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sch 34343: in-vitro antibacterial activity and susceptibility to beta-lactamases.the in-vitro activity of the penem sch 34343 was assessed in comparison with third-generation cephalosporins, aztreonam and imipenem. sch 34343 was active, with mics generally 2 mg/1 or less, against a broad spectrum of organisms amongst which were staphylococci (including methicillin-resistant strains), streptococci (though enterococci were less susceptible with sch 34343 mics mostly 4-8 mg/1), anaerobes (including the bacteroides fragilis group), haemophilus influenzae and neisseria gonorrhoea ...19853897169
rapid identification of escherichia coli from routine urine specimens based on macroscopic criteria.in our laboratory, selected strains of gram-negative rods from urine samples are identified as escherichia coli on the basis of smell and morphology on lactose agar. to investigate the accuracy of this routine practice, 211 consecutive strains were tested in the urea-indole tube of the three-tube method (3-tm), in the pgua test detecting beta-glucuronidase activity and in the simmons' citrate test, to select the strains that were non-e. coli. additional 1022 strains were tested by the indole and ...19853914821
[enzymatic synthesis of 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-l-alanine by free and immobilized citrobacter freundii cells].the citrobacter freundii 62 cells immobilized in paag and possessing the tyrosine-phenol-lyase (tpl) activity catalyse the synthesis of 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-l-alanine (dopa) from pyrocatechol and ammonium pyruvate. the synthesis of dopa was studied using both free and immobilized bacterial cells. when the concentration of pyrocatechol is over 0.1 m the tpl activity of the cells is inhibited. the concentration of pyrocatechol can be increased up to 0.3 m by using an equimolar mixture of pyrocatech ...19853921951
isolation and characterization of a new endo-beta-galactosidase from diplococcus pneumoniae.an endo-beta-galactosidase, which hydrolyzes the internal beta-galactosidic linkages of r----glcnac (or galnac) beta 1----3gal beta 1----4glcnac (or glc), was isolated from the culture supernatant of diplococcus pneumoniae. the enzyme, named endo-beta-galactosidase dii, hydrolyzed linear n-acetyllactosamine repeating structures in glycolipids and glycopeptides to release oligosaccharides. the specificity of endo-beta-galactosidase dii is the same as that of escherichia freundii endo-beta-galacto ...19853922410
[distribution and changes in the susceptibility of bacteria isolated from clinical samples. iii].this report presents data concerning in vitro activity of antimicrobial agents against citrobacter freundii, enterobacter spp., serratia marcescens and proteus vulgaris isolated from patients with complicated urinary tract infections and against pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from surgical wounds with postoperative infection and exudate from superficial abscesses. there was a marked increase of resistant strains of c. freundii, enterobacter spp. and s. marcescens to penicillins, ceps or gm. the ...19853930806
[synthesis of tyrosine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine by citrobacter freundii bacteria from lactic acid].a possibility of using lactic acid as a precursor for the synthesis of l-tyrosine and l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) by citrobacter freundii 62 and 63 was established. the synthesis of tyrosine from lactic acid occurs at a phenol concentration of less than 0.6%. the conditions were found which enable c. freundii 62 and 63 to synthesize from lactic acid tyrosine and dopa with the yield of 35-38 g/l and 32-33 g/l, respectively.19853931068
toxic exoproducts of citrobacter freundii.a strain of citrobacter freundii isolated from the feces of a patient with diarrhoea was examined for growth kinetics and toxic exoproduct formation using the complete (bhi) and synthetic culture media. it was found that the test organism in synthetic medium grew distinctly slower than in bhi. fractionations on sephadex g-100 column yielded 3 fractions from the complete medium culture filtrate and 2 fractions from the culture filtrate obtained from synthetic medium. the first culture filtrate fr ...19853936878
studies on microorganisms secured from different organs of slaughtered sheep with special reference to the microbial load in certain muscles.a total of 312 samples collected from different organs and muscles of dead, disabled, diseased, dying, and normal carcasses of sheep were examined bacteriologically to determine the different species of microorganisms as to their public health significance. in addition, the aerobic plate count (apc) and most probable number (mpn) coliform/g were determined of musculus biceps brachii, musculus quadriceps femoris, and musculus longissimus dorsi. the mean bacterial load was higher in summer than in ...19863964203
efficacy of bicozamycin in preventing traveler's diarrhea.bicozamycin was compared with a placebo in a prospective, randomized, double-blind study of the prevention of acute diarrhea among 30 american travelers newly arrived in guadalajara, mexico. none of the 11 subjects given bicozamycin orally for 3 wk at a dosage of 500 mg four times a day developed diarrhea as compared with an incidence of 53% diarrhea (10 of 19 subjects) in the placebo group (p = 0.003). bicozamycin was well tolerated. studies of changes in predominant aerobic fecal flora among t ...19853965336
ureolytic citrobacter freundii infection of the urine as a cause of dissolution of cystine renal calculi.we report a case of cystinuria with staghorn renal lithiasis in a solitary right kidney and chronic renal failure. right nephropyelolithotomy was performed and although 29 renal calculi were extracted many stones remained in situ. a permanent nephrostomy was left in the kidney. several months later the urine was infected chronically with a ureolytic citrobacter freundii bacteria and urinary ph oscillated between 8.0 and 9.2. spontaneous dissolution of the cystine calculi was observed and many ti ...19853973994
embryonal lactosaminoglycan. the structure of branched lactosaminoglycans with novel disialosyl (sialyl alpha 2----9 sialyl) terminals isolated from pa1 human embryonal carcinoma cells.lactosaminoglycan glycopeptides were isolated from human pa1 embryonal carcinoma cells and their structures were elucidated. the glycopeptides were digested by escherichia freundii endo-beta-galactosidase before and after the modifications by exoglycosidases. the core glycopeptides and oligosaccharides thus obtained and the intact glycopeptides were analyzed by methylation, fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry, and high-performance liquid chromatography. based on these experiments, the struct ...19853997842
[fatal citrobacter freundii bronchopneumonia acquired in the community in an uncompromised patient]. 19854001494
in vitro comparative antimicrobial activity of cefpimizole against clinical isolates from five medical centers.cefpimizole was compared with cefoperazone and cefotaxime against 6,599 clinical bacterial isolates from five medical centers. cefoperazone and cefotaxime were both more active and provided a greater spectrum of antimicrobial coverage than cefpimizole. some of the cefpimizole minimum concentrations inhibiting 50% of tested strains were as follows: citrobacter freundii and enterobacter cloacae, 16 micrograms/ml; escherichia coli and klebsiella pneumoniae, 2.0 micrograms/ml; proteus mirabilis, 1.0 ...19854026275
an unusual mixed infection in a diabetic patient: citrobacter freundii and peptococcus magnus.a case of an unusual mixed infection of the foot involving citrobacter freundii and peptococcus magnus is presented. characteristics and treatment of infections caused by these organisms are reviewed. the possible effects of an infection of this type in a compromised patient are also presented.19854045113
population analysis of susceptibility to cefotaxime in enterobacteriaceae.population analysis of susceptibility to cefotaxime (ctx) in eight species of enterobacteriaceae was carried out. one strain of each species was examined. the strains represented their individual species as regards natural susceptibility to ampicillin (a) and carbenicillin (ca). cephalothinase activity of the parental strains and strains selected on the plates with the highest concentration that allowed growth was determined by an ultraviolet assay. the populations of the a-susceptible/ca-suscep ...19854083013
holding effects on coliform enumeration in drinking water samples.standard procedures for analyzing drinking water stress the need to adhere to the time and temperature conditions recommended for holding samples collected for microbiological testing. the national drinking water laboratory certification program requires compliance with these holding limits, but some investigators have reported difficulties in meeting them. research was conducted by standard analytical methods to determine if changes occurred when samples were held at 5 and 22 degrees c and anal ...19854083877
selective detection and enumeration of fecal coliforms in water by potentiometric measurement of lipoic acid reduction.water samples of various origins were inoculated into a specific coliform-selective lactose broth provided with lipoic (thioctic) acid, and the time evolution of the redox potential of the cultures was monitored during incubation at 41 degrees c by use of gold versus reference electrodes. positive potential-time responses, i.e., 100-mv potential shifts recorded within 20 h of inoculation, were related to the initial number of fecal coliforms in the broth determined by control enumeration techniq ...19854091553
purification and properties of an extracellular proteinase of psychrophilic escherichia freundii. 19744212288
localization and phenotypic expression of a tol marker in citrobacter freundii. 19744219267
salmonella isolations from snakes and other reptiles.bacteriological examination of faeces and swabs from fourteen species of reptiles predominantly constrictors, yielded six serotypes of salmonella as well as arizona hinshawii, proteus species, citrobacter freundii and enterobacter species. organisms isolated were identified using conventional bacteriological methods and yielded two serotypes of salmonellae not previously identified in canada: salmonella nima and salmonella 58:a.19734270441
aspartate transcarbamylases of citrobacter freundii. 19714330264
identification of products of the uridinediphospho-n-acetyl-d-glucosamine oxidoreductase system from citrobacter freundii atcc 10053.uridinediphospho-n-acetyl glucosamine is converted to one or more uridine-diphospho-4-keto-6-deoxy-2-acetamidohexose derivatives by an enzyme from citrobacter freundii atcc 10053. borohydride reduction of reaction products followed by acid hydrolysis yielded several amino sugars. two of these were identified as fucosamine and quinovosamine by chromatography and ninhydrin degradation.19724336107
properties of a temperature sensitive plasmid in citrobacter freundii. 19724345930
properties of r factors from bordetella bronchiseptica.genetic properties and host ranges of r factors derived from bordetella bronchiseptica of pig origin were examined. all of 61 r factors tested could confer resistance to streptomycin, sulfonamide, and aminobenzyl penicillin on their host bacteria. all of them were identified as fi(-) (no fertility inhibition) type and were found to exhibit no restriction of phages lambda, phi80, p1, p2, t1, t3, t6, t7, w31, and bf-23. they could confer macarbomysin susceptibility on their host cells when infecte ...19744451355
sensitivity of citrobacter freundii and citrobacter koseri to cephalosporins and penicillins.an examination of 99 field and reference strains of citrobacter freundii showed 79% of them to be resistant to cephaloridine and sensitive to carbenicillin, while 96% of 45 field and reference strains of citrobacter koseri examined were sensitive to cephaloridine and resistant to carbenicillin. susceptibility tests with these two antibiotics are therefore useful in separating the two species of citrobacter.19744496972
host controlled restriction and modification of bacteriophage mu and mu-promoted chromosome mobilization in citrobacter freundii. 19734581370
isolation and characterization of hfr males in citrobacter freundii. 19744596659
cell-envelope changes in mutants of citrobacter freundii with altered response to colicin a. 19734632420
fatty acid composition of paracolons: arizona, citrobacter, and providencia.the fatty acid compositions of stationary-phase cultures of arizona arizonae, citrobacter freundii, providencia alcalifaciens, providencia stuartii, and providencia sp. were studied. the major fatty acids of a. arizonae, c. freundii, and providencia were 16:0, 16:1, 17:cyclopropane, and 19:cyclopropane. the fatty acid compositions of the two strains of a. arizonae examined were similar to each other, but the three strains of c. freundii differed from one another in their fatty acid compositions. ...19734698216
effect of anaerobiosis on the concentrations of demethylmenaquinone, menaquinone and ubiquinone in escherichia freundii, proteus mirabilis and aeromonas punctata. 19684875411
comparison of the rates of motility of salmonella with those of other enteric bacteria. 19714927403
citrobacter freundii mutants deficient in host specificity functions and their recipient ability for foreign deoxyribonucleic acid. 19714941950
preparation and testing of polyvalent conjugates for fluorescent-antibody detection of salmonellae.a polyvalent oh conjugate for salmonella o groups a through i, k, l, and o was prepared and tested against pure cultures of salmonellae, nonsalmonellae, and a variety of food, fecal, and environmental specimens. examination of pure cultures revealed that the conjugate gave negligible staining with representative strains of shigella, proteus, providence, serratia, and pseudomonas. however, it stained 12% of the escherichia coli and citrobacter freundii strains and 36% of the arizona strains. over ...19714943590
physicochemical and biological properties of sonically treated vi antigen.electrophoretically purified vi antigen from citrobacter freundii 5396/38 was depolymerized by sonic treatment. the treatment caused an 80% reduction in specific viscosity and a reduction in molecular weight from 1.6 x 10(6) to 3.9 x 10(4). the o-acetyl and n-acetyl contents of the antigen and its infrared spectrum remained unchanged. the sonically treated antigen was only 1% as effective as the original antigen in eliciting protection in mice against challenge with salmonella typhi. sonically t ...19674964477
frequency of occurrence of native hapten among enterobacterial species.anacker, r. l. (rocky mountain laboratory, hamilton, mont.), w. d. bickel, w. t. haskins, k. c. milner, e. ribi, and j. a. rudbach. frequency of occurrence of native hapten among enterobacterial species. j. bacteriol. 91:1427-1433. 1966.-smooth cultures of representative enterobacteriaceae were screened for the presence of native hapten, a substance previously extracted with trichloroacetic acid from the protoplasmic fraction of one strain each of escherichia coli o111:b4 and o113. trichloroacet ...19665326701
carbohydrate composition of the phenol-soluble lipopolysaccharides of citrobacter freundii.phenol-soluble lipopolysaccharides were obtained from the interphase and phenol phase fractions of 44% aqueous phenol-extracted citrobacter species. upon detailed investigation of c. freundii 8090, the two lipopolysaccharide fractions were found to contain different amounts of lipid a, although qualitative composition was similar. both contained lipid a, 2-keto-deoxyoctonic acid, heptose, phosphate, d-glucose, galactose, rhamnose, 2-acetamido-2 deoxy-d-glucose, 3-acetamido-3,6-dideoxy-d-glucose, ...19685669888
occurrence of a 3-amino sugar in the cell wall of citrobacter freundii 8090. 19665970884
correction of the nucleotide sequence of the citrobacter freundii tryptophan operon regulatory region.we present a correction of the previously reported nucleotide sequence of the citrobacter freundii trp operon regulatory region. the original sequence analyses were performed with a plasmid designated pcf2. we repeated the cloning of the trp regulatory region of c. freundii and concluded from the determined sequence that a dna rearrangement had occurred within the leader region of the cloned trp dna of pcf2. the correct sequence is homologous to the escherichia coli sequence.19846090386
in vivo antibacterial activity of cefodizime, a new cephalosporin antibiotic.the in vivo activity of cefodizime (hr 221) was compared with that of cefotaxime (ctx), cefmenoxime, latamoxef, cefazolin and cefmetazole (cmz). the protective effects of hr 221 on experimental infections in mice caused by staphylococcus aureus smith, escherichia coli c-11, proteus vulgaris gn-76 and serratia marcescens no. 2 were directly related to its in vitro activity against these strains. in contrast, the compound showed the smallest ed50 values, among the 5 antibiotics tested (not includi ...19846092740
treatment of 160 cases of acute bacterial meningitis with cefotaxime.one hundred and sixty cases of acute bacterial meningitis were treated with cefotaxime. patients were between 9 days and 79 years old: 7 new borns, 37 infants, 43 children, 19 adolescents and 54 adults. fifty-eight patients (36%) were in coma when admitted. aetiology was determined in 110 patients (68.8%): neisseria meningitidis in 42, streptococcus pneumoniae in 36, haemophilus influenzae in 16, salmonella spp. in 7, staphylococcus aureus in 2, enterobacter spp. in 2 and haemophilus parainfluen ...19846094440
single-dose cefotaxime in the treatment of urinary tract infections in children: a randomized clinical trial.thirty-seven patients with a median age of 5 years with symptomatic lower or upper urinary tract infection, documented by a clean-catch midstream urine culture and sediment examination, completed a randomized study comparing the effectiveness of a single dose of cefotaxime with 10-day treatment with an antibiotic chosen by in-vitro sensitivities. eighteen patients were randomly assigned to the cefotaxime group (50 mg/kg/im route) and 19 patients were placed in the 10-day therapy group. in the ce ...19846094457
cefmenoxime: clinical evaluation.cefmenoxime was evaluated in an open trial consisting of 41 patients. forty infections in 36 patients could be evaluated. thirteen patients had pyelonephritis due to escherichia coli (two bacteremic), pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella pneumoniae, or streptococcus faecalis; all improved and 12 of 13 were clinically cured, but one relapse (s. faecalis) occurred at two weeks. six patients with cystitis due to e. coli, citrobacter freundii, serratia marcescens, p. aeruginosa, or s. faecalis all imp ...19846097126
[interest of gamma-glutamyltransferase in "enterobacteriaceae" (author's transl)].gamma-glutamyltransferase (gammagt) could be detected in 86,6% of 3,027 strains of enterobacteriaceae, by the use of gamma-l-glutamin-p-nitranilide acid for substrate. the following species produced gamma gt: citrobacter freundii, levinea malonatica, l. amalonatica, klebsiella pneumoniae, k. oxytoca, k. ozaenae, enterobacter aerogenes, e. cloacae, e. agglomerans, e. gergoviae, k. ozaenae, enterobacter aerogenes, e. cloacae, e. agglomerans, e. gergoviae, hafnia alvei, erwinia carotovora, serratia ...19806104464
genetic regulation of variable vi antigen expression in a strain of citrobacter freundii.certain strains of the genus citrobacter exhibit a variable expression of the vi surface antigen that appears to involve a special mechanism for regulation of gene expression. two nonlinked chromosomal loci, viaa and viab, are known to determine nonvariable vi antigen expression in strains of salmonella. to confirm the presence of analogous loci in citrobacter and to ascertain whether either of them is involved in variable vi antigen expression in this organism, donor strains were constructed fr ...19816161917
specific identification of salmonella serogroup e antigen o3 by immunofluorescence and coagglutination with antiserum elicited by a synthetic trisaccharide-bovine serum albumin glycoconjugate.antiserum specific for salmonella o3 antigen was raised by immunization of rabbits with an artificial glycoconjugate consisting of the synthetic trisaccharide beta-d- manp (1----4)-alpha-l- rhap (1----3)-alpha-d-galp covalently linked to bovine serum albumin (beta- mrg -bsa). enzyme immunoassays showed that only lipopolysaccharides extracted from salmonella serogroup e (o3 antigen-containing) bacteria bound the antiserum. the usefulness of the beta- mrg -bsa antiserum for rapid and accurate iden ...19846203930
norfloxacin versus cotrimoxazole in the treatment of lower urinary tract infections.in a randomised prospective study 61 patients with lower urinary tract infection received either 200 mg norfloxacin (33 patients) or 480 mg cotrimoxazole (28 patients) twice daily for ten days. pathogens included escherichia coli in 48 patients, proteus mirabilis in ten patients, and enterobacter cloacae, klebsiella pneumoniae, citrobacter freundii and staphylococcus saprophyticus in one patient each. the mics of norfloxacin and cotrimoxazole were less than or equal to 0.03 mg/l and less than or ...19836224685
study of the in vitro activity of norfloxacin and other drugs on amoxicillin-resistant uropathogenic isolates.the in vitro activity of a quinolinecarboxylic acid compound, norfloxacin, was compared with those of amikacin, carbenicillin, cefazolin, cefoxitin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, and oxolinic acid against 243 gram-positive and gram-negative amoxicillin-resistant (mic 800 greater than or equal to micrograms/ml) uropathogenic isolates. norfloxacin showed remarkable activity against the majority of the bacteria tested. ninety percent of strains of staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus faecalis, citrob ...19846241505
[clinical evaluation of cefotaxime at various dosage levels in urinary tract infections (author's transl)].in this study, 63 patients with various urinary tract infections were treated with cefotaxime in different dosages. they were aged from 10 to 82 years (mean: 59). the cases included 33 cystitis, 25 pyelonephritis, 4 chronic prostatitis and 1 orchiepididymitis. 85 strains of enterobacteria were identified: 20 e. coli, 2 citrobacter freundi, 5 proteus mirabilis, 12 indole positive proteus, 1 providentia, 11 klebsiella, 3 enterobacter cloacae and 31 serratia marescens and liquefaciens. 80 of these ...19816259607
effect of combination of cefsulodin and mecillinam.the effect of cefsulodin in combination with mecillinam was examined against a wide range of bacterial species. the antibacterial spectrum was widened by the combination of cefsulodin and mecillinam in the ratio of 5:1 and 10:1. in overall observations, in the in vitro test, a synergistic effect against clinical isolates was found on klebsiella pneumoniae, citrobacter freundii, enterobacter cloacae, serratia marcescens, proteus mirabilis and proteus vulgaris, and an additive effect was found on ...19816268593
beta-lactamase stability and antibacterial activity of cefmenoxime (sce-1365), a novel cephalosporin.cefmenoxime, a new cephalosporin antibiotic, has been shown to be stable to a staphylococcus aureus penicillinase and r plasmid-mediated type i and type iv penicillinases. it was also resistant to hydrolysis by most cephalosporinases, but was susceptible to hydrolysis by a proteus vulgaris beta-lactamase. cefmenoxime was active against cephaloridine-resistant species, except pseudomonas aeruginosa, which was moderately resistant to cefmenoxime. cefmenoxime was an inducer of p. vulgaris beta-lact ...19816269488
an r plasmid of broad host-range, coding for resistance to nine antimicrobial agents endemic in gram-negative nosocomial isolates.of 3952 clinical isolates of enterobacteriaceae, 246 exhibited resistance to at least carbenicillin, gentamicin and tobramycin. all these isolates, representing eight genera, were resistant to at least nine antimicrobial agents in common, including the three key antibiotics and streptomycin, kanamycin, sisomycin, ampicillin, cephalothin and sulphonamide. the strains could be subdivided into seven groups depending upon additional resistance traits and some were resistant to as many as 15 antibiot ...19816273563
a new restriction endonuclease from citrobacter freundii.cfri, a new restriction endonuclease of unique substrate specificity, has been isolated from a citrobacterfreundii strain. the enzyme recognizes a degenerated sequence pyggccpu in double-strand dna and cleaves it between py and g residues to yield 5' -protruding tetranucleotide ends ggcc.19826294607
cefotaxime: a review of in vitro antimicrobial properties and spectrum of activity.cefotaxime has remarkable potency against all enterobacteriaceae, including enterobacter species, citrobacter freundii, serratia marcescens, and morganella morganii, proteus vulgaris, and providencia species--all of which are resistant to earlier cephalosporins. cefotaxime generally inhibits greater than 90% of enteric bacilli at concentrations of less than or equal to 0.5 microgram/ml; in one study it inhibited greater than 98% of isolates at less than or equal to 8 micrograms/ml. for staphyloc ...19826294779
beta-lactamase inhibitory activity of iodopenicillanate and bromopenicillanate.iodopenicillanate and bromopenicillanate were shown to be effective inhibitors of a variety of beta-lactamases. staphylococcus aureus isolates were synergistically inhibited by iodopenicillanate and bromopenicillanate combined with ampicillin. methicillin-resistant s. aureus was not synergistically inhibited. escherichia coli which possessed tem beta-lactamase activity had a reduction in ampicillin minimal inhibitory concentration, but an e. coli isolate which had chromosomal beta-lactamase and ...19836299186
unusual mode of inhibition of citrobacter freundii beta-lactamases by ceftriaxone.several citrobacter freundii beta-lactamases, discernible by their substrate profiles and sensitivities to inhibition by newer cephalosporins, were inhibited by ceftriaxone in an unusual manner. inhibition was noncompetitive at low concentrations of cephaloridine but became competitive at concentrations above 600 mum, which is close to the k(m) (570 mum) for cephaloridine.19836301366
[microbiological studies with the new penicillin brl 17421 (temocillin)].in vitro evaluation of brl 17421 (temocillin), a new penicillin. the in vitro antibacterial activity of brl 17421 (temocillin), a new penicillin, was determined in quantitative serial broth dilution tests and was compared to that of mezlocillin, piperacillin, cefazolin and cefotaxime against 751 clinical isolates of the enterobacteriaceae family. in addition, the sensitivity of 211 mezlocillin-resistant gram-negative rods to brl 17421 was also determined. temocillin exhibited a high level of ant ...19836302007
cloning and expression of the gene(s) for cephalosporinase production of citrobacter freundii.the chromosomal gene(s) for cephalosporinase production of citrobacter freundii gn346 has been cloned into vector plasmid pmk1, initially as a 7.3 kb ecori fragment. from the substrate profile and the response to anti-gn346 csase serum of the enzyme produced, it was confirmed that the hybrid plasmid (pty71) carries the relevant chromosomal cephalosporinase gene from c. freundii gn346. a restriction endonuclease cleavage map of cloned ecori fragments was constructed, and the structural gene of th ...19836304475
in vitro activity and beta-lactamase stability of cefodizime, an aminothiazolyl iminomethoxy cephalosporin.cefodizime, an iminomethoxy aminothiazolyl cephalosporin similar to moxalactam and ceftazidime, was less active (minimal inhibitory concentration, 1.6 to 12 micrograms) than cefazolin or cefotaxime against staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcus epidermidis. it inhibited haemophilus and neisseria spp. at less than 0.5 microgram/ml. it did not inhibit methicillin-resistant staphylococci, enterococci, or listeria spp. and was 8- to 32-fold less active than cefotaxime, moxalactam, or ceftazidime a ...19836311090
[in vitro bacteriostatic activity of cefmenoxime (sce 1365), cefotaxime and moxalactam].the in vitro activity of cefmenoxime (sce 1365), a new cephalosporin derivate was compared with two other "third generation" cephalosporins: cefotaxime and moxalactam. cefmenoxime as cefotaxime and moxalactam were very active against 305 cephalosporinase-producing and cephalosporinase-non-producing enterobacteriaceae. cefmenoxime was the most active against serratia marcescens, citrobacter freundii, morganella morganii, salmonella, shigella and yersinia enterocolitica with a mean mic at least tw ...19836312395
kinetic studies on inactivation of citrobacter freundii cephalosporinase by sulbactam.the inactivation kinetics for inhibition by sulbactam (cp45,899) of citrobacter freundii gn346 cephalosporinase were studied in detail and compared with those of type ib penicillinase or tem-2 beta-lactamase mediated by r plasmid rgn823. the rate constant for progressive inactivation of the cephalosporinase was significantly larger than that measured with the penicillinase. the number of sulbactam molecules required to cause complete inactivation of one cephalosporinase molecule (turnover number ...19836312873
[distribution of specific endodeoxyribonucleases in different strains of citrobacter freundii]. 19836313311
survey, purification, and properties of sugar phosphate phosphohydrolase among microorganisms.sugar phosphate phosphohydrolase was purified approximately 500- to 600-fold to apparent homogeneity from escherichia coli b, escherichia coli c, escherichia coli var. communior, escherichia acidilactici, enterobacter aerogenes, neisseria meningitidis, and saccharomyces cereviseae. the molecular weights of the enzyme as estimated by gel filtration ranged from 97 x 10(3) to 101 x 10(3). the enzyme was composed of two subunits with the same molecular weight which ranged from 50 x 10(3) to 52 x 10( ...19836322944
[specificity of new restrictases and methylases. unusual modification of cytosine at position 4].fourteen restriction endonucleases and 4 methylases were isolated and purified from 14 strains of citrobacter freundii and escherichia coli, which were isolated from natural sources. to determine the nucleotide sequence recognized by the endonucleases a comparison of dna cleavage patterns, the evaluation of the cleavage frequency of some dna with known recognition sequences and mapping was used. it was determined that cfr101 is a new enzyme recognizing 5'puccggpy. other restriction enzymes isola ...19846323968
comparative in vitro activity and beta-lactamase stability of fr 17027, a new orally active cephalosporin.fr 17027, a new orally absorbed cephalosporin ester, inhibited group a and b streptococci and streptococcus pneumoniae at less than or equal to 0.1 micrograms/ml, which is similar to the inhibition concentration of amoxicillin and cefaclor, and was more active than cephalexin. it was less active (mic, 25 micrograms/ml) against staphylococci than was cephalexin, and it did not inhibit streptococcus faecalis or listeria monocytogenes. fr 17027 inhibited beta-lactamase-producing isolates of neisser ...19846333207
synergism of ps-5 with penicillins and cephalosporins in antimicrobial activity against beta-lactam-resistant gram-negative microorganisms.the in vitro synergism of ps-5 combined with various penicillins and cephalosporins in antimicrobial activity was examined in detail against beta-lactam-resistant gram-negative bacteria. ps-5 showed a highly significant synergism in antimicrobial action against escherichia coli rgn238 in combination with penicillins; and against proteus vulgaris gn76 and serratia marcescens t55 in combination with cephalosporins. it was moderately synergistic against citrobacter freundii gn346, enterobacter cloa ...19846334679
selection of resistant mutants of citrobacter freundii by second and third-generation cephalosporins and imipenem.using a single-step selection procedure, resistant mutants could be obtained from three clinical isolates of citrobacter freundii with two second-generation and four third-generation cephalosporins but not with imipenem. all mutants showed a drastically increased beta-lactamase activity and were cross-resistant to all the cephalosporins examined. combinations of cloxacillin with the cephalosporins were markedly synergistic, suggesting the principal role of the cephalosporinase in the resistance ...19846335134
beta-lactamase production in enterobacter cloacae and citrobacter freundii.the beta-lactamase activity with ampicillin (a) and cephalothin (ce) as substrate was examined in 28 strains of ent. cloacae and 24 strains of c. freundii by a micro-iodometric-(mia) and an ultraviolet assay (uva). carbenicillin resistance (ca-r) was present in 32 strains (16 of each species). all ca-resistant (ca-r) strains had elevated amounts of beta-lactamase. the conditions were very similar in the two species. the ca-r strains could be divided into two subgroups. one group had very high am ...19846335817
differential toxicity of inhaled gram-negative bacteria.the toxicity by inhalation of various gram-negative bacteria, isolated from settings associated with inhalation disease, was studied by a variety of means. these microorganisms were not equally toxic. citrobacter freundii aerosol challenges of rabbits provoked significant (up to fivefold) increases in plasma haptoglobin 24 to 48 h after inhalation. other strains tested failed to provoke such statistically consistent increases. measurements of c-reactive protein in these same animals did not lead ...19836339400
[the antibiotic agent azthreonam: studies on plasmid-dependent resistance formation].two mechanisms can be assumed that are responsible for the stability of azthreonam against the attack of beta-lactamases: first, azthreonam lacks binding to the enzyme protein and second, rate of hydrolysis is extremely low, resulting even in inhibition of enzyme activity. enzyme kinetics were studied from highly purified enzymes: azthreonam did not bind to the tem-1 enzyme, whereas the compound revealed a time-dependent inhibition of the chromosomally mediated enterobacter cloacae enzyme. with ...19836341212
phenomenon of resistance to augmentin associated with sensitivity to ampicillin: occurrence and explanation.ampicillin was found to be some tenfold more active than amoxycillin against enterobacter cloacae. this finding explains the observation that some ent cloacae strains are sensitive to ampicillin in the disc test but resistant to augmentin. ampicillin was also found to be more active than amoxycillin against citrobacter freundii and serratia marcescens. in view of these findings, the practice of using ampicillin discs to predict sensitivity to amoxycillin should be reconsidered. the use of both a ...19836343436
incompatibility group k plasmids in bacteria isolated from a urinary tract infection.citrobacter freundii and klebsiella pneumoniae were concurrently isolated from a patient with a urinary tract infection. transferable drug resistant plasmids were isolated from both strains, pms434 and pms435. these plasmids belonged to incompatibility group k and both carried genes governing resistance to various aminoglycoside antibiotics, i.e., kanamycin, gentamicin c complex, streptomycin, and 3',4'-dideoxykanamycin b, in addition to those governing resistance to sulfanilamide and ampicillin ...19836346022
synthesis of plasmid-coded heat-labile enterotoxin in wild-type and hypertoxinogenic strains of escherichia coli and in other genera of enterobacteriaceae.the effect of host determinants on expression of plasmid-coded heat-labile enterotoxin (lt) was examined. a collection of lt plasmids was introduced into isogenic strains of escherichia coli k-12 strains containing the wild type or hypertoxinogenic (htx-2) allele. for each plasmid tested, production of lt increased by approximately 1.5- to 3-fold in the host containing htx-2, indicating that the htx-2 allele affects a regulatory function for lt production that is common to many different enterot ...19836350177
comparison of the overlapping frd and ampc operons of escherichia coli with the corresponding dna sequences in other gram-negative bacteria.specific dna probes from escherichia coli k-12 were used to analyze the sequence divergence of the frd and ampc operons in various species of gram-negative bacteria. these operons code for the fumarate reductase complex and the chromosomal beta-lactamase, respectively. we demonstrate that the two operons show the same general pattern of divergence, although the frd operon is considerably more conserved than is the ampc operon. the major exception is salmonella typhimurium lt2, which shows a stro ...19836350266
evaluation of the updated ms-2 bacterial identification system in comparison with the api 20e system.the recently updated ms-2 bacterial identification system software (abbott laboratories, diagnostic division, irving, tex.) was compared with the original ms-2 bacterial identification software and the api 20e, using 968 strains of enterobacteriaceae. the updated ms-2 software correctly identified 94.4% of the isolates tested. api 20e and the original ms-2 software correctly identified 91 and 85.3% of the strains, respectively. ms-2 responses were considered to be equivocal (needing additional t ...19836350342
efficacy of brl 25000 against serratia marcescens, enterobacter cloacae, and citrobacter freundii in urinary tract infections.synergism between amoxicillin and clavulanic acid was not expected against cephalosporinase-producing bacterial strains because clavulanic acid has little inhibitory action on cephalosporinases. however, in a clinical trial of brl 25000 (amoxicillin-clavulanic acid), excellent results were obtained in complicated urinary tract infections caused by serratia marcescens, enterobacter cloacae, and citrobacter freundii strains which produced cephalosporinase and were highly resistant to amoxicillin a ...19836357078
influence of methoxy-substitution of beta-lactam compounds on the interaction with various beta-lactamases.the interaction of 6 alpha-(temocillin) and 7 alpha-methoxy substituted (cefoxitin) beta-lactam compounds with various beta-lactamases was studied employing enzyme kinetics and compared to that of unsubstituted compounds. both chromosomally mediated enzymes from enterobacter cloacae and citrobacter freundii were competitively inhibited by the methoxy-substituted compounds. higher concentrations of cefoxitin caused a competitive inhibition of the plasmid-mediated tem-1 enzyme, whereas temocillin ...19836362278
use of the autobac idx system for rapid identification of enterobacteriaceae and nonfermentative gram-negative bacilli.the autobac idx system was evaluated for its ability to accurately identify 290 gram-negative bacilli from 18 different genera. excluding isolates with a low identification probability, the overall sensitivity of the system was found to be 95.8%. late lactose-fermenting escherichia coli, citrobacter freundii, and proteus mirabilis accounted for over 90% of the misidentifications. the autobac idx system offers a rapid and reliable method for the identification of gram-negative bacilli.19846365967
investigations on beta-lactamase stability of recently developed beta-lactam compounds: study of enzyme kinetics.the plasmid-mediated tem-1 enzyme (e. coli k12 r6k) and chromosomally mediated enzymes from enterobacter cloacae (iep 8.5) and citrobacter freundii (iep 9.5) were highly purified. enzyme kinetics were studied with various therapeutic compounds as substrates and lamoxactam, azthreonam, and n-formimidoyl thienamycin as inhibitors. lamoxactam and azthreonam failed to inhibit the tem-1 enzyme, whereas n-formimidoyl thienamycin was a competitive inhibitor. ki was 5 mumol/l--thus corresponding to km-- ...19836372325
novel carbapenem derivative sf2103a: studies on the mode of beta-lactamase inactivation.a novel carbapenem, sf2103a, is a strong inhibitor of various types of beta-lactamase. equimolar concentrations of sf2103a completely inactivated the cephalosporinases of proteus vulgaris and citrobacter freundii and type ib and type ii penicillinases mediated by r plasmids in a progressive manner. the inactivation of the two penicillinases and p. vulgaris cephalosporinase was apparently irreversible; however, when the inactivated enzymes were separated from excess sf2103a by gel filtration, the ...19846372682
resistance types in citrobacter freundii. occurrence and resistance to ampicillin, carbenicillin, cephalothin and mecillinam. transfer of ampicillin resistance.the resistance types of citrobacter freundii were investigated. the strains were divided into three groups according to susceptibility to penicillin derivatives. group 1, comprising the ampicillin-carbenicillin sensitive strains (a-s/ca-s), constituted 22%. group 2 (ampicillin-resistant (a-r)/ca-s) constituted 45% and group 3 (a-r/ca-r) 32%. two strains (1%) were recorded as a-s/ca-r. group 3 contained a higher proportion of multi-resistant strains than groups 1 and 2. the log2ic50 with ampicill ...19846375251
[enzyme activity of the formate hydrogenlyase complex in citrobacter freundii].citrobacter freundii 62 can grow in the absence of oxygen in media containing glucose, peptone, fumarate or malate. when the medium contained fumarate or malate, the culture could grow under anaerobic conditions only in the presence of molecular hydrogen, formate or nitrate. the highest activity of formatehydrogenlyase and hydrogenase was found when c. freundii grew in a medium with glucose and formate. the activity was lower in media with other organic substrates, particularly, in the absence o ...19846377026
intergeneric homology of the spec gene encoding biosynthetic ornithine decarboxylase in escherichia coli.a 32p-labeled fragment of dna containing the spec gene, which encodes the biosynthetic enzyme ornithine decarboxylase of escherichia coli, was used as a hybridization probe for homologous sequences in the genomes of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. the spec probe detected homologous sequences in the dna of only four members of the enterobacteriaceae (citrobacter freundii, salmonella typhimurium, klebsiella pneumoniae, and enterobacter aerogenes); no homology was detected with the dna of ...19846384181
cephalosporin antibiotics as applied in surgery of bones and joints.new cephalosporin antibiotics will continue to be discovered as old forms are found to lose effectiveness. cephalosporins currently account for a major part of any hospital pharmacy budget. they are often used inappropriately in treatment of both community and hospital infections. cephalosporins should be used when penicillins are not effective and for particular infections. a major use of cephalosporins is in prophylaxis; cephalosporin antibiotics will not prevent infections caused by organisms ...19846386261
incidence of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-resistant enterobacteriaceae among transplant recipients.of 114 recipients of pancreatic, renal, and bone marrow transplants who were given trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smz) for antimicrobial prophylaxis, 44 (39%) had a total of 52 fecal isolates of tmp-smz-resistant gram-negative bacilli. in most of these 44 patients, the resistant isolate was found at a concentration of greater than or equal to 10(6) organisms/ml of feces. escherichia coli was the most frequent of the isolates, and citrobacter freundii was the next most frequent. eight of the ...19846387000
evaluation of rosco diagnostic beta-glucuronidase tablets in the identification of urinary isolates of escherichia coli.rosco diagnostic beta-glucuronidase tablets have been evaluated as a method for the identification of urinary isolates of escherichia coli. results were compared with those from traditional biochemical testing. a total of 539 isolates were employed, representing a variety of gram-negative species. reproducibility testing was also performed. after 4h incubation, 86% of e. coli isolates (both lactose-positive and lactose-negative) gave a positive reaction. some salmonella, many shigella and one ci ...19846393708
septicemia due to a lactose-fermenting salmonella misidentified as citrobacter freundii. 19846394546
monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for identification and serotyping of vibrio cholerae o1.monoclonal antibodies directed against o-specific antigens of vibrio cholerae o1 lipopolysaccharide were used in two different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas), designed for identification and serotyping of v. cholerae o1. in the sandwich elisa, a monoclonal antibody against the group-specific antigen was used as capture antibody, whereas peroxidase-conjugated monoclonal antibodies directed against group- and type-specific antigens were used as the second antibodies. monoclonal antibo ...19846394621
selection of variants of gram-negative bacteria with elevated production of type 1 beta-lactamase.variants of pseudomonas aeruginosa, citrobacter freundii and enterobacter cloacae were isolated that produced elevated levels of type 1 beta-lactamase. the variants were readily isolated on antibiotic-containing agar and showed resistance to a wide range of beta-lactam antibiotics including some regarded as being relatively stable to the beta-lactamase produced.19836411674
isolation and characterization of an endo-beta-galactosidase from bacteroides fragilis.six strains of bacteroides fragilis were examined and all found to produce endo-beta-galactosidase, an enzyme that hydrolyses internal beta-galactosidic linkages of oligosaccharides belonging to the poly-n-acetyl-lactosamine series, with the common structure glcnac beta 1 leads to 3gal beta 1 leads to 4glcnac/glc. the enzyme was produced without the addition of an inducer such as keratan sulphate. it was purified 7000-fold from the culture supernatant and obtained with a yield 4-10-fold greater ...19836412685
human placental (fetal) fibronectin: increased glycosylation and higher protease resistance than plasma fibronectin. presence of polylactosamine glycopeptides and properties of a 44-kilodalton chymotryptic collagen-binding domain: difference from human plasma fibronectin.human placental fibronectin was isolated from fresh term placenta by urea extraction and purified by gelatin affinity chromatography. a 44-kda chymotryptic fragment, also purified by gelatin affinity chromatography, gave a broad, diffuse band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, whereas the analogous 43-kda fragment from human plasma fibronectin migrated as a defined, narrow band. upon extended treatment with endo-beta-galactosidase from escherichia freundii, the 44-kda chymotryptic gelatin-bi ...19846423638
endo-beta-d-galactosidases of bacteroides fragilis and escherichia freundii hydrolyze linear but not branched oligosaccharide domains of glycolipids of the neolacto series.the specificities of the endo-beta-galactosidases of bacteroides fragilis and escherichia freundii towards linear and branched oligosaccharides of the lacto-n-glycosyl series were investigated using as substrates glycolipids containing (a) linear neolactotetra - or hexaosyl sequences, (b) branched biantennary neolactooctaosyl sequences, and (c) triantennary neolactononaor dodecaglycosyl sequences. glycolipid and oligosaccharide hydrolysis products were identified by tlc and/or paper chromatograp ...19846427218
[endo-beta-galactosidase from flavobacterium keratolyticus and escherichia freundii]. 19846431498
[in vitro antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin against uropathogenic organisms].ciprofloxacin (bay 09867) is a new quinoline derivative. its activity against 537 urinary bacterial isolates was compared with those of ampicillin, amikacin, carbenicillin, cefazolin, cefotaxime, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, nalidixic and oxolinic acids, norfloxacin, trimethoprim, and other antimicrobial agents, when appropriate. it inhibited 90% citrobacter freundii, enterobacter spp., e, coli, klebsiella spp., proteus spp., and serratia spp. at less than or equal to 0.78 microgram/ml. the majority ...19846440583
biosynthesis and export of colicin a in citrobacter freundii ca31.synthesis of colicin a after induction with mitomycin c was studied. specific inhibition of chromosomal protein synthesis occurred very shortly after mitomycin addition. there was no coordinate synthesis of colicin a (61000 mr) and low-molecular-weight protein. free and membrane-bound polysome fractions were isolated from cells induced with mitomycin c. colicin a is synthesized in vitro in the free polysomes and not in the membrane-bound polysomes. conditions are described which allow a practica ...19816455292
growth of clinical isolates in the cold.common clinical isolates were tested to determine their ability to multiply after 7 days at 4 degrees c in trypticase soy broth. 34% of the 214 isolates grew in the cold. citrobacter freundii, group d enterococci, klebsiella oxytoca, proteus vulgaris, providencia rettgeri and serratia marcescens grew best of all. the importance of growth in the cold is discussed.19846472199
microbial aspects of the cockroach hindgut.the cockroach hindgut has a complex, active microbiota, a large portion of which is associated with the chitinous gut wall. it provides a different environment from that of termites and other insects which are dependent on their hindgut microbiota for the digestion of cellulose. the ph of the midgut of eublaberus posticus was not as high as it is in insects with a primarily cellulolytic nutrition. the hindgut of e. posticus was highly methanogenic, normal adults producing typically 10-25 mumol o ...19846477029
[study of lincomycin concentrations in hepatocystic duct].penetration of lincomycin (lcm) in choledochal and cholecystic bile as well as in the gallbladder tissue and liver tissue was investigated together with bacteria detectable in the bile in order to evaluate basically usefulness of this antibiotic in the treatment of infections of the hepatocystic duct. intravenous drip infusion of lcm 1.5 g (in 500 ml of 5% glucose solution) over 1.5--2 hours resulted in mean drug concentrations of 33.9 and 10.1 micrograms/ml in serum at 2 and 4 hours post start ...19846502929
cefoperazone in the treatment of postsurgical wound infection, sepsis, and abscess of the spinal cord and brain.cefoperazone was used in the treatment of 23 cases of serious bacterial infection in 20 patients. ten postoperative scalp wound infections, five infections at the site of tracheostomy, four cases of extradural spinal cord abscess, three cases of sepsis, and one abscess of the cerebellopontine angle were treated with cefoperazone (1 to 2 gm bid, usually for seven to 27 days). there were excellent or good clinical responses in 87% (20/23) of the cases (14 of the 15 postsurgical wound infections, t ...19846509463
in vitro and in vivo antibacterial properties of fk 027, a new orally active cephem antibiotic.fk 027 was more active than cefaclor, cephalexin, and amoxicillin against stock strains of a wide variety of gram-negative bacteria, including such opportunistic pathogens as citrobacter and enterobacter species and serratia marcescens. fk 027 was significantly more active than the three reference drugs against clinical isolates of escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, indole-positive and -negative proteus species, providencia species, haemophilus influenzae, and neisseria gonorrhoeae. it was ...19846561017
enoxacin: worldwide in-vitro activity against 22451 clinical isolates.a worldwide multicentre study involving 31 centres in eight countries was conducted to compare the in-vitro activity of enoxacin with that of other currently available antibiotics. enoxacin was active against virtually all of the species of enterobacteriaceae tested (mic90 less than or equal to 0.25-2 mg/l). it was also effective at inhibiting pseudomonas aeruginosa (mic90 = 2 mg/l; n = 3540), staphylococcus aureus and epidermidis (mic90 = 2 mg/l; n = 2635 and 837 resp.), acinetobacter calcoacet ...19846594322
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