Publications

frequency of isolation of shigella serogroups/serotypes and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in children from slum areas in karachi.	to assess the frequency of serogroups and serotypes, as well as the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of shigella species isolated from known cases of diarrhoea and dysentery from karachi, pakistan.	2005	15960281
antimicrobial activity of lactic acid bacteria isolated from tenerife cheese: initial characterization of plantaricin tf711, a bacteriocin-like substance produced by lactobacillus plantarum tf711.	the screening and initial characterization of bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria (lab) from raw tenerife goats' cheese with possible application as biopreservatives or ripening accelerators for tenerife cheese.	2005	15960667
antimicrobial susceptibility and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of shigella sonnei strains in malaysia (1997-2000).	antimicrobial resistance of shigella sonnei from malaysia was determined and subtyping was carried by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) to assess the extent of genetic diversity of these strains.	2005	15960673
plastins: versatile modulators of actin organization in (patho)physiological cellular processes.	many actin-binding proteins are expressed in eukaryotic cells. these polypeptides assist in stabilizing and rearranging the organization of the actin cytoskeleton in response to external stimuli, or during cell migration and adhesion. here we review a particular set of actin-binding proteins called plastins. plastins (also called fimbrins) belong to a subclass of actin-binding proteins known as actin bundling proteins. three isoforms have been characterized in mammals: t-plastin is expressed in ...	2005	15960882
the shigella flexneri serotype y vaccine candidate sfl124 originated from a serotype 2a background.	shigella flexneri is endemic in most developing countries and responsible for the highest mortality rate among the shigella species. the attenuated serotype y s. flexneri strain sfl124 has been used as the parental strain for the development of recombinant vaccines expressing multiple o-antigen structures. during the development of one such multivalent vaccine, a region of gtrii homology was found in sfl124. sequencing and analysis of this region revealed the presence of an insertion element int ...	2005	15963704
binding of porcine ficolin-alpha to lipopolysaccharides from gram-negative bacteria and lipoteichoic acids from gram-positive bacteria.	protein(s) reactive with n-acetyl-d-glucosamine (glcnac) was isolated from porcine nonimmune serum. the molecular weight of the purified protein was found to be mainly 40 kda on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions. the n-terminal 10 amino acid sequence of the purified protein were found to be identical to that of porcine ficolin-alpha reported previously. in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the purified protein was found to react with lipopolysac ...	2006	15964070
diarrheal illness among deployed u.s. military personnel during operation bright star 2001--egypt.	in the fall of 2001, approximately 15,000 u.s. military personnel participated in a military exercise in the northwestern egyptian desert. to assess the prevalence and impact of diarrhea and enteropathogen distribution, we conducted a post-deployment survey and a case series study. a departure convenience sampling (n = 3725) was used in the post-deployment survey. overall, 9.3% reported diarrhea, 2.6% sought medical care, and 2.8% stopped or decreased their work for at least a day. among those r ...	2005	15964494
surveillance for antimicrobial resistance profiles among shigella species isolated from a semirural community in the northern administrative area of santiago, chile.	variations in antibiotic resistance patterns were studied among 178 shigella strains isolated from 1997 to 2001 in children less than five years of age with acute diarrhea from colina, a semi-rural community in santiago, chile. the minimal inhibitory concentration of several commonly used antibiotics was determined by the agar dilution method. shigella strains showed high rates of resistance to ampicillin (82%), cotrimoxazole (65%), tetracycline (53%), and chloramphenicol (49%). furthermore, 51% ...	2005	15964975
antibacterial triterpenes from syzygium guineense (myrtaceae).	antibacterial bioassay-guided fractionation of syzygium guineense leaf extracts afforded 10 triterpenes, namely betulinic acid 1, oleanolic acid 2, a mixture of 2-hydroxyoleanolic acid 3a, 2-hydroxyursolic acid 3b, arjunolic acid 4a, asiatic acid 4b, a mixture of terminolic acid 5a, 6-hydroxyasiatic acid 5b, and a mixture of arjunolic acid 28-beta-glucopyranosyl ester 6a and the asiatic acid 28-beta-glucopyranosyl ester 6b. isolated compounds were submitted to an antibacterial assay system again ...	2005	15967609
in-vitro antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic properties of sulfonamide--derived schiff's bases and their metal complexes.	a series of new antibacterial and antifungal schiff's bases derived from sulfonamides, as well as their transition metal complexes incorporating cobalt (ii), copper (ii), nickel (ii) and zinc (ii) were synthesized, characterized and screened for their in-vitro antibacterial activity against six gram-negative (escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, proteus mirabilis, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella typhi and shigella dysentriae) and four gram-positive (bacillus cereus, corynebacterium diphth ...	2005	15968823
[sequence analysis of bacterial transposon in nhx gene of populus euphratica].	the united nations environment program estimates that approximately 20% of agricultural land and 50% of cropland in the world is salt-stressed. the gene nhx (na+/h+ exchanger) encodes functional protein that catalyzes the countertransport of na+ and h+ across membranes and may play an important role in plant salt tolerance. to clone the nhx from the wild plant populus euphratica collected in tarim basin and xinjiang wujiaqu district into a t-vector, designed primer was used to amplify 1kb nhx cd ...	2003	15969097
effect of processing time on enteric bacteria survival and on temperature and chemical composition of broiler poultry litter processed by two methods.	this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of deepstack processing broiler poultry litter with or without aeration on enteric bacteria survival (trial 1), and to determine the optimum aeration period (trial 2) and aeration frequency (trial 3) to control excessive heating of litter during the deepstacking process. the effects of deepstacked litter temperature on bacteria survival and on chemical compositions of the litter were monitored. in trial 1, e. coli, salmonella enteriticis and shige ...	2005	15978984
distribution of genes encoding the microbial non-oxidative reversible hydroxyarylic acid decarboxylases/phenol carboxylases.	bacterial non-oxidative, reversible multi subunit hydroxyarylic acid decarboxylases/phenol carboxylases are encoded by the three clustered genes, b, c, and d, of approximately 0.6, 1.4, and 0.2 kb, respectively. there are more than 160 homologues in the database with significant similarity to gene b (homology to ubix) and c (ubid) distributed in all three microbial domains, however, homologues to gene d, are not numerous ( approximately 15). the occurrence of the entire bcd gene cluster encoding ...	2005	15979273
automated methods for multiplexed pathogen detection.	detection of pathogenic microorganisms in environmental samples is a difficult process. concentration of the organisms of interest also co-concentrates inhibitors of many end-point detection methods, notably, nucleic acid methods. in addition, sensitive, highly multiplexed pathogen detection continues to be problematic. the primary function of the beads (biodetection enabling analyte delivery system) platform is the automated concentration and purification of target analytes from interfering sub ...	2005	15979746
worldwide disseminated arma aminoglycoside resistance methylase gene is borne by composite transposon tn1548.	the arma (aminoglycoside resistance methylase) gene, which confers resistance to 4,6-disubstituted deoxystreptamines and fortimicin, was initially found in klebsiella pneumoniae bm4536 on incl/m plasmid pip1204 of ca. 90 kb which also encodes the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase ctx-m-3. thirty-four enterobacteria from various countries that were likely to produce a ctx-m enzyme since they were more resistant to cefotaxime than to ceftazidime were studied. the arma gene was detected in 12 clinic ...	2005	15980373
synthesis and pharmacological activities of some mononuclear ru(ii) complexes.	a series of mononuclear ru(ii) complexes of the type [ru(m)2(u)]2+, where m = 2,2'-bipyridine/1,10-phenanthroline and u = tpl (ru1), 4-cl-tpl (ru2), 4-ch3-tpl (ru3), 4-ch3o-tpl (ru4), and 4-no2-tpl (ru5), -pai (ru6), where tpl = thiopicolinanilide and pai = 2-phenyl-azo-imidazole, have been prepared and characterized by ir, uv-vis, 1h nmr, 13c-nmr, fab-mass spectrophotometer, and elemental analysis. the complexes display metal-ligand charge transfer (mlct) transitions in the visible region. the ...	2005	15982893
[comparative proteomics research on removing of large invasive plasmid pinv of shigella flexneri 2a strain 2457t].	s. flexneri 2a strain 2457t and its derivative without large invasive plasmid pinv-2457t were cultured to middle logarithm phase. whole cellular protein extracts of the two strains were examined by two dimensional (2d) electrophoresis using immobilized ph gradient (ipg) technology. after in-gel protein digestion, the different-expressed spots were detected by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi tof ms). all the peptide mass fingerprints (pmfs) were ...	2005	15989237
moxifloxacin (bay 12-8039): a new methoxy quinolone antibacterial.	moxifloxacin (bay 12-8039) is a new 8 methoxy quinolone antibacterial. the mic90 values are < or = 0.25 mg/l for streptococcus pneumoniae (irrespective of penicillin susceptibility), haemophilus influenzae (beta-lactamase positive or negative), morexella catarrhalis, bordetella pertussis, legionella sp., mycoplasma pneumoniae, clamydia pneumoniae, mycobacterium tuberculosis, methicillin-sensitive staphylococcus aureus, beta-haemolytic streptococci (macrolide-sensitive or -resistant), listeria sp ...	1999	15992072
the comparative importance of e. coli antigen in granulomatous colitis of boxer dogs.	granulomatous colitis of boxer dogs is characterized by mucosal and submucosal infiltration by abundant large macrophages and lymphocytes and plasma cells. involved intestine is thickened, corrugated and ulcerated. the macrophages that occur in colon, cecum and regional lymph nodes are pas-positive, lipid-rich, contain cholesterol, and some of the time can be seen to hold bacteria. paraffin tissue blocks of formalin-fixed colon and colic lymph nodes from 10 cases were cut at 5 microm and immunos ...	2005	15996159
antibacterial properties of some plants used in mexican traditional medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.	antibacterial properties of aqueous and methanolic extracts of 26 medicinal plants used in mexico to treat gastrointestinal disorders were tested against eight different species of enteropathogens: two escherichia coli species; two shigella sonnei species; two shigella flexneri species; and two salmonella sp. species. the results showed that all crude extracts exhibited antibacterial activity, at least against one of the microorganisms tested, at concentrations of 8 mg/ml or lower. the extracts ...	2005	16005589
shigella flexneri infection is dependent on villin in the mouse intestine and in primary cultures of intestinal epithelial cells.	villin is an actin-binding protein present in intestinal and kidney brush borders. villin has been shown to present in vitro ca(2+)-dependent bundling and severing f-actin properties. the study of villin knock-out mice allowed us to show that while bundling of f-actin microfilaments is unaffected, this protein is important for the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton elicited by various signals during both physiological and pathological conditions. here, we studied the role of villin during ...	2005	16008578
effect of relative humidity on preharvest survival of bacterial and viral pathogens on the surface of cantaloupe, lettuce, and bell peppers.	the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of humidity on the preharvest survival of microbial pathogens on cantaloupe, lettuce, and bell peppers. an additional goal was to evaluate clostridium perfringens as an indicator of fecal contamination on produce. the microorganisms used in this study included escherichia coli, e. coli o157:h7, shigella sonnei, salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, clostridium perfringens, hepatitis a virus (hav), feline calicivirus (fcv), and coliphage prd1. t ...	2005	16013370
selectivity and specificity of a chromogenic medium for detecting vibrio parahaemolyticust.	the thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar (tcbs) used in the most-probable-number method for detecting vibrio parahaemolyticus cannot differentiate growth of v. parahaemolyticus from vibrio vulnificus or vibrio mimicus. this study examined the selectivity and specificity of bio-chrome vibrio medium (bcvm), a chromogenic medium that detects v. parahaemolyticus on the basis of the formation of distinct purple colonies on the medium. a panel consisting of 221 strains of bacteria, including 17 ...	2005	16013386
[infections caused by shigella flexneri recognized as food poisonings in warmia and mazury voivodeship].	this article treats of infections submitted as food poisoning examples caused by shigella flexneri 3a which is an etiological factor of diseases characterized by different clinical picture. the aim of the research was to test our laboratory specific procedure in diagnostics of shigella infections. the stool was inoculated on three following solid culture media: salmonella - shigella agar (ss), mac conkey agar (mc), hektoen enteric agar (he) and one liquid medium selenite - phosphate medium (sf). ...	2005	16013410
identification and characterization of shigella boydii 20 serovar nov., a new and emerging shigella serotype.	analysis of 163 putative shigella isolates from canada and the usa showed biochemical reactions consistent with shigella species, although none of the isolates reacted with antiserum raised against any of the well-established or provisional shigella serotypes. all these isolates, provisionally designated serotype sh108, were positive for the ipah gene and the invasion-associated locus. all fermented mannitol, were serologically indistinguishable from each other and showed no reaction in antisera ...	2005	16014427
etiology of reactive arthritis in pan paniscus, p. troglodytes troglodytes, and p. troglodytes schweinfurthii.	the character of arthritis has not received the same attention in pan paniscus as it has in p. troglodytes. reactive arthritis (a form of spondyloarthropathy) in the latter has been considered to be either a sexually transmitted or an infectious-agent diarrhea-related disorder. the unique sexual promiscuity of p. paniscus enables us to distinguish between those hypotheses. the macerated skeletons of 139 adult p. paniscus, p. troglodytes troglodytes, and p. troglodytes schweinfurthii were macrosc ...	2005	16015657
[property of collection strains and new isolates of shigella sonnei].	the vital ability, serological properties, antibioticograms and biochemical properties of collection strains and new isolates of shigella sonnei have been studied. it was ascertained that the determined factors are sufficiently variable, thus they cannot be used as the independent basis for the classification of pathogens.	2005	16018203
the bacterial injection kit: type iii secretion systems.	type iii secretion (t3s) systems are widespread among gram-negative bacteria pathogenic for animals and plants, including yersinia spp., salmonella spp., shigella spp., enteropathogenic escherichia coli, enterohaemorrhagic e. coli, or pseudomonas spp. t3s systems allow bacteria to inject virulence proteins, called t3s effectors, into the cytosol of their eukaryotic host cells. these virulence factors will paralyze or reprogram the eukaryotic cell to the benefit of the pathogen. t3s effectors dis ...	2005	16019722
synergistic enhancement of toll-like receptor responses by nod1 activation.	nod1 is an intracellular pattern-recognition receptor specific for gram-negative peptidoglycan that is important in host response to infections (e.g. helicobacter pylori and shigella flexneri). genetic variation in nod1 predisposes to asthma and inflammatory bowel disease. functional responses have not previously been studied in primary human cells. nod1 activation by low nanomolar concentrations of the specific muropeptide ligand m-tridap induced minimal human peripheral blood mononuclear cell ...	2005	16021603
vector research group - 15th scientific meeting.	the 15th journées scientifiques of the groupe thematique de recherche sur les vecteurs provided an overview of the various aspects of drug delivery systems. copolymers of poly(lactic acid) (pla) and poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (pcl) could be functionalized allowing the introduction of poly(ethylene) glycol side chains and ligands. coupling of bispecific antibodies to radioactive compounds and carbohydrates to tris-(hydroxymethyl) acrylamidomethane telomers increased cell specificity. new polyhydr ...	2001	16025386
campylobacter jejuni pancolitis mimicking idiopathic ulcerative colitis.	campylobacter jejuni is the most common cause of community-acquired acute bacterial diarrhea. campylobacter diarrhea is usually accompanied by fever and abdominal pain. campylobacter diarrhea is usually watery. nausea, vomiting, headache, and myalgias may also be present. tenesmus is a common feature. the majority of patients with campylobacter diarrhea have some component of segmental colitis, usually beginning in the small bowel and progressing distally to the cecum and colon. c. jejuni is a r ...	2005	16027651
[influence of cycloferon on the biological properties of bacterial intracellular pathogens].	the influence of cycloferon on some biological properties of pathogenic (shigella spp., salmonella spp., francisella tularensis, brucella spp.) and opportunistic (escherichia coli, staphylococcus spp.) microorganisms has been experimentally determined in vitro. as revealed in these experiments, the preparation used at concentrations under study considerably suppresses the antilysozyme and anticomplementary activity of gram-negative intracellular parasites (shigellae, salmonellae, f. tularensis, ...	2005	16028504
identification of an escherichia coli operon required for formation of the o-antigen capsule.	escherichia coli produces polysaccharide capsules that, based on their mechanisms of synthesis and assembly, have been classified into four groups. the group 4 capsule (g4c) polysaccharide is frequently identical to that of the cognate lipopolysaccharide o side chain and has, therefore, also been termed the o-antigen capsule. the genes involved in the assembly of the group 1, 2, and 3 capsules have been described, but those required for g4c assembly remained obscure. we found that enteropathogen ...	2005	16030220
the design, synthesis and evaluation of high affinity macrocyclic carbohydrate inhibitors.	carbohydrate-protein interactions have been investigated for a model system of a monoclonal antibody, sya/j6, which binds a trisaccharide epitope of the o-polysaccharide of the shigella flexneri variant y lipopolysaccharide. the thermodynamics of binding for the methyl glycoside of the native trisaccharide epitope, rha-rha-glcnac () to sya/j6 over a range of temperatures exhibits strong, linear enthalpy-entropy compensation and a negative heat capacity change (deltac(p)=-152 cal mol(-1) degree(- ...	2005	16032350
roles for t and nk cells in the innate immune response to shigella flexneri.	shigella flexneri, an enteroinvasive gram-negative bacterium, is responsible for the worldwide endemic form of bacillary dysentery. the host response to primary infection is characterized by the induction of an acute inflammation, which is accompanied by polymorphonuclear cell (pmn) infiltration, resulting in massive destruction of the colonic mucosa. however, pmn play a major role in the recovery from primary infection, by restricting the bacterial infection at the intestinal mucosa. in this st ...	2005	16034114
pathoadaptive mutation that mediates adherence of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli o111.	the adherence of pathogenic escherichia coli strains to intestinal epithelium is essential for initiation of infection. the cad operon encodes the lysine decarboxylase (ldc) system responsible for metabolizing lysine, and this operon has been proposed as an antivirulence mechanism in enteroinvasive e. coli and shigella flexneri and as a factor mediating e. coli o157:h7 adherence. we sought to determine whether the ldc activity was present in a phylogenetically characterized collection of diarrhe ...	2005	16040989
the phage-shock-protein response.	the phage-shock-protein (psp) system responds to extracytoplasmic stress that may reduce the energy status of the cell. it is conserved in many different bacteria and has been linked to several important phenotypes. escherichia coli psp mutants have defects in maintenance of the proton-motive force, protein export by the sec and tat pathways, survival in stationary phase at alkaline ph, and biofilm formation. yersinia enterocolitica psp mutants cannot grow when the secretin component of a type i ...	2005	16045608
sentinel surveillance for international shigella by a quarantine station in japan.	the japanese quarantine system monitors incoming passengers to detect imported pathogens at international airports. at one airport, we found that 74% of 13 315 travellers returning with diarrhoea had visited only one country before entering japan. on the basis of our results, we hypothesized that the international distribution and potential source of bacterial strains could be inferred by analysing strains isolated from travellers returning to japan. in order to demonstrate the potential for thi ...	2005	16050505
outbreak of shigella sonnei in a rural hotel in la gomera, canary islands, spain.	shigella sonnei is a significant cause of gastroenteritis in both developing and industrialized countries. knowledge of the diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility of the bacterium may be helpful in the management of both individual cases and outbreaks. this study was undertaken to evaluate the molecular epidemiology of an outbreak of diarrhea due to s. sonnei. the outbreak involved 14 of 28 (50%) tourists in a small rural hotel in la gomera, canary islands, spain. all of the s. sonnei isolat ...	2005	16052462
microbiological beach sand quality in gaza strip in comparison to seawater quality.	gaza beach is the only recreational area available for the local inhabitants. it is heavily polluted with treated, partially treated, and untreated sewage from point and nonpoint sources. the majority of the population is below the age of 15 years. this age group is vulnerable to gastrointestinal diseases and usually restricts their activities to beach sand at the swash zone. five sampling points along the gaza beach were selected and monitored for 1 year (fortnightly). microbial sand content wa ...	2005	16053922
outbreak of shigellosis in the vienna zoo affecting human and non-human primates.		2005	16054414
structural and genetic characterization of the shigella boydii type 18 o antigen.	shigella strains are important human pathogens and are normally identified by their o antigens. o antigen is an essential part of the lipopolysaccharide present in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria and plays a role in pathogenicity. structural and genetic organization of the shigella boydii type 18 o antigen was investigated. as judged by sugar and methylation analyses and nmr spectroscopy data, the o antigen has a linear pentasaccharide repeating unit (o unit), which consists of thre ...	2005	16055280
shigella dysenteriae shus promotes utilization of heme as an iron source and protects against heme toxicity.	shigella dysenteriae serotype 1, a major cause of bacillary dysentery in humans, can use heme as a source of iron. genes for the transport of heme into the bacterial cell have been identified, but little is known about proteins that control the fate of the heme molecule after it has entered the cell. the shus gene is located within the heme transport locus, downstream of the heme receptor gene shua. shus is a heme binding protein, but its role in heme utilization is poorly understood. in this wo ...	2005	16077111
[evaluation of hucker stain as campylobacter sp screening detection during an acute diarrhea disease].	campylobacter infection is one of the most frequent causes of gastroenteritis in the world and the third in chile according to some studies. the routinary culture for campylobacter in our country is not performed because of its high cost, and it is known, that the hucker stain is a reasonable screening alternative. the objective of this study was to know the utility of the hucker stain and estimate the frequency of campylobacter in stool samples. a total of 5,750 stool samples received in the ca ...	2005	16077891
[design and improvement of an elective culture medium for bacteriological diagnosis of salmonella infection].	experimental studies have provided a nutrient broth for elective accumulation of salmonella (ma broth) and a differential diagnostic culture medium for selective isolation of the causative agents of salmonella toxic infections. the ma broth is used for bacteriological isolation of salmonellae from the low-infected material and for a sanitary-and-bacteriological study of meat-and- sausage and other foods for this pathogen. a combination of high accumulating and inhibiting properties of the design ...	2005	16078535
structure and distribution of the phosphoprotein phosphatase genes, prpa and prpb, among shigella subgroups.	phosphoprotein phosphatases encoded by the prpa and prpb genes function in signal transduction pathways for degradation of misfolded proteins in the extracytoplasmic compartments of escherichia coli. in order to trace the evolution of prp genes and assess their roles in other enteric pathogens, the structure and distribution of these genes among closely related shigella subgroups were studied. pcr amplification, probe hybridization studies and dna sequencing were used to determine the prp genoty ...	2005	16079345
etiology of diarrhea in young children in denmark: a case-control study.	infectious gastroenteritis is one of the most common diseases in young children. to clarify the infectious etiology of diarrhea in danish children less than 5 years of age, we conducted a 2-year prospective case-control study. stools from 424 children with diarrhea and 870 asymptomatic age-matched controls were examined, and their parents were interviewed concerning symptoms. rotavirus, adenovirus, and astrovirus were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and norovirus and sapovirus wer ...	2005	16081890
dose response modelling of escherichia coli o157 incorporating data from foodborne and environmental outbreaks.	a human dose response model for escherichia coli o157 would enable prediction of risk of infection to humans following exposure from either foodborne or environmental pathways. however, due to the severe nature of the disease, volunteer human dose response studies cannot be carried out. surrogate models from shigella fed to humans and e. coli o157 to rabbits have been utilised but are significantly different to one another. in addition data obtained by animal exposure may not be representative f ...	2005	16084264
bacteriophages may bias outcome of bacterial enrichment cultures.	enrichment cultures are widely used for the isolation of bacteria in clinical, biotechnological, and environmental studies. however, competition, relative growth rates, or inhibitory effects may alter the outcome of enrichment cultures, causing the phenomenon known as enrichment bias. bacteriophages are a major component in many microbial systems, and it abounds in natural settings. this abundance means that bacteriophages are likely to be present in many laboratory enrichment cultures. our hypo ...	2005	16085813
presence and characterization of a mosaic genomic island which distinguishes sorbitol-fermenting enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli o157:h- from e. coli o157:h7.	a mosaic genomic island comprising shigella resistance locus (srl) sequences flanked by segments of escherichia coli o157:h7 strain edl933 o islands 43, 81, and 82 was identified in sorbitol-fermenting (sf) enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) o157:h(-) strain 493/89. this mosaic island is absent from strain edl933. pcr targeting the srl-related sequence is a useful tool to distinguish sf ehec o157:h(-) from ehec o157:h7.	2005	16085887
molecular analysis of shigella boydii o1 o-antigen gene cluster and its pcr typing.	shigella is an important human pathogen and is closely related to escherichia coli. o-antigen is the most variable part of the lipopolysaccharide on the cell surface of gram-negative bacteria and plays an important role in pathogenicity. the o-antigen gene cluster of s. boydii o1 was sequenced. the putative genes encoding enzymes for rhamnose synthesis, transferases, o-unit flippase, and o-unit polymerase were identified on the basis of homology. the o-antigen gene clusters of s. boydii o1 and e ...	2005	16088333
elevated levels of igm and iga antibodies to proteus mirabilis and igm antibodies to escherichia coli are associated with early rheumatoid factor (rf)-positive rheumatoid arthritis.	antibodies to proteus mirabilis were previously detected in patients with established rheumatoid arthritis (ra). we examined the prevalence of antibodies to p. mirabilis and their associations with ra in early synovitis patients.	2005	16091399
construction, detection and microarray analysis on the shigella flexneri 2a sitc mutant.	in order to overcome the defects of difficult gene operations in low-copy suicide plasmid pcvd442, gateway technology was applied in the construction process of recombinant plasmid for gene knockout in this study. with this improved knockout system, we inactivated sitc gene, which is associated with iron transport in shigella flexneri 2a strain 301, to yield the mutant, mts. the functional detection of the mutant was performed at the level of culture medium, cell and animal experiment, respectiv ...	2005	16092755
safety and immunogenicity of an oral, inactivated, whole-cell vaccine for shigella sonnei: preclinical studies and a phase i trial.	orally delivered, inactivated whole-cell vaccines are safe methods of inducing local and systemic immunity. to increase surface proteins associated with adherence and invasion, shigella sonnei were grown in bhi broth containing deoxycholate. a whole-cell vaccine (sswc) was then produced by formalin inactivation. in pre-clinical studies, the sswc vaccine was immunogenic and protected against s. sonnei-induced keratoconjunctivitis in the guinea pig model. in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-con ...	2006	16095766
occurrence of shigellosis in the young and elderly in rural china: results of a 12-month population-based surveillance study.	in 2002, population- and treatment center-based surveillance was used to study the disease burden of shigellosis in rural hebei province in the people's republic of china. a total of 10,105 children with diarrhea or dysentery were enrolled. infants were treated most frequently for diarrhea (1,388/1,000/year) followed by children < or = 5 years old (618/1,000/year). shigellosis was treated most often in children 3-4 years old (32/1,000/year) and people > 60 years of age (7/1,000/year). fifty-six ...	2005	16103614
activity of tigecycline tested against a global collection of enterobacteriaceae, including tetracycline-resistant isolates.	steadily increasing resistance among the enterobacteriaceae to beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole has compromised the utility of these commonly used antimicrobial classes for many community- or hospital-acquired infections. the development of tigecycline, the sentinel representative of a novel class of broad-spectrum agents (the glycylcyclines), represents an important milestone in addressing this critical need. resistance to tigecyc ...	2005	16105566
synergistic antimicrobial activity of tea & antibiotics.	tea leaves are known for its antibacterial activity against many microorganisms. in this study we attempted to describe the synergistic antimicrobial activity of tea and antibiotics against enteropathogens. antimicrobial activity of boiled water tea extract and organic solvent extract were studied against salmonella typhimurium 1402/84, s. typhi, s. typhi ty2a, shigella dysenteriae, yersinia enterocolitica c770, and escherichia coli (epec p2 1265) determining minimum inhibitory concentration (mi ...	2005	16106094
purification and molecular characterization of antibacterial compounds produced by lactobacillus murinus strain l1.	the aim of this work was to purify and characterize antibacterial compounds produced by lactobacillus murinus strain l1.	2005	16108807
presence of multiple sites containing polar material in spherical escherichia coli cells that lack mreb.	in rod-shaped bacteria, certain proteins are specifically localized to the cell poles. the nature of the positional information that leads to the proper localization of these proteins is unclear. in a screen for factors required for the localization of the shigella sp. actin assembly protein icsa to the bacterial pole, a mutant carrying a transposon insertion in mreb displayed altered targeting of icsa. the phenotype of cells containing a transposon insertion in mreb was indistinguishable from t ...	2005	16109960
[shigella flexneri diarrhoea with positive blood culture].		1978	16114334
biosafety evaluation of recombinant live oral bacterial vaccines in the context of european regulation.	live bacterial vaccines represent a highly valid preventive strategy in the fight against infectious disease. however, the road from research to market is peppered with hurdles, one of which is the requirement for high biosafety characteristics, which the candidate vaccine has to display. in europe, the european agency for the evaluation of medicinal products (emea) is the relevant authority regulating the licensure of genetically engineered vaccines. for this purpose, the agency may rely on sev ...	2006	16115705
pathogenicity of shigella in healthy carriers: a study in vientiane, lao people's democratic republic.	shigella spp. isolated from diarrheal patients and non-diarrheal carriers were examined by pcr for the presence of two pathogenic genes, chromosomal ipah and invasive plasmid encoded ial. shigella spp. were detected in 7 of 72 diarrheal cases examined (9.7%), and 9 of 145 non-diarrheal cases (6.2%). all isolates from diarrheal cases harbored both ipah and ial, while all isolates from non-diarrheal cases were positive for ipah but not ial. these results suggested that shigella spp. in healthy car ...	2005	16116257
bacterial contamination of vhuswa--a local weaning food and stored drinking-water in impoverished households in the venda region of south africa.	bacterial contaminants of vhuswa--a traditional maize-based weaning food, and domestic drinking-water stored in impoverished rural households in venda of limpopo province, south africa, were determined. one hundred and twenty-five samples of vhuswa fed to children aged less than five years were assessed for escherichia coli, campylobacter jejuni, salmonella, and shigella. the microbiological quality of 125 drinking-water samples was also evaluated using total coliforms, faecal coliforms, and fae ...	2005	16117367
antimicrobial responses of yersinia enterocolitica isolates in comparison to other commonly encountered bacteria that causes diarrhoea.	to determine antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance of yersinia enterocolitica, shigella, e. coli and salmonella isolated strains from diarrhoeal out-patients.	2005	16119753
shigella flexneri serotype 3 infections among men who have sex with men--chicago, illinois, 2003-2004.	during 2003-2004, the chicago department of public health (cdph) investigated an increase in reported shigella flexneri serotype 3 infections among adult males. this report summarizes the investigation into those cases and underscores the potential for sexual transmission of enteric infections among men who have sex with men (msm).	2005	16121121
the complete sequence and analysis of the large virulence plasmid pss of shigella sonnei.	the complete sequence of pss, which is the large virulence plasmid of shigella sonnei, was determined. the 214-kb plasmid is composed of segments of virulence-associated genes, the o-antigen gene clusters, a range of replication and maintenance genes, and large numbers of insertion sequence (is) elements. two hundred and forty-one open reading frames (orfs) were identified, of which 117 are highly homologous to is elements or transposases, 57 are homologous to known pathogenesis-associated prote ...	2005	16122562
characterization of oak and birch dust-induced expression of cytokines and chemokines in mouse macrophage raw 264.7 cells.	occupational exposure to wood dust is related to several respiratory diseases, such as allergic rhinitis, chronic bronchitis, and asthma. however, virtually nothing is known about molecular mechanisms behind wood dust-induced pulmonary inflammation. to elucidate the effects of wood dust exposure on cytokine and chemokine expression in murine macrophage cell line cells, mouse raw 264.7 cells were exposed to two selected hardwood dusts, oak and birch. tio2 and lps were used as controls. expression ...	2005	16122864
bacteria isolated from blood, stool and urine of typhoid patients in a developing country.	blood, stool and urine samples were collected from 100 patients diagnosed as having typhoid in 5 hospitals in akwa ibom state and analyzed for the presence of salmonella species and other bacteria. of the 100 blood samples screened, 55 (55%) were positive with the widal test and 39 (39%) were positive on blood culture. thirteen (14.1%) out of 92 urine samples were positive for bacterial growth, while 22 (26.8%) of the stool cultures were positive out of the 82 samples screened. those within the ...	2005	16124436
childhood shigellosis at king chulalongkorn memorial hospital, bangkok, thailand: a 5-year review (1996-2000).	the objective of this study was to evaluate the demographic data and clinical presentation of childhood shigellosis, and to study the microbiological data and antimicrobial susceptibilities of shigella spp. nine thousand nine hundred fourteen stool culture specimens from children aged 0-15 years who were treated at king chulalongkorn memorial hospital, bangkok, thailand, between 1996 and 2000 were retrospectively reviewed. data were collected from microbiological records and medical charts of ch ...	2005	16124438
rifaximin--the promising anti-microbial for enteric infections.		2005	16125780
toxic megacolon complicating escherichia coli o157 infection.	toxic megacolon is a well known complication in inflammatory bowel disease such as ulcerative colitis or crohn's disease. the development of toxic megacolon as a complication of infectious colitis is rare. however it is recognised as a complication of enteric infections caused by clostridium difficile, campylobacter jejuni, shigella, salmonella species, cytomegalovirus and amoebae. we describe a case of necrotising haemorrhagic ileo-colitis in a previously fit and healthy young adult female caus ...	2006	16126276
synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some novel derivatives of benzofuran: part 1. synthesis and antimicrobial activity of (benzofuran-2-yl)(3-phenyl-3-methylcyclobutyl) ketoxime derivatives.	the reaction of salicylaldehyde with 1-phenyl-1-methyl-3-(2-chloro-1-oxoethyl) cyclobutane (1) and potassium carbonate was used to prepare (benzofuran-2-yl)(3-methyl-3-phenylcyclobutyl) methanone (2) for the starting reagent purposes. (benzofuran-2-yl)(3-phenyl-3-methyl cyclobutyl) ketoxime (3) was synthesized from the reaction of the compound (2) with hidroxylamine. new derivatives of (benzofuran-2-yl)(3-phenyl-3-methyl cyclobutyl) ketoxime (3) such as, o-glycidylketoxime (4) and o-phenylacylke ...	2005	16129517
infectious diarrheal outbreaks in the israeli military, 1988-2002.	we analyzed 865 diarrheal outbreaks with an identified bacterial pathogen or unknown cause that occurred in the israeli military between 1988 and 2002. the number of outbreaks per year declined over the study period, as did the proportion of outbreaks with an identified pathogen. shigella, salmonella, and staphylococcus species were the bacteria most commonly isolated. seventy percent of the outbreaks involved < 35 cases and only 5% involved > 100 cases. more than one-half of the outbreaks occur ...	2005	16130648
willingness to be vaccinated against shigella and other forms of dysentery: a comparison of three regions in asia.	we conducted a cross sectional survey of 3163 women and men in six asian countries to examine willingness for children and adults to be vaccinated against shigellosis and other forms of dysentery. the six sites were clustered into three regions for ease of comparison. the regions are: northeast asia (china), southeast asia (thailand, vietnam, and indonesia) and south asia (bangladesh and pakistan). we used multiple logistic regression to identify region-specific models for vaccination willingnes ...	2006	16137802
involvement of prostaglandins in an animal model of shigella-related seizures.	we investigated whether prostaglandins (pgs), proinflammatory mediators implicated in excitatory activity, are involved in shigella-related seizures. pretreatment with s. dysenteriae sonicate (2ld(50)) enhanced mice response to pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures, without increase of brain concentrations of pge(2), pgd(2) or pgf(2alpha). preinjection of ns-398, an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2, before treatment with shigella sonicate, had no effect on seizures. the anticonvulsive pgd(2) increase ...	2005	16139898
shigellosis among swimmers in a freshwater lake.	shigella infection is highly communicable; however, outbreaks associated with swimming in recreational fresh water are rarely identified.	2005	16144171
optimal word sizes for dissimilarity measures and estimation of the degree of dissimilarity between dna sequences.	several measures of dna sequence dissimilarity have been developed. the purpose of this paper is 3-fold. firstly, we compare the performance of several word-based or alignment-based methods. secondly, we give a general guideline for choosing the window size and determining the optimal word sizes for several word-based measures at different window sizes. thirdly, we use a large-scale simulation method to simulate data from the distribution of sk-ld (symmetric kullback-leibler discrepancy). these ...	2005	16144805
[epidemiological situation in enteric infections in the republic of armenia].		2005	16146241
ala160 and his116 residues are involved in activity and specificity of apyrase, an atp-hydrolysing enzyme produced by enteroinvasive escherichia coli.	the virulence plasmid-carried apy (phon2) gene of shigella and related enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec) encodes apyrase, an atp-diphosphohydrolase belonging to class a of the non-specific acid phosphatases (a-nsaps). apyrase and a-nsaps share three domains of conserved amino acids (domains d1-d3) containing residues forming the putative active site of apyrase. in spite of their similarity, apyrase and a-nsaps show different substrate specificity, apyrase being able to hydrolyse nucleotide ...	2005	16151198
caspase-1 dependent macrophage death induced by burkholderia pseudomallei.	burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent for melioidosis, an infectious disease endemic in south-east asia and northern australia. infection can result in a wide spectrum of clinical outcomes, including asymtomatic, acute or chronic conditions. the ability of the bacteria to survive intracellularly within phagocytes and non-phagocytes is postulated to help this pathogen persist in the body during latent chronic conditions. in some gram-negative bacteria, such as shigella and salmonella, ...	2005	16153244
isolation of vibrio cholerae from neonates admitted to an urban diarrhoeal diseases hospital in bangladesh.	very little is known about vibrio cholerae infection in neonates with diarrhoea.	2005	16156982
haemolytic uraemic syndrome due to ciprofloxacin-resistant shigella dysenteriae serotype 1.	a case of haemolytic uraemic syndrome following dysentery due to ciprofloxacin-resistant shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 is reported for the first time. the increasing resistance of s. dysenteriae serotype 1 to many commonly available antimicrobial agents has implications for the management of dysentery. the choice of antimicrobial treatment for s. dysenteriae serotype 1 infections should take into account widespread drug resistance and the risk of haemolytic uraemic syndrome.	2005	16157557
rapid differentiation among bacteria that cause gastroenteritis by use of low-resolution raman spectroscopy and pls discriminant analysis.	use of classical microbiological methods to differentiate bacteria that cause gastroenteritis is cumbersome but usually very efficient. the high cost of reagents and the time required for such identifications, approximately four days, could have serious consequences, however, mainly when the patients are children, the elderly, or adults with low resistance. the search for new methods enabling rapid and reagentless differentiation of these microorganisms is, therefore, extremely relevant. in this ...	2005	16158301
differences in perception of dysentery and enteric fever and willingness to receive vaccines among rural residents in china.	enteric diseases including dysentery and enteric fever remain significant public health problems in china. while vaccines offer great potential in controlling these diseases, greater understanding of factors influencing acceptance of vaccines is needed to create effective enteric disease control programs in rural china.	2006	16159688
the shigella flexneri effector ospg interferes with innate immune responses by targeting ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes.	bacteria of shigella spp. are responsible for shigellosis in humans. they use a type iii secretion system to inject effector proteins into host cells and induce their entry into epithelial cells or trigger apoptosis in macrophages. we present evidence that the effector ospg is a protein kinase that binds various ubiquitinylated ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, including ubch5, which belongs to the stem cell factor scf(beta-trcp) complex promoting ubiquitination of phosphorylated inhibitor of nf-ka ...	2005	16162672
a survey of antimicrobial resistance in a tertiary referral hospital in the united arab emirates.	published data on antimicrobial resistance are lacking for the united arab emirates (uae). knowledge of local patterns of resistance is essential to optimize guidelines for empirical antimicrobial treatment. awareness of susceptibility patterns in other parts of the world may be important for determining empirical antimicrobial therapy for travelers or patients transferred from abroad. antibiograms from unique isolates of common hospital and community bacteria are described in a tertiary referra ...	2005	16167515
genetic diversity of shigella species from different intercontinental sources.	one hundred and twenty three strains of shigella spp. (mostly shigella sonnei and shigella flexneri) were isolated between 1995 and 2000 from patients suffering from traveller's diarrhoea. seventy nine of them have been typed by digestion of their chromosomal dna with xba i and pulsed field gel electrophoresis. results show a high degree of heterogeneity in both s. sonnei and s. flexneri isolates. this is the first time that the molecular typing of such a high number of geographically unrelated ...	2005	16168941
immunogenicity of multivalent shigella-etec candidate vaccine strains in a guinea pig model.	shigella and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli continue to be significant causes of diarrheal disease in infants and young children in developing countries as well as prevalent agents of traveler's diarrhea. a vaccine which provides protection against disease caused by both pathogens would serve common at-risk populations. such a vaccine would require inclusion of multiple shigella strains as well as multiple etec antigens. the use of attenuated strains of shigella as live vectors for the express ...	2006	16169130
characterization of microorganisms in argentinean honeys from different sources.	seventy polyfloral honeys including commercial samples obtained from supermarkets, harvested from apiaries and purchased in bulk were initially examined for total antibacterial activity. from each sample, numbers of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, total coliforms, moulds and yeasts were determined and the presence of salmonella spp., shigella spp., clostridium sulfite-reducers, paenibacillus larvae and bacillus spp. was investigated. moisture content, ph and total acidity were also determined for a ...	2005	16169624
production, acceptability and microbiological evaluation of weaning food formulations.	weaning food formulations were produced from pearl millet cultivar (sosat c-88), cowpea and groundnut in the ratio of 70:20:10 and 5 per cent malt from six pearl millet cultivars (sosat c-88, zango, ex-borno, icmv is 94206, gwagwa, gb 8735) and one sorghum cultivar (icsv iii) were added to produce seven formulations plus the one without malt. microbiological quality of eight weaning food formulations was evaluated. twenty weaning mothers were used to determine the acceptability of gruels from th ...	2006	16169859
[effects of different compositions of gegenqinlian decoction on experimental shigellosis in rabbits].	to investigate the relations between different compositions of gegenqinlian decoction and their effects on experimental shigellosis in rabbits to explore the composition protocol of gegenqinlian decoction.	2005	16174580
outbreaks associated with recreational water in the united states.	in this article, we review the causes of outbreaks associated with recreational water during 1971-2000. a bacterial or protozoan etiology was identified in three-quarters of the outbreaks; 23% of the outbreaks were of undetermined etiology. the most frequently identified agents were cryptosporidium (15%), pseudomonas (14%), shigella (13%), naegleria (11%), giardia (6%), and toxigenic e. coli (6%). outbreaks attributed to shigella, e. coli o157:h7, and naegleria were primarily associated with swi ...	2005	16175741
a new genetic test for the rapid identification of shiga-toxines producing (stec), enteropathogenic (epec) e. coli isolates from children.	routine bacteriological techniques do not allow detection of the most frequent enteric pathogens in young children: enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) and shigatoxinogenic e. coli (stec/ehec). since there is no correlation between serotype and pathotype, a genotypic determination is therefore necessary for the identification of these pathogenic strains. we evaluated the genotype ehec test (hain life science, germany), a new rapid system based on dna multiplex amplification and further hybr ...	2005	16176859
epidemiology of helicobacter pylori infection.	this review summarizes epidemiologic studies published between april 2004 and march 2005. dna of helicobacter pylori was detected in river water, but the culture was unsuccessful. h. pylori infection was associated with shigella infection. despite many studies, predominant infection routes of h. pylori have not yet been clearly identified. in some limited populations in developing countries, h. pylori infection was rare or with strange distributions. trials to reduce the h. pylori infection rate ...	2005	16178964
an unusual case of diarrhea.	the clue to this patient's correct diagnosis was his recent return from india. he usually visits there on an annual basis and the occurrence of posttravel infection has been noted in his medical records. this case study shows the importance of assessing patients for fever, abdominal cramps and diarrhea after recent travel outside of the united states. shigella gastroenteritis should be in the differential diagnosis for patients with the above clinical presentation. the keys for diagnosis and pro ...	2005	16180784
shigella spp. and enteroinvasive escherichia coli pathogenicity factors.	bacteria of shigella spp. (s. boydii, s. dysenteriae, s. flexneri and s. sonnei) and enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec) are responsible for shigellosis in humans, a disease characterized by the destruction of the colonic mucosa that is induced upon bacterial invasion. shigella spp. and eiec strains contain a virulence plasmid of approximately 220 kb that encodes determinants for entry into epithelial cells and dissemination from cell to cell. this review presents the current model on mechani ...	2005	16182469
characterization of the periplasmic heme-binding protein shut from the heme uptake system of shigella dysenteriae.	the heme uptake systems by which bacterial pathogens acquire and utilize heme have recently been described. such systems may utilize heme directly from the host's hemeproteins or via a hemophore that sequesters and transports heme to an outer membrane receptor and subsequently to the translocating proteins by which heme is further transported into the cell. however, little is known of the heme binding and release mechanisms that facilitate the uptake of heme into the pathogenic organism. as a fi ...	2005	16185086
a bacterial group ii intron-encoded reverse transcriptase localizes to cellular poles.	the lactococcus lactis ll.ltrb group ii intron encodes a reverse transcriptase (ltra protein) that binds the intron rna to promote rna splicing and intron mobility. here, we used ltra-gfp fusions and immunofluorescence microscopy to show that ltra localizes to cellular poles in escherichia coli and lactococcus lactis. this polar localization occurs with or without coexpression of ll.ltrb intron rna, is observed over a wide range of cellular growth rates and expression levels, and is independent ...	2005	16186487
[dysentery in poland in 2003].	the notified number of dysentery cases is the lowest in this century and even every year decreasing. only 75 cases were notified in the year 2003 (incidence rate 0.20/100 000 population) while 220 cases were registered in 2002 (incidence 0.58/100 000 population). no one death case was notified. the last three death cases were notified in 1999. only one outbreak of dysentery (due to s. flexneri 2a) was registered involving 23 patients/111 residents of social home for mentally disabled men. source ...	2005	16190529
waterborne epidemic outbreak of shigella sonnei gastroenteritis in santa maria de palautordera, catalonia, spain.	in august 2002 an outbreak of shigella sonnei infection occurred in a spanish town of 6343 inhabitants. in total, 756 people developed acute gastroenteritis and 181 cases were shigella-confirmed. the peak incidence was during 5-6 august 2002. the estimated primary attack rate was 9.97%; the attack rate for secondary cases was 38%. the <15 years ago group was most affected (16.49%). the town and its surroundings were served by two water systems, a and b. the cases had consumed water provided by s ...	2006	16194288