Publications

one-year (2003) nationwide pork carcass microbiological baseline data survey in taiwan.	from january through december 2003, swab samples from 1,650 pork carcasses were collected from 39 slaughter plants in taiwan. these samples were analyzed for the prevalence of indicator microorganisms and specific pathogens. viable aerobic bacteria, total coliforms, and escherichia coli were recovered from 100, 95.3, and 87.5% of these carcasses, respectively. of those carcasses that harbored bacteria, the mean aerobic plate, total coliform, and escherichia coli counts were 4.0, 0.6, and 0.1 log ...	2005	15771166
prevalence of campylobacter, salmonella, and escherichia coli on the external packaging of raw meat.	during september and october 2002, 3,662 prepackaged raw meat samples were collected to evaluate the extent and nature of microbiological contamination on external surfaces of the packaging, which could potentially cross-contaminate ready-to-eat foods during and after purchase. salmonella was detected on two (<1%) samples of external packaging (both from raw chicken), and campylobacter was detected on 41 (1.1%) samples of external packaging. the external packaging of game fowl exhibited the high ...	2005	15771168
function of neisserial outer membrane phospholipase a in autolysis and assessment of its vaccine potential.	outer membrane phospholipase a (ompla) is an outer membrane-localized enzyme, present in many gram-negative bacterial species. it is implicated in the virulence of several pathogens. here, we investigated the presence, function, and vaccine potential of ompla in the human pathogen neisseria meningitidis. immunoblot analysis showed the presence of ompla in 28 out of 33 meningococcal strains investigated. the ompla-negative strains all contained a plda gene, but these alleles contained premature s ...	2005	15784566
pcr identification of campylobacter coli and campylobacter jejuni by partial sequencing of virulence genes.	the objective of this study was to utilize a multiplex pcr assay for concurrent detection of campylobacter spp. and c. coli or c. jejuni, using probes derived from genes cadf and ceue and an undefined virulence gene. a total of 97 campylobacter strains, isolated from turkey litter (n=74), chicken livers (n=15) and clinical (n=8) samples, were speciated using the pcr-based assay. pcr amplification of the isolates identified a 400-bp cadf gene, conserved in campylobacter species, an 894-bp ceue ge ...	2005	15797819
prevalence and genetic diversity of campylobacter spp. in environmental water samples from a 100-square-kilometer predominantly dairy farming area.	water samples were taken systematically from a 100-km2 area of mainly dairy farmland in northwestern england and examined for campylobacter spp. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis-restriction fragment length polymorphism (pfge-rflp) and flaa strain typing of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli isolates were done. data on the water source and the adjacent environment were recorded and examined as explanatory variables. campylobacter spp. were isolated from 40.5% (n = 119) of the water sampl ...	2005	15812015
identification and molecular epidemiology of campylobacter coli isolates from human gastroenteritis, food, and animal sources by amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis and penner serotyping.	campylobacter coli is an infrequently studied but important food-borne pathogen with a wide natural distribution. we investigated its molecular epidemiology by use of amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp)-based genotyping and penner serotyping. serotype reference strains and 177 danish isolates of diverse origin identified by routine phenotyping as c. coli were examined. molecular tools identified some 12% of field isolates as campylobacter jejuni, emphasizing the need for improved ident ...	2005	15812025
differential detection of five mouse-infecting helicobacter species by multiplex pcr.	several species of helicobacter have been isolated from laboratory mice, including h. bilis, h. hepaticus, h. muridarum, h. rodentium, and h. typhlonius, which appear to be the most common. the most widely used published method for molecular detection of these agents is pcr amplification of a conserved region of 16s rrna, but differential speciation requires restriction enzyme digestion of the amplicons. this study was undertaken to determine pcr conditions that would simultaneously and specific ...	2005	15817762
prevalence and diversity of campylobacter jejuni in pig herds on farms with and without cattle or poultry.	the prevalence and diversity of campylobacter jejuni was investigated in pig herds on farms with and without cattle or poultry production. a bacteriological screening of pig cecal samples from 247 finisher herds was carried out at the slaughter-house. subsequently, a follow-up study was conducted in 24 herds (either with or without prior c. jejuni isolation from pigs) in which fecal samples were collected from pigs and, if present, cattle and poultry. samples were analyzed for presence of campyl ...	2005	15830662
phosphorylation-independent activity of atypical response regulators of helicobacter pylori.	the genome of the gastric pathogen helicobacter pylori harbors a remarkably low number of regulatory genes, including three and five open reading frames encoding two-component histidine kinases and response regulators, respectively, which are putatively involved in transcriptional regulation. two of the response regulator genes, hp1043 and hp166, proved to be essential for cell growth, and inactivation of the response regulator gene hp1021 resulted in a severe growth defect, as indicated by a sm ...	2005	15838037
cytolethal distending toxin (cdt)-negative campylobacter jejuni strains and anti-cdt neutralizing antibodies are induced during human infection but not during colonization in chickens.	the cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) of campylobacter jejuni was detectable, using an in vitro assay, in most but not all of 24 strains tested. the reason for the absence of toxin activity in these naturally occurring cdt-negative c. jejuni strains was then investigated at the genetic level. cdt is encoded by three highly conserved genes, cdta, -b, and -c. in the cdt-negative strains, two types of mutation were identified. the cdt activities of c. jejuni strains possessing both types of mutatio ...	2005	15845513
evaluation of a pcr assay for the detection and identification of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli in retail poultry products.	a pcr-based method was applied to campylobacter detection in poultry samples at the retail level. in total, 73 retail poultry samples purchased from supermarkets in the basque country area in the north of spain were examined using both culture and molecular (alternative) methods. in our routine method, the worldwide iso 10272:1995 standard of preston broth incubated at 42 degrees c for conventional campylobacter detection was adopted. the molecular method was comprised of a dna extraction kit co ...	2005	15862456
crga is an inducible lysr-type regulator of neisseria meningitidis, acting both as a repressor and as an activator of gene transcription.	the crga gene of neisseria meningitidis, which codes for a lysr-type regulator, is divergently oriented with respect to the mdab gene, which codes for a hypothetical nadph-quinone oxidoreductase. transcriptional studies of the intergenic region between crga and mdab showed that two overlapping and divergent promoters, p(crga) and p(mdab), control transcription of these genes. deletion of the crga gene led to a strong increase in transcription from the p(crga) promoter and a concomitant strong de ...	2005	15866928
extended multilocus sequence typing system for campylobacter coli, c. lari, c. upsaliensis, and c. helveticus.	a multilocus sequence typing (mlst) system has been reported previously for campylobacter jejuni to both differentiate strains and identify clonal lineages. however, sequence variation at the mlst loci prevents its use for closely related campylobacter species. we describe herein an expanded mlst method to include three clinically relevant campylobacter species, c. coli, c. lari, and c. upsaliensis, and a fourth campylobacter species, c. helveticus. the c. coli and c. helveticus methods use the ...	2005	15872261
oral campylobacter species involved in extraoral abscess: a report of three cases.	oral campylobacter species are rarely reported to cause extraoral infections. here we present three cases of extraoral abscess caused by an oral campylobacter sp. and a streptococcus sp. the campylobacter species were all isolated anaerobically and identified by sequencing analysis of the 16s rrna gene. the cases included a breast abscess caused by campylobacter rectus and a non-group a beta-hemolytic streptococcus in a patient with lymphoma, a liver abscess caused by campylobacter curvus and an ...	2005	15872299
clinical herd health, farm management and antimicrobial resistance in campylobacter coli on finishing pig farms in switzerland.	the world-wide increase of antimicrobial resistance in micro-organisms complicates medical treatment of infected humans. we did a risk-factor analysis for the prevalence of antimicrobial resistant campylobacter coli on 64 swiss pig finishing farms. between may and november 2001, 20 faecal samples per farm were collected from the floor of pens holding finishing pigs shortly before slaughter. samples were pooled and cultured for campylobacter species. isolated campylobacter strains were tested for ...	2005	15907569
analysis of the prevalence of tetracycline resistance genes in clinical isolates of enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium in a japanese hospital.	prevalence of seven tetracycline resistance (tc(r)) genes--tet(l), tet(m), tet(k), tet(o), tet(s), tet(t), and tet(u)--which are known to be distributed to gram-positive cocci was analyzed for 224 enterococcus faecalis and 46 enterococcus faecium clinical isolates obtained in a japanese hospital. any of the tc(r) genes was detected in 75.9% of all the enterococcal strains. the tet(m) was detected at highest rates in both e. faecalis (75.0%) and e. faecium (69.6%), followed by tet(l), which was h ...	2005	15910229
[distribution and genetic characterization of porcine campylobacter coli isolates].	the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the slaughter process on the campylobacter (c.) coli prevalence on pig carcasses and finally pork. to detect c. spp., faecal samples, organ samples and surfaces of slaughter pigs were sampled. additionally, various abattoir surfaces (n=208) and 227 pork and minced meat samples were included in our study. whereas a high c. spp. prevalence (64.0%) was detectable in the faeces of slaughter pigs (all isolates were identified as c. coli), low detect ...	2005	15918485
a new approach for the analysis of bacterial microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization: insights from an empirical study.	microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (m-cgh) has been used to characterize the extensive intraspecies genetic diversity found in bacteria at the whole-genome level. although conventional microarray analytical procedures have proved adequate in handling m-cgh data, data interpretation using these methods is based on a continuous character model in which gene divergence and gene absence form a spectrum of decreasing gene conservation levels. however, whereas gene divergence may yet b ...	2005	15918914
mama-pcr assay for the detection of point mutations associated with high-level erythromycin resistance in campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli strains.	twenty campylobacter jejuni and 16 campylobacter coli strains isolated from humans and food/animals, including 17 isolates resistant to erythromycin, were analyzed. a combined mismatch amplification mutation assay-pcr technique was developed to detect the mutations a 2074 c and a 2075 g in the 23s rrna gene associated with erythromycin resistance. all high-level erythromycin-resistant strains examined by dna sequencing carried the transition mutation a 2075 g, whereas no isolate carried the a 20 ...	2005	15927294
h-ns is a part of a thermally controlled mechanism for bacterial gene regulation.	temperature is a primary environmental stress to which micro-organisms must be able to adapt and respond rapidly. whereas some bacteria are restricted to specific niches and have limited abilities to survive changes in their environment, others, such as members of the enterobacteriaceae, can withstand wide fluctuations in temperature. in addition to regulating cellular physiology, pathogenic bacteria use temperature as a cue for activating virulence gene expression. this work confirms that the n ...	2005	15966862
stable accumulation of sigma54 in helicobacter pylori requires the novel protein hp0958.	several flagellar genes in helicobacter pylori are dependent on sigma(54) (rpon) for their expression. these genes encode components of the basal body, the hook protein, and a minor flagellin, flab. a protein-protein interaction map for h. pylori constructed from a high-throughput screen of a yeast two-hybrid assay (http://pim.hybrigenics.com/pimriderext/common/) revealed interactions between sigma(54) and the conserved hypothetical protein hp0958. to see if hp0958 influences sigma(54) function, ...	2005	15968056
[antimicrobial susceptibility of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli isolated from human diarrheic samples].	one hundred forty-seven campylobacter were isolated using 3,204 samples taken from sporadic diarrheic patients from january 2001 to december 2003. the detection rate of campylobacter in 16 to 30 year old patients (12.9%, 83/641) was significantly higher than that in patients less than 16 years of age, 5%, (29/1,155) (p < 0.001) and more than 30 years of age, 2.5% (35/1,408) (p < 0.001), respectively. the highest detection rate was obtained from the stool of males in the 16 to 30 year old range d ...	2005	15977557
macrolide resistance in campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli: molecular mechanism and stability of the resistance phenotype.	a collection of 23 macrolide-resistant campylobacter isolates from different geographic areas was investigated to determine the mechanism and stability of macrolide resistance. the isolates were identified as campylobacter jejuni or campylobacter coli based on the results of the hippurate biochemical test in addition to five pcr-based genotypic methods. three point mutations at two positions within the peptidyl transferase region in domain v of the 23s rrna gene were identified. about 78% of the ...	2005	15980346
agricultural antibiotics and human health.		2005	15984910
sequence typing and comparison of population biology of campylobacter coli and campylobacter jejuni.	a multilocus sequence typing (mlst) scheme that uses the same loci as a previously described system for campylobacter jejuni was developed for campylobacter coli. the c. coli-specific primers were validated with 53 isolates from humans, chickens, and pigs, together with 15 penner serotype reference isolates. the nucleotide sequence of the flaa short variable region (svr) was determined for each isolate. these sequence data were compared to equivalent information for 17 c. jejuni isolates represe ...	2005	15634992
rapid detection and differentiation of pathogenic campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli by real-time pcr.	a two-tube real-time assay, developed in a lightcycler, was used to detect, identify and differentiate campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli from all other pathogenic members of the family campylobacteriaceae. in the first assay, continuous monitoring of the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (fret) signal acquired from the hybridisation of two adjacent fluoroprobes, a specific fitc probe 5'-gtgctagcttgctagaacttagaga-fitc-3') and a universal downstream probe cy5 (5'-cy5-aggtgitgcatggit ...	2005	15636755
temperature-driven campylobacter seasonality in england and wales.	campylobacter incidence in england and wales between 1990 and 1999 was examined in conjunction with weather conditions. over the 10-year interval, the average annual rate was determined to be 78.4 +/- 15.0 cases per 100,000, with an upward trend. rates were higher in males than in females, regardless of age, and highest in children less than 5 years old. major regional differences were detected, with the highest rates in wales and the southwest and the lowest in the southeast. the disease displa ...	2005	15640174
prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of thermophilic campylobacter spp. from cattle farms in washington state.	the prevalence of thermophilic campylobacter spp. was investigated in cattle on washington state farms. a total of 350 thermophilic campylobacter isolates were isolated from 686 cattle sampled on 15 farms (eight dairies, two calf rearer farms, two feedlots, and three beef cow-calf ranches). isolate species were identified with a combination of phenotypic tests, hipo colony blot hybridization, and multiplex lpxa pcr. breakpoint resistance to four antimicrobials (ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, ery ...	2005	15640184
chemotaxis plays multiple roles during helicobacter pylori animal infection.	helicobacter pylori is a human gastric pathogen associated with gastric and duodenal ulcers as well as specific gastric cancers. h. pylori infects approximately 50% of the world's population, and infections can persist throughout the lifetime of the host. motility and chemotaxis have been shown to be important in the infection process of h. pylori. we sought to address the specific roles of chemotaxis in infection of a mouse model system. we found that mutants lacking chew, chea, or chey are all ...	2005	15664919
application of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to identify potential outbreaks of campylobacteriosis in new zealand.	since 2002, new zealand's incidence of campylobacteriosis has exceeded 300 cases per 100,000 people per annum. to evaluate genetic variation in human isolates, 183 campylobacter isolates were collected from a single clinical laboratory in christchurch: 77 during an 8-week period in spring, and the rest 3 months later over a second 8-week period in autumn. isolates were identified to the species level and subtyped using penner serotyping (campylobacter jejuni only) and pulsed-field gel electropho ...	2006	16455892
isolation and characterization of a cyanophage infecting the toxic cyanobacterium microcystis aeruginosa.	we isolated a cyanophage (ma-lmm01) that specifically infects a toxic strain of the bloom-forming cyanobacterium microcystis aeruginosa. transmission electron microscopy showed that the virion is composed of anisometric head and a tail complex consisting of a central tube and a contractile sheath with helical symmetry. the morphological features and the host specificity suggest that ma-lmm01 is a member of the cyanomyovirus group. using semi-one-step growth experiments, the latent period and bur ...	2006	16461672
natural transformation-mediated transfer of erythromycin resistance in campylobacter coli strains from turkeys and swine.	erythromycin resistance in campylobacter coli from meat animals is frequently encountered and could represent a substantial barrier to antibiotic treatment of human infections. erythromycin resistance in this organism has been associated with a point mutation (a2075g) in the 23s rrna gene. however, the mechanisms responsible for possible dissemination of erythromycin resistance in c. coli remain poorly understood. in this study, we investigated transformation-mediated acquisition of erythromycin ...	2006	16461682
random amplified polymorphic dna analysis of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli isolated from healthy cattle and sheep.	the genetic heterogeneity among campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli isolates obtained from apparently healthy cattle and sheep was investigated by random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) analysis. a total of 348 campylobacter isolates, consisting of c. jejuni (n = 218) and c. coli (n = 130), were analysed. all these isolates were successfully typed by rapd analysis. the total numbers of band patterns defined by rapd in cattle and sheep were 42 and 45, respectively. of the 42 distinct typ ...	2006	16476798
most campylobacter subtypes from sporadic infections can be found in retail poultry products and food animals.	the subtypes of campylobacter isolates from human infections in two danish counties were compared to isolates from retail food samples and faecal samples from chickens, pigs and cattle. during a 1-year period, 1285 campylobacter isolates from these sources were typed by two methods: 'penner' heat-stable serotyping and automated ribotyping (riboprinting). c. jejuni was the dominating species, but c. coli was more prevalent among food and chicken isolates (16%) compared to human isolates (4%). in ...	2006	16316490
an investigation of the molecular mechanisms contributing to high-level erythromycin resistance in campylobacter.	the molecular mechanisms contributing to high-level erythromycin resistance in campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli isolates were investigated. the a2075g mutation in the 23s rrna target genes was identified in all high-level erythromycin-resistant isolates. a number of amino acid substitutions together with insertions and deletions were identified in the corresponding genes encoding l4 and l22 ribosomal proteins both of resistant and susceptible isolates. amino acid substitutions identif ...	2006	16318913
sequence analysis of two cryptic plasmids from an agricultural isolate of campylobacter coli.	as part of a study identifying plasmids in campylobacter, we isolated and sequenced two novel cryptic plasmids from an agricultural isolate of campylobacter coli. the larger of the two plasmids, p3384, is 3316 bp in length and has a g+c content of 31.18%. a typical origin of replication consisting of five iterons was observed directly upstream of the first of three putative orfs. the smaller plasmid, p3386, is 2426 bp in length and has a g+c content of 26.22%. of the three putative orfs detected ...	2006	16120460
changes in flagellin glycosylation affect campylobacter autoagglutination and virulence.	analysis of the complete flagellin glycosylation locus of campylobacter jejuni strain 81-176 revealed a less complex genomic organization than the corresponding region in the genome strain, c. jejuni nctc 11168. twenty-four of the 45 genes found between cj1293 and cj1337 in nctc 11168 are missing in 81-176. mutation of six new genes, in addition to three previously reported, resulted in a non-motile phenotype, consistent with a role in synthesis of pseudaminic acid (pseac) or transfer of pseac t ...	2006	16573682
iron and ph homeostasis intersect at the level of fur regulation in the gastric pathogen helicobacter pylori.	helicobacter pylori persistently colonizes the stomach of the majority of the world's population and is a tremendous medical burden due to its causal role in diverse gastric maladies. since the stomach is a constantly changing environment, successful colonization of h. pylori within this niche requires regulation of bacterial gene expression to cope with the environmental fluctuations. in h. pylori, the ferric uptake regulator (fur) has been shown to play an intricate role in adaptation of the b ...	2006	16369017
antibiotic resistance of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli isolated from hog, beef, and chicken carcass samples from provincially inspected abattoirs in ontario.	campylobacterjejuni is one of the most common causes of bacterial foodborne infection in the united states, and there are reports of resistance of campylobacter spp. to antimicrobial agents used for the treatment of gastroenteritis. the purpose of this study was to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of campylobacter spp. isolated from hog, beef, and chicken carcasses from provincially inspected abattoirs in ontario. the agar dilution method was performed to measure antimicrobial res ...	2006	16416896
campylobacter contamination during poultry slaughter in belgium.	the relation between internal carriage and surface contamination with thermophilic campylobacter species in broilers was examined by molecular typing methods. samples from 39 flocks were collected in three belgian poultry slaughterhouses. from each flock, crop swabs before slaughter and intestines and neck skins during slaughter were collected. a total of 309 isolates were identified at species level and further characterized by flagellin gene a pcr/restriction fragment length polymorphism and p ...	2006	16416897
new world monkey aotus nancymae as a model for campylobacter jejuni infection and immunity.	three groups of six monkeys (aotus nancymae) each were inoculated intragastrically with increasing doses of campylobacter jejuni. infection resulted in fecal colonization (100% of monkeys), dose-related diarrhea, and robust immune responses. colonization duration and diarrhea rate were reduced upon secondary challenge. a. nancymae may be useful for studying anti-campylobacter vaccine efficacy.	2006	16369042
xbase, a collection of online databases for bacterial comparative genomics.	the schema of the previously described escherischia coli database colibase has been applied to a number of other bacterial taxa, under the collective name xbase. the new databases include campydb for campylobacter, helicobacter and wolinella; pseudodb for pseudomonads; clostridb for clostridia; rhizodb for rhizobium and sinorhizobium; and mycodb, for mycobacterium, streptomyces and related organisms. the databases provide user friendly access to annotation and genome comparisons through a web-ba ...	2006	16381881
xbase, a collection of online databases for bacterial comparative genomics.	the schema of the previously described escherischia coli database colibase has been applied to a number of other bacterial taxa, under the collective name xbase. the new databases include campydb for campylobacter, helicobacter and wolinella; pseudodb for pseudomonads; clostridb for clostridia; rhizodb for rhizobium and sinorhizobium; and mycodb, for mycobacterium, streptomyces and related organisms. the databases provide user friendly access to annotation and genome comparisons through a web-ba ...	2006	16381881
identification of host-associated alleles by multilocus sequence typing of campylobacter coli strains from food animals.	campylobacter coli is a food-borne pathogen associated increasingly with human gastroenteritis. c. coli has a high prevalence in swine, but is isolated also from cattle and poultry. multilocus sequence typing (mlst) systems have been developed to differentiate c. coli strains. although substantial allelic diversity was identified across all seven c. coli mlst loci, no correlations were made in two previous studies between allele or sequence type (st) and the source of the organism. however, this ...	2006	16385134
stable concentrated emulsions of the 1-monoglyceride of capric acid (monocaprin) with microbicidal activities against the food-borne bacteria campylobacter jejuni, salmonella spp., and escherichia coli.	of 11 fatty acids and monoglycerides tested against campylobacter jejuni, the 1-monoglyceride of capric acid (monocaprin) was the most active in killing the bacterium. various monocaprin-in-water emulsions were prepared which were stable after storage at room temperature for many months and which retained their microbicidal activity. a procedure was developed to manufacture up to 500 ml of 200 mm preconcentrated emulsions of monocaprin in tap water. the concentrates were clear and remained stabl ...	2006	16391087
heat resistance and mechanism of heat inactivation in thermophilic campylobacters.	the heat resistance of campylobacter jejuni strains ar6 and l51 and the heat resistance of campylobacter coli strains dr4 and l6 were measured over the temperature range from 50 to 60 degrees c by two methods. isothermal measurements yielded d55 values in the range from 4.6 to 6.6 min and z values in the range from 5.5 to 6.3 degrees c. dynamic measurements using differential scanning calorimetry (dsc) during heating at a rate of 10 degrees c/min yielded d55 values of 2.5 min and 3.4 min and z v ...	2006	16391133
presence of salmonella and campylobacter spp. in wild small mammals on organic farms.	the presence of salmonella and campylobacter spp. in rodents and insectivores (n = 282) was investigated on organic farms. infections were encountered in house mice (8 of 83 campylobacter positive and 1 of 83 salmonella sp. strain livingstone positive) and brown rats (1 of 8 campylobacter positive) but not in other species. no shared campylobacter genotypes were found between rodent and pig manure isolates. effective on-farm rodent management is recommended.	2006	16391145
genetic diversity in fluoroquinolone and macrolide-resistant campylobacter coli from pigs.	the genetic diversity of 115 campylobacter coli strains, isolated from pigs of 59 geographical distant farms in switzerland, were characterized on the basis of their dna fingerprints and resistance to macrolides and fluoroquinolones. sequence analysis showed that the macrolide-resistant isolates had a point mutation in the 23s ribosomal rna (rrna) genes (a2075g) and that the fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates had a point mutation in the gyrase gene gyra (c257t). one fluoroquinolone-resistant str ...	2006	16289952
australian multicentre comparison of subtyping methods for the investigation of campylobacter infection.	in order to identify subtyping methods able to contribute to the surveillance or investigation of australian campylobacter infection, six genotypic and three phenotypic subtyping methods were evaluated on a collection of 84 clinical isolates collected over a 30-month period from one region in australia. the aim was to compare the logistics of various subtyping methods and examine their ability to assist in finding outbreaks or common sources of sporadic infection. the genotypic subtyping methods ...	2006	16436218
distribution of tetracycline resistance genes in actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates from spain.	actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the etiological agent of porcine pleuropneumonia. tetracycline is used for therapy of this disease, and a. pleuropneumoniae carrying the tet(b) gene, coding for an efflux protein that reduces the intercellular tetracycline level, has been described previously. of the 46 tetracycline-resistant (tc(r)) spanish a. pleuropneumoniae isolates used in this study, 32 (70%) carried the tet(b) gene, and 30 of these genes were associated with plasmids. eight (17%) isolate ...	2006	16436729
activities of telithromycin, erythromycin, fluoroquinolones, and doxycycline against campylobacter strains isolated from finnish subjects.	the in vitro susceptibilities of 478 campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli strains isolated from finnish subjects during 2002 to 2004 were determined. susceptibility to erythromycin remained high, and telithromycin did not offer any advantage over erythromycin. reduced susceptibilities to fluoroquinolones and doxycycline were detected almost exclusively among isolates of foreign origin.	2006	16495275
effect of oral administration of butyrivibrio fibrisolvens mdt-1 on experimental enterocolitis in mice.	butyrivibrio fibrisolvens mdt-1, a butyrate-producing strain, was evaluated for use as a probiotic to prevent enterocolitis. oral administration of the mdt-1 strain (10(9) cfu/dose) alleviated the symptoms of colitis (including body weight loss, diarrhea, bloody stool, organic disorder, and mucosal damage) that are induced in mice drinking water that contains 3.0% dextran sulfate sodium. in addition, myeloperoxidase (mpo) activity levels in colonic tissue were reduced, suggesting that mdt-1 miti ...	2006	16988006
recovery methods for detection and quantification of campylobacter depend on meat matrices and bacteriological or pcr tools.	campylobacter is one of the main causes of human foodborne bacterial disease associated with meat consumption in developed countries. therefore, the most effective approach for recovery and detection of campylobacter from meat should be determined. two hundred ninety pork skin and chine samples were inoculated with campylobacter jejuni nctc 11168 and two strains of campylobacter coli. campylobacter cells were then recovered from suspensions and enumerated by direct plating. campylobacter recover ...	2006	16995511
fingerprinting of campylobacter jejuni by using resolution-optimized binary gene targets derived from comparative genome hybridization studies.	the aim of this investigation was to exploit the vast comparative data generated by comparative genome hybridization (cgh) studies of campylobacter jejuni in developing a genotyping method. we examined genes in c. jejuni that exhibit binary status (present or absent between strains) within known plasticity regions, in order to identify a minimal subset of gene targets that provide high-resolution genetic fingerprints. using cgh data from three studies as input, binary gene sets were identified w ...	2006	16997982
detection and identification of food-borne pathogens of the genera campylobacter, arcobacter and helicobacter by multiplex pcr in poultry and poultry products.	the objective of this study was to develop a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to detect and differentiate food-borne pathogens of the three genera campylobacter, arcobacter and helicobacter in a single step procedure. one common reverse primer and three genus-specific forward primers were designed by hybridizing to the 16s rrna of selected reference strains. besides the species with significance as food-borne pathogens isolated from poultry meat--campylobacter jejuni, campylobacter coli ...	2006	17010041
natural presence of campylobacter spp. in various internal organs of commercial broiler breeder hens.	campylobacter are known to cause acute bacterial gastroenteritis in humans. poultry products have been implicated as a significant source of these infections. six experiments were performed to determine whether campylobacter could be isolated naturally from the primary and secondary lymphoid organs, liver/gallbladder, and ceca of commercial broiler breeder hens. broiler breeder hens were acquired from different commercial sources during the early, middle, and late lay cycles. the birds were euth ...	2006	17039849
efficacy of iron chelators on campylobacter concentrations in turkey semen.	campylobacter is a leading bacterial cause of human foodborne infections in the united states. recent studies suggest that the organism is highly prevalent in poultry semen and may contribute to vertical transmission between the breeder hen and offspring. because campylobacter requires iron for its growth and survival, the objective of this study was to determine if the addition of natural and synthetic chelators such as ovotransferrin, desferrioxaime, edta, or 2,2'-dipyridyl could reduce or eli ...	2006	16903479
synergy between efflux pump cmeabc and modifications in ribosomal proteins l4 and l22 in conferring macrolide resistance in campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli.	macrolide-resistant mutants of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli were selected in vitro using erythromycin and tylosin. these mutants exhibited modifications in the ribosomal proteins l4 (g74d) and l22 (insertions at position 86 or 98). a synergy between the cmeabc efflux pump and these modifications in conferring macrolide resistance was observed.	2006	16940070
investigation for possible source(s) of contamination of ready-to-eat meat products with listeria spp. and other pathogens in a meat processing plant in trinidad.	in 2003, there was a recall of three processed (chicken franks, spice ham and turkey ham ready-to-eat (rte) meat products by a large processing plant in trinidad as a result of contamination by listeria monocytogenes. the study was conducted to investigate the possible source(s) of listeria contamination of recalled rte meat products and to determine the prevalence of listeria spp., salmonella spp., escherichia coli and campylobacter spp. in the products and air within the plant. raw and process ...	2006	16943025
in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility, genetic diversity and prevalence of udp-glucose 4-epimerase (gale) gene in campylobacter coli and campylobacter jejuni from turkey production facilities.	this study evaluated the genetic diversity of multi-drug resistant campylobacter jejuni (n=44) and c. coli (n=30) isolated from 18 turkey houses. antimicrobial resistances to ampicillin, ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid were higher (p<0.05) in c. coli than in c. jejuni strains. pcr analysis indicated that 82% of total isolates tested, including 91% of c. jejuni and 70% of c. coli tested positive for a 496-bp udp-glucose 4-epimerase (gale) gene. the diversity of isolates was mapped by antibiogram ...	2006	16943028
comparative genomic analysis of campylobacter jejuni strains reveals diversity due to genomic elements similar to those present in c. jejuni strain rm1221.	analysis of the complete genomic sequence of campylobacter jejuni strain rm1221 identified four large genomic elements, campylobacter jejuni-integrated elements (cjies), that were absent from c. jejuni strain nctc 11168. to further investigate the genomic diversity of campylobacter, we conducted a comparative genomic analysis from a collection of 67 c. jejuni and 12 campylobacter coli strains isolated from various geographical locations and clinical and veterinary sources. utilizing pcr, we demo ...	2006	16943349
lack of evidence for vertical transmission of campylobacter spp. in chickens.	campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of bacterial food-borne infection in the industrial world. there is evidence that c. jejuni is present in eggs and hatchery fluff, opening the possibility for vertical transmission from hens to progeny. poultry operations in iceland provide an excellent opportunity to study this possibility, since breeding flocks are established solely from eggs imported from grandparent flocks in sweden. this leaves limited opportunity for grandparents and their progeny to ...	2006	16957196
genome-wide screen for salmonella genes required for long-term systemic infection of the mouse.	a microarray-based negative selection screen was performed to identify salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (serovar typhimurium) genes that contribute to long-term systemic infection in 129x1/svj (nramp1(r)) mice. a high-complexity transposon-mutagenized library was used to infect mice intraperitoneally, and the selective disappearance of mutants was monitored after 7, 14, 21, and 28 d postinfection. one hundred and eighteen genes were identified to contribute to serovar typhimurium infectio ...	2006	16518469
comparison of campylobacter isolated from humans and food-producing animals in japan.	to compare the antimicrobial resistance, serotypes and flagellin gene types of campylobacter isolated from humans and food-producing animals and thereby facilitate elucidation of the origin of campylobacter causing human infection in japan.	2006	16405695
the helicobacter pylori chemotaxis receptor tlpb (hp0103) is required for ph taxis and for colonization of the gastric mucosa.	the location of helicobacter pylori in the gastric mucosa of mammals is defined by natural ph gradients within the gastric mucus, which are more alkaline proximal to the mucosal epithelial cells and more acidic toward the lumen. we have used a microscope slide-based ph gradient assay and video data collection system to document ph-tactic behavior. in response to hydrochloric acid (hcl), h. pylori changes its swimming pattern from straight-line random swimming to arcing or circular patterns that ...	2006	16547053
enumeration and identity of campylobacter spp. in italian broilers.	transmission of campylobacter to humans has been prominently associated with mishandling or improperly preparing contaminated poultry carcasses. the number of organisms per carcass represents an important measure of human exposure to the agent. therefore, we wished to estimate this public exposure over 1 yr among italian broiler carcasses. we sampled 213 broiler carcasses from rinse water samples collected from a single slaughterhouse. groups of carcasses had mean processed weights ranging from ...	2006	16553289
purification and spectroscopic characterization of ctb, a group iii truncated hemoglobin implicated in oxygen metabolism in the food-borne pathogen campylobacter jejuni.	campylobacter jejuni is a food-borne bacterial pathogen that possesses two distinct hemoglobins, encoded by the ctb and cgb genes. the former codes for a truncated hemoglobin (ctb) in group iii, an assemblage of uncharacterized globins in diverse clinically and technologically significant bacteria. here, we show that ctb purifies as a monomeric, predominantly oxygenated species. optical spectra of ferric, ferrous, o(2)- and co-bound forms resemble those of other hemoglobins. however, resonance r ...	2006	16681372
epidemiology and genetic characterization of shigella flexneri strains isolated from three paediatric populations in egypt (2000-2004).	ninety-seven isolates of shigella flexneri from children seeking medical care from three sites in egypt were characterized. overall, 46.4% of children (median age 17 months) were febrile or reported blood in their stools, 25.8% were dehydrated and 16.5% were admitted to hospital. serotypes 2a (37.1%), 1b (18.6%), 1c (17.5%), and 6 (15.5%) comprised over 88.7% of the total isolates. we observed marked resistance to ampicillin (87.6%), tetracycline (84.5%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (63.9%) ...	2006	16690004
a large multi-pathogen waterborne community outbreak linked to faecal contamination of a groundwater system, france, 2000.	a large waterborne outbreak of infection that occurred during august 2000 in a local community in france was investigated initially via a rapid survey of visits to local physicians. a retrospective cohort study was then conducted on a random cluster sample of residents. of 709 residents interviewed, 202 (28.5%) were definite cases (at least three liquid stools/day or vomiting) and 62 (8.7%) were probable cases (less than three liquid stools/day or abdominal pain). those who had drunk tap water h ...	2006	16700706
genotyping of campylobacter coli and c. jejuni from retail chicken meat and humans with campylobacteriosis in slovenia and bosnia and herzegovina.	thermotolerant campylobacter jejuni and c. coli are one of the major causes of bacterial foodborne enteric infection. consuming and/or handling poultry meat is the most consistent risk factor, linked to the high prevalence of campylobacters in retail poultry meat. the aim of the present study was to ascertain the genetic diversity and/or possible specificity of thermotolerant campylobacter isolates according to species (c. coli, c. jejuni), isolation source (retail chicken meat and human clinica ...	2006	16712997
iha from an escherichia coli urinary tract infection outbreak clonal group a strain is expressed in vivo in the mouse urinary tract and functions as a catecholate siderophore receptor.	virulence factors of pathogenic escherichia coli belonging to a recently emerged and disseminated clonal group associated with urinary tract infection (uti), provisionally designated clonal group a (cga), have not been experimentally investigated. we used a mouse model of ascending uti with cga member strain ucb34 in order to identify genes of cga that contribute to uti. iha was identified to be expressed by strain ucb34 in the mouse kidney using selective capture of transcribed sequences. iha f ...	2006	16714573
flagellin-independent regulation of chemokine host defense in campylobacter jejuni-infected intestinal epithelium.	campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of bacterial food-borne diarrheal disease throughout the world and the most frequent antecedent of autoimmune neuropathy guillain-barré syndrome. while infection is associated with immune memory, little is known regarding the role of the epithelium in targeting dendritic cells (dc) for initiating the appropriate adaptive immune response to c. jejuni. the objective of this study was to define the role for the intestinal epithelium in the induction of the ad ...	2006	16714574
effect of direct culture versus selective enrichment on the isolation of thermophilic campylobacter from feces of mature cattle at harvest.	campylobacterjejuni and campylobacter coli are leading bacterial causes of human gastroenteritis in the united states and other industrialized nations. these organisms frequently colonize avian hosts, including commercial poultry, but are also found in the gastrointestinal tract of other warm-blooded animals, including swine, sheep, and cattle. this study investigated the effect of direct culture versus selective enrichment on the isolation of thermophilic campylobacter from the colon of 610 cat ...	2006	16715799
occurrence of selected foodborne pathogens on poultry and poultry giblets from small retail processing operations in trinidad.	we conducted a study to determine quantitatively and qualitatively the presence of campylobacter spp., escherichia coli, staphylococci, total coliforms, total aerobic bacteria, and salmonella on broiler carcasses from selected small retail processors in trinidad. we used standard media and procedures for detection and quantification. all carcass and weep samples were positive for aerobic bacteria, e. coli, total coliforms, and staphylococci. significant differences in the mean counts of aerobic ...	2006	16715810
high genetic variation in the multidrug transporter cmeb gene in campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli.	this study was conducted to examine the genetic variation occurring in the cmeb gene encoding the transporter component of the cmeabc efflux pump.	2006	16735430
macrolide resistance in campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli.	infection with campylobacter jejuni is now considered to be the most common cause of acute bacterial gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. it occurs more frequently than infections caused by salmonella species, shigella species, or escherichia coli o157:h7. although c. jejuni is also recognized for its association with serious post-infection neurological complications, most patients with c. jejuni infections have a self-limited illness. nevertheless, a substantial proportion of these infections a ...	2006	16735431
glycosylation of b-type flagellin of pseudomonas aeruginosa: structural and genetic basis.	the flagellin of pseudomonas aeruginosa can be classified into two major types-a-type or b-type-which can be distinguished on the basis of molecular weight and reactivity with type-specific antisera. flagellin from the a-type strain pak was shown to be glycosylated with a heterogeneous o-linked glycan attached to thr189 and ser260. here we show that b-type flagellin from strain pao1 is also posttranslationally modified with an excess mass of up to 700 da, which cannot be explained through phosph ...	2006	16740946
temporal prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in campylobacter spp. from beef cattle in alberta feedlots.	antimicrobial resistance (amr) was temporally assessed in campylobacters isolated from beef cattle (7,738 fecal samples from 2,622 animals) in four commercial feedlots in alberta. all calves were administered chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline in feed, and a majority of the animals (93%) were injected with long-acting oxytetracycline upon arrival at the feedlot. fecal samples from individual animals were collected upon arrival (i.e., entry sample), 69 days (standard deviation [sd] = 3 days) a ...	2006	16751519
atypical helicobacter canadensis strains associated with swine.	forty-two helicobacter isolates were isolated from swine feces in the netherlands and denmark. all 12 isolates sequenced (16s rrna gene) formed a robust clade with helicobacter canadensis ( approximately 99% similarity). species-specific pcr indicated that all of the isolates were h. canadensis isolates. although the appearance of the porcine isolates was similar to the appearance of h. canadensis, only one of these isolates was able to hydrolyze indoxyl acetate, a cardinal characteristic of thi ...	2006	16751570
agdbnet - antigen sequence database software for bacterial typing.	bacterial typing schemes based on the sequences of genes encoding surface antigens require databases that provide a uniform, curated, and widely accepted nomenclature of the variants identified. due to the differences in typing schemes, imposed by the diversity of genes targeted, creating these databases has typically required the writing of one-off code to link the database to a web interface. here we describe agdbnet, widely applicable web database software that facilitates simultaneous blast ...	2006	16790057
the ability of flagellum-specific proteus vulgaris bacteriophage pv22 to interact with campylobacter jejuni flagella in culture.	there has been a recent resurgent interest in bacteriophage biology. research was initiated to examine campylobacter jejuni-specific bacteriophage in the russian federation to develop alternative control measures for this pathogen.	2006	16803630
analysis of campylobacter spp. contamination in broilers from the farm to the final meat cuts by using restriction fragment length polymorphism of the polymerase chain reaction products.	we investigated the genotype diversity and dynamics of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli in six commercial broiler farms during rearing and abattoir processing. in total, 223 c. jejuni and 36 c. coli strains isolated (on farm, transportation crates, carcasses after defeathering, and chicken wing meat at the end of the processing line) were subtyped by pcr-rflp based on flagellin (fla typing) gene. eleven (c. jejuni) and four (c. coli) different rflp patterns were found. multiple c. jej ...	2006	16806554
cladophora (chlorophyta) spp. harbor human bacterial pathogens in nearshore water of lake michigan.	cladophora glomerata, a macrophytic green alga, is commonly found in the great lakes, and significant accumulations occur along shorelines during the summer months. recently, cladophora has been shown to harbor high densities of the fecal indicator bacteria escherichia coli and enterococci. cladophora may also harbor human pathogens; however, until now, no studies to address this question have been performed. in the present study, we determined whether attached cladophora, obtained from the lake ...	2006	16820442
helicobacter anseris sp. nov. and helicobacter brantae sp. nov., isolated from feces of resident canada geese in the greater boston area.	numbers of nonmigratory canada geese have increased substantially in the past decade, and they have become a nuisance in some urban areas. because of their close contact with humans in parks and areas adjacent to surface waterways, contact with their feces poses a zoonotic risk. a total of 97 geese from 10 separate geographic locales in the greater boston area had their feces sampled for detection of helicobacter spp. identification of helicobacter spp. based on 16s rrna genus-specific helicobac ...	2006	16820454
genotyping of campylobacter jejuni using seven single-nucleotide polymorphisms in combination with flaa short variable region sequencing.	this investigation describes the development of a generally applicable, bioinformatics-driven, single-nucleotide polymorphism (snp) genotyping assay for the common bacterial gastrointestinal pathogen campylobacter jejuni. snps were identified in silico using the program 'minimum snps', which selects for polymorphisms providing the greatest resolution of bacterial populations based on simpson's index of diversity (d). the high-d snps identified in this study were derived from the combined c. jeju ...	2006	16849726
unique features of a highly pathogenic campylobacter jejuni strain.	campylobacter jejuni, a major human enteric pathogen, exhibits significant strain-to-strain differences which result in differences in pathogenic potential. c. jejuni 81-176 is a highly virulent strain that exhibits unique pathogenic features and is used by many research laboratories. we have determined the nucleotide sequence of its genome and compared it to the genomes of other sequenced c. jejuni strains. we identified a number of unique genetic features which may confer specific metabolic an ...	2006	16861657
comparative, collaborative, and on-site validation of a taqman pcr method as a tool for certified production of fresh, campylobacter-free chickens.	certified campylobacter-free poultry products have been produced in denmark since 2002, the first example of fresh (unprocessed and nonfrozen) chickens labeled "campylobacter free." this success occurred partly through use of a 4-hour gel-based pcr testing scheme on fecal swabs. in this study, a faster, real-time pcr approach was validated in comparative and collaborative trials, based on recommendations from the nordic system for validation of alternative microbiological methods (nordval). the ...	2006	16885299
temperature dependence of reported campylobacter infection in england, 1989-1999.	campylobacter is the most common bacterial cause of gastroenteritis in england and wales, with 45000 cases reported annually. campylobacter incidence is highly seasonal; the consistent peak in late spring suggests a role for meteorological factors in the epidemiology of this organism. we investigated the relationship between ambient temperature and campylobacter enteritis using time-series analysis to study short-term associations between temperature and number of campylobacter reports adjusted ...	2006	16409658
temperature dependence of reported campylobacter infection in england, 1989-1999.	campylobacter is the most common bacterial cause of gastroenteritis in england and wales, with 45000 cases reported annually. campylobacter incidence is highly seasonal; the consistent peak in late spring suggests a role for meteorological factors in the epidemiology of this organism. we investigated the relationship between ambient temperature and campylobacter enteritis using time-series analysis to study short-term associations between temperature and number of campylobacter reports adjusted ...	2006	16409658
antimicrobial resistance in campylobacter jejuni from humans and broilers in norway.	in this study comprising isolates from 2001 to 2003, resistance was considerably more widespread among campylobacter jejuni from humans infected abroad than infected within norway. the discrepancy was particularly notable for fluoroquinolone resistance (67.4% vs. 6.5%). this is probably a reflection of a low resistance prevalence in norwegian broiler isolates (1.2% fluoroquinolone resistant).	2006	16409659
antimicrobial resistance in campylobacter jejuni from humans and broilers in norway.	in this study comprising isolates from 2001 to 2003, resistance was considerably more widespread among campylobacter jejuni from humans infected abroad than infected within norway. the discrepancy was particularly notable for fluoroquinolone resistance (67.4% vs. 6.5%). this is probably a reflection of a low resistance prevalence in norwegian broiler isolates (1.2% fluoroquinolone resistant).	2006	16409659
characterization of macrolide-resistant campylobacter coli isolates from food-producing animals on farms across japan during 2004.	we investigated the susceptibilities against 7 antimicrobial agents in campylobacter jejuni and c. coli isolates from food-producing animals in 2004. in comparison with the results of past surveillance, no significant difference was observed in resistance rates against all of the antimicrobials tested in campylobacter isolates. however, slight increase of erythromycin (em) resistance was found in c. coli isolates from pigs. we examined the mutation of the 23s rrna gene and their susceptibilities ...	2006	17085893
comparison of culture and a novel 5' taq nuclease assay for direct detection of campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis in clinical specimens from cattle.	a campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis-specific 5' taq nuclease pcr assay using a 3' minor groove binder-dna probe (taqman mgb) was developed based on a subspecies-specific fragment of unknown identity (s. hum, k. quinn, j. brunner, and s. l. on, aust. vet. j. 75:827-831, 1997). the assay specifically detected four c. fetus subsp. venerealis strains with no observed cross-reaction with c. fetus subsp. fetus-related campylobacter species or other bovine venereal microflora. the 5' taq nuclease a ...	2006	16517880
dissemination of fluoroquinolone-resistant campylobacter spp. within an integrated commercial poultry production system.	while characterizing the intestinal bacterial community of broiler chickens, we detected epsilon-proteobacterial dna in the ilea of 3-day-old commercial broiler chicks (j. lu, u. idris, b. harmon, c. hofacre, j. j. maurer, and m. d. lee, appl. environ. microbiol. 69:6816-6824, 2003). the sequences exhibited high levels of similarity to campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli sequences, suggesting that chickens can carry campylobacter at a very young age. campylobacter sp. was detected by pcr ...	2006	16672489
effect of conventional and organic production practices on the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of campylobacter spp. in poultry.	intestinal tracts of broilers and turkeys from 10 conventional broiler farms and 10 conventional turkey farms, where antimicrobials were routinely used, and from 5 organic broiler farms and 5 organic turkey farms, where antimicrobials had never been used, were collected and cultured for campylobacter species. a total of 694 campylobacter isolates from the conventional and organic poultry operations were tested for antimicrobial resistance to nine antimicrobial agents by the agar dilution method. ...	2006	16672508
campylobacter coli enteritis and guillain-barré syndrome: no evidence of molecular mimicry and serological relationship.	campylobacter coli was isolated from two guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) patients who had anti-gm1 and anti-gd1 igg antibodies. although both this bacteria and campylobacter jejuni are common causes of diarrheal illness, previous studies have focused only on c. jejuni as the causal agent of gbs. to determine whether c. coli also is a causative agent, we examined the hypothesis that production of anti-ganglioside antibodies is induced by ganglioside-mimics on that bacterial lipo-oligosaccharide (lo ...	2006	16600306
campylobacter jejuni multilocus sequence types in humans, northwest england, 2003-2004.	detailed understanding of the epidemiology of campylobacter is increasingly facilitated through use of universal and reproducible techniques for accurate strain differentiation and subtyping. multilocus sequence typing (mlst) enables discriminatory subtyping and grouping of isolate types into genetically related clonal complexes; it also has the advantage of ease of application and repeatability. recent studies suggest that a measure of host association may be distinguishable with this system. w ...	2006	17176563
antibiotic resistance of retail food and human campylobacter isolates on the island of ireland from 2001-2002.	the antimicrobial resistance profiles of campylobacter isolates recovered from a range of retail food samples (n=374) and humans (n=314) to eight antimicrobial compounds were investigated. high levels of resistance in food c. jejuni isolates were observed for ceftiofur (58%), ampicillin (25%) and nalidixic acid (17%) with lower levels observed for streptomycin (7.9%) and chloramphenicol (8.3%). a total of 80% of human c. jejuni isolates were resistant to ceftiofur, while 17% showed resistance to ...	2006	16623987
two distinct mutations in gyra lead to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid resistance in campylobacter coli and campylobacter jejuni isolated from chickens and beef cattle.	the aim of this study was to identify point mutations in the gyra quinolone resistance determining region (qrdr) of campylobacter coli (n = 27) and campylobacter jejuni (n = 26) that confer nalidixic acid (nal) resistance without conferring resistance to ciprofloxacin (cip).	2006	16553723
optimal settings of fingerprint-type analysing computer software for the analysis of enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns.	settings of fingerprint-type analysing computer software were optimized for analysis of enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) patterns. under the lowest values of parameters, maximum value of similarities calculated using the dice coefficient were obtained between pfge patterns from one ehec strain on the same gel when reference lanes for calibration of distortions during electrophoresis were set to every fourth lane. pfge patterns of 15 ehec strains ...	2006	16566856