| high genetic diversity among stenotrophomonas maltophilia strains despite their originating at a single hospital. | the levels of genetic relatedness of 139 stenotrophomonas maltophilia strains recovered from 105 hospitalized non-cystic fibrosis patients (51% from medical wards, 35% from intensive care units, and 14% from surgical wards) and 7 environmental sources in the same hospital setting during a 4-year period were typed by the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) technique. a total of 99 well-defined distinct xbai pfge patterns were identified (simpson's discrimination index, 0.996). the dendrogram ... | 2004 | 14766838 |
| spa typing method for discriminating among staphylococcus aureus isolates: implications for use of a single marker to detect genetic micro- and macrovariation. | strain typing of microbial pathogens has two major aims: (i). to index genetic microvariation for use in outbreak investigations and (ii). to index genetic macrovariation for use in phylogenetic and population-based analyses. until now, there has been no clear indication that one genetic marker can efficiently be used for both purposes. previously, we had shown that dna sequence analysis of the protein a gene variable repeat region (spa typing) provides a rapid and accurate method to discriminat ... | 2004 | 14766855 |
| comparison of acinetobacter baumannii isolates from united kingdom hospitals with predominant northern european genotypes by amplified-fragment length polymorphism analysis. | acinetobacter baumannii isolates collected between 1999 and 2001 from 46 united kingdom hospitals were compared with previously identified northern european genotypes by amplified-fragment length polymorphism (aflp) analysis. two predominant northern european genotypes associated with outbreaks in the mid-1980s had been superseded by new outbreak-associated genotypes. | 2004 | 14766864 |
| bacterial colonization of patients undergoing international air transport: a prospective epidemiologic study. | to investigate the incidence of multiresistant bacteria in patients treated in foreign hospitals and repatriated by international interhospital air transport. | 2004 | 14769287 |
| epidemiology of nosocomial pneumonia in infants after cardiac surgery. | the pattern of nosocomial pneumonia (np) in infants in a pediatric surgical icu after cardiac surgery may differ from that seen in adult icus. | 2004 | 14769717 |
| [shigella equirulis and bacterium anitratum (parashigellosis of foals)]. | | 1950 | 14775475 |
| annual trends in antibiotic resistance of nosocomial acinetobacter baumannii strains and the effect of synergistic antibiotic combinations. | acinetobacter baumannii is becoming increasingly resistant to antibiotics often requiring combination therapy. annual changes of resistance to selected antimicrobials of 150 a. baumannii strains, isolated as nosocomial pathogens between 1994 and 2000 were investigated. the synergistic effects of antimicrobials were studied using a microdilution checkerboard technique in eight selected isolates resistant to third-generation cephalosporins and beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations and ... | 2004 | 14964402 |
| differential impact of mexb mutations on substrate selectivity of the mexab-oprm multidrug efflux pump of pseudomonas aeruginosa. | the integral inner membrane resistance-nodulation-division (rnd) components of three-component rnd-membrane fusion protein-outer membrane factor multidrug efflux systems define the substrate selectivity of these efflux systems. to gain a better understanding of what regions of these proteins are important for substrate recognition, a plasmid-borne mexb gene encoding the rnd component of the mexab-oprm multidrug efflux system of pseudomonas aeruginosa was mutagenized in vitro by using hydroxylami ... | 2004 | 14973037 |
| in vitro double and triple synergistic activities of polymyxin b, imipenem, and rifampin against multidrug-resistant acinetobacter baumannii. | eight unrelated clinical acinetobacter baumannii isolates resistant to all commonly used antibiotics were subjected to three-dimensional checkerboard microtiter plate dilution and time-kill studies at one-fourth of their mics of polymyxin b, imipenem, and rifampin. synergy was demonstrated with combinations of polymyxin b and imipenem, polymyxin b and rifampin, and polymyxin b, imipenem, and rifampin. double combinations of polymyxin b and imipenem and of polymyxin b and rifampin were bactericid ... | 2004 | 14982760 |
| isolation and characterization of integron-containing bacteria without antibiotic selection. | the emergence of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic and commensal bacteria has become a serious problem worldwide. the use and overuse of antibiotics in a number of settings are contributing to the development of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. the class 1 and 2 integrase genes (inti1 and inti2, respectively) were identified in mixed bacterial cultures enriched from bovine feces by growth in buffered peptone water (bpw) followed by integrase-specific pcr. integrase-positive bacterial co ... | 2004 | 14982773 |
| synergistic activities of moxifloxacin combined with piperacillin-tazobactam or cefepime against klebsiella pneumoniae, enterobacter cloacae, and acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates. | the bactericidal activity of moxifloxacin alone and in combination with cefepime or piperacillin-tazobactam against clinical isolates of klebsiella pneumoniae, enterobacter cloacae, and acinetobacter baumannii was evaluated by using time-kill methods and antimicrobial concentrations of one-half and one times the mic. synergy was observed in 58 to 88% of the strains and resulted in bactericidal activity against 60 to 100% of the strains. combinations including moxifloxacin demonstrated enhanced b ... | 2004 | 14982809 |
| identification of a new geographically widespread multiresistant acinetobacter baumannii clone from european hospitals. | the aim of the study was to investigate the genetic diversity of acinetobacter baumannii clinical strains that had previously been allocated to three major groups based on automated ribotyping. forty-seven isolates from european hospitals and one isolate from a south african hospital, geographically representative of the three ribogroups (ribogroups 1, 2 and 3 with 10, 23 and 15 isolates, respectively), were analysed using the highly discriminatory fingerprinting methods aflp and pulsed-field ge ... | 2004 | 14990262 |
| aggressive control measures for resistant acinetobacter baumannii and the impact on acquisition of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococcus in a medical intensive care unit. | the medical icu implemented aggressive control measures following an outbreak of multidrug-resistant, clonal acinetobacter baumannii. multivariable regression analyses comparing acquisition (6 months preceding to 6 months during or following the outbreak) revealed decreased vre and mrsa acquisition. aggressive control measures can reduce vre, and perhaps mrsa, transmission. | 2004 | 14994945 |
| antibiotic resistance of bacterial ventilator-associated pneumonia in surgical intensive care units. | ventilator-associated pneumonia (vap) is the most common infection in intensive care units. it is caused by prolonged hospitalization and results in high mortality rates. this retrospective clinical study, of 140 patients in a surgical intensive care unit, aimed to identify the bacterial agents responsible for vap infection, and determine antibiotic resistance rates in vap. antibiotic sensitivity was evaluated by culturing and testing tracheal aspirates from patients with clinical and radiologic ... | 2004 | 14997711 |
| molecular epidemiology of sequential outbreaks of acinetobacter baumannii in an intensive care unit shows the emergence of carbapenem resistance. | the molecular epidemiology of multidrug-resistant acinetobacter baumannii was investigated in the medical-surgical intensive care unit (icu) of a university hospital in italy during two window periods in which two sequential a. baumannii epidemics occurred. genotype analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) of a. baumannii isolates from 131 patients identified nine distinct pfge patterns. of these, pfge clones b and i predominated and occurred sequentially during the two epidemics. a. ... | 2004 | 15004037 |
| real-time multiplex pcr assay for detection of brucella spp., b. abortus, and b. melitensis. | the identification of brucella can be a time-consuming and labor-intensive process that places personnel at risk for laboratory-acquired infection. here, we describe a real-time pcr assay for confirmation of presumptive brucella isolates. the assay was designed in a multiplex format that will allow the rapid identification of brucella spp., b. abortus, and b. melitensis in a single test. | 2004 | 15004098 |
| use of intravenous polymyxin b during continuous venovenous hemodialysis. | described here is the case of a 23-year-old male with acinetobacter baumannii sepsis and acute renal failure requiring continuous venovenous hemodialysis treated successfully with intravenous polymyxin b. the drug was administered as a loading dose of 2.5 mg/kg, followed by 2 doses of 1 mg/kg on days 4 and 8, then 0.8 mg/kg daily to complete a 24-day course. a discussion of dosing recommendations for polymyxins in dialysis is presented. | 2004 | 15007705 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility of common bacterial pathogens isolated from a new regional hospital in southern taiwan. | antimicrobial resistance has become a major health problem in taiwan. while some trends in antimicrobial resistance are universal, others appear to be unique for specific regions. | 2003 | 15008323 |
| investigation of an outbreak of multidrug-resistant acinetobacter baumannii in trauma intensive care unit. | between january and june 2002, an outbreak of multidrug-resistant acinetobacter baumannii occurred in a trauma intensive care unit (ticu) at the hamad medical corporation, qatar. the outbreak involved 21 patients whose infection/colonization was hospital acquired. all the strains were resistant to all tested antibiotics except amikacin. an a. baumannii strain with a similar antibiogram was isolated from the environment, equipment and hands of healthcare workers (hcws). the technique of open suct ... | 2004 | 15019220 |
| role of environmental cleaning in controlling an outbreak of acinetobacter baumannii on a neurosurgical intensive care unit. | an outbreak of acinetobacter baumannii colonization and infection occurred in 19 patients over a 14-month period during 1998-1999 on a neurosurgical intensive care unit. during efforts to control the outbreak a significant correlation was observed between the number of environmental isolates of a. baumannii obtained during each monthly screening and the number of patients with a. baumannii colonization/infection in the same calendar month (p < 0.004). use of 1000 ppm hypochlorite solution and th ... | 2004 | 15019221 |
| the status of antimicrobial resistance in taiwan among gram-negative pathogens: the taiwan surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (tsar) program, 2000. | in a nationwide surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (taiwan surveillance of antimicrobial resistance, tsar), isolates were collected from 21 medical centers and regional hospitals throughout taiwan over a three-month period in 2000 (tsar ii). this report summarizes susceptibility data of 7 common gram-negative bacilli (escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, serratia marcescens, proteus mirabilis, enterobacter cloacae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and acinetobacter baumannii) in the tsar ii col ... | 2004 | 15023432 |
| [nosocomial infections in a general surgical ward]. | according to the national nosocomial infection surveillance system we analysed the post-surgical nosocomial infections in a surgery ward of perugia university. between may 2000 and april 2001, 677 patients were enrolled mean age 51.5 years: 355 (52%) male, 462 (68%) asa score 1, "clean" surgery in 355 cases (52%), cephazolin prophylaxis in 256 (38%); 11 (2%) patients deceased perioperatively. a total of 37 nosocomial infections, in 33 patients, were detected: 18 pneumonia (48.6%), 10 surgical si ... | 2004 | 15032335 |
| prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from central nervous system specimens as reported by u.s. hospital laboratories from 2000 to 2002. | bacterial infections of the central nervous system, especially acute infections such as bacterial meningitis require immediate, invariably empiric antibiotic therapy. the widespread emergence of resistance among bacterial species is a cause for concern. current antibacterial susceptibility data among central nervous system (cns) pathogens is important to define current prevalence of resistance. | 2004 | 15043754 |
| sepsis in burned patients. | a prospective study was conducted from june 2001 to may 2002 at the burns unit of hospital regional da asa norte, brasília, brazil. during the period of the study, 252 patients were treated at the burns unit, 49 (19.4%) developed clinically and microbiologically proven sepsis. twenty-six (53.1%) were males and 23 (46.9%) females with a mean age of 22 years (range one to 89 years) and mean burned body surface area of 37.7 +/- 18.4% (range 7 to 84%). forty-three patients had flame burns, five a sc ... | 2003 | 15049101 |
| meningitis with multidrug-resistant acinetobacter baumannii treated with ampicillin/sulbactam. | | 2004 | 15066747 |
| use of the bd phoenix automated microbiology system for direct identification and susceptibility testing of gram-negative rods from positive blood cultures in a three-phase trial. | the present study describes the use of the automated bactec 9240 blood culture system, the serum separator tube (sst), and the bd phoenix automated microbiology system in combination for the direct identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (ast) of gram-negative rods (gnrs) from positive blood cultures (bcs) without subculture. the study was conducted in three phases: (i) the recovery yield of escherichia coli atcc 25922 was determined with the sst between 0 and 8 h after spiked bc ... | 2004 | 15070990 |
| evaluation of the automated phoenix system for potential routine use in the clinical microbiology laboratory. | a comparative study was designed to evaluate the identification (id) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (ast) performances of the bd phoenix automated microbiology system (becton dickinson diagnostic systems [bd], pont de claix, france). a total of 305 single clinical isolates were collected, and comparisons were made with routine manual methods in use in our microbiology laboratories. the percentages of correct ids were 93.3, 89.4, 91.8, and 85.7% for enterobacteria, nonfermenting gram-ne ... | 2004 | 15071001 |
| dissemination of a clone of unusual phenotype of pandrug-resistant acinetobacter baumannii at a university hospital in taiwan. | from december 2002 to february 2003, 15 isolates of pandrug-resistant unidentified acinetobacter species were recovered from seven patients treated on different wards or intensive care units. both 16s-23s rrna intergenic spacer pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism profiles and sequence analysis of these isolates identified them as acinetobacter baumannii. this pandrug-resistant a. baumannii strain with an unusual phenotype could persist in humans for long periods and was widely dissemina ... | 2004 | 15071042 |
| microbial synergy via an ethanol-triggered pathway. | we have discovered a microbial interaction between yeast, bacteria, and nematodes. upon coculturing, saccharomyces cerevisiae stimulated the growth of several species of acinetobacter, including, a. baumannii, a. haemolyticus, a. johnsonii, and a. radioresistens, as well as several natural isolates of acinetobacter. this enhanced growth was due to a diffusible factor that was shown to be ethanol by chemical assays and evaluation of strains lacking adh1, adh3, and adh5, as all three genes are inv ... | 2004 | 15082781 |
| biofilm formation in pseudomonas aeruginosa: fimbrial cup gene clusters are controlled by the transcriptional regulator mvat. | pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen which poses a major threat to long-term-hospitalized patients and individuals with cystic fibrosis. the capacity of p. aeruginosa to form biofilms is an important requirement for chronic colonization of human tissues and for persistence in implanted medical devices. various stages of biofilm formation by this organism are mediated by extracellular appendages, such as type iv pili and flagella. recently, we identified three p. aerugino ... | 2004 | 15090530 |
| in vitro activities of the beta-lactamase inhibitors clavulanic acid, sulbactam, and tazobactam alone or in combination with beta-lactams against epidemiologically characterized multidrug-resistant acinetobacter baumannii strains. | acinetobacter baumannii is an important nosocomial pathogen usually in the context of serious underlying disease. multidrug resistance in these organisms is frequent. the beta-lactamase inhibitors clavulanic acid, sulbactam, and tazobactam have intrinsic activity against acinetobacter strains. to evaluate their potential therapeutic usefulness, we determined the in vitro activity of ampicillin, sulbactam, ampicillin-sulbactam, cefoperazone, cefoperazone-sulbactam, piperacillin, piperacillin-sulb ... | 2004 | 15105109 |
| genetic and biochemical characterization of a chromosome-encoded carbapenem-hydrolyzing ambler class d beta-lactamase from shewanella algae. | a chromosome-encoded beta-lactamase gene from shewanella algae clinical isolate kb-1 was cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. it encoded the ambler class d enzyme oxa-55, sharing less than 55% identity with any other oxacillinases. although conferring a narrow-spectrum beta-lactam resistance phenotype, oxa-55 had carbapenem-hydrolyzing activity that mirrored the reduced susceptibility to imipenem observed in s. algae kb-1. very similar oxacillinases were found in other s. algae isolates. | 2004 | 15105119 |
| cefotaximases (ctx-m-ases), an expanding family of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. | among the extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, the cefotaximases (ctx-m-ases) constitute a rapidly growing cluster of enzymes that have disseminated geographically. the ctx-m-ases, which hydrolyze cefotaxime efficiently, are mostly encoded by transferable plasmids, and the enzymes have been found predominantly in enterobacteriaceae, most prevalently in escherichia coli, salmonella typhimurium, klebsiella pneumoniae, and proteus mirabilis. isolates of vibrio cholerae, acinetobacter baumannii, and a ... | 2004 | 15105882 |
| determination of minimal regrowth concentration (mrc) in clinical isolates of various biofilm-forming bacteria. | based on the ability to attach to polymeric surfaces, the formation of biofilms was determined in 5 wild-type strains (pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella pneumoniae, acinetobacter baumanii, escherichia coli, staphylococcus warneri). using modified christensen method, minimum regrowth concentration (mrc) of piperacillin, piperacillin-tazobactam, cefoperazon, ceftazidim, cefepim, meronem, ciprofloxacin, netilmicin and amikacin for gram-negative and of ampicillin-sulbactam, chloramphenicol, tetracy ... | 2004 | 15114870 |
| susceptibility of the acinetobacter calcoaceticus-a. baumannii complex to imipenem, meropenem, sulbactam and colistin. | the acinetobacter calcoaceticus-acinetobacter baumannii complex includes some of the most clinically relevant species of the genus acinetobacter due to their capacity to cause epidemic nosocomial outbreaks as well as their increasing resistance to antibiotics. susceptibility of acinetobacter strains varies greatly depending on origin, thus highlighting the importance of local analyses of susceptibility profiles. two hundred twenty-one strains of the a. calcoaceticus-a. baumannii complex were ide ... | 2004 | 15120728 |
| photodynamic therapy: a new antimicrobial approach to infectious disease? | photodynamic therapy (pdt) employs a non-toxic dye, termed a photosensitizer (ps), and low intensity visible light which, in the presence of oxygen, combine to produce cytotoxic species. pdt has the advantage of dual selectivity, in that the ps can be targeted to its destination cell or tissue and, in addition, the illumination can be spatially directed to the lesion. pdt has previously been used to kill pathogenic microorganisms in vitro, but its use to treat infections in animal models or pati ... | 2004 | 15122361 |
| assembly of the mexab-oprm multidrug efflux system of pseudomonas aeruginosa: identification and characterization of mutations in mexa compromising mexa multimerization and interaction with mexb. | the membrane fusion protein (mfp) component, mexa, of the mexab-oprm multidrug efflux system of p. aeruginosa is proposed to link the inner (mexb) and outer (oprm) membrane components of this pump as a probable oligomer. a cross-linking approach confirmed the in vivo interaction of mexa and mexb, while a lexa-based assay for assessing protein-protein interaction similarly confirmed mexa multimerization. mutations compromising the mexa contribution to antibiotic resistance but yielding wild-type ... | 2004 | 15126457 |
| new real-time pcr assay for rapid detection of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus directly from specimens containing a mixture of staphylococci. | molecular methods for the rapid identification of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) are generally based on the detection of an s. aureus-specific gene target and the meca gene. however, such methods cannot be applied for the direct detection of mrsa from nonsterile specimens such as nasal samples without the previous isolation, capture, or enrichment of mrsa because these samples often contain both coagulase-negative staphylococci (cons) and s. aureus, either of which can carry ... | 2004 | 15131143 |
| corynebacterium species isolated from bone and joint infections identified by 16s rrna gene sequence analysis. | by the use of 16s rrna gene sequence analysis we identified 28 of 31 corynebacterium spp. isolated from bone and joint infections, including species never before isolated in such infections. phenotypic analysis led to the correct identification of 8 of 31. 16s rrna gene sequence analysis appears to be a good technique for identification of clinical strains of corynebacterium spp. | 2004 | 15131198 |
| prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from blood cultures of hospitalized patients in the united states in 2002. | bloodstream infections are associated with significant patient morbidity and mortality. antimicrobial susceptibility patterns should guide the choice of empiric antimicrobial regimens for patients with bacteremia. | 2004 | 15134581 |
| comparison of the double-disk, combined disk, and etest methods for detecting metallo-beta-lactamases in gram-negative bacilli. | three phenotypic methods for detecting metallo-beta-lactamases (mbls) in gram-negative bacilli were tested on 60 mbl producers and 155 mbl nonproducers. the 2-mercaptopropionic acid double-disk potentiation method using ceftazidime and cefepime with and without clavulanate was found to be most sensitive (100%). the combined disk method depends on comparing the zones given by disks containing a beta-lactam with and without ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. various drug combinations were tested, an ... | 2004 | 15135493 |
| inflammatory responses in blood samples of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with pulmonary infections. | we analyzed the characteristics of the inflammatory response occurring in blood during pulmonary infections in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients. a prospective study of consecutive hospital admissions of hiv-infected patients with new-onset radiologic pulmonary infiltrates was carried out in a tertiary university hospital from april 1998 to may 2001. plasma cyclic amp receptor protein (crp), interleukin 1beta (il-1beta), il-6, il-8, il-10, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf- ... | 2004 | 15138189 |
| management of purulent pericarditis. | a 50 year old man was admitted to icu due to purulent pericarditis, purulent inflammation of the soft tissue of the neck, purulent mediastinitis and pneumonia. subxyphoid periocardiotomy followed by the insertion of a drain into the pericardial space was performed. four other drains were also inserted to drain purulent fluid from the neck (two drains) and mediastinum (two drains). during the surgical procedure, 700 ml of purulent pericardial fluid from the pericardial sac and 200 ml of purulent ... | 2003 | 15148842 |
| biochemical characterization of the naturally occurring oxacillinase oxa-50 of pseudomonas aeruginosa. | the bla(oxa-50) gene (formerly known as the pa5514 gene) is an oxacillinase gene identified in silico in the genome of pseudomonas aeruginosa pao1. by using a mutant strain of p. aeruginosa pao1 that had an inactivated bla(ampc) cephalosporinase gene, the bla(oxa-50) gene was shown to be expressed constitutively in p. aeruginosa. this beta-lactamase gene was cloned onto a multicopy plasmid and expressed in p. aeruginosa and escherichia coli. it conferred decreased susceptibility to ampicillin an ... | 2004 | 15155197 |
| antimicrobial activities of garenoxacin (bms 284756) against asia-pacific region clinical isolates from the sentry program, 1999 to 2001. | between 1999 and 2001, 16,731 isolates from the asia-pacific region were tested in the sentry program for susceptibility to six fluoroquinolones including garenoxacin. garenoxacin was four- to eightfold less active against enterobacteriaceae than ciprofloxacin, although both drugs inhibited similar percentages at 1 microg/ml. garenoxacin was more active against gram-positive species than all other fluoroquinolones except gemifloxacin. for staphylococcus aureus, oxacillin resistance was high in m ... | 2004 | 15155198 |
| spread of novel aminoglycoside resistance gene aac(6')-iad among acinetobacter clinical isolates in japan. | a novel aminoglycoside resistance gene, aac(6')-iad, encoding aminoglycoside 6'-n-acetyltransferase, was identified in acinetobacter genospecies 3 strain a-51. the gene encoded a 144-amino-acid protein, which shared modest identity (up to 36.7%) with some of the aminoglycoside 6'-n-acetyltransferases. the results of high-pressure liquid chromatography assays confirmed that the protein is a functional aminoglycoside 6'-n-acetyltransferase. the enzyme conferred resistance to amikacin, tobramycin, ... | 2004 | 15155202 |
| antimicrobial resistance among non-fermentative gram-negative bacilli isolated from the respiratory tracts of italian inpatients: a 3-year surveillance study by the italian epidemiological survey. | the italian epidemiological survey evaluated antibiotic susceptibility of non-fermentative gram-negative bacilli isolated from inpatient respiratory-tract specimens collected throughout italy during 1997-1999. the minimal inhibitory concentrations of 14 antibiotics for 1474 pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, 307 stenotrophomonas maltophilia strains and 114 acinetobacter baumannii strains were determined in 57 clinical microbiology laboratories by means of a standardised micro-dilution method. the m ... | 2004 | 15164966 |
| per-1 type beta-lactamase production in acinetobacter baumannii is related to cell adhesion. | recently, the dissemination of esbl (per-1) among acinetobacter isolates was reported in turkish hospitals. we investigated the presence and the association of various virulence determinants in 20 acinetobacter baumannii isolates, of which 13 were blaper-1 positive. | 2004 | 15173664 |
| comparative in vitro and in vivo study of nine alcohol-based handrubs. | hygienic hand disinfection using alcohol-based handrubs (ahrs) is an alternative method to conventional handwashing in hospital wards. because a documented choice of such products would consider data from in-care evaluation, we designed a comparative study of 9 ahrs both in vitro and in vivo in actual care conditions. | 2004 | 15175613 |
| antiseptic impregnated endotracheal tubes for the prevention of bacterial colonization. | the effect of endotracheal tubes (etts) impregnated with chlorhexidine (chx) and silver carbonate (antiseptic etts) against staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant s. aureus (mrsa), pseudomonas aeruginosa, acinetobacter baumannii, and enterobacter aerogenes [organisms associated with ventilator-associated pneumonia (vap)], was evaluated in a laboratory airway model. antiseptic etts and control etts (unimpregnated) were inserted in culture tubes half-filled with agar media (airway model) pre ... | 2004 | 15183249 |
| pharmacodynamic comparisons of antimicrobials against nosocomial isolates of escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, acinetobacter baumannii and pseudomonas aeruginosa from the mystic surveillance program: the optama program, south america 2002. | the optama (optimizing pharmacodynamic target attainment using the mystic [meropenem yearly susceptibility test information collection] antibiogram) program provides insight into the appropriate antibiotic options for empiric therapy for common nosocomial pathogens. in this report, south america is represented by brazil, colombia, peru, and venezuela. a 5000-subject monte carlo simulation estimated pharmacodynamic target attainment for meropenem, imipenem, ceftazidime, cefepime, piperacillin/taz ... | 2004 | 15183860 |
| crude oil degradation efficiency of a recombinant acinetobacter baumannii strain and its survival in crude oil-contaminated soil microcosm. | a hydrocarbon degrading acinetobacter baumannii s30 strain, isolated from crude oil-contaminated soil, was inserted with the lux gene from the luciferase gene cassette luxcdabe. soil microcosms were designed to study the degradation efficacy for total petroleum hydrocarbon (tph) of crude oil by lux-tagged a. baumannii s30 pjes. bioaugmentation of a tph-contaminated microcosm with a baumannii s30 pjes showed that tph levels were reduced from 89.3 to 53.9 g/kg soil in 90 days. biodegradation of tp ... | 2004 | 15183881 |
| effects of quaternary-ammonium-based formulations on bacterial community dynamics and antimicrobial susceptibility. | quaternary ammonium compounds (qacs) are widely used as adjuncts to hygiene in domestic cleaning products. current concern that the increased use of such biocides in consumer products might contribute to the emergence of antibiotic resistance has led us to examine the effects of a qac-containing domestic cleaning fluid on the population dynamics and antimicrobial susceptibility of domestic sink drain biofilm communities. qac susceptibilities of numerically dominant, culturable drain bacteria (15 ... | 2004 | 15184143 |
| long-term dissemination of an oxa-40 carbapenemase-producing acinetobacter baumannii clone in the iberian peninsula. | the main objectives of this study were to assess the clonal relatedness of acinetobacter baumannii carbapenem-resistant isolates recovered from the iberian peninsula and to investigate the production of carbapenemases. | 2004 | 15190040 |
| colistin efficacy in an experimental model of acinetobacter baumannii endocarditis. | the in-vivo activity of colistin was evaluated in an experimental rabbit model of acinetobacter baumannii endocarditis with a strain susceptible to colistin and intermediate to imipenem. compared to a control group, colistin was effective (p < 0.05) in bacterial clearance from blood and in the sterilisation of blood cultures, but was not effective in clearing a. baumannii from vegetations. thus, although colistin may be effective in treating bacteraemia caused by susceptible strains of a. bauman ... | 2004 | 15191391 |
| in vitro activities of beta-lactam antibiotics alone and in combination with sulbactam against gram-negative bacteria. | the resistance rates of ampicillin/sulbactam 2:1 against imipenem-susceptible and -resistant acinetobacter baumannii were 23.5 and 30%, respectively. ceftazidime/sulbactam combination showed significant reduction of resistant rates against enterobacter cloacae, a. baumannii, esbl klebsiella pneumoniae. mic90 of cefoperazone against e. cloacae, serratia marcescens, a. baumannii and esbl k. pneumoniae were > 128 mg/l. addition of sulbactam enhanced the antimicrobial activities significantly. when ... | 2004 | 15194130 |
| clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, and treatment outcomes of sars patients. | clinical and laboratory data on severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), particularly on the temporal progression of abnormal laboratory findings, are limited. we conducted a prospective study on the clinical, radiologic, and hematologic findings of sars patients with pneumonia, who were admitted to national taiwan university hospital from march 8 to june 15, 2003. fever was the most frequent initial symptom, followed by cough, myalgia, dyspnea, and diarrhea. twenty-four patients had various un ... | 2004 | 15200814 |
| [carbapenem resistance and acinetobacter baumannii]. | | 2004 | 15207115 |
| [carbapenemase detection in acinetobacter baumannii clones resistant to imipenem]. | the aim of this study was to detect carbapenemases in imipenem-resistant acinetobacter baumannii isolates obtained in the microbiology department of a basque country public health service hospital over a period of 19 months, and to genetically characterize the resistant clones. | 2004 | 15207116 |
| [clonal diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility of acinetobacter baumannii isolated in spain. a nationwide multicenter study: geih-ab project (2000)]. | a nationwide multicenter study was performed in spain to evaluate the clonal diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility of acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates. | 2004 | 15207117 |
| optimizing pharmacodynamic target attainment using the mystic antibiogram: data collected in north america in 2002. | the optama program is intended to examine typical antimicrobial regimens used in the treatment of common nosocomial pathogens and the likelihood of these regimens attaining appropriate pharmacodynamic exposure in different parts of the world. a 5,000-subject monte carlo simulation was used to estimate pharmacodynamic target attainment for meropenem, imipenem, ceftazidime, cefepime, piperacillin-tazobactam, and ciprofloxacin against escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, acinetobacter baumannii ... | 2004 | 15215095 |
| resistance rates to commonly used antimicrobials among pathogens of both bacteremic and non-bacteremic community-acquired urinary tract infection. | this study examined the distribution of organisms and their antimicrobial resistance in patients admitted due to acute bacteremic and non-bacteremic community-acquired urinary tract infection (uti). during a period of 1 year and 1 month, a total of 201 patients and 253 bacterial isolates were studied. fever higher than 38.5 degrees c was significantly more common in the bacteremic group than the non-bacteremic group (68% vs 48%; p<0.05). escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, pseudomonas aerug ... | 2004 | 15221039 |
| two consecutive outbreaks of acinetobacter baumanii 1-a in a burn intensive care unit for adults. | acinetobacter baumanii is generally a highly antibiotic resistant micro-organism that can be easily transmitted between inpatients of icus. we report two consecutive outbreaks of a. baumanii in a burn icu. | 2004 | 15225905 |
| [study on the molecular epidemiology of shv type beta-lactamase-encoding genes of multiple-drug-resistant acinetobacter baumannii]. | to analyse the plasmid-mediated shv type beta-lactamases-encoding genes sequence and to identify its subtype of multiple-drug-resistant acinetobacter baumannii isolated from huzhou district, zhejiang province, china. | 2004 | 15231171 |
| evaluation of the hyplex bloodscreen multiplex pcr-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system for direct identification of gram-positive cocci and gram-negative bacilli from positive blood cultures. | we evaluated the hyplex bloodscreen pcr-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) system (bag, lich, germany), a new diagnostic test for the direct identification of gram-negative bacilli and gram-positive cocci from positive blood cultures, with 482 positive bactec 9240 blood culture bottles. the test involves amplification of the bacterial dna by multiplex pcr and subsequent hybridization of the pcr product to specific oligonucleotide probes in an elisa-based format. the available probes allow ... | 2004 | 15243074 |
| acinetobacter baumanii meningitis: a rare complication of incidental durotomy. | despite the frequency of dural tears in spinal surgery, meningitis is a rare complication reported to occur with a frequency of 0.18%. to the best of our knowledge, no case of acinetobacter baumanii meningitis has been reported in the literature after a dural tear secondary to lumbar spine discectomy. this case highlights the importance of repairing all dural tears and commencing antibiotics that cover uncommon bacteria in those who develop symptoms of meningitis in this setting. | 2004 | 15260094 |
| [acinetobacter baumannii, the nosocomial pathogen par excellence]. | | 2004 | 15261370 |
| outbreak of nosocomial meningitis caused by acinetobacter baumannii in neurosurgical patients. | an outbreak of nosocomial meningitis caused by acinetobacter baumannii, which developed postoperatively in seven neurosurgical patients is described. the clinical isolates of a. baumannii were typed by biochemical profiles and antibiogram patterns, and by random amplified polymorphic dna polymerase chain reaction (rapd-pcr) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) fingerprinting. the implicated strain was multi-drug resistant, however, susceptibility to imipenem and netilmicin was detec ... | 2004 | 15262390 |
| metallo-beta-lactamase expressing multi-resistant acinetobacter baumannii transmitted in the operation area. | outbreaks of acinetobacter baumannii demonstrating multiple antibiotic resistance, including meropenem resistance, have been described as severe therapeutic problems. here we describe a monoclonal outbreak of infection and colonization with multidrug-resistant a. baumannii over a two-month period. resistance to meropenem was mediated by expression of a metallo-beta-lactamase enzyme. four of 14 patients showed clinical signs of infection and two died. contamination of the environment, water, or i ... | 2004 | 15262391 |
| polyphosphate synthetic activity of polyphosphate:amp phosphotransferase in acinetobacter johnsonii 210a. | polyphosphate:amp phosphotransferase (pap) has been identified as an enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of amp with inorganic polyphosphates [poly(p)] as phosphate donors. we found that the purified pap of acinetobacter johnsonii 210a has poly(p) synthetic activity. the pap catalyzes the dephosphorylation of adp and processively synthesizes poly(p) of 200 to 700 residues. comparatively lower concentrations of mgcl(2) (20 mm) were required to obtain optimum poly(p) synthetic activity, wher ... | 2004 | 15262957 |
| omiganan pentahydrochloride (mbi 226), a topical 12-amino-acid cationic peptide: spectrum of antimicrobial activity and measurements of bactericidal activity. | the activity of omiganan pentahydrochloride (formerly mbi 226; a synthetic cationic peptide) was assessed against 1,437 recent clinical bacterial isolates and 214 recent clinical yeast isolates. the omiganan was highly active, and minimal bactericidal concentrations or minimal fungicidal concentrations were either equal to or two- to fourfold higher than mics. kill curve experiments showed a clear pattern of bactericidal activity. | 2004 | 15273128 |
| in vitro activity and potency of an intravenously injected antimicrobial peptide and its dl amino acid analog in mice infected with bacteria. | we report that intravenous injection (3 mg/kg of body weight twice daily) of a diastereomer (containing 33% d amino acids) of an antimicrobial peptide, k6l9 (lkllkkllkkllkll-nh2), but not the all-l-amino-acid parental peptide, cures neutropenic mice infected with gentamicin-sensitive pseudomonas aeruginosa and gentamicin-resistant acinetobacter baumannii bacteria. various biophysical experiments suggest a membranolytic-like effect. | 2004 | 15273131 |
| procoagulant and fibrinolytic activity in ventilator-associated pneumonia: impact of inadequate antimicrobial therapy. | to determine the homeostatic balance of patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia (vap) with respect to the adequacy of antimicrobial therapy. | 2004 | 15278268 |
| multidrug-resistant acinetobacter infections: an emerging challenge to clinicians. | to review and evaluate clinically relevant epidemiology, microbiology, and clinical studies regarding the treatment of multidrug-resistant acinetobacter infections. | 2004 | 15280512 |
| novel gyra and parc point mutations in two strains of acinetobacter baumannii resistant to ciprofloxacin. | | 2004 | 15282231 |
| assessment of intra-species diversity among strains of acinetobacter baumannii isolated from sites contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. | a total of 96 crude oil-degrading bacterial strains were isolated from 5 geographically diverse sites in india that were contaminated with different types of petroleum hydrocarbons. the strains were identified by sequencing the genes that encode for 16s rrna. out of the 96 isolates, 25 strains were identified as acinetobacter baumannii and selected for the study. all of the selected strains could degrade the total petroleum hydrocarbon fractions of crude oil. these 25 strains were biochemically ... | 2004 | 15284886 |
| identification and transcriptional organization of a gene cluster involved in biosynthesis and transport of acinetobactin, a siderophore produced by acinetobacter baumannii atcc 19606t. | in order to assimilate iron, acinetobacter baumannii atcc 19606(t) produces a siderophore named acinetobactin (ab) that is composed of equimolar quantities of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (dhba), l-threonine and n-hydroxyhistamine. application of the fur titration assay system to a. baumannii genomic libraries, followed by further cloning of the regions surrounding the candidate genes, led to the identification of the ab cluster, which harbours the genetic determinants necessary for the biosynthesi ... | 2004 | 15289555 |
| biochemical characterization of styab from pseudomonas sp. strain vlb120 as a two-component flavin-diffusible monooxygenase. | pseudomonas sp. vlb120 uses styrene as a sole source of carbon and energy. the first step in this metabolic pathway is catalyzed by an oxygenase (stya) and a nadh-flavin oxidoreductase (styb). both components have been isolated from wild-type pseudomonas strain vlb120 as well as from recombinant escherichia coli. stya from both sources is a dimer, with a subunit size of 47 kda, and catalyzes the enantioselective epoxidation of cc double bonds. styrene is exclusively converted to s-styrene oxide ... | 2004 | 15292130 |
| use of tuf sequences for genus-specific pcr detection and phylogenetic analysis of 28 streptococcal species. | a 761-bp portion of the tuf gene (encoding the elongation factor tu) from 28 clinically relevant streptococcal species was obtained by sequencing amplicons generated using broad-range pcr primers. these tuf sequences were used to select streptococcus-specific pcr primers and to perform phylogenetic analysis. the specificity of the pcr assay was verified using 102 different bacterial species, including the 28 streptococcal species. genomic dna purified from all streptococcal species was efficient ... | 2004 | 15297518 |
| antimicrobial resistance of acinetobacter spp. in europe. | bacteria of the genus acinetobacter are ubiquitous in nature. these organisms were invariably susceptible to many antibiotics in the 1970s. since that time, acinetobacters have emerged as multiresistant opportunistic nosocomial pathogens. the taxonomy of the genus acinetobacter underwent extensive revision in the mid-1980s, and at least 32 named and unnamed species have now been described. of these, acinetobacter baumannii and the closely related unnamed genomic species 3 and 13 sensu tjernberg ... | 2004 | 15301671 |
| [epidemiology and drug resistance of the pathogenic microbes in the complicated infection of hematological malignancies]. | to investigate the epidemiological characteristics and drug resistance profile of the infection in patients with hematological malignancies. | 2004 | 15308008 |
| [a prospective study on the risk factors of acinetobacter banmannii bacteremia infection in incubated patients with nosocomial pneumonia]. | to study the epidemiology of acinetobacter baumannii infection in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia (vap). | 2004 | 15308045 |
| antimicrobial resistance rates and clonality results from the meropenem yearly susceptibility test information collection (mystic) programme: report of year five (2003). | the u.s. meropenem yearly susceptibility test information collection (mystic) programme in the fifth year continues to monitor the spectrum of activity and potency of meropenem within medical centers where carbapenems are used for the treatment of serious infections. the antimicrobial activity of 11 broad-spectrum agents (including initial comparisons for levofloxacin) was assessed against 2,848 isolates in 2003. the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) results demonstrate the continued high p ... | 2004 | 15313533 |
| functional characterization of an aminotransferase required for pyoverdine siderophore biosynthesis in pseudomonas aeruginosa pao1. | the fluorescent dihydroxyquinoline chromophore of the pyoverdine siderophore in pseudomonas is a condensation product of d-tyrosine and l-2,4-diaminobutyrate. both pvdh and asd (encoding aspartate beta-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) knockout mutants of pseudomonas aeruginosa pao1 were unable to synthesize pyoverdine under iron-limiting conditions in the absence of l-2,4-diaminobutyrate in the culture media. the pvdh gene was subcloned, and the gene product was hyperexpressed and purified from p. ae ... | 2004 | 15317763 |
| trends and antimicrobial resistance of pathogens causing bloodstream infections among febrile neutropenic adults with hematological malignancy. | the microbiological spectrum in cancer patients with febrile neutropenia has changed over the past several decades in western countries. the growing incidence of antimicrobial resistance is an inevitable consequence of the widespread use of antibiotics in medical settings. the aim of this study was to clarify the trends and antimicrobial resistance among pathogens causing bloodstream infections in febrile neutropenic adults with hematological malignancies. | 2004 | 15318274 |
| antibiotic susceptibility patterns among respiratory isolates of gram-negative bacilli in a turkish university hospital. | gram-negative bacteria cause most nosocomial respiratory infections. at the university of cumhuriyet, we examined 328 respiratory isolates of enterobacteriaceae and acinetobacter baumanii organisms in sivas, turkey over 3 years. we used disk diffusion or standardized microdilution to test the isolates against 18 antibiotics. | 2004 | 15320954 |
| functional and structural characterization of the genetic environment of an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase blaveb gene from a pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate obtained in india. | a pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical strain isolated from a patient hospitalized in a new delhi, india, hospital was resistant to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins, imipenem, and aztreonam. a bla(veb-1)-like gene named bla(veb-1a), which codes for the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase veb-1a, was identified. the genetic environment of bla(veb-1a) was peculiar: (i) no 5' conserved sequence (5'-cs) region was present upstream of the beta-lactamase gene, whereas bla(veb-1)-like genes are usually associa ... | 2004 | 15328086 |
| expression of the rnd-type efflux pump adeabc in acinetobacter baumannii is regulated by the aders two-component system. | the adeabc pump of acinetobacter baumannii bm4454, which confers resistance to various antibiotic classes including aminoglycosides, is composed of the adea, adeb, and adec proteins; adeb is a member of the rnd superfamily. the adea, adeb, and adec genes are contiguous and adjacent to ades and ader, which are transcribed in the opposite direction and which specify proteins homologous to sensors and regulators of two-component systems, respectively (s. magnet, p. courvalin, and t. lambert, antimi ... | 2004 | 15328088 |
| monitoring of antibiotic resistance in bacterial isolates from bacteremic patients. | the aim of the study was to monitor the prevalence of pathogens and development of resistance in bacteria isolated from bacteremic patients. five university clinics and/or regional hospitals in the slovak republic participated in the study and a total of 421 isolates were collected in the second half of the year 2002. the most prevalent organisms were coagulase-negative staphylococci (cons) (19%), staphylococcus aureus (18.3%), among gram-negative bacteria escherichia coli (13.3%), klebsiella pn ... | 2004 | 15330324 |
| per-1 production in a urinary isolate of providencia rettgeri. | a providencia rettgeri strain resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporins and intermediate to aztreonam was isolated from the urine of a patient hospitalized in the urology clinic of ssk educational hospital in ankara. clavulanic acid restored the activity of extended-spectrum cephalosporins, suggesting that the strain was harboring an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase. since the per-1 enzyme is widespread in turkey, and had been already detected in a related species such as proteus mirabilis, ... | 2004 | 15332708 |
| evaluation of phenotypic and genotypic markers for clinical strains of acinetobacter baumannii. | acinetobacter baumannii is an important opportunistic pathogen that is rapidly evolving toward multidrug resistance and is involved in various nosocomial infections that are often severe. it strongly prompts the epidemiological study of a. baumannii infections. however, there is no a generally accepted typing scheme. different genotypic and phenotypic procedures were evaluated for the characterization of clinical isolates of a. baumannii isolated from a community hospital of rosario, argentina ( ... | 2004 | 15338972 |
| molecular fingerprinting of dairy microbial ecosystems by use of temporal temperature and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. | numerous microorganisms, including bacteria, yeasts, and molds, constitute the complex ecosystem present in milk and fermented dairy products. our aim was to describe the bacterial ecosystem of various cheeses that differ by production technology and therefore by their bacterial content. for this purpose, we developed a rapid, semisystematic approach based on genetic profiling by temporal temperature gradient electrophoresis (ttge) for bacteria with low-g+c-content genomes and denaturing gradien ... | 2004 | 15345452 |
| blood pressure cuffs as potential reservoirs of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase veb-1-producing isolates of acinetobacter baumannii. | | 2004 | 15350724 |
| selection of topoisomerase mutations and overexpression of adeb mrna transcripts during an outbreak of acinetobacter baumannii. | to investigate the mechanism of ciprofloxacin resistance in isolates of acinetobacter baumannii during two hospital outbreaks and to determine the expression level of the gene encoding the adeb efflux pump. | 2004 | 15355942 |
| nosocomial transmission of ctx-m-2 beta-lactamase-producing acinetobacter baumannii in a neurosurgery ward. | three strains of cefotaxime (ctx)-resistant acinetobacter baumannii, fm0209680, fm0300106, and fm0301433, were isolated from transtracheal aspirate cultures of three patients with probable nosocomial infections in a neurosurgery ward in japan. the ctx mics for these isolates were greater than 128 microg/ml but were drastically reduced in the presence of 4 microg of clavulanic acid per ml. these strains were also resistant to ceftriaxone, cefpodoxime, and aztreonam but were susceptible to ceftazi ... | 2004 | 15364979 |
| risk factors for colonization and infection in a hospital outbreak caused by a strain of klebsiella pneumoniae with reduced susceptibility to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins. | between february 2001 and january 2002, an increase in the number of klebsiella pneumoniae isolates with reduced susceptibility to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins (rskp) was detected in the neonatal unit of the juan canalejo hospital, and 21 patients were either colonized or infected by the bacterial isolates. the current "gold standard" method for typing k. pneumoniae isolates is pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. however, this technique is expensive and time-consuming. in a search for faster a ... | 2004 | 15365018 |
| transverse myelitis associated with acinetobacter baumanii intrathecal pump catheter-related infection. where was the source of the infection? | | 2004 | 15372398 |
| morphological changes induced by imipenem and meropenem at sub-inhibitory concentrations in acinetobacter baumannii. | abstract sub-inhibitory concentrations of imipenem and meropenem were evaluated for their ability to induce morphological changes with six strains of acinetobacter baumannii isolated from patients with nosocomial pneumonia. three strains were susceptible and three were resistant to carbapenems. the strains were grown in the presence of 0 (controls), 0.25x, 0.5x and 1x the mic of both carbapenems for 4 h, and then examined after gram's stain. cells > or = 3 microm in size (spheroplasts) were cons ... | 2004 | 15373891 |
| complete nucleotide sequence of a 92-kilobase plasmid harboring the ctx-m-15 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase involved in an outbreak in long-term-care facilities in toronto, canada. | a major outbreak involving an escherichia coli strain that was resistant to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins occurred in toronto and surrounding regions in 2000 to 2002. we report the complete sequence of a plasmid, pc15-1a, that was found associated with the outbreak strain. plasmid pc15-1a is a circular molecule of 92,353 bp consisting of two distinct regions. the first is a 64-kb region that is essentially homologous to the non-r-determinant region of plasmid r100 except for several point mut ... | 2004 | 15388431 |
| novel resistance-nodulation-cell division efflux system adede in acinetobacter genomic dna group 3. | resistance-nodulation-cell division type efflux pump adede was identified in acinetobacters belonging to genomic dna group 3. inactivation of adee showed that it may be responsible for reduced susceptibility to amikacin, ceftazidime, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, ethidium bromide, meropenem, rifampin, and tetracycline. however, unlike what was found for other similar efflux systems, the open reading frame for the outer membrane component was not found downstream of the adede gene ... | 2004 | 15388479 |