| shigella infections in children: new insights. | shigellosis , the acute enteric infection caused by bacteria of the genus shigella , has a worldwide distribution with an estimated annual incidence of 164.7 million cases, of which 163.2 million occur in developing countries, and 1.1 million deaths. sixty-nine percent of all episodes and 61 percent of all shigella -related deaths involve children younger than 5 years old. in the united states, 10,000 to 15,000 cases of shigellosis are reported each year. although usually confined to the colonic ... | 2004 | 15494948 |
| vaccines against diarrheal diseases. | at least 2 million persons succumb annually to enteric infection, and in countless other patients, diarrheal disease aggravates malnutrition and susceptibility to other infections. prevention of enteric illness by virtue of improved hygiene and provision of sanitation and water treatment is impractical in most developing countries, where morbidity and mortality rates are highest. for this reason, development of vaccines against the most important gastrointestinal infections remains a high priori ... | 2004 | 15494952 |
| role of anti-cd3 in modulation of th1-type immune response in shigella dysenteriae infection. | a murine model was used to evaluate the role of anti-cd3 in modulating a th1-type response by restimulation of t-cells after immunization with the 57 kda immunodominant antigen of shigella dysenteriae 1 outer-membrane proteins (omps), followed by shigella infection after immunization. to observe the effect of anti-cd3, other t-cell cultures were also established following anti-cd1, anti-il2 and phytohaemagglutinin stimulation. anti-cd3 stimulation of reconstituted t-cells showed 'mean' levels of ... | 2004 | 15496383 |
| deletion in the shigella enterotoxin genes further attenuates shigella flexneri 2a bearing guanine auxotrophy in a phase 1 trial of cvd 1204 and cvd 1208. | we created a live, attenuated, oral shigella vaccine by constructing a lineage of guanine auxotrophs and conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to ascertain (1) the attenuation profile of delta guaba shigella flexneri 2a, which harbors deletions in the guanine nucleotide synthesis pathway (cvd 1204); (2) additional attenuation conferred by deletions in set and sen genes encoding shigella enterotoxins (shets) 1 and 2, respectively (cvd 1208); and (3) the relative immunogenicity of the ... | 2004 | 15499528 |
| complex multiple antibiotic and mercury resistance region derived from the r-det of nr1 (r100). | the sequence of the 45.2-kb multidrug and mercury resistance region of prmh760, a large plasmid from a clinical isolate of klebsiella pneumoniae collected in 1997 in australia, was completed. most of the modules found in the resistance determinant (r-det), or tn2670, region of nr1 (also known as r100), isolated from a shigella flexneri strain in japan in the late 1950s, were present in prmh760 but in a different configuration. the location was also different, with the tn2670-derived region flank ... | 2004 | 15504849 |
| tetra: a web-service and a stand-alone program for the analysis and comparison of tetranucleotide usage patterns in dna sequences. | in the emerging field of environmental genomics, direct cloning and sequencing of genomic fragments from complex microbial communities has proven to be a valuable source of new enzymes, expanding the knowledge of basic biological processes. the central problem of this so called metagenome-approach is that the cloned fragments often lack suitable phylogenetic marker genes, rendering the identification of clones that are likely to originate from the same genome difficult or impossible. in such cas ... | 2004 | 15507136 |
| traditional medicine in sakarya province (turkey) and antimicrobial activities of selected species. | traditional medicine in north-west of turkey (sakarya province) were studied during a 2 months field study by interviewing local informants from several villages. plant species used to treat infections were tested for antimicrobial activity. information was collected for 46 plant species from 30 families and for 5 animal species. twenty four of the plant species were cultivated. most used families were asteraceae, cucurbitaceae, lamiaceae and rosaceae and the most used plants were artemisia absi ... | 2004 | 15507351 |
| cryptosporidium spp., a frequent cause of diarrhea among children at the korle-bu teaching hospital, accra, ghana. | this report presents the results of a study conducted at the child health department, korle-bu teaching hospital, accra, ghana, between the months of october 2001 and june 2002. stool samples from 227 children with diarrhea and 77 children without diarrhea, aged less than 5 years, were tested for cryptosporidium spp. prevalence rates were 27.8 and 15.6% in children with and without diarrhea, respectively. cryptosporidium infection was found to be high in children between the ages of 6 and 24 mon ... | 2004 | 15507781 |
| slaughterhouse wastewater treatment in a full-scale system with constructed wetlands. | this work evaluated the performance of a full-scale system with wetlands for slaughterhouse (abattoir) effluent treatment in the state of hidalgo, méxico. the treatment system consisted of a primary sedimentation tank, an anaerobic lagoon, and a constructed subsurface-flow wetland, in series. the wetland accounted for almost 30% of the removal of organic matter. in general, the treatment system achieved satisfactory pollutant removals, but the final effluent could not meet the mexican environmen ... | 2004 | 15508424 |
| single-molecule approach to bacterial genomic comparisons via optical mapping. | modern comparative genomics has been established, in part, by the sequencing and annotation of a broad range of microbial species. to gain further insights, new sequencing efforts are now dealing with the variety of strains or isolates that gives a species definition and range; however, this number vastly outstrips our ability to sequence them. given the availability of a large number of microbial species, new whole genome approaches must be developed to fully leverage this information at the le ... | 2004 | 15516592 |
| increasing incidence of resistance to nalidixic acid in shigellas from humans in england and wales: implications for therapy. | among shigellas isolated from patients in england and wales in 2002, 10% of subgroups a, b and c, and 13% of subgroup d (shigella sonnei), were resistant to nalidixic acid. as a consequence, should antimicrobial therapy be indicated, the efficacy of nalidixic acid as the preferred treatment for children with bacillary dysentery has been jeopardised. | 2004 | 15522014 |
| direct and indirect transcriptional activation of virulence genes by an arac-like protein, pera from enteropathogenic escherichia coli. | the plasmid-encoded per regulatory locus of enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) is generally considered to consist of three genes, pera, perb and perc. pera, a member of the arac-like family of transcriptional regulators, is known to be an activator of its own promoter (autoactivation) as well as of the plasmid-located bfp operon encoding bundle-forming pili, but its role in activation of the chromosomal locus of enterocyte effacement (lee) pathogenicity island, which confers the property o ... | 2004 | 15522091 |
| viability of escherichia coli topa mutants lacking dna topoisomerase i. | the viability of the topa mutants lacking dna topoisomerase i was thought to depend on the presence of compensatory mutations in escherichia coli but not salmonella typhimurium or shigella flexneri. this apparent discrepancy in topa requirements in different bacteria prompted us to reexamine the topa requirements in e. coli. we find that e. coli strains bearing topa mutations, introduced into the strains by dna-mediated gene replacement, are viable at 37 or 42 degrees c without any compensatory ... | 2005 | 15522872 |
| multiple roles of clan (caspase-associated recruitment domain, leucine-rich repeat, and naip ciia het-e, and tp1-containing protein) in the mammalian innate immune response. | naip ciia het-e and tp1 (nacht) family proteins are involved in sensing intracellular pathogens or pathogen-derived molecules, triggering host defense responses resulting in caspase-mediated processing of proinflammatory cytokines and nf-kappab activation. caspase-associated recruitment domain, leucine-rich repeat, and nacht-containing protein (clan), also known as ice protease-activating factor, belongs to a branch of the nacht family that contains proteins carrying caspase-associated recruitme ... | 2004 | 15528373 |
| identification of escherichia coli o157 : h7 genes influencing colonization of the bovine gastrointestinal tract using signature-tagged mutagenesis. | enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) cause acute gastroenteritis in humans that may be complicated by life-threatening systemic sequelae. the predominant ehec serotype affecting humans in the uk and north america is o157 : h7 and infections are frequently associated with contact with ruminant faeces. strategies to reduce the carriage of ehec in ruminants are expected to lower the incidence of human ehec infections; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying persistence of ehec in ruminan ... | 2004 | 15528651 |
| occurrence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in members of the genus shigella in the republic of korea. | a nationwide survey was carried out in korea to assess the prevalence of shigella strains producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (esbls). from 1991 to 2002, 5,911 clinical strains were isolated and screened for resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins. twenty of the shigella isolates were esbl positive, based on the synergistic effects between clavulanate and selected beta-lactams (ceftazidime and cefotaxime). nucleotide sequence analysis of these isolates revealed that they harbored ... | 2004 | 15528724 |
| bacteria as dna vaccine carriers for genetic immunization. | genetic immunization with plasmid dna vaccines has proven to be a promising tool in conferring protective immunity in various experimental animal models of infectious diseases or tumors. recent research focuses on the use of bacteria, in particular enteroinvasive species, as effective carriers for dna vaccines. attenuated strains of shigella flexneri, salmonella spp., yersinia enterocolitica or listeria monocytogenes have shown to be attractive candidates to target dna vaccines to immunological ... | 2004 | 15532991 |
| two-stage anaerobic digestion process for complete inactivation of enteric bacterial pathogens in human night soil. | anaerobic digestion offers a good alternative for human waste treatment. however, the fate of enteric bacterial pathogens present in human night soil (hns) remains a major concern for hygienic safety of the process. a two-stage anaerobic digestion process, consisting of separate acidogenic and methanogenic digesters, was designed and its efficacy in the inactivation of salmonella typhi was compared to a single-stage digestion process. in a single-stage digestion, complete pathogen inactivation w ... | 2004 | 15536996 |
| monitoring of the dissemination of salmonella in the chicken frankfurt-sausage production line of a sausage factory in the state of são paulo, brazil. | poultry meat and its derivatives are among the foodstuffs considered by environmental health authorities to present the highest risks to the public. a total of 185 samples were collected in five monthly batches, from different processing stages in a sausage plant that uses mechanically-deboned chicken meat (mdcm), and tested for the presence of salmonella. enrichment was carried out in both kauffman's tetrathionate broth and rappaport-vassiliadis broth and isolation on salmonella-shigella agar a ... | 2004 | 15543409 |
| reactive arthritis attributable to shigella infection: a clinical and epidemiological nationwide study. | to study the incidence and clinical picture of shigella associated reactive arthritis (rea) and the arthritogenicity of various shigella species in the population. | 2005 | 15550534 |
| [a case of inactive escherichia coli isolated from feces initially suspected to be shigella boydii subgroup c serotype 14 by conventional biochemical tests in tubes]. | a small number of colorless colonies grew from dhl agar of feces culture taken as part of a complete physical for a 42 year-old woman who had lived in singapore for several years. when cultured for first-stage identification using conventional biochemical tests in tubes for enterobacteriaceae, such as tsi agar slant and sim medium, the results for lactose reaction (-), saccharose reaction (-), gas (very weak +) and motility (-) were obtained, and shigella spp. was suspected. serological tests (b ... | 2003 | 15552836 |
| spectroscopic quantification of bacteria using artificial neural networks. | fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, in conjunction with artificial neural networks, has been used for identification and classification of selected foodborne pathogens. five bacterial species (enterococcus faecium, salmonella enteritidis, bacillus cereus, yersinia enterocolitica, shigella boydii) and five escherichia coli strains (o103, o55, o121, o30, o26) suspended in phosphate-buffered saline were enumerated to provide seven different concentrations ranging from 10(9) to 10(3) cfu/ ml. t ... | 2004 | 15553640 |
| bacterial lipid modification of proteins for novel protein engineering applications. | functioning of proteins efficiently at the solid-liquid interface is critical to not only biological but also modern man-made systems such as elisa, liposomes and biosensors. anchoring hydrophilic proteins poses a major challenge in this regard. lipid modification, n-acyl-s-diacylglyceryl-cys, providing an n-terminal hydrophobic membrane anchor is a viable solution that bacteria have successfully evolved but remains unexploited. based on the current understanding of this ubiquitous and unique ba ... | 2004 | 15556968 |
| cloning, sequencing and partial characterisation of sorbitol transporter (srlt) gene encoding phosphotransferase system, glucitol/sorbitol-specific iibc components of erwinia herbicola atcc 21998. | a dna fragment of approximately 1500 bp, harbouring the sorbitol transport gene (srlt), was amplified from the chromosomal dna of erwinia herbicola atcc 21998 by pcr and cloned in escherichia coli jm109. degenerate oligonucleotide primers used were designed based on the conserved regions in the gene sequences within the gut operon of e. coli (gene bank accession no. j02708) and the srl operon of erwinia amylovora (gene bank accession no. y14603). the cloned dna fragment was sequenced and found t ... | 2004 | 15560368 |
| bacteriological study of bottled drinking water marketed in mangalore. | bottled water is generally accepted as safe for consumption. however, its potability is uncertain. ninety samples of six national and 3 local brands marketed in mangalore city were studied. seven of these were isi certified. bacteriological analysis of these samples were carried out for viable count, presumtive coliform count by multiple tube method, confirmed esch. coli count by eijkman test and specific intestinal pathogens, such as salmonella, shigella and vibrios. thirty out of 90 samples th ... | 2003 | 15562959 |
| antibiotics in the management of shigellosis. | | 2004 | 15571173 |
| vaccines against cholera, typhoid fever and shigellosis for developing countries. | enteric diseases, such as cholera, typhoid fever and shigellosis, still produce a significant burden, especially among the poor in countries where these illnesses are endemic. older-generation, parenteral, whole-cell vaccines against cholera and typhoid fever were abandoned in many countries as public health tools because of problems with insufficient protection and/or inadequate safety profiles. modern-generation licensed vaccines are available for cholera and typhoid fever, but are not widely ... | 2004 | 15571456 |
| escape of intracellular shigella from autophagy. | the degradation of undesirable cellular components or organelles, including invading microbes, by autophagy is crucial for cell survival. here, shigella, an invasive bacteria, was found to be able to escape autophagy by secreting icsb by means of the type iii secretion system. mutant bacteria lacking icsb were trapped by autophagy during multiplication within the host cells. icsb did not directly inhibit autophagy. rather, shigella virg, a protein required for intracellular actin-based motility, ... | 2004 | 15576571 |
| experimental analysis of antimicrobial action of dicyclomine hydrochloride. | dicyclomine hydrochloride is an antispasmodic agent. the mic of dicyclomine against standard strains of gram positive and gram negative bacteria were performed by nccls broth dilution technique. these drugs showed a rapid killing action on gram positive bacteria, staphylococcus aureus nctc 6571, 8530 and several other reference strains. the killing effect against gram negative bacteria, shigella boydii 8 nctc 254/66 and salmonella typhimurium nctc 74 showed that the drug was bacteriostatic with ... | 2004 | 15577222 |
| trends in shigella outbreaks in the israeli military over 15 years. | | 2005 | 15578249 |
| diarrhea caused by rotavirus in children less than 5 years of age in hanoi, vietnam. | group a rotaviruses are the major cause of diarrhea in young children worldwide. from march 2001 to april 2002, 836 children less than 5 years of age were investigated in hanoi, vietnam. this included 587 children with diarrhea and 249 age-matched controls. group a rotavirus was identified in 46.7% of the children with diarrhea and 3.6% of the controls, which was a significant difference. within the diarrhea group, the highest prevalence was seen in children from 13 to 24 months of age, and the ... | 2004 | 15583308 |
| evaluation of multiplex pcrs for diagnosis of infection with diarrheagenic escherichia coli and shigella spp. | we have developed two multiplex pcr assays that detect typical and atypical enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) isolates, enteroaggregative e. coli (eaec) isolates, enterotoxigenic e. coli (etec) isolates, enteroinvasive e. coli (eiec) isolates, shiga toxin-producing e. coli (stec) isolates, and shigella spp. the targets selected for each group were eae and bfpa for epec isolates, the target of probe cvd432 for eaec isolates, the genes encoding heat-labile and heat-stable toxins for etec is ... | 2004 | 15583323 |
| experimental study on the antibacterial effect of origanum volatile oil on dysentery bacilli in vivo and in vitro. | to observe the germistatic and germicidal effects of origanum volatile oil (ovi) on the dysentery bacteria, the abdominal cavity of mice was infected with shigella sonne (sh. sonnei) and shigella flexneri (sh. flexneri) f2a. after ovi was given to the mice via gastric lavage, the effects of ovi on the infected mice were observed. the minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) and minimal bactericidal concentration (mbc) for dysentery bacteria were determined in vitro. the results showed that origanu ... | 2004 | 15587409 |
| shigellosis : challenges & management issues. | infectious diseases kill about 11 million children each year while acute diarrhoeal diseases account for 3.1 million deaths in children under 5 yr of age, of which 6,00,000 deaths annually are contributed by shigellosis alone. shigellosis, also known as acute bacillary dysentery, is characterized by the passage of loose stools mixed with blood and mucus and accompanied by fever, abdominal cramps and tenesmus. it may be associated with a number of complications of which haemolytic uraemic syndrom ... | 2004 | 15591629 |
| a sensor of the two-component system cpxa affects expression of the type iii secretion system through posttranscriptional processing of inve. | the chief function of the cpx two-component system is perceiving various cell envelope stresses, but cpxr is also known to regulate the expression of the type iii secretion system (ttss) of shigella sonnei through transcription of the primary regulator virf. here, we have isolated novel cpxa mutants that exhibited decreased ttss expression from escherichia coli hw1273, which carries the virulence plasmid of s. sonnei. the cpxa deletion strain of hw1273 expressed beta-galactosidase activity level ... | 2005 | 15601694 |
| international note. antibiotics in the management of shigellosis. | | 2004 | 15603533 |
| porin of shigella dysenteriae enhances toll-like receptors 2 and 6 of mouse peritoneal b-2 cells and induces the expression of immunoglobulin m, immunoglobulin g2a and immunoglobulin a. | porin of shigella dysenteriae type 1 increased the mrna levels for toll-like receptors tlr2 and tlr6, by 1.8-fold and twofold, respectively, in peritoneal cavity b-2 cells from c57bl/6 mice, implicating that the co-expression of tlr2 and tlr6 occurs as a combinatorial repertoire in response to porin. among the two key tlrs, tlr2 and tlr4, which are primarily responsible for recognizing the majority of bacterial products, tlr2 alone participates in porin recognition. tlr2 expression was increased ... | 2005 | 15606799 |
| role of 57 kda major antigenic component of shigella dysenteriae outer membrane proteins in induction of major histocompatibility complex ii-restricted t-cell response. | in the past, many shigella surface antigens were used to activate both t and b lymphocytes but failed to induce antigen-specific responses in shigellosis. our objective was to identify in vitro t-cell components using 57 kda major antigenic fraction of shigella dysenteriae 1 (ipc-31) outer membrane proteins (omps) in modulating specific t-cell subset responses against shigellosis. | 2004 | 15610914 |
| release of shiga toxin by membrane vesicles in shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 strains and in vitro effects of antimicrobials on toxin production and release. | effects of various antimicrobials on in vitro shiga toxin production and release by shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 was investigated in this study with particular reference to the role of outer membrane vesicles in toxin release by the organism. five antimicrobials, namely nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, fosfomycin and mitomycin c, were chosen for the study and the toxin titre was measured by the reverse passive latex agglutination (rpla) method using an available kit. only mitomycin ... | 2004 | 15611613 |
| [antibiotic treatment of shigella sonnei gastroenteritis]. | the interest of antibiotic treatment of shigella infections: to reduce the carriage and contamination, duration of the symptoms and the risk of complications. the evolution of the treatment: over the past years, strains of shigella sonnei have become resistant to aminopenicillin and cotrimoxazole (treatment recommended till now) and now predominate. inter-human transmission: the shigella reservoir is human. the bacteria are easily transmitted in fecal-oral mode. the populations most at risk are ... | 2004 | 15614179 |
| intravenous infection of virulent shigellae causes fulminant hepatitis in mice. | shigella spp. are pathogenic bacteria responsible for bacillary dysentery in humans. the major lesions in colonic mucosa are intense inflammation with apoptosis of macrophages and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. the study of shigellosis is hindered by the natural resistance of rodents to oral infection with shigella. therefore, animal models exploit other routes of infection. here, we describe a novel murine model in which animals receive shigellae via the caudal vein. mice infected with ... | 2005 | 15617528 |
| transcriptional adaptation of shigella flexneri during infection of macrophages and epithelial cells: insights into the strategies of a cytosolic bacterial pathogen. | shigella flexneri, the etiologic agent of bacillary dysentery, invades epithelial cells as well as macrophages and dendritic cells and escapes into the cytosol soon after invasion. dissection of the global gene expression profile of the bacterium in its intracellular niche is essential to fully understand the biology of shigella infection. we have determined the complete gene expression profiles for s. flexneri infecting human epithelial hela cells and human macrophage-like u937 cells. approxima ... | 2005 | 15618144 |
| construction and characterization of bivalent shigella flexneri 2a vaccine strains sc608(pcfai) and sc608(pcfai/ltb) that express antigens from enterotoxigenic escherichia coli. | an invasive strain of shigella flexneri 2a (sc608) has been developed as a vector for the expression and delivery of heterologous antigens. sc608 is an aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (asd) derivative of sc602 (icsa iuc), a well-characterized live attenuated vaccine strain which has undergone several clinical trials in human volunteers. when administered orally at a single 10(4) (cfu) dose, sc602 is both immunogenic and efficacious against shigellosis. using asd-based plasmid vectors, we de ... | 2005 | 15618162 |
| virulent shigella flexneri causes damage to mitochondria and triggers necrosis in infected human monocyte-derived macrophages. | shigella flexneri is a gram-negative bacterium that causes bacillary dysentery in humans that is characterized by an acute inflammatory response of the colon. the fate of phagocytes that are infected in vitro with virulent shigella has been the subject of some investigation and debate. in this study we found that virulent shigella caused a rapid increase in the cell membrane permeability of infected human monocyte-derived macrophages (hmdm) but not in the cell membrane permeability of monocytes, ... | 2005 | 15618190 |
| a small bacterial rna regulates a putative abc transporter. | a small noncoding bacterial ribonucleic acid of 62-64 nucleotides, rydc, was identified in the genomes of escherichia coli, salmonella, and shigella. in vivo, rydc binds to the rna-binding protein hfq, and it is unstable when hfq is absent. mobility assays reveal that complex formation between rydc and hfq is specific, with an apparent binding constant of approximately 300 nm. sequence alignments combined with structural probing demonstrate that rydc folds as a pseudoknot. hfq binds the loops cr ... | 2004 | 15618228 |
| screening and identification of shigella flexneri 2a virulence-related genes induced after invasion of epithelial cells. | an in vivo expression technology (ivet) was applied to screen s. flexneri 2a genes induced after invasion of epithelial cells, and virulence-related genes were further identified by mutational analysis. thirteen intracellular induced genes were identified with a hela cell infection model. of these, two were identified as alkylation-related genes; one was related to metabolism; one encoded a transcriptional regulator; three were identified as insertion elements; three appeared to be antisense to ... | 2004 | 15620105 |
| crystal structure of the copper homeostasis protein (cutcm) from shigella flexneri at 1.7 a resolution: the first structure of a new sequence family of tim barrels. | | 2005 | 15624211 |
| evolutionary genetics of a new pathogenic escherichia species: escherichia albertii and related shigella boydii strains. | a bacterium originally described as hafnia alvei induces diarrhea in rabbits and causes epithelial damage similar to the attachment and effacement associated with enteropathogenic escherichia coli. subsequent studies identified similar h. alvei-like strains that are positive for an intimin gene (eae) probe and, based on dna relatedness, are classified as a distinct escherichia species, escherichia albertii. we determined sequences for multiple housekeeping genes in five e. albertii strains and c ... | 2005 | 15629933 |
| structural and genetic characterization of enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli o145 o antigen and development of an o145 serogroup-specific pcr assay. | enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli o145 strains are emerging as causes of hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. in this study, we present the structure of the e. coli o145 o antigen and the sequence of its gene cluster. the o145 antigen has repeat units containing three monosaccharide residues: 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucose (glcnac), 2-acetamidoylamino-2,6-dideoxy-l-galactose, and n-acetylneuraminic acid. it is very closely related to salmonella enterica serovar touera and s. enteri ... | 2005 | 15629947 |
| bacteria spurned by self-absorbed cells. | | 2005 | 15635436 |
| antimicrobial resistance of shigella flexneri serotypes in israel during a period of three years: 2000-2002. | this is a surveillance study of the antimicrobial resistance of the s. flexneri group in the context of its serotype diversity. it includes 1422 isolates, which were sent to the national shigella reference centre (nsrc) by hospitals and outpatient clinics in israel during a 3-year period (2000-2002). the strains were identified and classified according to the prevalence and antigenic structure of their serotypes. all samples were checked for resistance to ampicillin (amp), trimethoprim-sulphamet ... | 2004 | 15635961 |
| [choice of informative characteristics for the characterization of the adaptive process in the population of rod-shaped bacteria]. | different data characterizing the growth and development of rod-shaped bacterial cells (shigella flexneri strains s and rd) at the initial stage of the formation of their populations on a solid culture medium were analyzed with a view to the evaluation of the adaptive process. the study revealed that lo and lk (initial and end of bacterial lenght) and tau (generation time) of cells were the optimal informative characteristics. the determination of these characteristics on the cell population lev ... | 2004 | 15636132 |
| [modulation of immune system cells by lactobacilli]. | the influence of lactobacilli on the proliferative potential of immune system cells after the intragastral administration of viable microbial cells and their native filtrates to mice cba is evaluated. the data have been obtained on the modulating influence of lactobacilli on the formation of t- and b-cell immune response--their role in maintaining homeostatsis and specific features of cell mediated immune reactions after the intragastral administration of virulent shigella dysenteriae for modeli ... | 2004 | 15636142 |
| [development of immunoreagents for the diagnostics of intestinal yersiniosis by antigen-binding lymphocytes]. | to diagnose intestinal yersiniosis, the detection of antigen-binding lymphocytes (abl) with respect to y. enterocolitica o3, o5 and o9 is proposed. experiments on the immunization of rabbits with y. enterocolitica lps of these serovars revealed that immunoreagents, according to the data of cross antigen-dependent rosette formation and its inhibition, had species specificity (abl of rabbits immunized with y. enterocolitica did not interact with salmonella, shigella and y. pseudotuberculosis antig ... | 2004 | 15636146 |
| [construction of sw480 cell model identifying shigella virulent genes]. | signature-tagged mutagenesis (stm) is a novel technology with high throughput screening ability to identify virulent genes of pathogen in vivo. an appropriate animal or cell line model is one of prerequisites by exploiting this technique. in order to apply stm to shigella flexneri, rc426 was constructed as an attenuated mutant with chloramphenicol resistance and aroa and virg genes inactivated by homologous recombination; another attenuated strain t32 was used as an oral s. flexneri 2a vaccine d ... | 2004 | 15640048 |
| inactivation of escherichia coli o157:h7 in simulated human gastric fluid. | human disease caused by escherichia coli o157:h7 is a function of the number of cells that are present at potential sites of infection and host susceptibility. such infectious doses are a result, in part, of the quantity of cells that are ingested and that survive human host defenses, such as the low-ph environment of the stomach. to more fully understand the kinetics of e. coli o157:h7 survival in gastric fluid, individual e. coli o157:h7 strains were suspended in various media (i.e., saline, c ... | 2005 | 15640204 |
| arrayome: a program for estimating the sizes of microarray-visualized bacterial genomes. | arrayome is a new program that calculates the size of genomes represented by microarray-based probes and facilitates recognition of key bacterial strains carrying large numbers of novel genes. protein-coding sequences (cds) that are contiguous on annotated reference templates and classified as 'present' in the test strain by hybridization to microarrays are merged into ics (ics). these ics are then extended to account for flanking intergenic sequences. finally, the lengths of all extended ics ar ... | 2005 | 15640440 |
| isatin-derived antibacterial and antifungal compounds and their transition metal complexes. | a series of isatins incorporating thiazole, thiadiazole, benzothiazole and p-toluene sulfonyl hydrazide moieties, along with their cobalt(ii), copper(ii), nickel(ii) and zinc(ii) metal complexes have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, molar conductances, magnetic moments, ir, nmr and electronic spectral data. these compounds have been screened for antibacterial activity against escherichia coli, bacillus subtillis, shigella flexneri, staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeru ... | 2004 | 15648656 |
| campylobacter species and drug resistance in a north indian rural community. | campylobacter species are known as agents of enteritis worldwide. however, rural community-based studies on campylobacter infections are lacking. we carried out a prospective case-control study from july to december 2002 to investigate the prevalence and socio-epidemiological determinants of campylobacter infection in a rural community in north india and the drug resistance of campylobacter strains isolated from the community. stool specimens from 348 subjects with diarrhoea and 351 age- and gen ... | 2005 | 15653123 |
| the generalized transducing salmonella bacteriophage es18: complete genome sequence and dna packaging strategy. | the generalized transducing double-stranded dna bacteriophage es18 has an icosahedral head and a long noncontractile tail, and it infects both rough and smooth salmonella enterica strains. we report here the complete 46,900-bp genome nucleotide sequence and provide an analysis of the sequence. its 79 genes and their organization clearly show that es18 is a member of the lambda-like (lambdoid) phage group; however, it contains a novel set of genes that program assembly of the virion head. most of ... | 2005 | 15659686 |
| a novel intranasal protollin-based measles vaccine induces mucosal and systemic neutralizing antibody responses and cell-mediated immunity in mice. | protollin-mv is a vaccine produced by mixing split measles virus (mv) antigen with the novel adjuvant protollin (neisseria meningitidis outer membrane proteins non-covalently complexed with shigella flexneri 2a lipopolysaccharide). intranasal immunization of mice with two or three doses of protollin-mv induces both serum igg and mucosal iga with strong neutralizing activity. there is a dose-dependent shift towards lower igg1:igg2a ratios and mv-specific ifngamma production in splenocytes. intran ... | 2005 | 15661386 |
| identification of an atypical form of 30 kda sod--a possible virulence factor in clinical isolates of shigella spp. | reviews on the pathogenic mechanisms of shigella species show a lacunae in the understanding of the bacterial antioxidant defense system and its regulations. this study was done to investigate the regulation of expression of antioxidant enzymes in clinical isolates of shigella species, under various growth conditions. the in vitro expression of superoxide dismutase in the clinical isolates of shigella spp., is modulated by both endogenous and exogenous factors. during aerobic and iron repleted g ... | 2004 | 15663190 |
| modulation of an outer membrane protease contributes to the virulence defect of shigella flexneri strains carrying a mutation in the virk locus. | the shigella actin assembly protein icsa is removed from the bacterial surface by the protease icsp. we show that decreased intracellular spreading of virk::tn10 mutants is due in part to significant increases in icsp and icsp-mediated cleavage of icsa and that icsp expression is a critical determinant of shigella virulence. | 2005 | 15664968 |
| use of molecular hydrogen as an energy substrate by human pathogenic bacteria. | molecular hydrogen is produced as a fermentation by-product in the large intestine of animals and its production can be correlated with the digestibility of the carbohydrates consumed. pathogenic helicobacter species (helicobacter pylori and h. hepaticus) have the ability to use h(2) through a respiratory hydrogenase, and it was demonstrated that the gas is present in the tissues colonized by these pathogens (the stomach and the liver respectively of live animals). mutant strains of h. pylori un ... | 2005 | 15667272 |
| rifaximin--a novel antimicrobial for enteric infections. | rifaximin is a poorly absorbed rifamycin antimicrobial drug with in vitro activity against gram-positive, gram-negative and anaerobic bacteria. the minimal concentration that inhibits 90% of strains of bacterial pathogens (mic90) ranges between 32 and 64 microg/ml. less than 1% of the drug is absorbed after oral administration. after three days of therapy, the average fecal level of this drug is 8000 microg/g of stool. selection of resistant mutants, a problem with the related rifampin, appears ... | 2005 | 15667909 |
| sensitive and rapid detection of shigella and enteroinvasive escherichia coli by a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method. | here we report a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) method for detecting shigella and enteroinvasive escherichia coli. the target for this lamp method is the ipah gene which is carried by both of the pathogens. the lamp method efficiently detected the gene within 2 h at a minimal amount of bacteria (8 cfu) per reaction. | 2005 | 15668027 |
| synthesis of two linear padre conjugates bearing a deca- or pentadecasaccharide b epitope as potential synthetic vaccines against shigella flexneri serotype 2a infection. | the blockwise synthesis of the 2-aminoethyl glycosides of a deca- and a pentadecasaccharide made of two and three repeating units, respectively, of the shigella flexneri serotype 2a specific polysaccharide is reported. the strategy relies on trifluoromethanesulfonic acid mediated glycosylation of a pentasaccharide building block acting as a glycosyl donor and a potential glycoside acceptor. both targets were made available in amounts large enough for their subsequent conversion into glycoconjuga ... | 2005 | 15669066 |
| analysis of replication region of the cryptic plasmid pag20 from acetobacter aceti 3620. | the dna sequence of small cryptic plasmid pag20 in acetobacter aceti was determined at 3064 bp with 51.6% gc pairs. the plasmid encoded a 186 amino acid protein which is important for plasmid replication in gram-negative bacteria except escherichia coli. two 21 bp large direct repeat sequence 1 and two 13 bp direct repeat sequence 2 were determined in the regulation region upstream from gene encoded rep protein. vector pag24 with kanamycin gene and two deletion derivatives pag25 and pag26 withou ... | 2005 | 15670745 |
| physiological stress of intracellular shigella flexneri visualized with a metabolic sensor fused to a surface-reporter system. | when deleted of its n-terminal signal-reception domain, the broad host range sigma54-dependent transcriptional regulator xylr, along with its cognate promoter pu, becomes a sensor of the metabolic stress of the carrier bacteria. we have employed a surface reporter system to visualize the physiological status of intracellular shigella flexneri during infection of henle 407 cells in culture. to this end, the xylrdeltaa gene has been engineered adjacent to a bicistronic transcriptional fusion of pu ... | 2005 | 15670852 |
| cloning of a novel gene for quinolone resistance from a transferable plasmid in shigella flexneri 2b. | a novel gene for quinolone resistance was cloned from a transferable plasmid carried by a clinical isolate of shigella flexneri 2b that was resistant to fluoroquinolones. the plasmid conferred low-level resistance to quinolones on escherichia coli hb101. the protein encoded by the gene showed 59% amino acid identity with qnr. | 2005 | 15673773 |
| antibiotic resistance in diarrheagenic escherichia coli and shigella strains isolated from children in hanoi, vietnam. | the mics for 162 diarrheagenic escherichia coli strains and 28 shigella strains were determined on the basis of nccls guidelines. more than 75% of the strains were resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol (53.6% of shigella strains), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. multiresistance was detected in 89.5% of e. coli strains and 78.6% of shigella strains. | 2005 | 15673777 |
| occurrence of integrons and resistance genes among sulphonamide-resistant shigella spp. from brazil. | to determine the occurrence of class 1 and 2 integrons and antimicrobial resistance genes among sulphonamide-resistant shigella strains isolated in brazil during 1999-2003. | 2005 | 15681578 |
| the flag-2 locus, an ancestral gene cluster, is potentially associated with a novel flagellar system from escherichia coli. | escherichia coli k-12 possesses two adjacent, divergent, promoterless flagellar genes, fhia-mbha, that are absent from salmonella enterica. through bioinformatics analysis, we found that these genes are remnants of an ancestral 44-gene cluster and are capable of encoding a novel flagellar system, flag-2. in enteroaggregative e. coli strain 042, there is a frameshift in lfgc that is likely to have inactivated the system in this strain. tiling path pcr studies showed that the flag-2 cluster is pre ... | 2005 | 15687208 |
| selection-driven transcriptome polymorphism in escherichia coli/shigella species. | to explore the role of transcriptome polymorphism in adaptation of organisms to their environment, we evaluated this parameter for the escherichia coli/shigella bacterial species, which is composed of well-characterized phylogenetic groups that exhibit characteristic life styles ranging from commensalism to intracellular pathogenicity. both the genomic content and the transcriptome of 10 strains representative of the major e. coli/shigella phylogenetic groups were evaluated using macroarrays dis ... | 2005 | 15687289 |
| tyrosine kinase signaling and type iii effectors orchestrating shigella invasion. | upon epithelial cell contact, shigella type iii effectors activate complex signaling pathways that induce localized membrane ruffling, resulting in shigella invasion. bacterial induced membrane ruffles require a timely coordination of cytoskeletal processes, including actin polymerization, filament reorganization and depolymerization, orchestrated by rho gtpases and tyrosine kinases. an emerging concept is that multiple shigella effectors act in synergy to promote actin polymerization in membran ... | 2005 | 15694852 |
| actin-based motility of intracellular pathogens. | the actin cytoskeleton is harnessed by several pathogenic bacteria that are capable of entering into non-phagocytic cells, the so-called 'invasive bacteria'. among them, a few also exploit the host actin cytoskeleton to move intra- and inter-cellularly. our knowledge of the basic mechanisms underlying actin-based motility has dramatically increased and the list of bacteria that are able to move in this way is also increasing including not only listeria, shigella and rickettsia species but also m ... | 2005 | 15694855 |
| a novel caspase-1/toll-like receptor 4-independent pathway of cell death induced by cytosolic shigella in infected macrophages. | shigella-induced macrophage cell death is an important step in the induction of acute inflammatory responses that ultimately lead to bacillary dysentery. cell death was previously reported to be dependent upon the activation of caspase-1 via interaction with ipab secreted by intracellular shigella, but in this study, we show that shigella infection of macrophages can also induce cell death independent of caspase-1 or ipab activity. time-lapse imaging and electron microscopic analyses indicated t ... | 2005 | 15695506 |
| a novel shigella dysenteriae serovar isolated in canada. | the etiological agent most commonly associated with bacillary dysentery is shigella. as part of its mandate, the bacteriology and enteric disease program of health canada identifies and serotypes unusual isolates of shigella received from provincial laboratories of public health. in this report, six unusual isolates from three provinces were analyzed biochemically and serologically using slide and tube agglutinations and molecularly using standard pulsed-filed gel electrophoresis (pfge), pcr, an ... | 2005 | 15695673 |
| the nf2 tumor suppressor merlin and the erm proteins interact with n-wasp and regulate its actin polymerization function. | the function of the nf2 tumor suppressor merlin has remained elusive despite increasing evidence for its role in actin cytoskeleton reorganization. the closely related erm proteins (ezrin, radixin, and moesin) act as linkers between the cell membrane and cytoskeleton, and have also been implicated as active actin reorganizers. we report here that merlin and the erms can interact with and regulate n-wasp, a critical regulator of actin dynamics. merlin and moesin were found to inhibit n-wasp-media ... | 2005 | 15699051 |
| characterization of the flexible genome complement of the commensal escherichia coli strain a0 34/86 (o83 : k24 : h31). | colonization by the commensal escherichia coli strain a0 34/86 (o83 : k24 : h31) has proved to be safe and efficient in the prophylaxis and treatment of nosocomial infections and diarrhoea of preterm and newborn infants in czech paediatric clinics over the past three decades. in searching for traits contributing to this beneficial effect related to the gut colonization capacity of the strain, the authors have analysed its genome by dna-dna hybridization to e. coli k-12 (mg1655) genomic dna array ... | 2005 | 15699189 |
| effects of zinc supplementation as adjunct therapy on the systemic immune responses in shigellosis. | zinc is lost during diarrheal diseases, and zinc deficiency induces intestinal morphology-altering inflammatory responses that zinc supplementation can correct. | 2005 | 15699240 |
| spectroscopic characterization of microorganisms by fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy. | spectroscopic fingerprints of bacteria were investigated by fourier transform infrared (ftir) microspectroscopy for the elucidation of chemical composition and structural information during growth. good differentiation of six microorganisms was achieved down to the strain level. the inherent compositional and structural differences of cell envelopes and cytoplasm were investigated and utilized to obtain more detailed analysis of the spectroscopic features. bands or regions of key functional grou ... | 2005 | 15700299 |
| [mechanisms of resistance in enterobacteriaceae towards beta-lactamase antibiotics]. | except for salmonella spp., all enterobacteriaceae produce intrinsic chromosomal encoded beta-lactamases which, beside their physiologic role in cell-wall synthesis and natural beta-lactam protection, are responsible for intrinsic resistance of individual species among enterobacteriaceae. e. coli and shigella spp. produce a small amount of ampc beta-lactamases and are susceptible to ampicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotic agents. enterobacter spp, c. freundii, serratia spp., m. morganii, p. ... | 2004 | 15700687 |
| update in traveler's diarrhea. | td has not proved as preventable as hoped, despite knowing that it is transmitted mainly through food. travelers have little ability to select restaurants based on the kitchen hygiene. the rates of td in travelers to developing countries have not changed in the past 50 years, either because the dietary precautions they are taught are not effective or they cannot be adhered to in the course of a pleasurable vacation. nonantibiotic prophylaxis with bismuth subsalicylate has the potential to preven ... | 2005 | 15701551 |
| etiology of diarrhea in pediatric outpatient settings. | the frequency with which bacteria cause diarrhea evaluated in ambulatory settings is often unknown. we attempted to determine the microbiologic etiology of diarrhea in a private pediatric practice (site a) and a clinic serving largely immigrant children (site b) and to establish guidelines for bacterial culture. | 2005 | 15702043 |
| shigellosis caused by shigella boydii in a preterm neonate, masquerading as necrotizing enterocolitis. | a rare case of neonatal shigellosis caused by shigella boydii in a preterm neonate, severe enough to necessitate intensive care support, is presented. the roles of breast-feeding, hand-washing and surveillance for enteric infections in the prevention of shigellosis in low risk settings such as a special care baby unit are highlighted. | 2005 | 15702053 |
| serum amyloid a protein binds to outer membrane protein a of gram-negative bacteria. | serum amyloid a (saa) is the major acute phase protein in man and most mammals. we observed saa binding to a surprisingly large number of gram-negative bacteria, including escherichia coli, salmonella typhimurium, shigella flexneri, klebsiella pneumoniae, vibrio cholerae, and pseudomonas aeruginosa. the binding was found to be high affinity and rapid. importantly, this binding was not inhibited by high density lipoprotein with which saa is normally complexed in serum. binding was also observed w ... | 2005 | 15705572 |
| detection of virulence genes in malaysian shigella species by multiplex pcr assay. | in malaysia, shigella spp. was reported to be the third commonest bacterial agent responsible for childhood diarrhoea. currently, isolation of the bacterium and confirmation of the disease by microbiological and biochemical methods remain as the "gold standard". this study aimed to detect the prevalence of four shigella virulence genes present concurrently, in randomly selected malaysian strains via a rapid multiplex pcr (mpcr) assay. | 2005 | 15707504 |
| topological analysis of gtra and gtrb proteins encoded by the serotype-converting cassette of shigella flexneri. | serotype conversion (o-antigen glucosylation) in shigella flexneri is mediated by temperate bacteriophages, which encode a three-gene cluster that contains gtra, gtrb, and gtr([type]). sequence analysis has revealed that gtra and gtrb are conserved and readily interchangeable between serotypes. the gtr([type]) is unique in each serotype and responsible for specifically mediating conversion by the addition of a glucosyl group to the o-antigen units. analysis of the gtra and gtrb amino acid sequen ... | 2005 | 15708010 |
| gastroenteritis in us marines during operation iraqi freedom. | approximately 83,000 us marines participated in the opening phase of operation iraqi freedom in spring 2003. a navy preventive medicine laboratory was set up in ad diwaniyah, iraq, to provide clinical diagnostic support for marine medical units during a period of repositioning in south-central iraq. | 2005 | 15712073 |
| clustering of database sequences for fast homology search using upper bounds on alignment score. | homology data are among the most important information used to predict the functions of unknown proteins and thus fast and accurate methods are needed. in this paper, we propose a new approach for fast and accurate homology search using pre-computed all-against-all similarity scores in a target database. we previously developed a method for derivation of an upper bound of the smith-waterman score (sw-score) between a query and a homolog candidate sequence using the sw-score between the candidate ... | 2004 | 15712113 |
| description of a 111-kb pathogenicity island (pai) encoding various virulence features in the enterohemorrhagic e. coli (ehec) strain rw1374 (o103:h2) and detection of a similar pai in other ehec strains of serotype 0103:h2. | human infections with enterohemorrhagic e. coli (ehec) strains of serotype o103:h2 are of increasing importance in germany. as bovines are the principal ehec reservoir behind the occurrence of human infections, we analyzed a pathogenicity island (pai i(rw1374)) of bovine o103:h2 strain rw1374 to identify putative virulence features. this pai i(rw1374) harbors a functional 34-kb locus of enterocyte effacement (lee) core region and has a total length of 111 kb. about 43 kb upstream of the lee core ... | 2005 | 15715170 |
| [experimental study on pharmacodynamical of oxalis griffithii, a national medicine in guizhou]. | to study the on effects of anti-bacteria, anti-inflammatory and pyretolysis of oxalis griffithii, it is possible safety. | 2005 | 15719644 |
| genetic analysis of antibiotic-resistance determinants in multidrug-resistant shigella strains isolated from chilean children. | a total of 162 clinical isolates of shigella collected from children in a semi-rural community of chile were examined for the presence of genetic determinants of resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and trimethoprim. ampicillin resistance was most frequently associated with the presence of bla(oxa) in s. flexneri and with bla(tem) in s. sonnei. the bla(oxa) gene but not bla(tem) was located in class 1 integrons. the dhfria gene encoding for resistance to trimethoprim was asso ... | 2005 | 15724714 |
| molecular strategies for the detection, identification, and differentiation between enteroinvasive escherichia coli and shigella spp. | a strategy for the detection, identification, and differentiation of enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec) and shigella spp. has been developed. the strategy includes (i) a multiplex pcr for the amplification of two virulence genes, i.e., iuc (222 bp) and ipah (629 bp); (ii) amplification of the ial gene (a 1,038-bp amplicon) located within a large plasmid; and (iii) restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) of the ial gene amplicon. the multiplex pcr provided three patterns. pattern 1 (i ... | 2005 | 15726963 |
| survival of pathogenic bacteria in pesticide solutions and on treated tomato plants. | the ability of salmonella, escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, and shigella to survive or grow in pesticide solutions (ambush 240ec, benlate t-n-g, bravo 500, botran 75wp, captan 80wdg, parasol, and vendex 50w) used by the horticultural industry was examined. in the laboratory, individual cultures were inoculated at 4 log cfu/ml in pesticides diluted with sterile saline to the lowest recommended spray concentrations. during 21 degrees c incubation for < or =96 h, bacterial survivor ... | 2005 | 15726972 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility of shigella sonnei isolates in japan and molecular analysis of s. sonnei isolates with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones. | we performed susceptibility testing with shigella sonnei isolates from imported and domestic cases of infection in japan during 2001 and 2002. some s. sonnei isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. most of the nalidixic acid-resistant strains showed reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones but did not show fluoroquinolone resistance. | 2005 | 15728928 |
| [campylobacter enteritis in western sicily. remarks on 35 cases]. | campylobacter spp is the main cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in the developed countries, resulting mainly from the contamination of poultry and animal products. pathogenesis remains unclear. various clinical features ranging from watery diarrhoea in apyrexia to dysentery in hyperpyrexia may be the result of differences between strains in the expression of different pathogenetic factors. there are many difficulties in isolating the bacteria in question. | 2004 | 15729013 |
| role of the pst system in plaque formation by the intracellular pathogen shigella flexneri. | in response to the host cell environment, the intracellular pathogen shigella flexneri induces the expression of numerous genes, including those in the pst operon which is predicted to encode a high-affinity phosphate acquisition system that is expressed under reduced phosphate conditions. an s. flexneri pst mutant forms smaller plaques in henle cell monolayers than does the parental strain. this mutant exhibited normal production and localization of the s. flexneri icsa protein. the pst mutant ... | 2005 | 15731038 |
| ipad of shigella flexneri is independently required for regulation of ipa protein secretion and efficient insertion of ipab and ipac into host membranes. | shigella flexneri causes human dysentery after invading the cells of the colonic epithelium. the best-studied effectors of shigella entry into colonocytes are the invasion plasmid antigens ipac and ipab. these proteins are exported via a type iii secretion system (ttss) to form a pore in the host membrane that may allow the translocation of other effectors into the host cytoplasm. ttss-mediated secretion of ipad is also required for translocation pore formation, bacterial invasion, and virulence ... | 2005 | 15731041 |