were tested against clinical isolates escherichia coli, salmonella typhi, shigella dysenteriae and enterococcus faecalis, and corresponding collection strains e. coli cip 105 182, salmonella enterica cip 105 150, shigella dysenteriae cip 54-51 and enterococcus faecalis cip 103 907. discs of gentamicin, a broad spectrum antibiotic were used as positive controls. the results showed that all the ...	2008	20161943
antimicrobial activity of various extracts of ocimum basilicum l. and observation of the inhibition effect on bacterial cells by use of scanning electron microscopy.	the antimicrobial activities of chloroform, acetone and two different concentrations of methanol extracts of ocimum basilicum l. were studied. these extracts were tested in vitro against 10 bacteria and 4 yeasts strains by the disc diffusion method. the results indicated that the methanol extracts of o. basilucum exhibited the antimicrobial activity against tested microorganisms. while the chloroform and acetone extracts had no effect, the methanol extracts showed inhibition zones against strain ...	2008	20161958
contamination of herbal medicinal products marketed in kaduna metropolis with selected pathogenic bacteria.	the study aimed to evaluate the bacterial contamination of powdered herbal medicinal preparations sourced from identified herbal retail outlets in different parts of kaduna metropolis. the assessments of the contamination of the herbal products were carried out using standard procedures: total aerobic bacterial plate count, measurement of some physical parameters, isolation and characterization of selected bacterial pathogens etc. the results showed that out of a total of 150, 70 (46.67%) herbal ...	2008	20162044
synthesis, antimicrobial and antiinflammatory activity of 2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazoles.	in the present study, 2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazoles (3a-o) have been synthesized by the condensation of 4-methoxybenzohydrazide (1) with different aromatic acids (2a-o) in presence of phosphoryl chloride. the structural assignment of this compound (3a-o) has been made on the basis of elemental analysis, uv, ir, (1)h nmr and mass spectral data. the synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro growth inhibiting activity against different strains of bacteria and fungi viz., staphylo ...	2008	20390080
antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic activities of amblyone isolated from amorphophallus campanulatus.	to assess the in vitro antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic activities of amblyone, a triterpenoid isolated from amorphophallus campanulatus (roxb).	2008	21264161
shigella species and serotypes among clinical isolates in thailand from 2001 to 2005.	to study the species and the serotypes of the clinical isolates of shigella obtained from patients in thailand.	2009	21298848
[shigella strategy for host defense and mucosal infection].		2009	21089529
the immunogenic siga enterotoxin of shigella flexneri 2a binds to hep-2 cells and induces fodrin redistribution in intoxicated epithelial cells.	we have previously shown that the enterotoxin siga which resides on the she pathogenicity island (pai) of s. flexneri 2a is an autonomously secreted serine protease capable of degrading casein. we have also demonstrated that siga is cytopathic for hep-2 cells and plays a role in the intestinal fluid accumulation associated with s. flexneri infections.	2009	20011051
prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of diarrheagenic escherichia coli and shigella species associated with acute diarrhea in tehran, iran.	a study was performed to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of shigella species and diarrheagenic escherichia coli isolates cultured from patients with acute diarrhea in tehran, iran. between may 2003 and may 2005, 1120 diarrheal specimens were collected and assayed for bacterial enteropathogens by conventional and molecular methods. etiological agents were isolated from 564 (50.3%) specimens, and included 305 (54%) e coli, 157 (27.8%) shigella species, and 102 (18%) from othe ...	2009	20808457
sporadic paediatric diarrhoeal illness in urban and rural sites in nyanza province, kenya.	investigate differences in the infectious aetiology, health seeking behaviour, and provider practices with regard to diarrhoeal illness among children presenting to urban versus rural clinics in western kenya.	2009	20575313
screening of antibacterial potentials of some medicinal plants from melghat forest in india.	cyperus rotundus, caesalpinia bonducella, tinospora cordifolia, gardenia gummifera, ailanthus excelsa, acacia arabica, embelia ribes and ventilago maderspatana from melghat forest were screened for their antibacterial potential against escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, klebsiella pneumoniae, proteus vulgaris, salmonella typhi, shigella flexneri, salmonella paratyphi, salmonella typhimurium, pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterobacter aerogenes by disc diffusion method. out of these medicinal pla ...	2009	20448847
association of water-borne diseases morbidity pattern and water quality in parts of ibadan city, nigeria.	occurrence of diarrhoea and other water-borne diseases in cities of developing countries has been on the increase over the decades largely due to unsafe water, inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene among human population. this study examined the relationship between the spatial pattern of water-borne diseases vis-a-vis water quality in parts of ibadan city in nigeria. data on 1334 cases of various water-borne diseases was collected from eight public hospitals with catchments covering the study ...	2009	20734698
laboratory diagnosis of infectious diarrhoea syndrome; a three years study in two hospitals of infectious diseases.	infectious diarrhoea is a syndrome caused by a variety of bacterial, viral and parasitic organisms which represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality all over the world. the wide diversity of etiological agents impairs the surveillance and the diagnosis and affects the correct treatment applied to reduce the long-term complications. besides well known enteric pathogens such as salmonella, shigella and yersinia, a high number of emergent and re-emergent aetiologies are now recognised to be ...	2009	20361527
an urban, water-borne outbreak of diarrhoea and shigellosis in a district town in eastern india.	in september 2007, the gayeshpur municipality reported a cluster of cases with diarrhoea. we aimed to identify the causative agent and the source of the disease.	2009	20334044
pcr targeting of antibiotic resistant bacteria in public drinking water of lahore metropolitan, pakistan.	to investigate the prevalence of kanamycin (kan) and ampicillin (amp) resistant bacteria in public drinking water.	2009	20337218
[the effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in blastocystis hominis infection].	the aim of this study was to investigate clinical findings and the effects of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx) in cases of blastocystosis. a total of 37 cases whose stool specimens were sent to the parasitology laboratory from the outpatient clinics of our hospital for various reasons were included in the study. only five or more blastocystis hominis were found during examination with direct wet mount using the 40x objective. the stool specimens were tested for other agents (salmonella sp ...	2009	20101575
acute gastrointestinal illness in new zealand: information from a survey of community and hospital laboratories.	to describe and quantify laboratory testing of faecal samples for enteric pathogens as a component of the reporting pyramid of acute gastrointestinal illness (agi) in new zealand.	2009	20148044
resistances of antibiotics and heavy metals in enterobacteriaceae spp. isolated from gills and intestines of achanthobrama marmid (heckel,1843) from sir dam lake turkey.	a total of 94 bacteria, associated with wild achanthobrama marmid (heckel, 1843) in sir dam lake of turkey identified. subsequently selected isolates were characterized and identified to the genus level the 94 members of enterobacteriaceae were isolated in the gills and intestines, and among the isolates, e. coli were represented at a rate of 55%, shigella spp. at a rate of 21%, salmonella spp. at a rate of 9%, citrobacter spp. at a rate of 9%, klebsiella spp. at a rate of 3% and proteus spp., a ...	2009	20112859
antibacterial and antifungal activities of some mexican medicinal plants.	in mexico about 4,000 plant species have some medicinal use. the aim of this work was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of six mexican medicinal plants against fungi and gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. methanolic extracts were prepared from the mexican medicinal plants amphypteringium adstrigens, castella tortuosa, coutarea latiflora, ibervillea sonorae, jatropha cuneata, and selaginella lepidophylla. the antibacterial and antifungal activities of the plants were determined by the ...	2009	20041800
trends in antimicrobial resistance in shigella species in karachi, pakistan.	shigellosis is a common cause of morbidity, especially in the very young and old, in developing countries. the disease is treated with antibiotics. surveillance of antimicrobial resistance trends is essential owing to the global emergence of antimicrobial resistance.	2009	20009283
highly sensitive detection of shigella flexneri using fluorescent silica nanoparticles.	robust signal amplification tactic is a good solution for improving detection sensitivity. unprocessed fluorophores have many limitations. here we describe an effective strategy for highly sensitive detection of bacteria by using fluorescent conjugated nanoparticles. the nanoparticles were synthesized using silica as matrix. fluorescein isothiocyanate distributed in the matrix. s. flexneri specific antibody was coated on the surface of the nanoparticles. compared to the traditional fluorescent a ...	2009	20128444
[campylobacter spp. as a leading cause of human bacterial gastroenteritis in selected region of poland].	the results of the epidemiological analysis of campylobacteriosis reported by regional laboratory of sanitary epidemiological station in bielsko-biala (psse bielsko-biala), silesia voivodeship in poland are presented. from august 2006 to july 2009, stool samples from diarrhea cases were examined for the presence of campylobacter spp. as well as salmonella, shigella, yersinia, enteropathogenic (epec) and verotoxigenic (vtec) e. coli. the most frequently isolated species of campylobacter spp. was ...	2009	20120952
[prof. kazimierz lachowicz (md)--100th anniversary of birthday].	prof. kazimierz lachowicz, md, dipl. medical microbiology, was the founder and the first director of the three regional branches of national institute of hygiene (nih),--in stanisławów (eastern poland) (1937-43), now in ukrainian ivano-frankivsk, maritime in gdynia (1945), now institute of maritime and tropical medicine, and in gdańsk (1945-52). in nih, warsaw, 1953-75 he directed intestinal infection laboratory of bacteriological dept., later founded and directed the national shigella centre as ...	2009	20120962
[characteristics of dysentery-causing strains isolated from patients and carriers in republic of south ossetia during period of humanitarian disaster].		2009	20095424
[etiological analysis of enteric infectious diseases during beijing olympic games].	to understand pathogen patterns of enteric infectious diseases and its impact on this pattern due to aggregation of a great deal of foreign visitors during beijing olympic games.	2009	20137562
a changing picture of shigellosis in southern vietnam: shifting species dominance, antimicrobial susceptibility and clinical presentation.	shigellosis remains considerable public health problem in some developing countries. the nature of shigellae suggests that they are highly adaptable when placed under selective pressure in a human population. this is demonstrated by variation and fluctuations in serotypes and antimicrobial resistance profile of organisms circulating in differing setting in endemic locations. antimicrobial resistance in the genus shigella is a constant threat, with reports of organisms in asia being resistant to ...	2009	20003464
helicobacter pylori induces mapk phosphorylation and ap-1 activation via a nod1-dependent mechanism.	helicobacter pylori rapidly activates mapks and transcription factors, nf-kappab and ap-1, in gastric epithelial cells following host attachment. activation of these signal transducers is largely dependent on the cag pathogenicity island (cagpai)-encoded type iv secretion system. h. pylori was shown to translocate peptidoglycan through the type iv secretion system, which is recognized by the pathogen recognition molecule, nod1, thus resulting in nf-kappab activation. the mechanisms of h. pylori- ...	2009	20007577
bacterial effector binding to ribosomal protein s3 subverts nf-kappab function.	enteric bacterial pathogens cause food borne disease, which constitutes an enormous economic and health burden. enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) causes a severe bloody diarrhea following transmission to humans through various means, including contaminated beef and vegetable products, water, or through contact with animals. ehec also causes a potentially fatal kidney disease (hemolytic uremic syndrome) for which there is no effective treatment or prophylaxis. ehec and other enteric patho ...	2009	20041225
multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis for molecular typing and phylogenetic analysis of shigella flexneri.	shigella flexneri is one of the causative agents of shigellosis, a major cause of childhood mortality in developing countries. multilocus variable-number tandem repeat (vntr) analysis (mlva) is a prominent subtyping method to resolve closely related bacterial isolates for investigation of disease outbreaks and provide information for establishing phylogenetic patterns among isolates. the present study aimed to develop an mlva method for s. flexneri and the vntr loci identified were tested on 242 ...	2009	20042119
enteric pathogens in hiv/aids from a tertiary care hospital.	patterns of enteric infections in hiv in developing countries may differ in several important ways from developed countries, the knowledge of which can often guide therapy when resource limitations hamper the exact diagnosis of the etiological agent in hiv-associated diarrhea.	2009	20049303
[overdiagnosis of amebiasis in children with dysentery].	there are morphologically identical amebaes, but with differences that can distinguish them; one as pathogenic: entamoeba histolytica, and the other: entamoeba dispar, as inoffensive. that brought the new hypothesis that many of the cases treated as amebiasis, weren't so.	2009	20049395
prevalence of intestinal parasitic and bacterial pathogens in diarrhoeal and non-diarroeal human stools from vhembe district, south africa.	in the present study, a cross-sectional survey of intestinal parasitic and bacterial infections in relation to diarrhoea in vhembe district and the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of isolated bacterial pathogens was conducted. stool samples were collected from 528 patients attending major public hospitals and 295 children attending two public primary schools and were analyzed by standard microbiological and parasitological techniques. entamoeba histolytica/e. dispar (34.2%) and cryptospori ...	2009	20099757
antimicrobial resistance induced by genetic changes.	decoding the mechanisms of resistance to antibiotics is essential in fighting a phenomenon, which is amplifying everyday due to the uncontrolled excessive and many times unjustified use of anti-microbial substances. at present it has become a matter of public health, together with the resistance of mycobacterium tuberculosis to tuberculostatic or the spreading of the aids virus which not only affects the european countries but the entire globe. this paper presents the genic mutations taking plac ...	2009	20108530
diarrheagenic escherichia coli in sub-saharan africa: status, uncertainties and necessities.	diarrhea is a leading cause of illness and death, particularly in developing countries. enteropathogenic escherichia coli, enterotoxigenic e. coli (etec), enteroinvasive e. coli, enterohemorrhaghic e. coli (ehec), enteroaggregative e. coli (eaec) and diffusely adherent e. coli (daec) have been associated with diarrheal disease in different parts of africa, particularly among young children, hiv-positive individuals, and visitors from abroad. each of these e. coli pathotypes uses distinct mechani ...	2009	20061678
in this issue.	shigellosis, dysentery - by whatever name - don't kiss the chimps: pp. 5029-5045with a 10-15% mortality rate when untreated in young children and immunedeficient patients, over one million deaths per year are attributable to this primate/human-only disease. furthermore, the shigella spp. have developed resistance to b-lactam, tetracycline, and aminoglycoside antibiotics very rapidly. a non-primate model of the disease is based on gnotobiotic piglets. aerobically grown bacteria shift to anaerobic ...	2009	19921678
diarrhea associated hemolytic uremic syndrome: a 3-year picu experience from nepal.		2009	20072865
a similarity in the o-acetylation pattern of the o-antigens of shigellaflexneri types 1a, 1b, and 2a.	shigella flexneri type 2a is the first, and type 1b is the second, most prevalent isolates from patients with shigellosis in russia. the o-specific polysaccharides (opss, o-antigens) of s. flexneri types 1-5 possess a common -->2)-alpha-l-rhapiii-(1-->2)-alpha-l-rhapii-(1-->3)-alpha-l-rhapi-(1-->3)-beta-d-glcpnac-(1--> backbone and differ from each other in its glucosylation or/and o-acetylation at various positions, the modifications being responsible for various o-factors. it was suggested tha ...	2009	19246033
study on induction of apoptosis on hela and vero cells by recombinant shiga toxin and its subunits.	verotoxin (vt) or shiga toxin (stx) produced by enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) and shigella dysenteriae is ab5 holotoxin with potent protein synthesis inhibitor. vt can induce both apoptosis and necrosis depending on the cell type, it has been shown that vt-induced apoptosis and cytotoxicity are distinct processes, and the a subunit can be necessary for apoptosis. in other words, the precise role of each subunit in apoptosis signaling has yet to be established. in this study, inductio ...	2009	19669659
bacterial jailbreak sounds cellular alarm: phagosome membrane remnants trigger signaling.	shigella flexneri and other invasive bacteria rupture the phagosome membrane and escape to the host cytoplasm. now, dupont et al. address the fate and signaling functions of pathogen vacuole remnants and show that these membrane fragments trigger host-cell-signaling responses, including polyubiquitination, autophagy, and pyroptosis.	2009	19683675
shigella phagocytic vacuolar membrane remnants participate in the cellular response to pathogen invasion and are regulated by autophagy.	intracellular pathogens like shigella flexneri enter host cells by phagocytosis. once inside, the pathogen breaks the vacuolar membrane for cytosolic access. the fate and function of the vacuolar membrane remnants are not clear. examining shigella-infected nonmyeloid cells, we observed that proteins associated with vacuolar membrane remnants are polyubiquinated, recruit the autophagy marker lc3 and adaptor p62, and are targeted to autophagic degradation. further, inflammasome components and casp ...	2009	19683680
a genome-scale proteomic screen identifies a role for dnak in chaperoning of polar autotransporters in shigella.	autotransporters are outer membrane proteins that are widely distributed among gram-negative bacteria. like other autotransporters, the shigella autotransporter icsa, which is required for actin assembly during infection, is secreted at the bacterial pole. in the bacterial cytoplasm, icsa localizes to poles and potential cell division sites independent of the cell division protein ftsz. to identify bacterial proteins involved in the targeting of icsa to the pole in the bacterial cytoplasm, we sc ...	2009	19684128
protective role of mouse mbl-c on intestinal mucosa during shigella flexneri invasion.	mannan-binding lectin (mbl) is a c-type serum lectin, which is believed to play an important role in the innate immunity against a variety of pathogens. mbl can bind to sugar determinants of a wide variety of microorganisms, neutralize them and inhibit infection by complement activation through the lectin pathway and opsonization by collectin receptors. given that small intestine is a predominant site of extrahepatic expression of mbl, here we addressed the question whether mbl is involved in mu ...	2009	19684159
review article: anti-inflammatory mechanisms of action of saccharomyces boulardii.	saccharomyces boulardii, a well-studied probiotic, can be effective in inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases with diverse pathophysiology, such as inflammatory bowel disease (ibd), and bacterially mediated or enterotoxin-mediated diarrhoea and inflammation.	2009	19706150
increasing resistance to nalidixic acid in shigella subgroups in a comparative study between 2001-2003 and 2004-2006.	the shigella spp. is an organism with an ongoing changing resistance pattern to different antibiotics, thus making its appropriate treatment difficult. nalidixic acid has been one of the most common agents used for the treatment of shigellosis. recently, some studies have reported an emerging resistance to this agent.	2009	19710978
a novel glucosyltransferase involved in o-antigen modification of shigella flexneri serotype 1c.	the o antigen of serotype 1c differs from the unmodified o antigen of serotype y by the addition of a disaccharide (two glucosyl groups) to the tetrasaccharide repeating unit. it was shown here that addition of the first glucosyl group is mediated by the previously characterized gtri cluster, which is found within a cryptic prophage at the proa locus in the bacterial chromosome. transposon mutagenesis was performed to disrupt the gene responsible for addition of the second glucosyl group, causin ...	2009	19717593
multiplexed bead-based mesofluidic system for detection of food-borne pathogenic bacteria.	in the present study, a simple and rapid multiplexed bead-based mesofluidic system (bms) was developed for simultaneous detection of food-borne pathogenic bacteria, including staphylococcus aureus, vibrio parahaemolyticus, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella, enterobacter sakazakii, shigella, escherichia coli o157:h7, and campylobacter jejuni. this system is based on utilization of isothiocyanate-modified microbeads that are 250 mum in diameter, which were immobilized with specific amino-modified ...	2009	19717622
when shigella tells the cell to hang on.	ospe, a shigella type iii effector binds to integrin-like kinase and enhances cell adhesion to better disseminate and colonize the intestinal epithelium. because of the existence of ospe orthologues in other enteropathogens such as enteropathogenic escherichia coli or salmonella sp., maintenance of cell adhesion appears as a widespread strategy for bacteria that interact with the intestinal epithelium.	2009	19720630
assessment of cell surface properties and adhesion potential of selected probiotic strains.	to evaluate the physicochemical cell surface and adhesive properties of selected probiotic strains for human use.	2009	19725886
comparison of the entericbio multiplex pcr system with routine culture for detection of bacterial enteric pathogens.	the entericbio system uses a multiplex pcr assay for the simultaneous detection of campylobacter spp., salmonella enterica, shigella spp., and escherichia coli o157 from feces. it combines overnight broth enrichment with pcr amplification and detection by hybridization. an evaluation of this system was conducted by comparing the results obtained with the system with those obtained by routine culture, supplemented with alternative pcr detection methods. in a study of 773 samples, routine culture ...	2009	19726596
purification and characterization of an immunogenic outer membrane protein of shigella flexneri 2a.	in the present study we purified 34 kda major outer membrane protein (momp) of shigella flexneri 2a for the first time, which was cross-reactive and antigenically conserved among shigella spp. and the epitope was surface exposed on the intact bacterium. the purified antigen was found to be glycosylated, which aids in binding to macrophages and up-regulated the production of nitric oxide, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor and il-12p70, indicating that the momp is immunogenic and has the abili ...	2009	19660587
screening, purification, and identification of the enzyme producing n-(l-alpha-l-aspartyl)-l-phenylalanine methyl ester from l-isoasparagine and l-phenylalanine methyl ester.	screening was carried out for microorganisms able to produce n-(l-alpha-l-aspartyl)-l-phenylalanine methyl ester [apm] from l-isoasparagine and l-phenylalanine methyl ester hydrochloride. of the 422 strains examined, 44 strains belonging to the family enterobacteriaceae were found to produce apm. the enzyme catalyzing apm production was purified and identified as dipeptidase e.	2009	19664550
oxidative and antibacterial activity of mn3o4.	mn(3)o(4) nanoparticles with diameter ca. 10nm were synthesized by the forced hydrolysis of mn(ii) acetate at 80 degrees c. the x-ray diffraction (xrd), fourier transform infra red (ft-ir) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (sem) and energy dispersive x-ray (edx) techniques were employed to study structural features and chemical composition of the nanoparticles. the unique oxidative activity of the mn(3)o(4) nanoparticles was demonstrated in the polymerization and dye degradation reactio ...	2009	19733434
an outbreak of shigella dysenteriae in sweden, may-june 2009, with sugar snaps as the suspected source.	we report an outbreak of shigella dysenteriae type 2 infections during may-june 2009 in sweden, involving 47 suspected cases of whom 35 were laboratory-confirmed. the epidemiological investigation based on interviews with the patients pointed at sugar snaps from kenya as the source. shigella was not detected in samples of sugar snaps. however, escherichia coli was confirmed in three of four samples indicating contamination by faecal material. during april to may 2009 outbreaks with shigella conn ...	2009	19607782
nonculturable response of animal enteropathogens in the agricultural environment and implications for food safety.	concerns about animal enteropathogen contamination of fresh horticultural products have,increased worldwide and are mainly due to the ability of bacteria to survive under stress conditions in the agricultural environment and during raw-vegetable processing. this review challenges the idea that the viable but nonculturable phenomenon that has been proven to occur in plant-associated environments contributes to human pathogen survival and might be correlated with foodborne infection. factors assoc ...	2009	19610353
high frequency of hotspot mutations in core genes of escherichia coli due to short-term positive selection.	core genes comprising the ubiquitous backbone of bacterial genomes are not subject to frequent horizontal transfer and generally are not thought to contribute to the adaptive evolution of bacterial pathogens. we determined, however, that at least one-third and possibly more than one-half of the core genes in escherichia coli genomes are targeted by repeated replacement substitutions in the same amino acid positions-hotspot mutations. occurrence of hotspot mutations is driven by positive selectio ...	2009	19617543
structural insights into host gtpase isoform selection by a family of bacterial gef mimics.	the escherichia coli type iii effector map belongs to a large family of bacterial virulence factors that activate host rho gtpase signaling pathways through an unknown molecular mechanism. here we report direct evidence that map functions as a potent and selective guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (gef) for cdc42. the 2.3-a structure of the map-cdc42 complex revealed that map mimics the gef strategy of the mammalian dbl family but has a three-dimensional architecture that is nearly identical to ...	2009	19620963
[virulence factors and in vitro susceptibility of plesiomonas shigelloides isolated from diarrhea episodes in cuba].	acute diarrhea is still one of the main causes of disease in developing countries. at the national reference laboratory for acute diarrhoeal diseases, of the "pedro kourí" tropical medicine institute, 54 plesiomonas shigelloides strains were serotyped. as a result, the circulation of four new serotypes (o20:h2, 056:h18, 071 :h31,081 :h22) was detected. the most common antigenic variant was 094:h3. in addition, the susceptibility pattern to 21 antimicrobial agents (aa) was studied. highest percen ...	2009	19621156
improvement of an acid phosphatase/dhap-dependent aldolase cascade reaction by using directed evolution.	to enhance the phosphorylating activity of the bacterial nonspecific acid phosphatase from salmonella enterica ser. typhimurium lt2 towards dihydroxyacetone (dha), a mutant library was generated from the native enzyme. three different variants that showed enhanced activity were identified after one round of eppcr. the single mutant v78l was the most active and showed an increase in the maximal dhap concentration to 25 % higher than that of the wild-type enzyme at ph 6.0. this variant is 17 times ...	2009	19623595
[isolation and study of perspective probiotic strain of spore-forming bacteria from bacillus genus].	to study physiologic, biochemical as well as antagonistic characteristics of isolated strain of bacillus pumilus in comparison with known spore-forming bacteria from b. subtilis species.	2009	19623717
[etiology of acute enteric infection in children with arid zone and effect of probiotics].	to study etiologic structure of acute enteric infections (aei) with isolation of hemolytic and enteropathogenic escherichia and to assess the efficacy of probiotic therapy during infections caused by e. coli.	2009	19623719
[rapid detection of salmonella in food by using fluorescently labeled phage o-i].	to develop a rapid detection method for salmonella in food by using specific salmonella-phage o-i.	2009	19623962
an integrative approach combining noncovalent mass spectrometry, enzyme kinetics and x-ray crystallography to decipher tgt protein-protein and protein-rna interaction.	the trna-modifying enzyme trna-guanine transglycosylase (tgt) is a putative target for new selective antibiotics against shigella bacteria. the formation of a tgt homodimer was suggested on the basis of several crystal structures of tgt in complex with rna. in the present study, noncovalent mass spectrometry was used (i) to confirm the dimeric oligomerization state of tgt in solution and (ii) to evidence the binding stoichiometry of the complex formed between tgt and its full-length substrate tr ...	2009	19627989
enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli serogroup o111 inhibits nf-(kappa)b-dependent innate responses in a manner independent of a type iii secreted ospg orthologue.	enterohaemorrhagic and enteropathogenic escherichia coli (ehec and epec) inject a repertoire of effector proteins into host cells via a type iii secretion system (t3ss) encoded by the locus of enterocyte effacement (lee). ospg is an effector protein initially identified in shigella that was shown to inhibit the host innate immune response. in this study, we found ospg homologues in ehec (mainly of serogroup o111) and in yersinia enterocolitica. the t3ss encoded by the lee was able to inject thes ...	2009	19628559
differentiation of whole bacterial cells based on high-throughput microarray chip printing and infrared microspectroscopic readout.	using robotic automation, a microarray printing protocol for whole bacterial cells was developed for subsequent label-free and nondestructive infrared microspectroscopic detection. using this contact microspotting system, 24 microorganisms were printed on zinc selenide slides; these were 6 species of listeria, 10 species of vibrio, 2 strains of photobacterium damselae, yersinia enterocolitica 289, bacillus cereus atcc 14529, staphylococcus aureus, atcc 19075 (serotype 104 b), shigella sonnei 201 ...	2009	19630511
[development of single base extension-tags microarray for the detection of food-borne pathogens].	we developed single base extension-tags (sbe-tags) microarray to detect eight common food-borne pathogens, including staphylococcus aureus, vibrio parahaemolyticus, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella, enterobacter sakazaki, shigella, escherichia coli o157:h7 and campylobacter jejuni. with specific pcr primers identified and integrated for eight food-borne pathogens, target sequences were amplified and purified as template dna of single base extension-tags reaction. the products were hybridized t ...	2009	19637631
vaccination of children in low-resource countries against shigella is unlikely to present an undue risk of reactive arthritis.	shigellosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children in low-resource countries. promising vaccine strategies in development include genetically attenuated shigella, killed whole cell vaccines, subcellular vaccines, and o-polysaccharide-protein conjugates. there is a concern that shigella vaccines could either induce reactive arthritis or could prime vaccinees for arthritis after a subsequent exposure to the pathogen because shigellosis is associated with reactive arthritis, esp ...	2009	19643213
antibiotic resistance among bacterial pathogens in central africa: a review of the published literature between 1955 and 2008.	a systematic review of the published literature on bacterial resistance in central africa between 1955 and 2008 was performed. eighty-three publications from seven countries were retrieved, the majority presenting data on enteric and other gram-negative pathogens. despite methodological limitations in many studies, alarming resistance rates are noted in nearly all pathogens. of special concern are multidrug resistance in shigella and salmonella spp. and the emergence of meticillin-resistant stap ...	2009	19540725
hospital-based surveillance of enteric parasites in kolkata.	diarrhoea is the second leading cause of illness and death in developing countries and the second commonest cause of death due to infectious diseases among children under five in such countries. parasites, as well as bacterial and viral pathogens, are important causes of diarrhoea. however, parasitic infections are sometimes overlooked, leading after a period of time to an uncertain aetiology. in this paper we report the prevalence of giardia lamblia, entamoeba histolytica and cryptosporidium sp ...	2009	19545355
effects of reduction products of ortho-hydroxyl substituted azo dyes on biodecolorization of azo dyes.	the mediated effects of reduction products of some ortho-hydroxyl substituted azo dyes on biodecolorization were investigated. the results indicated that the addition of reduction products could effectively accelerate dye decolorization by shigella sp. qrz-1. the best accelerating effect was obtained with the addition of reduction products of acid red 14 (ar14), resulting in an over 3-fold increase in decolorization efficiency of many azo dyes. in sequencing batch reactor experiments, the accele ...	2009	19545943
nitric oxide production in acute gastroenteritis in indian children.	this study compared nitric oxide (no) levels in 110 children with, and 110 children without, infectious gastroenteritis. post-infection intestinal function was assessed in a subset. at least one pathogen was identified in 47.2% of cases. the most common diarrhoeal pathogens were rotavirus (22.7%) and norovirus genogroup ii (11.8%). the levels of no measured by median urinary nitrite:creatinine ratio were significantly higher in children with diarrhoea [23.6; interquartile range (iqr) 12.3-46.7] ...	2009	19552932
evaluation of antibacterial activity, phenol and flavonoid contents of thespesia populnea flower extracts.	flavonoids which were reported as having many pharmacological activities, antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxic, chemoprevention activities and they possess strong antiproliferative effects related to inhibition of cell cycle progression and apoptosis induction. on the basis of this thespesia populnea (l.) sol. ex correa (family-malvaceae) was selected and it is having the major composition of flavonoids and the antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of thespesia populnea flowers was inves ...	2009	19553175
imported fresh sugar peas as suspected source of an outbreak of shigella sonnei in denmark, april-may 2009.	we report on an outbreak of shigella sonnei infections involving ten cases notified through the laboratory surveillance system in denmark in april and may. the likely source was consumption of fresh, raw sugar peas (sugar snaps) imported from africa. this conclusion was based on interviews with cases and on the occurrence of a similar outbreak one month later in norway. fresh imported produce may occasionally be contaminated with pathogenic bacteria even when sold as ready-to-eat.	2009	19555602
shigella sonnei infections in norway associated with sugar peas, may-june 2009.	in may 2009, the norwegian institute of public health (niph) identified a possible outbreak of shigella sonnei infection involving four cases. additionally, five suspected cases in two separate households were reported. inspectors from the norwegian food safety authority (nfsa) visited the two households and found an unopened package of sugar peas imported from kenya in one of the households. one sample from the sugar peas was positive for shigella sonnei by two pcr methods. based on this result ...	2009	19555603
the cellular level of o-antigen polymerase wzy determines chain length regulation by wzzb and wzzphs-2 in shigella flexneri 2a.	the lipopolysaccharide o antigen of shigella flexneri 2a has two preferred chain lengths, a short (s-oag) composed of an average of 17 repeated units and a very long (vl-oag) of about 90 repeated units. these chain length distributions are controlled by the chromosomally encoded wzzb and the plasmid-encoded wzz(phs-2) proteins, respectively. in this study, genes wzzb, wzz(phs-2) and wzy (encoding the o-antigen polymerase) were cloned under the control of arabinose- and rhamnose-inducible promote ...	2009	19556292
rational design and immunogenicity of liposome-based diepitope constructs: application to synthetic oligosaccharides mimicking the shigella flexneri 2a o-antigen.	we have designed chemically defined diepitope constructs consisting of liposomes displaying at their surface synthetic oligosaccharides mimicking the o-antigen of the shigella flexneri 2a lipopolysaccharide (b-cell epitope) and influenza hemagglutinin peptide ha 307-319 (th epitope). using well controlled and high-yielding covalent bioconjugation reactions, the two structurally independent epitopes were coupled to the lipopeptide pam(3)cag, i.e. a tlr2 ligand known for its adjuvant properties, a ...	2009	19559116
a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of lactobacillus gg in infantile diarrhea.	in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 229 infants hospitalized for acute diarrhea in rural india were given a 10-day course of lactobacillus rhammosus gg (minimum dose, 10 degrees bacteria) or placebo. there was no difference in groups in the duration of diarrhea or numbers of stool on days 3, 6, or 10 of treatment.	2009	19559297
comparison of two label-free global quantitation methods, apex and 2d gel electrophoresis, applied to the shigella dysenteriae proteome.	the in vitro stationary phase proteome of the human pathogen shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 (sd1) was quantitatively analyzed in coomassie blue g250 (cbb)-stained 2d gels. more than four hundred and fifty proteins, of which 271 were associated with distinct gel spots, were identified. in parallel, we employed 2d-lc-ms/ms followed by the label-free computationally modified spectral counting method apex for absolute protein expression measurements. of the 4502 genome-predicted sd1 proteins, 1148 ...	2009	19563668
[a multicentre study of shigella spp in henan province, during 2000-2007].		2009	19565889
broad-range pcr, cloning and sequencing of the full 16s rrna gene for detection of bacterial dna in synovial fluid samples of tunisian patients with reactive and undifferentiated arthritis.	broad-range rdna pcr provides an alternative, cultivation-independent approach for identifying bacterial dna in reactive and other form of arthritis. the aim of this study was to use broad-range rdna pcr targeting the 16s rrna gene in patients with reactive and other forms of arthritis and to screen for the presence of dna from any given bacterial species in synovial fluid (sf) samples.	2009	19570210
listeria monocytogenes membrane trafficking and lifestyle: the exception or the rule?	listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular bacterial pathogen that promotes its internalization within nonprofessional phagocytes by interacting with specific host cell receptors. l. monocytogenes resides transiently in a membrane-bound compartment before escaping into the host cell cytosol where bacterial proliferation takes place. actin-based motility then promotes cell-to-cell pathogen spread. extensive studies on cytoskeleton rearrangements, membrane trafficking, and other events have establ ...	2009	19575658
ptdins5p protects akt from dephosphorylation through pp2a inhibition.	phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate (ptdins5p), the most recently discovered phosphoinositide, has been proposed to play a role as a lipid mediator of intracellular signaling. we have previously shown that ptdins5p generated by ipgd, an effector of the causative agent of dysentery shigella flexneri, activates the pi 3-kinase/akt pathway. here, we demonstrate that ptdins5p is able to protect akt from dephosphorylation. this effect is not due to inhibition of the phosphoinositide phosphatase regulati ...	2009	19576174
porin of shigella dysenteriae directly promotes toll-like receptor 2-mediated cd4+ t cell survival and effector function.	porin of shigella dysenteriae type 1 up-regulated toll-like receptor (tlr)2 on cd3-stimulated cd4(+) t cells but could not induce the expression of other tlrs. tlr2 in association with myeloid differentiating factor 88 (myd88) triggered the downstream signal transduction pathway leading to activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) and nuclear factor kappab (nf-kappab), and degradation of ikappab, the nf-kappab inhibitor. tlr2 co-stimulation by porin resulted in t cell expansion by in ...	2009	19576636
aetiology of acute gastro-enteritis in children at saint camille medical centre, ouagadougou, burkina faso.	the present study aims at identifying the infectious agents responsible for child acute gastroenteritis (age) in ouagadougou. from may 5 2006 to june 22 2008, 648 children aged from 2 to 41 months, with at least an average of 3 loose stools per day have been enrolled for coproculture, parasitology and virology test. among them, 34 (5.25%) were hiv seropositive. a single sample of faeces from each child was used to identify enteropathogens. an infectious aetiology was identified in 41.20% of case ...	2009	19579955
influence of long-term consumption of a lactococcus lactis strain on the intestinal immunity and intestinal flora of the senescence-accelerated mouse.	the senescence-accelerated mouse develops normally until 5-6 months of age and then displays rapid and irreversible advancement of senescence manifesting as clinical signs and gross lesions. to clarify the effect of lactic acid bacteria on the physiological changes with increasing age, heat-killed lactococcus lactis g50 was administered to 1-month-old senescence-accelerated-prone mouse (samp)6 mice for 11 months, a senescence-accelerated mouse strain that develops senile osteoporosis. mice fed g ...	2009	19586567
characterization of shigella sonnei isolates from travel-associated cases in japan.	shigella sonnei infection in industrialized countries is often associated with foreign travel. a total of 195 s. sonnei isolates in japan, isolated from cases associated with foreign travel, were analysed by biotyping and molecular typing using pfge and multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (mlva); their antimicrobial susceptibilities were also evaluated. the isolates were from 26 countries, most of which were asian. molecular typing revealed a correlation among the genotypes, biotyp ...	2009	19589900
potential applicability of chymotrypsin-susceptible microcin j25 derivatives to food preservation.	microcin j25 (mccj25) is a 21-residue ribosomally synthesized lariat peptide antibiotic. mccj25 is active against such food-borne disease-causing pathogens as salmonella spp., shigella spp., and escherichia coli, including e. coli o157:h7 and non-o157 strains. mccj25 is highly resistant to digestion by proteolytic enzymes present in the stomach and intestinal contents. mccj25 would therefore remain active in the gastrointestinal tract, affecting normal intestinal microbiota, and this limits the ...	2009	19592527
genetics and virulence association of the shigella flexneri sit iron transport system.	the sit-encoded iron transport system is present within pathogenicity islands in all shigella spp. and some pathogenic escherichia coli strains. the islands contain numerous insertion elements and sequences with homology to bacteriophage genes. the shigella flexneri sit genes can be lost as a result of deletion within the island. the formation of deletions was dependent upon reca and occurred at relatively high frequency. this suggests that the sit region is inherently unstable, yet sit genes ar ...	2009	19289511
acute non-outbreak shigellosis: ten years experience in southern taiwan.	we conducted a retrospective study of both the clinical and laboratory characteristics of shigellosis in southern taiwan.	2009	19292940
the changing panorama of bacterial enteric infections.	we studied the age-specific population-based incidence of bacterial enteric infections caused by shigella, salmonella and campylobacter, in jerusalem. during 1990-2008, 32,408 cases were reported (incidence rate 232.1/100,000 per annum). the patterns of shigella (47.4% of cases), salmonella (34.4%) and campylobacter (18.2%) infections evolved noticeably. campylobacter rates increased from 15.0 to 110.8/100,000 per annum. salmonella rates increased from 74.2 to 199.6/100,000 in 1995 then decrease ...	2009	19296872
characterization of fluoroquinolone-resistant shigella flexneri in hangzhou area of china.	the aim of this study was to characterize fluoroquinolone-resistant shigella and determine whether the qnr and aac(6')-ib-cr genes could contribute to sporadic shigellosis at the clinic in the hangzhou area of china.	2009	19297378
serodiversity and antimicrobial resistance pattern of shigella isolates at gondar university teaching hospital, northwest ethiopia.	the aims of this study were to determine the distribution of serogroups and serotypes as well as the antimicrobial resistance pattern of shigella isolates from gondar patients with acute diarrhea. a cross-sectional study was conducted from august 2006 to february 2008. stool specimens were received from study subjects and cultured. isolates were confirmed by biochemical and serological tests. the isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by the disc diffusion method. of the 1,200 sto ...	2009	19305047
green banana reduces clinical severity of childhood shigellosis: a double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial.	mature green banana (gb) fruit is rich in amylase-resistant starch that stimulates colonic production of short-chain fatty acids (referred to as fatty acid) and is useful in treating diarrheal diseases. we studied therapeutic effects of gb in childhood shigellosis by determining colonic fatty acid production in a double-blind, randomized, controlled, clinical trial.	2009	19319017
structure and heme binding properties of escherichia coli o157:h7 chux.	for many pathogenic microorganisms, iron acquisition from host heme sources stimulates growth, multiplication, ultimately enabling successful survival and colonization. in gram-negative escherichia coli o157:h7, shigella dysenteriae and yersinia enterocolitica the genes encoded within the heme utilization operon enable the effective uptake and utilization of heme as an iron source. while the complement of proteins responsible for heme internalization has been determined in these organisms, the f ...	2009	19319934
surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility patterns among shigella sonnei strains isolated in belgium during the 18-year period 1990 to 2007.	this study was conducted to determine the frequency and pattern of antimicrobial susceptibility of shigella sonnei, the predominant species causing shigellosis in belgium. between 1990 and 2007, a total of 7,307 strains, mainly (98.2%) isolated from stools, were diagnosed by peripheral laboratories before being confirmed as shigella strains by serotyping by the national reference center of salmonella and shigella. a significant increase in resistances to tetracycline, streptomycin, trimethoprim, ...	2009	19321731
comparative study of pathogenicity tests for shigella spp. and enteroinvasive escherichia coli strains.	the purpose of this study was to optimize an in vitro pathogenicity model, as an alternative to sereny test (on guinea pigs). the study was performed on 13 shigella spp. and 3 enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec) strains isolated in romania between 2005 and 2007. the investigation implied the comparative evaluation between the sereny test and cravioto's adapted method for the assessment of the adherence and invasion capacity of the studied bacterial strains on hela cells, as well as the pcr de ...	2009	19507627
[norovirus infection in general hospitals for adults].	to determine the role of noroviruses in the rise of hospital outbreaks of acute intestinal infections (aii), to study clinical and epidemiological aspects of hospital noroviral infection.	2009	19514424
pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for molecular epidemiology of food pathogens.	foodborne diseases due to well-recognized pathogens have emerged as an important and growing public health problem with a significant impact on health. molecular methods for subtyping these microorganisms have become a valid adjunct to the traditional techniques employed in most laboratories. one such molecular technique for the detection and identification of food pathogens is pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). this method separates large dna molecules by the use of an alternating electri ...	2009	19521867