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molecular mechanisms of quinolone, macrolide, and tetracycline resistance among campylobacter isolates from initial stages of broiler production.the aim of this study was to investigate the resistance mechanisms of quinolones, macrolides and tetracycline in campylobacter isolates from grandparent and parent broiler breeders in spain. twenty-six isolates were investigated for quinolone resistance, three isolates for macrolide resistance and 39 for tetracycline resistance. all of the quinolone-resistant isolates possessed the mutation thr86ile in the quinolone resistance-determining region of gyra and one isolate possessed the mutation pro ...201424689432
evaluation and single-laboratory verification of a proposed modification to the u.s. food and drug administration method for detection and identification of campylobacter jejuni or campylobacter coli from raw silo milk.the current u.s. food and drug administration (fda) methodology for detection of campylobacter, a leading source for foodborne illness, is outdated. the purpose of this study, therefore, was to improve and update the cultural and identification methods found in the fda/bacteriological analytical manual (bam). raw silo milk samples containing typical and atypical strains of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli at different levels (5 cfu/25 g, 50 cfu/25 g, and 125 cfu/25 g) were analyzed. v ...201424645512
validation according to iso 16140:2003 of a commercial real-time pcr-based method for detecting campylobacter jejuni, c. coli, and c. lari in foods.campylobacteriosis was the most frequently reported zoonosis in the european union (eu) in 2010, with campylobacter jejuni, campylobacter coli, and campylobacter lari as the most frequently reported species in foodborne outbreaks (fbos). relatively sensitive to environmental factors, these species may be present in low numbers. in line with eu policy for food control and fbo detection and in view of the need to reduce response time, we validated an alternative molecular method according to iso 1 ...201424607425
a pcr-rflp assay for the detection and differentiation of campylobacter jejuni, c. coli, c. fetus, c. hyointestinalis, c. lari, c. helveticus and c. upsaliensis.although campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli are the most common bacterial causes of human gastrointestinal diseases, other campylobacter species are also involved in human and animal infections. in this study, we developed a cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) gene-based pcr-rflp assay for the detection and differentiation of c. jejuni, c. coli, c. fetus, c. hyointestinalis, c. lari, c. helveticus and c. upsaliensis. previously designed common primers, which can amplify the cdtb gene of c ...201424568882
prevalence of campylobacter among goats and retail goat meat in congo.the prevalence of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli was determined in goat and goat meat sold at retail outlets in lubumbashi, democratic republic of congo (dr congo).201424518626
[microbiological diagnosis of infections caused by campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli in humans].campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli are gram-negative, microaerophilic bacteria which are worldwide in distribution, causing a zoonotic disease in humans called campylobacteriosis. these infections are mainly caused by eating contaminated food products, most often improperly prepared poultry meat. campylobacteriosis usually takes the form of gastroenteritis, or inflammation of the intestines, and the characteristic symptoms are watery-mucous diarrhea often with the presence of blood in s ...201424491895
campylobacter coli cultured from the stools of a patient with immunoproliferative small intestinal disease.campylobacter has been associated with immunoproliferative small intestinal disease (ipsid), on the basis of 16s rdna sequencing, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. here, for the first time, we have cultured campylobacter from the stools of a patient with ipsid. phenotypic analysis and whole genome sequencing identified campylobacter coli. pcr on a ipsid tissue biopsy sample was positive for campylobacter coli and negative for campylobacter jejuni. these findings further support a ...201424438451
diversity of campylobacter in retail meat and liver of lambs and goat kids.the presence, genetic diversity, and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of campylobacter spp. in retail lamb and goat kid carcasses were assessed. a total of 200 samples consisting of 100 meat and 100 liver surface swabs were collected from 47 lamb and 53 goat kid carcasses at 23 retail markets in northern greece, and 125 campylobacter isolates were recovered from 32 meat surfaces (32%) and 44 liver surfaces (44%). multiplex polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphis ...201424437705
campylobacter in small ruminants at slaughter: prevalence, pulsotypes and antibiotic resistance.the present study aimed to address the prevalence, pulsotypes, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of campylobacter species present in sheep and goat carcasses at slaughter. in total, 851 samples were collected (343 meat surfaces, 282 ileum contents, 226 liver surfaces) and 835 campylobacter isolates were detected in 274 out of 343 carcasses (116 kids, 110 lambs, 63 goats and 54 sheep). the contamination rates per carcass category were 78.4% for kids, 94.5% for lambs, 63.5% for goats, and ...201424412959
molecular typing of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli isolated from various retail meats by mlst and pfge.campylobacter species are one of the leading causes of foodborne disease in the united states. campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli are the two main species of concern to human health and cause approximately 95% of human infections. molecular typing methods, such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and multilocus sequence typing (mlst) are often used to source track foodborne bacterial pathogens. the aim of the present study was to compare pfge and mlst in typing strains of c. jeju ...201428234305
report of ribosomal rna methylase gene erm(b) in multidrug-resistant campylobacter coli.campylobacter is a major foodborne enteric pathogen and macrolides are the drug of choice for the clinical therapy of campylobacteriosis. macrolide resistance among campylobacter compromises clinical treatment, is associated with adverse health events and is a significant public health concern. here, we report the first identification of a horizontally transferrable macrolide resistance mechanism in porcine campylobacter coli zc113 that is mediated by a ribosomal rna methylase, erm(b).201424335515
antimicrobial resistance of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli from poultry in italy.this study was aimed at assessing the antimicrobial resistance (amr) of campylobacter isolates from broilers and turkeys reared in industrial farms in northern italy, given the public health concern represented by resistant campylobacters in food-producing animals and the paucity of data about this topic in our country. thirty-six campylobacter jejuni and 24 campylobacter coli isolated from broilers and 68 c. jejuni and 32 c. coli from turkeys were tested by disk diffusion for their susceptibili ...201424320689
interaction between campylobacter and intestinal epithelial cells leads to a different proinflammatory response in human and porcine host.campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli are recognized as the leading causes of human diarrheal disease throughout the development world. unlike human beings, gastrointestinal tract of pigs are frequently colonized by campylobacter to a high level in a commensal manner. the aim of this study was to identify the differences underlying the divergent outcome following campylobacter challenge in porcine versus human host. in order to address this, a comparative in vitro infection model was combi ...201425307769
method-dependent variability in determination of prevalence of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli in canadian retail poultry.campylobacter is the most frequent cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in canada, and the illness is commonly associated with poultry consumption. whereas canadian retail poultry is often contaminated with campylobacters, studies on the prevalence of this organism are inconsistent due to variability in sampling and microbiological methodology. to determine the current microbiological status of canadian poultry, and to evaluate two commonly used microbiological methods, 348 raw poultry samples wer ...201425285484
sensitive and rapid detection of campylobacter species from stools of children with diarrhea in japan by the loop-mediated isothermal amplification method.we detected campylobacter spp. in 5% (20/380) of diarrheal stool samples collected at an outpatient clinic in kyoto using a commercial loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) kit with a fluorescent detection reagent after dna extraction. the sensitivity and specificity were 100% in comparison with those of semi-nested pcr for the differentiation of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli. fourteen of the 20 samples were already determined as c. jejuni by the culture method. all 20 samp ...201425241688
isolation of campylobacter from brazilian broiler flocks using different culturing procedures.conventional culturing methods enable the detection of campylobacter in broiler flocks. however, laboratory culture of campylobacter is laborious because of its fastidious behavior and the presence of competing nontarget bacteria. this study evaluated different protocols to isolate campylobacter from broiler litter, feces, and cloacal and drag swabs. samples taken from commercial brazilian broiler flocks were directly streaked onto preston agar (pa), campy-line agar (cla), and modified charcoal ...201425172927
prevalence of thermotolerant campylobacter spp. in farmed hares (lepus europaeus).thermotolerant campylobacter spp. were isolated from 118/240 (49.2%) rectal swabs from commercially farmed hares (lepus europaeus) in southern italy. using multiplex pcr, campylobacter coli was identified in 118/118 (100%) positive samples, while 17/118 (14.4%) positive samples were also positive for campylobacter jejuni. adult hares had a higher prevalence of infection with campylobacter spp. than juvenile hares.201425168717
identification and characterisation of new campylobacter group iii phages of animal origin.campylobacter-specific bacteriophages (phages) are considered as an alternative intervention strategy to decrease the level of poultry contamination with campylobacter, a leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. eradication efficiency depends primarily on phage-host interaction mediated by phage tail-spike proteins and bacterial receptors. here, this interaction was characterised using tail-spike gene sequence analysis, phage neutralisation by antiserum and host range analysis of newly isolat ...201425168177
experimental study of the impact of antimicrobial treatments on campylobacter, enterococcus and pcr-capillary electrophoresis single-strand conformation polymorphism profiles of the gut microbiota of chickens.an experiment was conducted to compare the impact of antimicrobial treatments on the susceptibility of campylobacter, enterococcus faecium and enterococcus faecalis, and on the diversity of broiler microbiota. specific-pathogen-free chickens were first orally inoculated with strains of campylobacter and enterococcus faecium. birds were then orally treated with recommended doses of oxytetracycline, sulfadimethoxine/trimethoprim, amoxicillin or enrofloxacin. faecal samples were collected before, d ...201425142966
a pre-enrichment step is essential for detection of campylobacter sp. in turbid pond water.this work aimed to detect campylobacter species from naturally contaminated turbid pond water by pcr. a total of 16 water samples were collected from a turbid village pond. four methods of dna extraction were applied to centrifuge pellets from eight 100 ml pond water samples prior to attempted detection of campylobacter by pcr without an enrichment step. these methods were (1) tris-hcl and sodium dodecyl sulfate followed by phenol:chloroform:isoamylalcohol extraction followed by treatment with d ...201425134901
human, food and animal campylobacter spp. isolated in portugal: high genetic diversity and antibiotic resistance rates.infections by campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli are considered the major cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans, with food being the main source of infection. in this study, a total of 196 campylobacter strains (125 isolates from humans, 39 from retail food and 32 from food animal sources) isolated in portugal between 2009 and 2012 were characterised by multilocus sequence typing (mlst) and flaa short variable region (svr) typing. susceptibility to six antibiotics as well as the ...201425130097
quantitative effects of in-line operations on campylobacter and escherichia coli through two australian broiler processing plants.campylobacter is an important food borne pathogen, mainly associated with poultry. a lack of through-chain quantitative campylobacter data has been highlighted within quantitative risk assessments. the aim of this study was to quantitatively and qualitatively measure campylobacter and escherichia coli concentration on chicken carcasses through poultry slaughter. chickens (n=240) were sampled from each of four flocks along the processing chain, before scald, after scald, before chill, after chill ...201425104301
campylobacter spp. and birds of prey.a total of 170 birds of prey admitted to two wildlife rescue and rehabilitation centers of italy were examined. birds were divided by diurnal (n = 15) and nocturnal (n = 7) species, sampled by cloacal swabs, and examined for campylobacter spp. by cultural and molecular methods. campylobacter spp. were isolated in 43 out of the 170 (25.3%) birds of prey examined. among these, 43/43 (100%) were identified as campylobacter jejuni and 10/43 (23.3%) were identified as campylobacter coli recovered fro ...201425055637
development and assessment of molecular diagnostic tests for 15 enteropathogens causing childhood diarrhoea: a multicentre study.childhood diarrhoea can be caused by many pathogens that are difficult to assay in the laboratory. molecular diagnostic techniques provide a uniform method to detect and quantify candidate enteropathogens. we aimed to develop and assess molecular tests for identification of enteropathogens and their association with disease.201425022434
prevalence of and risk factors for campylobacter colonisation in broiler flocks at the end of the rearing period in france.1. a study was conducted to estimate the prevalence and quantification by species of campylobacter infection in broiler flocks at the end of the rearing period and to identify associated risk factors. 2. a questionnaire about the rearing period was completed and caecal samples were collected from 121 broiler flocks in brittany, france, during 2008. 3. campylobacter was isolated in 87 out of 121 flocks--a prevalence of 71.9% (95% ci, 63.7-80.1%), including 40.5% of campylobacter jejuni and 29.8% ...201425010255
antibiotic susceptibility pattern and genotyping of campylobacter species isolated from children suffering from gastroenteritis.to study the prevalence and the antimicrobial resistance of campylobacter species isolated from children suffering from gastroenteritis .201425008814
a national investigation of the prevalence and diversity of thermophilic campylobacter species in agricultural watersheds in canada.the occurrence and diversity of thermophilic campylobacter species (c. jejuni, coli, and lari) were studied in water samples from four river basins located across canada. these basins located in quebec (bras d'henri), alberta (oldman), ontario (south nation), and british columbia (sumas) represented some of the most intensive farming areas in canada for hog, beef cattle, dairy cattle, and poultry, respectively. this study analyzed 769 water samples collected from 23 monitoring sites with agricul ...201424930011
rapid detection and differentiation of important campylobacter spp. in poultry samples by dot blot and pcr.the detection of campylobacter, the most commonly reported cause of foodborne gastroenteritis in the european union, is very important for human health. the most commonly recognised risk factor for infection is the handling and/or consumption of undercooked poultry meat. the methods typically applied to evaluate the presence/absence of campylobacter in food samples are direct plating and/or enrichment culture based on the horizontal method for detection and enumeration of campylobacter spp. (iso ...201424929879
antimicrobial resistance among campylobacter spp. strains isolated from different poultry production systems at slaughterhouse level.the aim of the current work was to evaluate the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of campylobacter spp. isolated from different chicken production systems at the slaughterhouse level. chicken sampling at slaughterhouse was performed for cecum, carcass, and breast meat from flocks of organic (n = 6), extensive indoor (n = 14), and intensive production (n = 14), totaling 34 ceca pools, 64 neck skin pools, and 132 breasts, representing 96,386 chickens. a collection of 167 strains were ide ...201424879708
molecular subtyping and antimicrobial susceptibilities of campylobacter coli isolates from diarrheal patients and food-producing animals in china.the aim of this study was to determine the molecular subtyping and antimicrobial susceptibility characteristics of campylobacter coli isolates from different sources in china. one hundred thirteen c. coli isolates were subtyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), multilocus sequence typing (mlst), and pora and flaa short variable region (svr) nucleotide sequences. cluster analysis was performed based on the pfge and sequence types (st). eighty-four pfge patterns (smai) were observed in 1 ...201424844559
supplementation of bolton broth with triclosan improves detection of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli in chicken carcass rinse.we compared bolton enrichment broth supplemented with antimicrobial triclosan (t-bolton broth) and normal bolton broth for the isolation of campylobacter jejuni (c. jejuni) and campylobacter coli (c. coli) from chicken carcass rinse. whole chickens were rinsed with buffered peptone water prior to enrichment in normal bolton broth or t-bolton broth, followed by inoculation onto modified charcoal-cefoperazone-deoxycholate agar (mccda). suspect colonies were confirmed by pcr. we observed a signific ...201424813626
phenolic acids profile, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of chamomile, common yarrow and immortelle (asteraceae).chamomile, common yarrow and immortelle ethanolic extracts were chemically analysed with respect to phenolics. twelve phenolic acids were separated and identified by hplc-dad and the presence of rosmarinic acid was additionally confirmed by lc-ms. five methods were applied for the evaluation of extracts' antioxidant properties (frap, dpph, abts, chelating activity, briggs-rauscher reaction), while the antibacterial activity was tested against some of the major food-borne pathogens (campylobacter ...201425632475
development of 23 individual taqman® real-time pcr assays for identifying common foodborne pathogens using a single set of amplification conditions.most of the acute intestinal diseases are caused by foodborne pathogens with infants and elderly people being at major risk. the aim of this study was to develop a procedure to simultaneously detect 20 foodborne pathogens in complex alimentary matrices such as milk, cheese and meat. the list of targets include, among the others, listeria spp., salmonella spp., shigella spp., escherichia coli spp., campylobacter spp., clostridium spp. and staphylococcus aureus. the accuracy of detection was deter ...201424929880
thermal control of virulence factors in bacteria: a hot topic.pathogenic bacteria sense environmental cues, including the local temperature, to control the production of key virulence factors. thermal regulation can be achieved at the level of dna, rna or protein and although many virulence factors are subject to thermal regulation, the exact mechanisms of control are yet to be elucidated in many instances. understanding how virulence factors are regulated by temperature presents a significant challenge, as gene expression and protein production are often ...201425494856
the sweet tooth of bacteria: common themes in bacterial glycoconjugates.humans have been increasingly recognized as being superorganisms, living in close contact with a microbiota on all their mucosal surfaces. however, most studies on the human microbiota have focused on gaining comprehensive insights into the composition of the microbiota under different health conditions (e.g., enterotypes), while there is also a need for detailed knowledge of the different molecules that mediate interactions with the host. glycoconjugates are an interesting class of molecules fo ...201425184559
a quantitative prioritisation of human and domestic animal pathogens in europe.disease or pathogen risk prioritisations aid understanding of infectious agent impact within surveillance or mitigation and biosecurity work, but take significant development. previous work has shown the h-(hirsch-)index as an alternative proxy. we present a weighted risk analysis describing infectious pathogen impact for human health (human pathogens) and well-being (domestic animal pathogens) using an objective, evidence-based, repeatable approach; the h-index. this study established the highe ...201425136810
the molecular evolution of the qo motif.quinol oxidation in the catalytic quinol oxidation site (q(o) site) of cytochrome (cyt) bc(1) complexes is the key step of the q cycle mechanism, which laid the ground for mitchell's chemiosmotic theory of energy conversion. bifurcated electron transfer upon quinol oxidation enables proton uptake and release on opposite membrane sides, thus generating a proton gradient that fuels atp synthesis in cellular respiration and photosynthesis. the q(o) site architecture formed by cyt b and rieske iron- ...201425115012
gram-negative flagella glycosylation.protein glycosylation had been considered as an eccentricity of a few bacteria. however, through advances in analytical methods and genome sequencing, it is now established that bacteria possess both n-linked and o-linked glycosylation pathways. both glycosylation pathways can modify multiple proteins, flagellins from archaea and eubacteria being one of these. flagella o-glycosylation has been demonstrated in many polar flagellins from gram-negative bacteria and in only the gram-positive genera ...201424557579
detection of zoonotic pathogens and characterization of novel viruses carried by commensal rattus norvegicus in new york city.norway rats (rattus norvegicus) are globally distributed and concentrate in urban environments, where they live and feed in closer proximity to human populations than most other mammals. despite the potential role of rats as reservoirs of zoonotic diseases, the microbial diversity present in urban rat populations remains unexplored. in this study, we used targeted molecular assays to detect known bacterial, viral, and protozoan human pathogens and unbiased high-throughput sequencing to identify ...201425316698
rapid methods for the detection of foodborne bacterial pathogens: principles, applications, advantages and limitations.the incidence of foodborne diseases has increased over the years and resulted in major public health problem globally. foodborne pathogens can be found in various foods and it is important to detect foodborne pathogens to provide safe food supply and to prevent foodborne diseases. the conventional methods used to detect foodborne pathogen are time consuming and laborious. hence, a variety of methods have been developed for rapid detection of foodborne pathogens as it is required in many food ana ...201425628612
rapid methods for the detection of foodborne bacterial pathogens: principles, applications, advantages and limitations.the incidence of foodborne diseases has increased over the years and resulted in major public health problem globally. foodborne pathogens can be found in various foods and it is important to detect foodborne pathogens to provide safe food supply and to prevent foodborne diseases. the conventional methods used to detect foodborne pathogen are time consuming and laborious. hence, a variety of methods have been developed for rapid detection of foodborne pathogens as it is required in many food ana ...201425628612
cj1386, an atypical hemin-binding protein, mediates hemin trafficking to kata in campylobacter jejuni.catalase enzymes detoxify h2o2 by the dismutation of h2o2 into o2 and h2o through the use of hemin cofactors. while the structure and biochemical properties of catalase enzymes have been well characterized over many decades of research, it remained unclear how catalases acquire hemin. we have previously reported that cj1386 is essential for ensuring proper hemin content in campylobacter jejuni catalase (kata) (a. flint, y. q. sun, and a. stintzi, j bacteriol 194: 334-345, 2012). in this report, ...201425548249
cj1386, an atypical hemin-binding protein, mediates hemin trafficking to kata in campylobacter jejuni.catalase enzymes detoxify h2o2 by the dismutation of h2o2 into o2 and h2o through the use of hemin cofactors. while the structure and biochemical properties of catalase enzymes have been well characterized over many decades of research, it remained unclear how catalases acquire hemin. we have previously reported that cj1386 is essential for ensuring proper hemin content in campylobacter jejuni catalase (kata) (a. flint, y. q. sun, and a. stintzi, j bacteriol 194: 334-345, 2012). in this report, ...201425548249
clinical importance and epidemiology of quinolone resistance.the quinolone class of antimicrobial agents is one of most widely used classes of antimicrobial agents in outpatient and inpatient treatment. however, quinolone resistance in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria has emerged and increased globally. this resistance limits the usefulness of quinolones in clinical practice. the review summarizes mechanisms of quinolone resistance and its epidemiology and implications in the most common clinical settings, urinary tract infections, respiratory tra ...201425566402
transcriptomic and proteomic analyses reveal key innate immune signatures in the host response to the gastrointestinal pathogen campylobacter concisus.pathogenic species within the genus campylobacter are responsible for a considerable burden on global health. campylobacter concisus is an emergent pathogen that plays a role in acute and chronic gastrointestinal disease. despite ongoing research on campylobacter virulence mechanisms, little is known regarding the immunological profile of the host response to campylobacter infection. in this study, we describe a comprehensive global profile of innate immune responses to c. concisus infection in ...201425486993
transcriptomic and proteomic analyses reveal key innate immune signatures in the host response to the gastrointestinal pathogen campylobacter concisus.pathogenic species within the genus campylobacter are responsible for a considerable burden on global health. campylobacter concisus is an emergent pathogen that plays a role in acute and chronic gastrointestinal disease. despite ongoing research on campylobacter virulence mechanisms, little is known regarding the immunological profile of the host response to campylobacter infection. in this study, we describe a comprehensive global profile of innate immune responses to c. concisus infection in ...201425486993
effect of administration route and dose escalation on plasma and intestinal concentrations of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in broiler chickens.the (mis)use of fluoroquinolones in the fowl industry has led to an alarming incidence of fluoroquinolone resistance in pathogenic as well as commensal bacteria. next to simply reducing antimicrobial consumption, optimizing dosage regimens can be regarded as a suitable strategy to reduce antimicrobial resistance development without jeopardizing therapy efficacy and outcome. a first step in order to limit antimicrobial resistance is to assess the exposure of the intestinal microbiota to enrofloxa ...201425440469
multilocus sequence typing (mlst) and whole-genome mlst of campylobacter jejuni isolates from human infections in three districts during a seasonal peak in finland.a total of 95 human campylobacter jejuni isolates acquired from domestic infections and collected from three districts in finland during the seasonal peak (june to september) in 2012 were analyzed by pcr-based multilocus sequence typing (mlst) and by whole-genome sequencing (wgs). four predominant sequence types (sts) were detected among the isolates: st-45 (21%) and st-230 (14%, st-45 clonal complex [cc]), st-267 (21%, st-283 cc), and st-677 (19%, st-677 cc). in districts 1 and 3, most of the i ...201425232158
extraintestinal campylobacteriosis in rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta).two cases of clinical disease associated with extraintestinal campylobacter infection were recently encountered in rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta). the first case was that of a 3-y-old, male, rhesus macaque experimentally infected with siv, who presented with abdominal pain and a midabdominal mass and was euthanized. pathology findings included an abscess within the median liver lobe, fibrinopurulent peritonitis, and intestinal serositis with isolation of campylobacter fetus from the blood, liv ...201425527031
antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and molecular typing of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli isolates from ducks in south korea.campylobacter is a food-borne zoonotic pathogen that causes human gastroenteritis worldwide. campylobacter bacteria are commensal in the intestines of many food production animals, including ducks and chickens. the objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of campylobacter species in domestic ducks, and the agar dilution method was used to determine resistance of the isolates to eight antibiotics. in addition, multilocus sequence typing (mlst) was performed to determine the sequence ...201425261524
systematic review and meta-analysis of the proportion of campylobacter cases that develop chronic sequelae.understanding of chronic sequelae development after campylobacter infection is limited. the objective of the study was to determine via systematic review and meta-analysis the proportion of campylobacter cases that develop chronic sequelae.201425416162
first case report of fatal sepsis due to campylobacter upsaliensis.we encountered a rare case of severe fatal infection in a 70-year-old woman due to campylobacter upsaliensis, identified by pcr amplification and sequencing analysis of the 16s rrna gene using dna extracted from the isolates. to our knowledge, fatal sepsis due to this organism has never been described to date.201425411172
first case report of fatal sepsis due to campylobacter upsaliensis.we encountered a rare case of severe fatal infection in a 70-year-old woman due to campylobacter upsaliensis, identified by pcr amplification and sequencing analysis of the 16s rrna gene using dna extracted from the isolates. to our knowledge, fatal sepsis due to this organism has never been described to date.201425411172
a phylogeny-based sampling strategy and power calculator informs genome-wide associations study design for microbial pathogens.whole genome sequencing is increasingly used to study phenotypic variation among infectious pathogens and to evaluate their relative transmissibility, virulence, and immunogenicity. to date, relatively little has been published on how and how many pathogen strains should be selected for studies associating phenotype and genotype. there are specific challenges when identifying genetic associations in bacteria which often comprise highly structured populations. here we consider general methodologi ...201425484920
intraspecies comparison of streptomyces pratensis genomes reveals high levels of recombination and gene conservation between strains of disparate geographic origin.streptomyces are widespread bacteria that contribute to the terrestrial carbon cycle and produce the majority of clinically useful antibiotics. while interspecific genomic diversity has been investigated among streptomyces, information is lacking on intraspecific genomic diversity. streptomyces pratensis has high rates of homologous recombination but the impact of such gene exchange on genome evolution and the evolution of natural product gene clusters remains uncharacterized.201425399205
comparative genomics of the campylobacter lari group.the campylobacter lari group is a phylogenetic clade within the epsilon subdivision of the proteobacteria and is part of the thermotolerant campylobacter spp., a division within the genus that includes the human pathogen campylobacter jejuni. the c. lari group is currently composed of five species (c. lari, campylobacter insulaenigrae, campylobacter volucris, campylobacter subantarcticus, and campylobacter peloridis), as well as a group of strains termed the urease-positive thermophilic campylob ...201425381664
phenotypic and genotypic diversity of thermophilic campylobacter spp. in commercial turkey flocks: a longitudinal study.poultry are recognized as a main reservoir of campylobacter spp. however, longitudinal studies investigating the persistence of campylobacter on commercial meat turkeys are rare. the objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and persistence of genotypically related strains of campylobacter spp. recovered from three commercial turkey farms in ohio belonging to a single producer. eight hundred ten samples were collected from birds aged 1 week to slaug ...201425184688
campylobacter colonization and proliferation in the broiler chicken upon natural field challenge is not affected by the bird growth rate or breed.the zoonotic association between campylobacter bacteria in poultry and humans has been characterized by decades of research which has attempted to elucidate the epidemiology of this complex relationship and to reduce carriage within poultry. while much work has focused on the mechanisms facilitating its success in contaminating chicken flocks (and other animal hosts), it remains difficult to consistently exclude campylobacter under field conditions. within the united kingdom poultry industry, va ...201425172857
prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of campylobacter spp. in oklahoma conventional and organic retail poultry.campylobacter is one of the most important foodborne pathogens that cause bacterial gastroenteritis.this study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of campylobacter in conventional and organic retail poultry samples purchased from grocery stores in tulsa, oklahoma.one hundred and fifty six chilled retail chicken samples (85 conventional and 71 organic) and 65 chilled retail conventional turkey samples were collected in this study. the prevalence of campylobact ...201425408778
differences in carbon source utilisation distinguish campylobacter jejuni from campylobacter coli.campylobacter jejuni and c. coli are human intestinal pathogens that are the most frequent causes of bacterial foodborne gastroenteritis in humans in the uk. in this study, we aimed to characterise the metabolic diversity of both c. jejuni and c. coli using a diverse panel of clinical strains isolated from the uk, pakistan and thailand, thereby representing both the developed and developing world. our aim was to apply multi genome analysis and biolog phenotyping to determine differences in carbo ...201425348335
paidb v2.0: exploration and analysis of pathogenicity and resistance islands.pathogenicity is a complex multifactorial process confounded by the concerted activity of genetic regions associated with virulence and/or resistance determinants. pathogenicity islands (pais) and resistance islands (reis) are key to the evolution of pathogens and appear to play complimentary roles in the process of bacterial infection. while pais promote disease development, reis give a fitness advantage to the host against multiple antimicrobial agents. the pathogenicity island database (paidb ...201425336619
paidb v2.0: exploration and analysis of pathogenicity and resistance islands.pathogenicity is a complex multifactorial process confounded by the concerted activity of genetic regions associated with virulence and/or resistance determinants. pathogenicity islands (pais) and resistance islands (reis) are key to the evolution of pathogens and appear to play complimentary roles in the process of bacterial infection. while pais promote disease development, reis give a fitness advantage to the host against multiple antimicrobial agents. the pathogenicity island database (paidb ...201425336619
exploring pfge for detecting large plasmids in campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli isolated from various retail meats.campylobacter spp. is one of the most prevalent bacterial pathogens in retail meat, particularly poultry, and is a leading cause of diarrhea in humans. studies related to campylobacter large plasmids are limited in the literature possibly due to difficulty in isolating them using available alkaline lysis methods. the objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of plasmids, particularly large ones, in campylobacter spp. isolated from various oklahoma retail meats, and to explore pfg ...201425436507
repetitive sequence variations in the promoter region of the adhesin-encoding gene saba of helicobacter pylori affect transcription.the pathogenesis of diseases elicited by the gastric pathogen helicobacter pylori is partially determined by the effectiveness of adaptation to the variably acidic environment of the host stomach. adaptation includes appropriate adherence to the gastric epithelium via outer membrane protein adhesins such as saba. the expression of saba is subject to regulation via phase variation in the promoter and coding regions as well as repression by the two-component system arsrs. in this study, we investi ...201425022855
emerging technologies for the clinical microbiology laboratory.in this review we examine the literature related to emerging technologies that will help to reshape the clinical microbiology laboratory. these topics include nucleic acid amplification tests such as isothermal and point-of-care molecular diagnostics, multiplexed panels for syndromic diagnosis, digital pcr, next-generation sequencing, and automation of molecular tests. we also review matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (maldi-tof) and electrospray ionization (esi) mass spe ...201425278575
incidence of and factors associated with false positives in laboratory diagnosis of norovirus infection by amplification of the rna-dependent rna polymerase gene.conventional reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) amplification of the rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) gene remains a used method for the rapid detection of norovirus (nv) in clinical laboratories. the incidence of and factors associated with false positives in this assay have not been previously evaluated.201425264621
emerging rapid resistance testing methods for clinical microbiology laboratories and their potential impact on patient management.atypical and multidrug resistance, especially esbl and carbapenemase expressing enterobacteriaceae, is globally spreading. therefore, it becomes increasingly difficult to achieve therapeutic success by calculated antibiotic therapy. consequently, rapid antibiotic resistance testing is essential. various molecular and mass spectrometry-based approaches have been introduced in diagnostic microbiology to speed up the providing of reliable resistance data. pcr- and sequencing-based approaches are th ...201425343142
susceptibility to campylobacter infection is associated with the species composition of the human fecal microbiota.the gut microbiota is essential for human health, but very little is known about how the composition of this ecosystem can influence and respond to bacterial infections. here we address this by prospectively studying the gut microbiota composition before, during, and after natural campylobacter infection in exposed poultry abattoir workers. the gut microbiota composition was analyzed with 16s amplicon sequencing of fecal samples from poultry abattoir workers during the peak season of campylobact ...201425227462
accurate detection of campylobacter spp. antigens by immunochromatography and enzyme immunoassay in routine microbiological laboratory.campylobacter spp. are fastidious microorganisms, and their detection by culture depends on the freshness of the stool sample and the skills of the laboratory staff. to improve laboratory diagnosis, assays for the detection of specific antigens have been developed. here, we evaluated two assays for the detection of campylobacter spp.-specific antigens, i.e., one immunochromatographic test and one enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (eia), in 38 frozen campylobacter spp.-positive specimens and pros ...201425215191
genomic evidence for the emergence and evolution of pathogenicity and niche preferences in the genus campylobacter.the genus campylobacter includes some of the most relevant pathogens for human and animal health; the continuous effort in their characterization has also revealed new species putatively involved in different kind of infections. nowadays, the available genomic data for the genus comprise a wide variety of species with different pathogenic potential and niche preferences. in this work, we contribute to enlarge this available information presenting the first genome for the species campylobacter sp ...201425193310
evolution and comparative genomics of campylobacter jejuni st-677 clonal complex.campylobacter is the most common bacterial cause of gastroenteritis in the european union with over 200,000 laboratory-confirmed cases reported annually. this is the first study to describe findings related to comparative genomics analyses of the sequence type (st)-677 clonal complex (cc), a campylobacter jejuni lineage associated with bacteremia cases in humans. we performed whole-genome sequencing, using illumina hiseq sequencing technology, on five related st-677 cc isolates from two chicken ...201425193305
identifying etiological agents causing diarrhea in low income ecuadorian communities.continued success in decreasing diarrheal disease burden requires targeted interventions. to develop such interventions, it is crucial to understand which pathogens cause diarrhea. using a case-control design we tested stool samples, collected in both rural and urban ecuador, for 15 pathogenic microorganisms. pathogens were present in 51% of case and 27% of control samples from the urban community, and 62% of case and 18% of control samples collected from the rural community. rotavirus and shige ...201425048373
same-day subtyping of campylobacter jejuni and c. coli isolates by use of multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification-binary typing.campylobacteriosis is the most commonly reported form of human bacterial gastroenteritis in the world. sound identification of infectious sources requires subtyping, but the most widely used methods have turnaround times measured in days and require specialist equipment and skills. a multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification-binary typing (mbit) assay was developed for subtyping campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli. it was tested on 245 isolates, including recent isolates from belg ...201424989612
emergence of multidrug-resistant campylobacter species isolates with a horizontally acquired rrna methylase.antibiotic-resistant campylobacter constitutes a serious threat to public health, and resistance to macrolides is of particular concern, as this class of antibiotics is the drug of choice for clinical therapy of campylobacteriosis. very recently, a horizontally transferrable macrolide resistance mediated by the rrna methylase gene erm(b) was reported in a campylobacter coli isolate, but little is known about the dissemination of erm(b) among campylobacter isolates and the association of erm(b)-c ...201424982085
occurrence of thermotolerant campylobacter in raw poultry meat, environmental and pigeon stools collected in open-air markets.campylobacteriosis was the most commonly reported zoonosis for confirmed human cases in european union during 2011. poultry meat was very often implicated in campylobacter infections in humans. in italy commerce of raw poultry meat is common in open-air markets: these areas can be considered at high risk of bacterial contamination due to the high presence birds like pigeons. the aim of this study was to collect data about the contamination by thermotolerant campylobacter of raw poultry meat comm ...201427800355
investigating the host specificity of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli by sequencing gyrase subunit a.surveillance and field investigations of campylobacter infections require molecular tools with genetic markers appropriate for tracing purposes, i.e. based on the principle that some campylobacter lineages acquire a host signature under adaptive selection pressure. we developed a sequence-based method targeting the quinolone resistance determining region within the subunit a of dna gyrase (gyra). host specificity was evaluated by characterizing two collections of campylobacter jejuni (n = 430) a ...201425163418
a current overview of commercially available nucleic acid diagnostics approaches to detect and identify human gastroenteritis pathogens.gastroenteritis is caused by a wide range of viral, bacterial and parasitic pathogens and causes millions of deaths worldwide each year, particularly in infant populations in developing countries. traditional microbiological culture and immunological based tests are time consuming, laborious and often lack diagnostic specificity and sensitivity. as a result patients can receive suboptimal and/or inappropriate antimicrobial treatment. in recent years, rapid nucleic acid diagnostics (nad) technolo ...201427920992
genome analysis of bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum ucmb5113: a rhizobacterium that improves plant growth and stress management.the bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum strain ucmb5113 is a gram-positive rhizobacterium that can colonize plant roots and stimulate plant growth and defense based on unknown mechanisms. this reinforcement of plants may provide protection to various forms of biotic and abiotic stress. to determine the genetic traits involved in the mechanism of plant-bacteria association, the genome sequence of ucmb5113 was obtained by assembling paired-end illumina reads. the assembled chromosome of 3, ...201425119988
genes required for assembly of pili associated with the helicobacter pylori cag type iv secretion system.helicobacter pylori causes numerous alterations in gastric epithelial cells through processes that are dependent on activity of the cag type iv secretion system (t4ss). filamentous structures termed "pili" have been visualized at the interface between h. pylori and gastric epithelial cells, and previous studies suggested that pilus formation is dependent on the presence of the cag pathogenicity island (pai). thus far, there has been relatively little effort to identify specific genes that are re ...201424891108
inactivation of selected bacterial pathogens in dairy cattle manure by mesophilic anaerobic digestion (balloon type digester).anaerobic digestion of animal manure in biogas digesters has shown promise as a technology in reducing the microbial load to safe and recommended levels. we sought to treat dairy manure obtained from the fort hare dairy farm by investigating the survival rates of bacterial pathogens, through a total viable plate count method, before, during and after mesophilic anaerobic digestion. different microbiological media were inoculated with different serial dilutions of manure samples that were withdra ...201425026086
campylobacter infection in a cohort of rural children in moramanga, madagascar.campylobacter infection is the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in developing countries, including madagascar. reports of pathogenicity have not been consistent and repeated exposures over time seem to lead to the development of protective immunity in developing areas. we conducted this study to support evidence for these hypotheses by exploring the association between infection and age, the reoccurrence of infection and the pathogenicity of campylobacter.201424996559
comparison of fecalswab and eswab devices for storage and transportation of diarrheagenic bacteria.using a collection (n = 12) of atcc and known stock isolates, as well as 328 clinical stool specimens, we evaluated the eswab and the new fecalswab liquid-based microbiology (lbm) devices for storing and transporting diarrheagenic bacteria. the stock isolates were stored in these swab devices up to 48 h at refrigeration (4°c) or room (∼25°c) temperature and up to 3 months at -20°c or -70°c. with the clinical stool specimens, the performances of the eswab and fecalswab were compared to those of r ...201424740083
antimicrobial susceptibility of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli isolates obtained in montreal, quebec, canada, from 2002 to 2013.from 2002 to 2013 in montreal, quebec, canada, 38 campylobacter coli isolates were more frequently erythromycin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin resistant than 440 campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni isolates (18.4% versus 1.8%; p = 0.00005), of which the 148 isolates acquired abroad were more frequently erythromycin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin resistant than the 292 isolates acquired locally (5.4% versus 0%; p = 0.0001).201424759726
benefits and risks of antimicrobial use in food-producing animals.benefits and risks of antimicrobial drugs, used in food-producing animals, continue to be complex and controversial issues. this review comprehensively presents the benefits of antimicrobials drugs regarding control of animal diseases, protection of public health, enhancement of animal production, improvement of environment, and effects of the drugs on biogas production and public health associated with antimicrobial resistance. the positive and negative impacts, due to ban issue of antimicrobia ...201424971079
in depth analysis of the helicobacter pylori cag pathogenicity island transcriptional responses.the severity of symptoms elicited by the widespread human pathogen helicobacter pylori is strongly influenced by the genetic diversity of the infecting strain. among the most important pathogen factors that carry an increased risk for gastric cancer are specific genotypes of the cag pathogenicity island (cag-pai), encoding a type iv secretion system (t4ss) responsible for the translocation of the caga effector oncoprotein. to date, little is known about the regulatory events important for the ex ...201424892739
the importance of the viable but non-culturable state in human bacterial pathogens.many bacterial species have been found to exist in a viable but non-culturable (vbnc) state since its discovery in 1982. vbnc cells are characterized by a loss of culturability on routine agar, which impairs their detection by conventional plate count techniques. this leads to an underestimation of total viable cells in environmental or clinical samples, and thus poses a risk to public health. in this review, we present recent findings on the vbnc state of human bacterial pathogens. the characte ...201424917854
videotaped behavior as a predictor of clinical outcome in rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta).understanding the behavior of laboratory nhp facilitates health assessment and clinical care. we sought to characterize the behavior of critically ill rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) and determine whether specific behaviors or behavioral changes might facilitate the determination of prognosis and clinical endpoints. twenty-two critically-ill subjects were videorecorded after they were removed from the outdoor breeding colony for diagnostic work-up and treatment. subjects were categorized as sur ...201424956211
inhibition controls for qualitative real-time pcr assays: are they necessary for all specimen matrices?a retrospective analysis of 386,706 specimens representing a variety of matrix types used in qualitative real-time pcr assays determined the overall inhibition rate to be 0.87% when the inhibition control was added preextraction to 5,613 specimens and 0.01% when the inhibition control was added postextraction but preamplification in 381,093 specimens. inhibition rates of ≤ 1% were found for all specimen matrix types except urine and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue.201424740078
human diarrhea infections associated with domestic animal husbandry: a systematic review and meta-analysis.domestic animal husbandry, a common practice globally, can lead to zoonotic transmission of enteric pathogens. however, this risk has received little attention to date. this systematic review and meta-analysis examines the evidence for an association between domestic exposure to food-producing animals and cases of human diarrhea and specific enteric infections. we performed a systematic review of available literature to examine domestic livestock and poultry as risk factors for diarrhea and appl ...201424812065
high-throughput sequencing of campylobacter jejuni insertion mutant libraries reveals mapa as a fitness factor for chicken colonization.campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of gastrointestinal infections worldwide, due primarily to its ability to asymptomatically colonize the gastrointestinal tracts of agriculturally relevant animals, including chickens. infection often occurs following consumption of meat that was contaminated by c. jejuni during harvest. because of this, much interest lies in understanding the mechanisms that allow c. jejuni to colonize the chicken gastrointestinal tract. to address this, we generated a c. ...201424633877
detection, identification and quantification of campylobacter jejuni, coli and lari in food matrices all at once using multiplex qpcr.thermotolerant campylobacter jejuni, coli and lari are recognized as leading food-borne pathogens causing an acute bacterial enteritis worldwide. due to narrow spectrum of their biochemical activity, it is very complicated to distinguish between individual species. for reliable risk assessment, proper incidence evaluation or swift sample analysis regarding individual species, a demand for simple and rapid method for their distinguishing is reasonable. in this study, we evaluated a reliable and s ...201425057300
comparison of maldi-tof ms, gene sequencing and the vitek 2 for identification of seventy-three clinical isolates of enteropathogens.this study was performed to evaluate the analytical and practical performance of the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) compared to the sequencing method and the vitek 2 system for identification of enteropathogens in the clinical microbiology laboratory.201424822116
campylobacter prosthetic joint infection.a 75-year-old man was diagnosed with probable campylobacter jejuni prosthetic knee infection after a diarrheal illness. joint aspirate and operative cultures were negative, but pcr of prosthesis sonicate fluid was positive, as was stool culture. nineteen additional cases of campylobacter prosthetic joint infection reported in the literature are reviewed.201424523462
cryptic ecology among host generalist campylobacter jejuni in domestic animals.homologous recombination between bacterial strains is theoretically capable of preventing the separation of daughter clusters, and producing cohesive clouds of genotypes in sequence space. however, numerous barriers to recombination are known. barriers may be essential such as adaptive incompatibility, or ecological, which is associated with the opportunities for recombination in the natural habitat. campylobacter jejuni is a gut colonizer of numerous animal species and a major human enteric pat ...201424689900
hygromycin b and apramycin antibiotic resistance cassettes for use in campylobacter jejuni.campylobacter jejuni genetic manipulation is restricted by the limited number of antibiotic resistance cassettes available for use in this diarrheal pathogen. in this study, two antibiotic resistance cassettes were developed, encoding for hygromycin b and apramycin resistance, for use in mutagenesis or for selection of gene expression and complementation constructs in c. jejuni. first, the marker genes were successfully modified to allow for insertional mutagenesis or deletion of a gene-of-inter ...201424751825
detection and molecular analysis of campylobacter ureolyticus in domestic animals.previous studies showed the presence of campylobacter ureolyticus in a large proportion of diarrhoeal samples from patients in ireland. this emerging gastrointestinal pathogen was the second most common campylobacter species detected in patients presenting with gastroenteritis, surpassed only by c. jejuni. however, the source of c. ureolyticus infections in humans remains unknown. the aim of this study was to investigate the presence of c. ureolyticus in a range of domestic animals. over a perio ...201424739468
colonisation of a phage susceptible campylobacter jejuni population in two phage positive broiler flocks.the pathogens campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli are commensals in the poultry intestine and campylobacteriosis is one of the most frequent foodborne diseases in developed and developing countries. phages were identified to be effective in reducing intestinal campylobacter load and this was evaluated, in the first field trials which were recently carried out. the aim of this study was to further investigate campylobacter population dynamics during phage application on a commercial broil ...201424733154
draft genome sequence of campylobacter ureolyticus strain cit007, the first whole-genome sequence of a clinical isolate.herein, we present the draft genome sequence of campylobacter ureolyticus. strain cit007 was isolated from a stool sample from an elderly female presenting with diarrheal illness and end-stage chronic renal disease.201424723712
prevalence, antibiogram and risk factors of thermophilic campylobacter spp. in dressed porcine carcass of chitwan, nepal.campylobacter is the primary cause of food borne gastroenteritis. moreover, the emergence of multiple drug resistant campylobacters from poultry and pork has produced a potential threat to public health. research addressing these issues is sparse in nepal. so, this cross-sectional study aims at determining the prevalence, antibiogram and risk factors of campylobacters from dressed porcine carcass of chitwan, nepal.201424708489
identification of a novel membrane transporter mediating resistance to organic arsenic in campylobacter jejuni.although bacterial mechanisms involved in the resistance to inorganic arsenic are well understood, the molecular basis for organic arsenic resistance has not been described. campylobacter jejuni, a major food-borne pathogen causing gastroenteritis in humans, is highly prevalent in poultry and is reportedly resistant to the arsenic compound roxarsone (4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzenearsonic acid), which has been used as a feed additive in the poultry industry for growth promotion. in this study, we repor ...201424419344
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