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genetic engineering and heterologous expression of the disorazol biosynthetic gene cluster via red/et recombineering.disorazol, a macrocyclic polykitide produced by the myxobacterium sorangium cellulosum so ce12 and it is reported to have potential cytotoxic activity towards several cancer cell lines, including multi-drug resistant cells. the disorazol biosynthetic gene cluster (dis) from sorangium cellulosum (so ce12) was identified by transposon mutagenesis and cloned in a bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) library. the 58-kb dis core gene cluster was reconstituted from bacs via red/et recombineering and ...201626875499
carbonate precipitation through microbial activities in natural environment, and their potential in biotechnology: a review.calcium carbonate represents a large portion of carbon reservoir and is used commercially for a variety of applications. microbial carbonate precipitation, a by-product of microbial activities, plays an important metal coprecipitation and cementation role in natural systems. this natural process occurring in various geological settings can be mimicked and used for a number of biotechnologies, such as metal remediation, carbon sequestration, enhanced oil recovery, and construction restoration. in ...201626835451
comparative genomics of an endophytic pseudomonas putida isolated from mango orchard.we analyzed the genome sequence of an endophytic bacterial strain pseudomonas putida tji51 isolated from mango bark tissues. next generation dna sequencing and short read de novo assembly generated the 5,805,096 bp draft genome of p. putida tji51. out of 6,036 protein coding genes in p. putida tji51 sequences, 4,367 (72%) were annotated with functional specifications, while the remaining encoded hypothetical proteins. comparative genome sequence analysis revealed that the p. putida tji51genome c ...201627560648
metagenomic discovery of novel enzymes and biosurfactants in a slaughterhouse biofilm microbial community.dna derived from environmental samples is a rich source of novel bioactive molecules. the choice of the habitat to be sampled predefines the properties of the biomolecules to be discovered due to the physiological adaptation of the microbial community to the prevailing environmental conditions. we have constructed a metagenomic library in escherichia coli dh10b with environmental dna (edna) isolated from the microbial community of a slaughterhouse drain biofilm consisting mainly of species from ...201627271534
keeping the wolves at bay: antitoxins of prokaryotic type ii toxin-antitoxin systems.in their initial stages of discovery, prokaryotic toxin-antitoxin (ta) systems were confined to bacterial plasmids where they function to mediate the maintenance and stability of usually low- to medium-copy number plasmids through the post-segregational killing of any plasmid-free daughter cells that developed. their eventual discovery as nearly ubiquitous and repetitive elements in bacterial chromosomes led to a wealth of knowledge and scientific debate as to their diversity and functionality i ...201627047942
protein domain architectures provide a fast, efficient and scalable alternative to sequence-based methods for comparative functional genomics.a functional comparative genome analysis is essential to understand the mechanisms underlying bacterial evolution and adaptation. detection of functional orthologs using standard global sequence similarity methods faces several problems; the need for defining arbitrary acceptance thresholds for similarity and alignment length, lateral gene acquisition and the high computational cost for finding bi-directional best matches at a large scale. we investigated the use of protein domain architectures ...201627703668
genetic analysis reveals the essential role of nitrogen phosphotransferase system components in sinorhizobium fredii ccbau 45436 symbioses with soybean and pigeonpea plants.the nitrogen phosphotransferase system (pts(ntr)) consists of ei(ntr), npr, and eiia(ntr). the active phosphate moiety derived from phosphoenolpyruvate is transferred through ei(ntr) and npr to eiia(ntr). sinorhizobium fredii can establish a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with the legume crops soybean (as determinate nodules) and pigeonpea (as indeterminate nodules). in this study, s. fredii strains with mutations in ptsp and ptso (encoding ei(ntr) and npr, respectively) formed ineffective nodules on ...201626682851
prefiltering model for homology detection algorithms on gpu.homology detection has evolved over the time from heavy algorithms based on dynamic programming approaches to lightweight alternatives based on different heuristic models. however, the main problem with these algorithms is that they use complex statistical models, which makes it difficult to achieve a relevant speedup and find exact matches with the original results. thus, their acceleration is essential. the aim of this article was to prefilter a sequence database. to make this work, we have im ...201628008220
antimicrobial compounds from eukaryotic microalgae against human pathogens and diseases in aquaculture.the search for novel compounds of marine origin has increased in the last decades for their application in various areas such as pharmaceutical, human or animal nutrition, cosmetics or bioenergy. in this context of blue technology development, microalgae are of particular interest due to their immense biodiversity and their relatively simple growth needs. in this review, we discuss about the promising use of microalgae and microalgal compounds as sources of natural antibiotics against human path ...201627598176
high-throughput 3d tracking of bacteria on a standard phase contrast microscope.bacteria employ diverse motility patterns in traversing complex three-dimensional (3d) natural habitats. 2d microscopy misses crucial features of 3d behaviour, but the applicability of existing 3d tracking techniques is constrained by their performance or ease of use. here we present a simple, broadly applicable, high-throughput 3d bacterial tracking method for use in standard phase contrast microscopy. bacteria are localized at micron-scale resolution over a range of 350 × 300 × 200 μm by maxim ...201526522289
altered proteome of burkholderia pseudomallei colony variants induced by exposure to human lung epithelial cells.burkholderia pseudomallei primary diagnostic cultures demonstrate colony morphology variation associated with expression of virulence and adaptation proteins. this study aims to examine the ability of b. pseudomallei colony variants (wild type [wt] and small colony variant [scv]) to survive and replicate intracellularly in a549 cells and to identify the alterations in the protein expression of these variants, post-exposure to the a549 cells. intracellular survival and cytotoxicity assays were pe ...201525996927
structure and function of a short lov protein from the marine phototrophic bacterium dinoroseobacter shibae.light, oxygen, voltage (lov) domains are widely distributed in plants, algae, fungi, bacteria, and represent the photo-responsive domains of various blue-light photoreceptor proteins. their photocycle involves the blue-light triggered adduct formation between the c(4a) atom of a non-covalently bound flavin chromophore and the sulfur atom of a conserved cysteine in the lov sensor domain. lov proteins show considerable variation in the structure of n- and c-terminal elements which flank the lov co ...201525887755
ccer and akgr regulate central carbon and energy metabolism in alphaproteobacteria.many pathways of carbon and energy metabolism are conserved across the phylogeny, but the networks that regulate their expression or activity often vary considerably among organisms. in this work, we show that two previously uncharacterized transcription factors (tfs) are direct regulators of genes encoding enzymes of central carbon and energy metabolism in the alphaproteobacterium rhodobacter sphaeroides. the laci family member ccer (rsp_1663) directly represses genes encoding enzymes in the en ...201525650399
identification of a novel nematotoxic protein by challenging the model mushroom coprinopsis cinerea with a fungivorous nematode.the dung of herbivores, the natural habitat of the model mushroom coprinopsis cinerea, is a nutrient-rich but also very competitive environment for a saprophytic fungus. we showed previously that c. cinerea expresses constitutive, tissue-specific armories against antagonists such as animal predators and bacterial competitors. in order to dissect the inducible armories against such antagonists, we sequenced the poly(a)-positive transcriptome of c. cinerea vegetative mycelium upon challenge with f ...201526585824
identification of a novel nematotoxic protein by challenging the model mushroom coprinopsis cinerea with a fungivorous nematode.the dung of herbivores, the natural habitat of the model mushroom coprinopsis cinerea, is a nutrient-rich but also very competitive environment for a saprophytic fungus. we showed previously that c. cinerea expresses constitutive, tissue-specific armories against antagonists such as animal predators and bacterial competitors. in order to dissect the inducible armories against such antagonists, we sequenced the poly(a)-positive transcriptome of c. cinerea vegetative mycelium upon challenge with f ...201526585824
high voltage electrochemiluminescence (ecl) as a new method for detection of pah during screening for pah-degrading microbial consortia.the search for new bacterial consortia capable of removing pah from the environment is associated with the need to employ novel, simple, and economically efficient detection methods. a fluorimetric method (fl) as well as high voltage electrochemiluminescence (ecl) on a modified surface of an aluminum electrode were used in order to determine the changes in the concentrations of pah in the studied aqueous solutions. the ecl signal (the spectrum and emission intensity for a given wavelength) was d ...201526213425
characterization of ph dependent mn(ii) oxidation strategies and formation of a bixbyite-like phase by mesorhizobium australicum t-g1.despite the ubiquity of mn oxides in natural environments, there are only a few observations of biological mn(ii) oxidation at ph < 6. the lack of low ph mn-oxidizing bacteria (mob) isolates limits our understanding of how ph influences biological mn(ii) oxidation in extreme environments. here, we report that a novel mob isolate, mesorhizobium australicum strain t-g1, isolated from an acidic and metalliferous uranium mining area, can oxidize mn(ii) at both acidic and neutral ph using different e ...201526236307
surface mn(ii) oxidation actuated by a multicopper oxidase in a soil bacterium leads to the formation of manganese oxide minerals.in this manuscript, we report that a bacterial multicopper oxidase (mco266) catalyzes mn(ii) oxidation on the cell surface, resulting in the surface deposition of mn(iii) and mn(iv) oxides and the gradual formation of bulky oxide aggregates. these aggregates serve as nucleation centers for the formation of mn oxide micronodules and mn-rich sediments. a soil-borne escherichia coli with high mn(ii)-oxidizing activity formed mn(iii)/mn(iv) oxide deposit layers and aggregates under laboratory cultur ...201526039669
absorption mechanisms of cu(2+) on a biogenic bixbyite-like mn2o3 produced by bacillus cua isolated from soil.although most reported biogenic mn oxides are hexagonal birnessites, other types of biogenic mn oxides also commonly occur in the environment. however, sorption characteristics and underlying mechanisms of the adsorption of heavy-metal ions on these biogenic mn oxides are still rarely addressed. in this study, the sorption mechanisms of cu(ii) on a low valence biogenic mn oxide, poorly crystallized bixbyite-like mn2o3 (α-mn2o3), were investigated.201525987886
characterizations of two bacterial persulfide dioxygenases of the metallo-β-lactamase superfamily.persulfide dioxygenases (pdos), also known as sulfur dioxygenases (sdos), oxidize glutathione persulfide (gssh) to sulfite and gsh. pdos belong to the metallo-β-lactamase superfamily and play critical roles in animals, plants, and microorganisms, including sulfide detoxification. the structures of two pdos from human and arabidopsis thaliana have been reported; however, little is known about the substrate binding and catalytic mechanism. the crystal structures of two bacterial pdos from pseudomo ...201526082492
environmental sensing in actinobacteria: a comprehensive survey on the signaling capacity of this phylum.signal transduction is an essential process that allows bacteria to sense their complex and ever-changing environment and adapt accordingly. three distinct major types of signal-transducing proteins (stps) can be distinguished: one-component systems (1css), two-component systems (2css), and extracytoplasmic-function σ factors (ecfs). since actinobacteria are particularly rich in stps, we comprehensively investigated the abundance and diversity of stps encoded in 119 actinobacterial genomes, base ...201525986905
large-scale 13c flux profiling reveals conservation of the entner-doudoroff pathway as a glycolytic strategy among marine bacteria that use glucose.marine bacteria form one of the largest living surfaces on earth, and their metabolic activity is of fundamental importance for global nutrient cycling. here, we explored the largely unknown intracellular pathways in 25 microbes representing different classes of marine bacteria that use glucose: alphaproteobacteria, gammaproteobacteria, and flavobacteriia of the bacteriodetes phylum. we used (13)c isotope experiments to infer metabolic fluxes through their carbon core pathways. notably, 90% of a ...201525616803
non-pathogenic microflora of a spring water with regenerative properties.the comano spring water (comano, italy) has been demonstrated to improve skin regeneration, not only by increasing keratinocyte proliferation and migration, but also by modulating the regenerated collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis. however, such biological properties may not be entirely explained by its mineral composition only. as the non-pathogenic bacterial populations have demonstrated an active role in different biological processes, the potential presence of non-pathogenic bacterial ...201526623012
x-ray and cryo-electron microscopy structures of monalysin pore-forming toxin reveal multimerization of the pro-form.β-barrel pore-forming toxins (β-pft), a large family of bacterial toxins, are generally secreted as water-soluble monomers and can form oligomeric pores in membranes following proteolytic cleavage and interaction with cell surface receptors. monalysin has been recently identified as a β-pft that contributes to the virulence of pseudomonas entomophila against drosophila. it is secreted as a pro-protein that becomes active upon cleavage. here we report the crystal and cryo-electron microscopy stru ...201525847242
bacterial signal transduction by cyclic di-gmp and other nucleotide second messengers.the first international symposium on c-di-gmp signaling in bacteria (22 to 25 march 2015, harnack-haus, berlin, germany)brought together 131 molecular microbiologists from 17 countries to discuss recent progress in our knowledge of bacterial nucleotide second messenger signaling. while the focus was on signal input, synthesis, degradation, and the striking diversity of the modes of action of the current second messenger paradigm, i.e., cyclic di-gmp (c-di-gmp), “classics” like camp and (p)ppgpp ...201526055111
bacterial signal transduction by cyclic di-gmp and other nucleotide second messengers.the first international symposium on c-di-gmp signaling in bacteria (22 to 25 march 2015, harnack-haus, berlin, germany)brought together 131 molecular microbiologists from 17 countries to discuss recent progress in our knowledge of bacterial nucleotide second messenger signaling. while the focus was on signal input, synthesis, degradation, and the striking diversity of the modes of action of the current second messenger paradigm, i.e., cyclic di-gmp (c-di-gmp), “classics” like camp and (p)ppgpp ...201526055111
2-(3'-indolyl)-n-arylthiazole-4-carboxamides: synthesis and evaluation of antibacterial and anticancer activities.a new series of 2-(3'-indolyl)-n-arylthiazole-4-carboxamides 17a-p has been designed and synthesized. initial reaction of readily available thioamides 15 with bromopyruvic acid under refluxing conditions produced different thiazole carboxylic acids 16 which upon coupling with arylamines by using edci·hcl and hobt afforded diverse arylthiazole-4-carboxamides 17a-p in 78-87% yields. antibacterial activity evaluation against gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains led to compounds 17i-k a ...201526298501
highly efficient cyp167a1 (epok) dependent epothilone b formation and production of 7-ketone epothilone d as a new epothilone derivative.since their discovery in the soil bacterium sorangium cellulosum, epothilones have emerged as a valuable substance class with promising anti-tumor activity. because of their benefits in the treatment of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, epothilones are targets for drug design and pharmaceutical research. the final step of their biosynthesis - a cytochrome p450 mediated epoxidation of epothilone c/d to a/b by cyp167a1 (epok) - needs significant improvement, in particular regarding the effici ...201526445909
σ54-dependent regulome in desulfovibrio vulgaris hildenborough.the σ(54) subunit controls a unique class of promoters in bacteria. such promoters, without exception, require enhancer binding proteins (ebps) for transcription initiation. desulfovibrio vulgaris hildenborough, a model bacterium for sulfate reduction studies, has a high number of ebps, more than most sequenced bacteria. the cellular processes regulated by many of these ebps remain unknown.201526555820
allopatric integrations selectively change host transcriptomes, leading to varied expression efficiencies of exotic genes in myxococcus xanthus.exotic genes, especially clustered multiple-genes for a complex pathway, are normally integrated into chromosome for heterologous expression. the influences of insertion sites on heterologous expression and allotropic expressions of exotic genes on host remain mostly unclear.201526194479
characteristics of dr1790 disruptant and its functional analysis in deinococcus radiodurans.deinococcus radiodurans (dr) is an extremophile that is well known for its resistance to radiation, oxidants and desiccation. the gene dr1790 of d. radiodurans was predicted to encode a yellow-related protein. the primary objective of the present study was to characterize the biological function of the dr1790 protein, which is a member of the ancient yellow/major royal jelly (mrj) protein family, in prokaryotes. fluorescence labeling demonstrated that the yellow-related protein encoded by dr1790 ...201526273280
biomineralization processes of calcite induced by bacteria isolated from marine sediments.biomineralization is a known natural phenomenon associated with a wide range of bacterial species. bacterial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation by marine isolates was investigated in this study. three genera of ureolytic bacteria, sporosarcina sp., bacillus sp. and brevundimonas sp. were observed to precipitate calcium carbonate minerals. of these species, sporosarcina sp. dominated the cultured isolates. b. lentus cp28 generated higher urease activity and facilitated more efficient precipi ...201526273260
chromosome organization and replisome dynamics in mycobacterium smegmatis.subcellular organization of the bacterial nucleoid and spatiotemporal dynamics of dna replication and segregation have been studied intensively, but the functional link between these processes remains poorly understood. here we use quantitative time-lapse fluorescence microscopy for single-cell analysis of chromosome organization and dna replisome dynamics in mycobacterium smegmatis. we report that dna replication takes place near midcell, where, following assembly of the replisome on the replic ...201525691587
diverse reductive dehalogenases are associated with clostridiales-enriched microcosms dechlorinating 1,2-dichloroethane.the achievement of successful biostimulation of active microbiomes for the cleanup of a polluted site is strictly dependent on the knowledge of the key microorganisms equipped with the relevant catabolic genes responsible for the degradation process. in this work, we present the characterization of the bacterial community developed in anaerobic microcosms after biostimulation with the electron donor lactate of groundwater polluted with 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-dca). through a multilevel analysis, ...201526273600
phenotypic heterogeneity, a phenomenon that may explain why quorum sensing does not always result in truly homogenous cell behavior.phenotypic heterogeneity describes the occurrence of "nonconformist" cells within an isogenic population. the nonconformists show an expression profile partially different from that of the remainder of the population. phenotypic heterogeneity affects many aspects of the different bacterial lifestyles, and it is assumed that it increases bacterial fitness and the chances for survival of the whole population or smaller subpopulations in unfavorable environments. well-known examples for phenotypic ...201526025903
relationship between heat-labile enterotoxin secretion capacity and virulence in wild type porcine-origin enterotoxigenic escherichia coli strains.heat-labile enterotoxin (lt) is an important virulence factor secreted by some strains of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec). the prototypic human-origin strain h10407 secretes lt via a type ii secretion system (t2ss). we sought to determine the relationship between the capacity to secrete lt and virulence in porcine-origin wild type (wt) etec strains. sixteen wt etec strains isolated from cases of severe diarrheal disease were analyzed by gm1ganglioside enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to ...201525768732
reinvigorating natural product combinatorial biosynthesis with synthetic biology.natural products continue to play a pivotal role in drug-discovery efforts and in the understanding if human health. the ability to extend nature's chemistry through combinatorial biosynthesis--altering functional groups, regiochemistry and scaffold backbones through the manipulation of biosynthetic enzymes--offers unique opportunities to create natural product analogs. incorporating emerging synthetic biology techniques has the potential to further accelerate the refinement of combinatorial bio ...201526284672
pseudomonas putida-a versatile host for the production of natural products.the biosynthesis of natural products by heterologous expression of biosynthetic pathways in amenable production strains enables biotechnological access to a variety of valuable compounds by conversion of renewable resources. pseudomonas putida has emerged as a microbial laboratory work horse, with elaborated techniques for cultivation and genetic manipulation available. beyond that, this bacterium offers several particular advantages with regard to natural product biosynthesis, notably a versati ...201526099332
assessing the antimicrobial activity of polyisoprene based surfaces.there has been an intense research effort in the last decades in the field of biofouling prevention as it concerns many aspects of everyday life and causes problems to devices, the environment, and human health. many different antifouling and antimicrobial materials have been developed to struggle against bacteria and other micro- and macro-organism attachment to different surfaces. however the "miracle solution" has still to be found. the research presented here concerns the synthesis of bio-ba ...201525706513
living in an extremely polluted environment: clues from the genome of melanin-producing aeromonas salmonicida subsp. pectinolytica 34melt.aeromonas salmonicida subsp. pectinolytica 34mel(t) can be considered an extremophile due to the characteristics of the heavily polluted river from which it was isolated. while four subspecies of a. salmonicida are known fish pathogens, 34mel(t) belongs to the only subspecies isolated solely from the environment. genome analysis revealed a high metabolic versatility, the capability to cope with diverse stress agents, and the lack of several virulence factors found in pathogenic aeromonas. the mo ...201526025898
preliminary investigation on the use of allyi isothiocyanate to increase the shelf-life of gilthead sea bream (sparus aurata) fillets.the aim of this work is to evaluate the activity of allyl isothiocyanate (aitc) against fish spoilage bacteria (specific spoilage organisms; ssos) as well as its possible use in gilthead sea bream (sparus aurata) fillets to extend their shelf-life. in this regard, in vitro tests are carried out in order to evaluate the inhibitory activity of aitc and its vapours on several strains of ssos. the aitc effect on the shelf-life of sea bream fillets was made by putting them in plastic trays hermetical ...201527800402
ecology of anti-biofilm agents ii: bacteriophage exploitation and biocontrol of biofilm bacteria.bacteriophages are the viruses of bacteria. in the guise of phage therapy they have been used for decades to successfully treat what are probable biofilm-containing chronic bacterial infections. more recently, phage treatment or biocontrol of biofilm bacteria has been brought back to the laboratory for more rigorous assessment as well as towards the use of phages to combat environmental biofilms, ones other than those directly associated with bacterial infections. considered in a companion artic ...201526371011
high quality draft genome sequence and analysis of pontibacter roseus type strain src-1(t) (dsm 17521(t)) isolated from muddy waters of a drainage system in chandigarh, india.pontibacter roseus is a member of genus pontibacter family cytophagaceae, class cytophagia. while the type species of the genus pontibacter actiniarum was isolated in 2005 from a marine environment, subsequent species of the same genus have been found in different types of habitats ranging from seawater, sediment, desert soil, rhizosphere, contaminated sites, solar saltern and muddy water. here we describe the features of pontibacter roseus strain src-1(t) along with its complete genome sequence ...201526203325
nad-independent l-lactate dehydrogenase required for l-lactate utilization in pseudomonas stutzeri a1501.nad-independent l-lactate dehydrogenases (l-ildhs) play important roles in l-lactate utilization of different organisms. all of the previously reported l-ildhs were flavoproteins that catalyze the oxidation of l-lactate by the flavin mononucleotide (fmn)-dependent mechanism. based on comparative genomic analysis, a gene cluster with three genes (llda, lldb, and lldc) encoding a novel type of l-ildh was identified in pseudomonas stutzeri a1501. when the gene cluster was expressed in escherichia c ...201525917905
next generation sequencing analysis reveals that the ribonucleases rnase ii, rnase r and pnpase affect bacterial motility and biofilm formation in e. coli.the rna steady-state levels in the cell are a balance between synthesis and degradation rates. although transcription is important, rna processing and turnover are also key factors in the regulation of gene expression. in escherichia coli there are three main exoribonucleases (rnase ii, rnase r and pnpase) involved in rna degradation. although there are many studies about these exoribonucleases not much is known about their global effect in the transcriptome.201525757888
the lasb elastase of pseudomonas aeruginosa acts in concert with alkaline protease apra to prevent flagellin-mediated immune recognition.the opportunistic pathogen pseudomonas aeruginosa is capable of establishing severe and persistent infections in various eukaryotic hosts. it encodes a wide array of virulence factors and employs several strategies to evade immune detection. in the present study, we screened the harvard medical school transposon mutant library of p. aeruginosa pa14 for bacterial factors that modulate interleukin-8 responses in a549 human airway epithelial cells. we found that in addition to the previously identi ...201526502908
perception of pathogenic or beneficial bacteria and their evasion of host immunity: pattern recognition receptors in the frontline.plants are continuously monitoring the presence of microorganisms to establish an adapted response. plants commonly use pattern recognition receptors (prrs) to perceive microbe- or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (mamps/pamps) which are microorganism molecular signatures. located at the plant plasma membrane, the prrs are generally receptor-like kinases (rlks) or receptor-like proteins (rlps). mamp detection will lead to the establishment of a plant defense program called mamp-triggered i ...201525904927
the stringent response regulator dksa is required for salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium growth in minimal medium, motility, biofilm formation, and intestinal colonization.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is a facultative intracellular human and animal bacterial pathogen posing a major threat to public health worldwide. salmonella pathogenicity requires complex coordination of multiple physiological and virulence pathways. dksa is a conserved gram-negative regulator that belongs to a distinct group of transcription factors that bind directly to the rna polymerase secondary channel, potentiating the effect of the signaling molecule ppgpp during a stringent r ...201526553464
the stringent response regulator dksa is required for salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium growth in minimal medium, motility, biofilm formation, and intestinal colonization.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is a facultative intracellular human and animal bacterial pathogen posing a major threat to public health worldwide. salmonella pathogenicity requires complex coordination of multiple physiological and virulence pathways. dksa is a conserved gram-negative regulator that belongs to a distinct group of transcription factors that bind directly to the rna polymerase secondary channel, potentiating the effect of the signaling molecule ppgpp during a stringent r ...201526553464
the lasb elastase of pseudomonas aeruginosa acts in concert with alkaline protease apra to prevent flagellin-mediated immune recognition.the opportunistic pathogen pseudomonas aeruginosa is capable of establishing severe and persistent infections in various eukaryotic hosts. it encodes a wide array of virulence factors and employs several strategies to evade immune detection. in the present study, we screened the harvard medical school transposon mutant library of p. aeruginosa pa14 for bacterial factors that modulate interleukin-8 responses in a549 human airway epithelial cells. we found that in addition to the previously identi ...201526502908
dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in disease.there is growing evidence that dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is associated with the pathogenesis of both intestinal and extra-intestinal disorders. intestinal disorders include inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome (ibs), and coeliac disease, while extra-intestinal disorders include allergy, asthma, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and obesity.201525651997
multifaceted roles of extracellular dna in bacterial physiology.in textbooks, dna is generally defined as the universal storage material for genetic information in all branches of life. beyond this important intracellular role, dna can also be present outside of living cells and is an abundant biopolymer in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. the origin of extracellular dna in such ecological niches is diverse: it can be actively secreted or released by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells by means of autolysis, apoptosis, necrosis, bacterial secretion systems o ...201526328805
multifaceted roles of extracellular dna in bacterial physiology.in textbooks, dna is generally defined as the universal storage material for genetic information in all branches of life. beyond this important intracellular role, dna can also be present outside of living cells and is an abundant biopolymer in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. the origin of extracellular dna in such ecological niches is diverse: it can be actively secreted or released by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells by means of autolysis, apoptosis, necrosis, bacterial secretion systems o ...201526328805
recombinant antibody production evolves into multiple options aimed at yielding reagents suitable for application-specific needs.antibodies have been a pillar of basic research, while their relevance in clinical diagnostics and therapy is constantly growing. consequently, the production of both conventional and fragment antibodies constantly faces more demanding challenges for the improvement of their quantity and quality. the answer to such an increasing need has been the development of a wide array of formats and alternative production platforms. this review offers a critical comparison and evaluation of the different o ...201526330219
the cell shape-determining csd6 protein from helicobacter pylori constitutes a new family of l,d-carboxypeptidase.helicobacter pylori causes gastrointestinal diseases, including gastric cancer. its high motility in the viscous gastric mucosa facilitates colonization of the human stomach and depends on the helical cell shape and the flagella. in h. pylori, csd6 is one of the cell shape-determining proteins that play key roles in alteration of cross-linking or by trimming of peptidoglycan muropeptides. csd6 is also involved in deglycosylation of the flagellar protein flaa. to better understand its function, b ...201526306031
mammalian synthetic biology: emerging medical applications.in this review, we discuss new emerging medical applications of the rapidly evolving field of mammalian synthetic biology. we start with simple mammalian synthetic biological components and move towards more complex and therapy-oriented gene circuits. a comprehensive list of on-off switches, categorized into transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational and post-translational, is presented in the first sections. subsequently, boolean logic gates, synthetic mammalian oscillators and toggle ...201525808341
resource niche overlap promotes stability of bacterial community metabolism in experimental microcosms.decomposition of organic matter is an important ecosystem process governed in part by bacteria. the process of decomposition is expected to benefit from interspecific bacterial interactions such as resource partitioning and facilitation. however, the relative importance of resource niche breadth (metabolic diversity) and resource niche overlap (functional redundancy) on decomposition and the temporal stability of ecosystem processes received little scientific attention. therefore, this study aim ...201525759686
colonization of lettuce rhizosphere and roots by tagged streptomyces.beneficial microorganisms are increasingly used in agriculture, but their efficacy often fails due to limited knowledge of their interactions with plants and other microorganisms present in rhizosphere. we studied spatio-temporal colonization dynamics of lettuce roots and rhizosphere by genetically modified streptomyces spp. five streptomyces strains, strongly inhibiting in vitro the major soil-borne pathogen of horticultural crops, sclerotinia sclerotiorum, were transformed with pij8641 plasmid ...201525705206
pgprs and nitrogen-fixing legumes: a perfect team for efficient cd phytoremediation?cadmium (cd) is a toxic, biologically non-essential and highly mobile metal that has become an increasingly important environmental hazard to both wildlife and humans. in contrast to conventional remediation technologies, phytoremediation based on legume-rhizobia symbiosis has emerged as an inexpensive decontamination alternative which also revitalize contaminated soils due to the role of legumes in nitrogen cycling. in recent years, there is a growing interest in understanding symbiotic legume- ...201525763004
a flagellar glycan-specific protein encoded by campylobacter phages inhibits host cell growth.we previously characterized a carbohydrate binding protein, gp047, derived from lytic campylobacter phage nctc 12673, as a promising diagnostic tool for the identification of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli. we also demonstrated that this protein binds specifically to acetamidino-modified pseudaminic acid residues on host flagella, but the role of this protein in the phage lifecycle remains unknown. here, we report that gp047 is capable of inhibiting c. jejuni growth both on solid an ...201526694450
agriculture and food animals as a source of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria.one of the major breakthroughs in the history of medicine is undoubtedly the discovery of antibiotics. their use in animal husbandry and veterinary medicine has resulted in healthier and more productive farm animals, ensuring the welfare and health of both animals and humans. unfortunately, from the first use of penicillin, the resistance countdown started to tick. nowadays, the infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria are increasing, and resistance to antibiotics is probably the major ...201525878509
clear distinction between burkholderia mallei and burkholderia pseudomallei using fluorescent motb primers.a frame-shift mutation in the flagellum motor gene motb coding for the chemotaxis motb protein of burkholderia mallei has been utilized to design a conventional duplex pcr assay with fluorescent labelled primers.201525887130
influence of rhizobacterial volatiles on the root system architecture and the production and allocation of biomass in the model grass brachypodium distachyon (l.) p. beauv.plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria are increasingly being seen as a way of complementing conventional inputs in agricultural systems. the effects on their host plants are diverse and include volatile-mediated growth enhancement. this study sought to assess the effects of bacterial volatiles on the biomass production and root system architecture of the model grass brachypodium distachyon (l.) beauv.201526264238
characterization of para-nitrophenol-degrading bacterial communities in river water by using functional markers and stable isotope probing.microbial degradation is a major determinant of the fate of pollutants in the environment. para-nitrophenol (pnp) is an epa-listed priority pollutant with a wide environmental distribution, but little is known about the microorganisms that degrade it in the environment. we studied the diversity of active pnp-degrading bacterial populations in river water using a novel functional marker approach coupled with [(13)c6]pnp stable isotope probing (sip). culturing together with culture-independent ter ...201526209677
bacterial cellulose biosynthesis: diversity of operons, subunits, products, and functions.recent studies of bacterial cellulose biosynthesis, including structural characterization of a functional cellulose synthase complex, provided the first mechanistic insight into this fascinating process. in most studied bacteria, just two subunits, bcsa and bcsb, are necessary and sufficient for the formation of the polysaccharide chain in vitro. other subunits - which differ among various taxa - affect the enzymatic activity and product yield in vivo by modulating (i) the expression of the bios ...201526077867
pseudomonas induces salinity tolerance in cotton (gossypium hirsutum) and resistance to fusarium root rot through the modulation of indole-3-acetic acid.abiotic stresses cause changes in the balance of phytohormones in plants and result in inhibited root growth and an increase in the susceptibility of plants to root rot disease. the aim of this work was to ascertain whether microbial indole-3-acetic acid (iaa) plays a role in the regulation of root growth and microbially mediated control of root rot of cotton caused by fusarium solani. seed germination and seedling growth were improved by both nacl and mg2so4 (100 mm) solutions when treated with ...201526587006
metabolite profiling reveals abiotic stress tolerance in tn5 mutant of pseudomonas putida.pseudomonas is an efficient plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr); however, intolerance to drought and high temperature limit its application in agriculture as a bioinoculant. transposon 5 (tn5) mutagenesis was used to generate a stress tolerant mutant from a pgpr pseudomonas putida nbri1108 isolated from chickpea rhizosphere. a mutant nbri1108t, selected after screening of nearly 10,000 transconjugants, exhibited significant tolerance towards high temperature and drought. southern hybridi ...201525629312
characterization of flavin-containing opine dehydrogenase from bacteria.opines, in particular nopaline and octopine, are specific compounds found in crown gall tumor tissues induced by infections with agrobacterium species, and are synthesized by well-studied nad(p)h-dependent dehydrogenases (synthases), which catalyze the reductive condensation of α-ketoglutarate or pyruvate with l-arginine. the corresponding genes are transferred into plant cells via a tumor-inducing (ti) plasmid. in addition to the reverse oxidative reaction(s), the genes noxb-noxa and ooxb-ooxa ...201526382958
rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae 3841 adapts to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid with "auxin-like" morphological changes, cell envelope remodeling and upregulation of central metabolic pathways.there is a growing need to characterize the effects of environmental stressors at the molecular level on model organisms with the ever increasing number and variety of anthropogenic chemical pollutants. the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-d), as one of the most widely applied pesticides in the world, is one such example. this herbicide is known to have non-targeted undesirable effects on humans, animals and soil microbes, but specific molecular targets at sublethal levels are unkno ...201525919284
bacterial modulation of plant ethylene levels.a focus on the mechanisms by which acc deaminase-containing bacteria facilitate plant growth.bacteria that produce the enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (acc) deaminase, when present either on the surface of plant roots (rhizospheric) or within plant tissues (endophytic), play an active role in modulating ethylene levels in plants. this enzyme activity facilitates plant growth especially in the presence of various environmental stresses. thus, plant growth-promoting bacteria that express ...201525897004
identification and characterization of bifunctional proline racemase/hydroxyproline epimerase from archaea: discrimination of substrates and molecular evolution.proline racemase (pror) is a member of the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-independent racemase family, and is involved in the stickland reaction (fermentation) in certain clostridia as well as the mechanisms underlying the escape of parasites from host immunity in eukaryotic trypanosoma. hydroxyproline epimerase (hype), which is in the same protein family as pror, catalyzes the first step of the trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline metabolism of bacteria. their substrate specificities were previously considered to ...201525786142
microbial toluene removal in hypoxic model constructed wetlands occurs predominantly via the ring monooxygenation pathway.in the present study, microbial toluene degradation in controlled constructed wetland model systems, planted fixed-bed reactors (pfrs), was queried with dna-based methods in combination with stable isotope fractionation analysis and characterization of toluene-degrading microbial isolates. two pfr replicates were operated with toluene as the sole external carbon and electron source for 2 years. the bulk redox conditions in these systems were hypoxic to anoxic. the autochthonous bacterial communi ...201526150458
recent functional insights into the role of (p)ppgpp in bacterial physiology.the alarmones guanosine tetraphosphate and guanosine pentaphosphate (collectively referred to as (p)ppgpp) are involved in regulating growth and several different stress responses in bacteria. in recent years, substantial progress has been made in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of (p)ppgpp metabolism and (p)ppgpp-mediated regulation. in this review, we summarize these recent insights, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms governing the activity of the rela/spot homologue (rsh) ...201525853779
a bioinformatic survey of distribution, conservation, and probable functions of luxr solo regulators in bacteria.luxr solo transcriptional regulators contain both an autoinducer binding domain (abd; n-terminal) and a dna binding helix-turn-helix domain (hth; c-terminal), but are not associated with a cognate n-acyl homoserine lactone (ahl) synthase coding gene in the same genome. although a few luxr solos have been characterized, their distributions as well as their role in bacterial signal perception and other processes are poorly understood. in this study we have carried out a systematic survey of distri ...201525759807
beyond iron: non-classical biological functions of bacterial siderophores.bacteria secrete small molecules known as siderophores to acquire iron from their surroundings. for over 60 years, investigations into the bioinorganic chemistry of these molecules, including fundamental coordination chemistry studies, have provided insight into the crucial role that siderophores play in bacterial iron homeostasis. the importance of understanding the fundamental chemistry underlying bacterial life has been highlighted evermore in recent years because of the emergence of antibiot ...201525764171
carnitine in bacterial physiology and metabolism.carnitine is a quaternary amine compound found at high concentration in animal tissues, particularly muscle, and is most well studied for its contribution to fatty acid transport into mitochondria. in bacteria, carnitine is an important osmoprotectant, and can also enhance thermotolerance, cryotolerance and barotolerance. carnitine can be transported into the cell or acquired from metabolic precursors, where it can serve directly as a compatible solute for stress protection or be metabolized thr ...201525787873
a novel quality measure and correction procedure for the annotation of microbial translation initiation sites.the identification of translation initiation sites (tiss) constitutes an important aspect of sequence-based genome analysis. an erroneous tis annotation can impair the identification of regulatory elements and n-terminal signal peptides, and also may flaw the determination of descent, for any particular gene. we have formulated a reference-free method to score the tis annotation quality. the method is based on a comparison of the observed and expected distribution of all tiss in a particular gen ...201526204119
alcohol selectivity in a synthetic thermophilic n-butanol pathway is driven by biocatalytic and thermostability characteristics of constituent enzymes.n-butanol is generated as a natural product of metabolism by several microorganisms, but almost all grow at mesophilic temperatures. a synthetic pathway for n-butanol production from acetyl coenzyme a (acetyl-coa) that functioned at 70°c was assembled in vitro from enzymes recruited from thermophilic bacteria to inform efforts for engineering butanol production into thermophilic hosts. recombinant versions of eight thermophilic enzymes (β-ketothiolase [thl], 3-hydroxybutyryl-coa dehydrogenase [h ...201526253677
individuality, phenotypic differentiation, dormancy and 'persistence' in culturable bacterial systems: commonalities shared by environmental, laboratory, and clinical microbiology.for bacteria, replication mainly involves growth by binary fission. however, in a very great many natural environments there are examples of phenotypically dormant, non-growing cells that do not replicate immediately and that are phenotypically 'nonculturable' on media that normally admit their growth. they thereby evade detection by conventional culture-based methods. such dormant cells may also be observed in laboratory cultures and in clinical microbiology. they are usually more tolerant to s ...201526629334
strategies and approaches in plasmidome studies-uncovering plasmid diversity disregarding of linear elements?the term plasmid was originally coined for circular, extrachromosomal genetic elements. today, plasmids are widely recognized not only as important factors facilitating genome restructuring but also as vehicles for the dissemination of beneficial characters within bacterial communities. plasmid diversity has been uncovered by means of culture-dependent or -independent approaches, such as endogenous or exogenous plasmid isolation as well as pcr-based detection or transposon-aided capture, respect ...201526074886
the challenge of efflux-mediated antibiotic resistance in gram-negative bacteria.the global emergence of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria is a growing threat to antibiotic therapy. the chromosomally encoded drug efflux mechanisms that are ubiquitous in these bacteria greatly contribute to antibiotic resistance and present a major challenge for antibiotic development. multidrug pumps, particularly those represented by the clinically relevant acrab-tolc and mex pumps of the resistance-nodulation-division (rnd) superfamily, not only mediate intrinsic and acquired mult ...201525788514
biotechnological applications of functional metagenomics in the food and pharmaceutical industries.microorganisms are found throughout nature, thriving in a vast range of environmental conditions. the majority of them are unculturable or difficult to culture by traditional methods. metagenomics enables the study of all microorganisms, regardless of whether they can be cultured or not, through the analysis of genomic data obtained directly from an environmental sample, providing knowledge of the species present, and allowing the extraction of information regarding the functionality of microbia ...201526175729
genome-wide gene order distances support clustering the gram-positive bacteria.initially using 143 genomes, we developed a method for calculating the pair-wise distance between prokaryotic genomes using a monte carlo method to estimate the conservation of gene order. the method was based on repeatedly selecting five or six non-adjacent random orthologs from each of two genomes and determining if the chosen orthologs were in the same order. the raw distances were then corrected for gene order convergence using an adaptation of the jukes-cantor model, as well as using the co ...201525653643
genome-wide gene order distances support clustering the gram-positive bacteria.initially using 143 genomes, we developed a method for calculating the pair-wise distance between prokaryotic genomes using a monte carlo method to estimate the conservation of gene order. the method was based on repeatedly selecting five or six non-adjacent random orthologs from each of two genomes and determining if the chosen orthologs were in the same order. the raw distances were then corrected for gene order convergence using an adaptation of the jukes-cantor model, as well as using the co ...201525653643
study of the aminoglycoside subsistence phenotype of bacteria residing in the gut of humans and zoo animals.recent studies indicate that next to antibiotic resistance, bacteria are able to subsist on antibiotics as a carbon source. here we evaluated the potential of gut bacteria from healthy human volunteers and zoo animals to subsist on antibiotics. nine gut isolates of escherichia coli and cellulosimicrobium sp. displayed increases in colony forming units (cfu) during incubations in minimal medium with only antibiotics added, i.e., the antibiotic subsistence phenotype. furthermore, laboratory strain ...201526793182
study of the aminoglycoside subsistence phenotype of bacteria residing in the gut of humans and zoo animals.recent studies indicate that next to antibiotic resistance, bacteria are able to subsist on antibiotics as a carbon source. here we evaluated the potential of gut bacteria from healthy human volunteers and zoo animals to subsist on antibiotics. nine gut isolates of escherichia coli and cellulosimicrobium sp. displayed increases in colony forming units (cfu) during incubations in minimal medium with only antibiotics added, i.e., the antibiotic subsistence phenotype. furthermore, laboratory strain ...201526793182
mutational and acquired carbapenem resistance mechanisms in multidrug resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates from recife, brazil.an investigation was carried out into the genetic mechanisms responsible for multidrug resistance in nine carbapenem-resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from different hospitals in recife, brazil. susceptibility to antimicrobial agents was determined by broth microdilution. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was employed to detect the presence of genes encoding β-lactamases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (ames), 16s rrna methylases, integron-related genes and oprd. expression of genes codi ...201526676375
metabolic engineering of acinetobacter baylyi adp1 for removal of clostridium butyricum growth inhibitors produced from lignocellulosic hydrolysates.pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass can produce inhibitory compounds that are harmful for microorganisms used in the production of biofuels and other chemicals from lignocellulosic sugars. selective inhibitor removal can be achieved with biodetoxification where microorganisms catabolize the inhibitors without consuming the sugars. we engineered the strictly aerobic acinetobacter baylyi adp1 for detoxification of lignocellulosic hydrolysates by removing the gene for glucose dehydrogenase, gcd ...201526628912
isolation and characterization of two novel halotolerant catechol 2, 3-dioxygenases from a halophilic bacterial consortium.study of enzymes in halophiles will help to understand the mechanism of aromatic hydrocarbons degradation in saline environment. in this study, two novel catechol 2,3-dioxygenases (c23o1 and c23o2) were cloned and overexpressed from a halophilic bacterial consortium enriched from an oil-contaminated saline soil. phylogenetic analysis indicated that the novel c23os and their relatives formed a new branch in subfamily i.2.a of extradiol dioxygenases and the sequence differences were further analyz ...201526621792
endophytic cultivable bacteria of the metal bioaccumulator spartina maritima improve plant growth but not metal uptake in polluted marshes soils.endophytic bacterial population was isolated from spartina maritima tissues, a heavy metal bioaccumulator cordgrass growing in the estuaries of tinto, odiel, and piedras river (south west spain), one of the most polluted areas in the world. strains were identified and ability to tolerate salt and heavy metals along with plant growth promoting and enzymatic properties were analyzed. a high proportion of these bacteria were resistant toward one or several heavy metals and metalloids including as, ...201526733985
profiling expression of lipoxygenase in cucumber during compatible and incompatible plant-pathogen interactions.we compared lipoxygenase (lox) expression in cucumber in response to host and non-host pathogens. our results displayed significant difference in expression of lox between compatible and incompatible interaction at 12, 24 and 48 h after inoculation. moreover, lox expression at 72 h after inoculation was similar in both compatible and incompatible interaction. it seems that early induction of lox plays a crucial role in plant defense against pathogens.201527186031
indirect manganese removal by stenotrophomonas sp. and lysinibacillus sp. isolated from brazilian mine water.manganese is a contaminant in the wastewaters produced by brazilian mining operations, and the removal of the metal is notoriously difficult because of the high stability of the mn(ii) ion in aqueous solutions. to explore a biological approach for removing excessive amounts of aqueous mn(ii), we investigated the potential of mn(ii) oxidation by both consortium and bacterial isolates from a brazilian manganese mine. a bacterial consortium was able to remove 99.7% of the mn(ii). a phylogenetic ana ...201526697496
profiling expression of lipoxygenase in cucumber during compatible and incompatible plant-pathogen interactions.we compared lipoxygenase (lox) expression in cucumber in response to host and non-host pathogens. our results displayed significant difference in expression of lox between compatible and incompatible interaction at 12, 24 and 48 h after inoculation. moreover, lox expression at 72 h after inoculation was similar in both compatible and incompatible interaction. it seems that early induction of lox plays a crucial role in plant defense against pathogens.201527186031
metabolic engineering of pseudomonas putida kt2440 to produce anthranilate from glucose.the pseudomonas putida kt2440 strain was engineered in order to produce anthranilate (oab, ortho-aminobenzoate), a precursor of the aromatic amino acid tryptophan, from glucose as sole carbon source. to enable the production of the metabolic intermediate oab, the trpdc operon encoding an anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferase (trpd) and an indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase (trpc), were deleted. in addition, the chorismate mutase (phea) responsible for the conversion of chorismate over prephen ...201526635771
purification and characterization of a novel nad(p)+-farnesol dehydrogenase from polygonum minus leaves.juvenile hormones have attracted attention as safe and selective targets for the design and development of environmentally friendly and biorational insecticides. in the juvenile hormone iii biosynthetic pathway, the enzyme farnesol dehydrogenase catalyzes the oxidation of farnesol to farnesal. in this study, farnesol dehydrogenase was extracted from polygonum minus leaves and purified 204-fold to apparent homogeneity by ion-exchange chromatography using deae-toyopearl, sp-toyopearl, and super-q ...201526600471
exacerbation of substrate toxicity by iptg in escherichia coli bl21(de3) carrying a synthetic metabolic pathway.heterologous expression systems based on promoters inducible with isopropyl-β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside (iptg), e.g., escherichia coli bl21(de3) and cognate laci(q)/p(lacuv5)-t7 vectors, are commonly used for production of recombinant proteins and metabolic pathways. the applicability of such cell factories is limited by the complex physiological burden imposed by overexpression of the exogenous genes during a bioprocess. this burden originates from a combination of stresses that may include com ...201526691337
direct conversion of theophylline to 3-methylxanthine by metabolically engineered e. coli.methylxanthines are natural and synthetic compounds found in many foods, drinks, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. aside from caffeine, production of many methylxanthines is currently performed by chemical synthesis. this process utilizes many chemicals, multiple reactions, and different reaction conditions, making it complicated, environmentally dissatisfactory, and expensive, especially for monomethylxanthines and paraxanthine. a microbial platform could provide an economical, environmentally fr ...201526691652
a functional 4-hydroxybenzoate degradation pathway in the phytopathogen xanthomonas campestris is required for full pathogenicity.plants contain significant levels of natural phenolic compounds essential for reproduction and growth, as well as defense mechanisms against pathogens. xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc) is the causal agent of crucifers black rot. here we showed that genes required for the synthesis, utilization, transportation, and degradation of 4-hydroxybenzoate (4-hba) are present in xcc. xcc rapidly degrades 4-hba, but has no effect on 2-hydroxybenzoate and 3-hydroxybenzoate when grown in xoln medi ...201526672484
origin and impact of nitric oxide in pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms.the formation of the organized bacterial community called biofilm is a crucial event in bacterial physiology. given that biofilms are often refractory to antibiotics and disinfectants to which planktonic bacteria are susceptible, their formation is also an industrially and medically relevant issue. pseudomonas aeruginosa, a well-known human pathogen causing acute and chronic infections, is considered a model organism to study biofilms. a large number of environmental cues control biofilm dynamic ...201526260455
origin and impact of nitric oxide in pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms.the formation of the organized bacterial community called biofilm is a crucial event in bacterial physiology. given that biofilms are often refractory to antibiotics and disinfectants to which planktonic bacteria are susceptible, their formation is also an industrially and medically relevant issue. pseudomonas aeruginosa, a well-known human pathogen causing acute and chronic infections, is considered a model organism to study biofilms. a large number of environmental cues control biofilm dynamic ...201526260455
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