| lyme borreliosis in transgenic mice tolerant to borrelia burgdorferi ospa or b. | the evolution of lyme borreliosis in transgenic mice tolerant to borrelia burgdorferi outer surface proteins (osps) a or b was assessed to investigate the role of immunity to ospa or b in infection and pathogenesis of lyme disease. antibodies to ospa or b protect immunocompetent c3h/hej or c.b.17 severe combined immunodeficient (scid) mice from challenge with b. burgdorferi. moreover, arthritis in infected c3h mice resolves with the rise of high titers of b. burgdorferi specific antibodies, incl ... | 1995 | 7560061 |
| ixodes dammini as a potential vector of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. | little is known about the epidemiology and mode of transmission of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge). analyses of an engorged female ixodes dammini tick removed from an hge patient and 101 field-collected i. dammini and dermacentor variabilis from three wisconsin counties for borrelia burgdorferi and ehrlichia phagocytophila/ehrlichia equi dna revealed that the patient tick and 7 of 68 i. dammini ticks from washburn county collected in 1982 and 1991 were positive for ehrlichial ... | 1995 | 7561173 |
| intrathecal production of specific iga antibodies in cns infections. | cerebrospinal fluid (csf) and serum from subjects with herpes simplex encephalitis, herpes zoster, mumps meningitis and neuroborreliosis were analysed for the presence of immunoglobulin a (iga) and g (igg) antibodies to the corresponding four antigens. specific intrathecal iga antibody synthesis as manifested by an elevated index was a frequent finding. higher iga index values than the corresponding igg was seen in one third of the samples from subjects with herpes simplex encephalitis and herpe ... | 1995 | 7561968 |
| tick bite victims and their environment: the risk of lyme disease. | the authors surveyed 308 new jersey tick bite victims. education concerning landscape ecology, wildlife control, tick and wildlife habitat reduction, tick control using acaricides, and how to keep pets tick-free is especially needed to reduce human exposure to tick bites and lyme disease. | 1995 | 7566679 |
| [the probable utilization of the protective properties of the vector's saliva by the causative agents of specifically tick-borne infections]. | it is proved that in the tick fluid saliva and in the cement plug produced by rhipicephalus appendiculatus there are bactericidal substances very similar in their activity to the egg lysozyme. the possible role in the transmission and conservation of the specific tick-borne, insensitive to the lysozyme pathogens such as rickettsiae, tick-borne encephalitides virus and borreliae (pathogen of lyme disease) is discussed. it is supposed, that bactericidal substances in the cement plug protect accumu ... | 1995 | 7567075 |
| association between different clinical manifestations of lyme disease and different species of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. | borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the aetiological agent of lyme disease, has been subdivided into three species: b. burgdorferi sensu stricto, b. garinii and b. afzelii. we and other authors have hypothesized an association between the three species of b. burgdorferi sensu lato and some of the different clinical manifestations of lyme disease. in order to demonstrate this hypothesis, we analysed twenty-nine isolates cultured from patients with different symptoms. the method used was multilocus e ... | 1995 | 7569327 |
| [neurologic manifestations of lyme disease. apropos of 25 cases]. | we studied retrospectively the cases of neurological forms of lyme disease observed in two internal and two neurological departments from 1986 till 1993. twenty five cases have been collected among 15 men and ten women whose mean age was 61 years. tick bites were previously noticed in 11 cases. erythema chronicum migrans (ecm) was mentioned in 16 cases mostly on lower limbs. the mean time between ecm and the onset of neurological symptoms was less than 1 month in 11 cases, 2 months in three case ... | 1995 | 7569417 |
| lyme disease. nih gears up to test a hotly disputed theory. | | 1995 | 7569967 |
| does lyme disease (or an analogous disease) exist in mali, west africa? | | 1995 | 7570872 |
| application of intensified (+) qi gong energy, (-) electrical field, (s) magnetic field, electrical pulses (1-2 pulses/sec), strong shiatsu massage or acupuncture on the accurate organ representation areas of the hands to improve circulation and enhance drug uptake in pathological organs: clinical applications with special emphasis on the "chlamydia-(lyme)-uric acid syndrome" and "chlamydia-(cytomegalovirus)-uric acid syndrome". | various methods of improving circulation and enhancing drug uptake which were used in treating some intractable medical problems caused by infections, and two syndromes based on the co-existence of chlamydia trachomatis infection (mixed with either lyme borrelia burgdorferi or cytomegalovirus) with increased uric acid are described. the principal author's previous studies have indicated that there are two opposite types of qi gong energy, positive (+) and negative (-). positive (+) qi gong energ ... | 1995 | 7572329 |
| evidence implicating nymphal ixodes pacificus (acari: ixodidae) in the epidemiology of lyme disease in california. | to clarify the role of nymphal versus adult western black-legged ticks (ixodes pacificus) in the epidemiology of lyme disease, the seasonal distribution, abundance, and spirochetal infection rates in these stages, and the seasonal occurrence of ticks biting humans and of incident cases of lyme disease were determined in northern california. although their seasonal activity periods overlapped for about one-third of the year, nymphs and adults predominated in different seasons, the former from lat ... | 1995 | 7573703 |
| short report: density of lyme disease spirochetes within deer ticks collected from zoonotic sites. | we determined whether the density of lyme disease spirochetes varied between individual host-seeking deer ticks. guts were dissected from 30 adult ixodes dammini collected from three intensely zoonotic coastal massachusetts sites, and the number of borrelia burgdorferi present was estimated by a modified counting technique using indirect immunofluorescence. a median of 1,925 spirochetes was observed; ticks from the three sites contained similar numbers of spirochetes. no tick contained more than ... | 1995 | 7573717 |
| neurological lyme disease: is there a true animal model? | | 1995 | 7574451 |
| neuroborreliosis in the nonhuman primate: borrelia burgdorferi persists in the central nervous system. | neurological involvement in lyme disease is common, and is frequently difficult to diagnose and treat. little is known about the fate of the causative spirochete borrelia burgdorferi in the central nervous system (cns). to determine the frequency of parenchymal infection and to determine localization of the organism, polymerase chain reaction/hybridization assays were performed in a newly described model of lyme neuroborreliosis in nonhuman primates infected with b. burgdorferi. polymerase chain ... | 1995 | 7574465 |
| the first isolation of borrelia burgdorferi from ixodes ricinus (acari, ixodidae) ticks in poland. | among ticks ixodes ricinus collected in april 1994 in the forest near fraknowo (olsztyn province, n. c. poland), 17 ticks were evaluated for borrelia infection by cultivating in the bsk-h medium (sigma). the ticks were examined in five pools--four of 3 females and one pool of 5 nymphs. spirochaetes were cultured successfully only from one pool of females and identified as borrelia burgdorferi with monoclonal antibodies: h 9724, h 5332, h 3ts and 11 g 1 by indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa). ... | 1993 | 7580352 |
| serological diagnosis of lyme disease. | | 1995 | 7582713 |
| molecular characterization of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato strains by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. | the large restriction fragment patterns (lrfp) and linear plasmid profiles of eight tick isolates of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato were investigated with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). the whole cell lysate was examined with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page). the mlui lrfp differentiates two species of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto and borrelia garinii). lrfp is a suitable method to demonstrate genetic hetero- o ... | 1995 | 7588556 |
| three-year study of antibody to borrelia burgdorferi in southern spain. | the prevalence of anti-borrelia burgdorferi antibodies was studied in granada, spain, between january 1991 and november 1993 in 354 patients with suspected lyme disease (group 1); in 50 patients either with syphilis (n = 32) or without syphilis but with a positive rapid plasma reagin test (n = 18) (group 2); and in 150 healthy subjects (group 3). in addition, intrathecal antibody production was evaluated by eia in csf samples obtained from 117 patients in group 1. anti-borrelia burgdorferi antib ... | 1995 | 7588832 |
| evaluation of a lyme disease enzyme immunoassay using the 41-g fragment of flagellin. | an immunogenic region of the borrelia burgdorferi flagellin encompassing amino acids 197-273 and designated 41-g was evaluated as an antigen in an enzyme immunoassay (eia) for lyme disease on a routine basis in a reference laboratory. sera that tested positive for lyme disease by eia using 41-g or the whole-cell borrelia burgdorferi lysate as the antigen were also evaluated by immunoblot for reactivity with borrelia burgdorferi, and the patient's clinical history was determined retrospectively b ... | 1995 | 7588849 |
| [the value of clinical and chemical laboratory follow-up parameters in neuroborreliosis]. | whereas the diagnosis of acute neuroborreliosis by considering clinical and cerebrospinal fluid parameters is very reliable chronic neuroborreliosis is an excluding diagnosis. the clinical symptoms are uncharacteristic, and there is no reliable laboratory test permitting a safe diagnosis. serological evidence of antibodies is no sign of activity of disease. development of chronic infection after adequate treatment of acute neuroborreliosis seems to be very rare. we reinvestigated 15 patients hal ... | 1995 | 7590560 |
| the outer surface lipoprotein a of borrelia burgdorferi provides direct and indirect augmenting/co-stimulatory signals for the activation of cd4+ and cd8+ t cells. | | 1995 | 7590937 |
| characterization of outer membranes isolated from treponema pallidum, the syphilis spirochete. | previous freeze-fracture electron microscopy (em) studies have shown that the outer membrane (om) of treponema pallidum contains sparse transmembrane proteins. one strategy for molecular characterization of these rare om proteins involves isolation of t. pallidum oms. here we describe a simple and extremely gentle method for om isolation based upon isopycnic sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation of treponemes following plasmolysis in 20% sucrose. evidence that t. pallidum oms were isolate ... | 1995 | 7591054 |
| borrelia burgdorferi upregulates expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells and promotes transendothelial migration of neutrophils in vitro. | the accumulation of leukocytic infiltrates in perivascular tissues is a key step in the pathogenesis of lyme disease, a chronic inflammatory disorder caused by borrelia burgdorferi. during an inflammatory response, endothelial cell adhesion molecules mediate the attachment of circulating leukocytes to the blood vessel wall and their subsequent extravasation into perivascular tissues. using cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (huvec) in a whole-cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ... | 1995 | 7591083 |
| temperature-related differential expression of antigens in the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi. | previous studies have demonstrated that borrelia burgdorferi in the midguts of infected ticks shows increased expression of the antigenic outer surface protein ospc after the ticks have ingested a blood meal. this differential expression is at least partly due to a change in temperature, as an increase in ospc levels is also observed when cultures are shifted from 23 to 35 degrees c. immunoblotting of bacterial lysates with sera from infected mice indicated that the levels of several additional ... | 1995 | 7591099 |
| variation in antigenicity and infectivity of derivatives of borrelia burgdorferi, strain b31, maintained in the natural, zoonotic cycle compared with maintenance in culture. | the original isolate of borrelia burgdorferi, strain b31, can be maintained in vitro indefinitely. a number of studies have demonstrated that there are recognizable changes in the genetic composition of the spirochete after more than 60 passages. we have maintained b31 in the natural zoonotic cycle of transmission of infection between laboratory mice and laboratory-reared ixodes ticks. to determine whether similar changes occur in the natural transmission cycle, we reisolated strain b31 from mou ... | 1995 | 7591138 |
| involvement of cd4+ t lymphocytes in induction of severe destructive lyme arthritis in inbred lsh hamsters. | we determined that borrelia burgdorferi-specific cd4+ t lymphocytes are responsible for the development of severe destructive lyme arthritis and affect the production of borreliacidal antibody. severe destructive lyme arthritis was readily evoked in immunocompetent inbred lsh hamsters vaccinated with a whole-cell preparation of formalin-inactivated b. burgdorferi sensu stricto isolate c-1-11 in adjuvant when challenged with b. burgdorferi sensu stricto isolate 297. when vaccinated hamsters were ... | 1995 | 7591141 |
| borrelia burgdorferi vesicle production occurs via a mechanism independent of immunoglobulin m involvement. | borrelia burgdorferi produces extracellular vesicles containing various borrelial protein antigens when propagated in vitro in culture media. commonly observed components of borrelial vesicle preparations are borrelial surface antigens, bovine serum albumin, and the heavy chains of rabbit immunoglobulin g and immunoglobulin m. this study employed ultracentrifugation to harvest borrelial vesicles and analyzed these preparations by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and west ... | 1995 | 7591146 |
| virulent strain associated outer membrane proteins of borrelia burgdorferi. | we have isolated and purified outer membrane vesicles (omv) from borrelia burgdorferi strain b31 based on methods developed for isolation of treponema pallidum omv. purified omv exhibited distinct porin activities with conductances of 0.6 and 12.6 nano-siemen and had no detectable beta-nadh oxidase activity indicating their outer membrane origin and their lack of inner membrane contamination, respectively. hydrophobic proteins were identified by phase partitioning with triton x-114. most of thes ... | 1995 | 7593626 |
| safety and immunogenicity of an outer surface protein a vaccine in subjects with previous lyme disease. | the safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant outer surface protein a (ospa) lyme vaccine in patients previously diagnosed with lyme disease was assessed in a dose-ranging, prospective study. thirty healthy volunteers were consecutively assigned to receive three doses of 3, 10, or 30 micrograms of ospa vaccine at 0, 1, and 2 months. subjects were seen 3 days after each vaccine dose and 1 month after completion of the three-dose schedule. local side effects included soreness, induration, swellin ... | 1995 | 7594671 |
| [borrelia burgdorferi infection of ticks in some regions of poland]. | ixodes ricinus and dermacentor reticulatus ticks were collected by flagging from the vegetation at five different locations in poland in may 1994. i. ricinus (n191) and d. reticulatus (n48), as well as 24 argas reflexus collected from katowice, kornie, szcyglice, urwitałt and zwierzyniec, were examined for the presence of borrelia spirochetes by the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (ifa). borrelia were found in adult i. ricinus ticks at all 5 collection sites. nine out of 39 i. ricinus m ... | 1994 | 7597184 |
| bloodstream invasion in early lyme disease: results from a prospective, controlled, blinded study using the polymerase chain reaction. | the purposes of this study were to determine (1) the optimal techniques for and potential diagnostic usefulness of the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in early lyme disease, and (2) the true frequency and clinical correlates of pcr-documented blood-borne infection in the dissemination of lyme disease. | 1995 | 7598144 |
| amino acid sequence heterogeneity of the chromosomal encoded borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato major antigen p100. | the entire nucleotide sequence of the chromosomal encoded major antigen p100 of the european borrelia garinii isolate b29 was determined and the deduced amino acid sequence was compared to the homologous antigen p83 of the north american borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto strain b31 and the p100 of the european borrelia afzelii (group vs461) strain pko. p100 of strain b29 shows 87% amino acid sequence identity to strain b31 and 79.2% to strain pko, p100 of strain b31 and pko shows 62.5% identity ... | 1995 | 7603343 |
| genetic and phenotypic characterization of borrelia burgdorferi strains isolated from ixodes ricinus ticks in the province of bolzano, italy. | lyme disease is caused by three borrelial species, b. burgdorferi sensu stricto, b. garinii and borrelia group vs461. in a restricted biotope of the bolzano province, in the caldaro community, five clones of two borrelial variants were isolated from ixodes ricinus ticks. a preliminary serological study showed that the two variants cross-reacted with b. burgdorferi b31 and b. garinii n34 strains, respectively. the isolates were genomically related with strains b31 and n34, respectively, sharing a ... | 1995 | 7603344 |
| distribution of the ixodes ricinus-like ticks of eastern north america. | we analyzed the geographic distribution of the ixodes ricinus-like ticks in eastern north america by comparing the mitochondrial 16s rdna sequences of specimens sampled directly from the field during the 1990s. two distinct lineages are evident. the southern clade includes ticks from the southeastern and middle-eastern regions of the united states. the range of the northern clade, which appears to have been restricted to the northeastern region until the mid-1900s, now extends throughout the nor ... | 1995 | 7603983 |
| possibility of lyme disease as an occupational disease-- seroepidemiological study of regional residents and forestry workers. | we conducted a study to investigate the state of human infection by the lyme disease pathogen by determining the prevalence of positivity for serum anti-body to borrelia burgdorferi among regional residents and forestry workers in nagano prefecture. assay of the antibody titer was performed by indirect fluorescent antibody technique (ifa) using borrelia burgdorferi strain b-31 as the antigen. the study was based on the results of an earlier investigation to test our prediction of high infection ... | 1994 | 7605695 |
| diagnosis of lyme disease. current difficulties and prospects. | articular manifestations of lyme disease may be less common in europe than in the united states, perhaps because european strains of borrelia burgdorferi are characterized by greater genetic diversity and different organotropisms as compared with american strains. the diagnosis rests on clinical symptoms. a history of erythema migrans is pathognomonic. isolated articular manifestations with no history of erythema migrans raise difficult diagnostic problems. monoarthritis and asymmetric oligoarth ... | 1995 | 7606423 |
| reservoir competence of the rice rat (rodentia: cricetidae) for borrelia burgdorferi. | the reservoir competence of the rice rat, oryzomys palustris, for borrelia burgdorferi is described. infected ixodes scapularis say (i. dammini, spielman, clifford, piesman & corwin) nymphs were used to infect animals. borrelia infection was diagnosed by xenodiagnostic feeding of noninfected i. scapularis larvae and by reisolation of the spirochetes from blood and other tissues. rice rats acquired b. burgdorferi and maintained spirochete infection for 5-9 wk. b. burgdorferi were cultured from sa ... | 1995 | 7608919 |
| [diagnosis of lyme borreliosis]. | lyme borreliosis is an infectious disease, caused by the spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi and transmitted by ticks, in our regions by the tick ixodes ricinus. the disease mainly affects skin, nervous system, joints and heart. lyme borreliosis develops in three stages, and the various clinical manifestations may assigned to the respective stages. as far as skin is concerned, in stage i typically appears erythema chronicum migrans, very often accompanied by flu-like symptoms; in stage iii, months ... | 1995 | 7610528 |
| [therapy of lyme borreliosis]. | lyme borreliosis is an infectious disorder caused directly by borrelia burgdorferi. secondary immunological mechanisms might play an additional pathogenetic role. the natural course of the disease in stage i and ii is in most cases benign, therefore the influence of antibiotic therapy is difficult to assess. double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized studies were performed rarely. however, by comparing untreated and treated patient groups it seems, that antibiotic therapy shortens the disease d ... | 1995 | 7610529 |
| [lyme borreliosis]. | in europe and in other parts of the world, lyme borreliosis is recognized increasingly by physicians and serodiagnostic laboratories. however, it is currently difficult to present conclusive epidemiologic data. there are no widely accepted case definitions for the numerous clinical features due to or supposed to be linked to infection with borrelia burgdorferi. clinical diagnosis of suspected cases of lyme borreliosis requires confirmation by the demonstration of the aetiologic agent and the rec ... | 1995 | 7610663 |
| [growth inhibition of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato by antibodies. a contribution to understanding the pathogenesis and improving diagnosis of lyme borreliosis]. | phenomenon of growth inhibition of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (bbsl), the agent of lyme disease, by antiborrelial antibodies was observed and investigated. some of the antiborrelial antibodies were bactericidal in the absence of complement and phagocytes. based on growth inhibition phenomenon we developed and evaluated the function-oriented in vitro growth inhibition assay (gia). gia proved to be more strain-specific and a better predictor of protection against infectious challenge than mat ... | 1995 | 7610664 |
| [the dermatologic spectrum of lyme borreliosis]. | the classical symptoms of lyme borreliosis (lb) on the skin, erythema migrans, borrelia lymphocytoma and acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (aca) can be diagnosed clinically. in atypical cases, however, the diagnosis of a borrelia burgdorferi (bb) infection is based on the isolation of this bacterium from affected tissues. in early lyme disease problems are arising in complicated erythema migrans which may represent reinfection, or with a failure of antibiotic treatment in some patients. the pa ... | 1995 | 7610665 |
| [lymphocyte proliferation test in cutaneous manifestations of lyme borreliosis]. | the humoral immunoreactivity in lyme borreliosis is a well characterized parameter for establishing the diagnosis of a borrelia burgdorferi (bb) infection. since patients with seronegative lyme borreliosis have been described, lymphocyte proliferation tests may be used for detecting patients who only develop a cellular immunoreactivity against bb organisms. we performed a the lymphocyte proliferation assays in order to determine the cellular immunoreactivity to these spirochetes in given patient ... | 1995 | 7610666 |
| [pathomechanisms of neuroborreliosis]. | lyme neuroborreliosis has a protean clinical spectrum and a complex and still obscure pathogenesis. central and peripheral nervous system involvement may occur, with several different mechanisms acting together or separately. invasion of the nervous system by borrelia burgdorferi occurs early in the course of the infection. direct interaction of the spirochete with neural cells may result in neurological damage, as may the immune response elicited against the organism. both t- and b-cell autorea ... | 1995 | 7610667 |
| [neurologic manifestations of lyme borreliosis in children]. | since detection of the etiologic agent of lyme borreliosis a wide spectrum is known to be caused by borrelia burgdorferi (bb) including acute, subacute, or chronic central nervous system (cns) manifestations. in view of the difficulties in interpreting serological results the early diagnosis of lyme borreliosis sometimes may be problematic. our own observations in children which suffered from an acute neuroborreliosis (nb) showed the following: 1) culturing of bb from cerebrospinal fluid (csf) s ... | 1995 | 7610668 |
| [als-like sequelae in chronic neuroborreliosis]. | csf investigation in a 61-year old female patient with clinical picture of motoneuron disease gave evidence for chronic infection with borrelia burgdorferi. improvement of clinical and csf findings could be observed after antibiotic therapy. the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis which was initially suspected had to be revised and the disorder was interpreted as chronic neuroborreliosis. | 1995 | 7610670 |
| [inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy in neuroborreliosis]. | a patient with acute onset of radicular pain developed an asymmetric neuropathy within a few weeks. neurophysiology and nerve biopsy findings revealed a demyelinating neuropathy. cerebrospinal fluid showed mild pleocytosis, increased protein levels and elevated antibody titers against borrelia burgdorferi suggesting lyme neuroborreliosis. although peripheral nervous system complications of lyme borreliosis are common, the association with chronic demyelinating neuropathy has not been described b ... | 1995 | 7610671 |
| [neurosyphilis. a case report and review of the literature on differential neuroborreliosis diagnosis]. | a 35-year old man was presented with organic psychosyndrome. anamnestic reports informed about changes in his behaviour like loss of interest, reduced concentration and short-term-memory loss within the last 2 years. the practicing psychiatrist diagnosed a depressive syndrome in conjunction with a borderline syndrome and administered antidepressive and neuroleptic therapy. specific serologic tests were not done. neurologically, there was a picture of influent and slurred speech, and ataxic gait. ... | 1995 | 7610672 |
| multiple sclerosis and positive lyme serology. | as lyme neuroborreliosis (lnb) may clinically mimic multiple sclerosis (ms) the presence of antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in serum of patients with a ms-like disease in non-endemic areas for lyme disease may be troublesome. we report the case of a 45-year-old white female with the diagnosis of relapsing/remitting form of ms due to a 15-year history of optic neuritis and recurrent episodes of motor and sensation disturbance in the upper right limb and in both lower extremities associated wit ... | 1994 | 7611954 |
| prevalence of antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in danish rodents. | six rodent species from six danish localities were examined for antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi by immunofluorescence assay (ifa). a total of 1097 specimens were tested using a serum titre of 1:8. the wild mice apodemus sylvaticus and a. flavicollis had high prevalences of b. burgdorferi antibodies of 42.1% and 27.9% respectively, but the vole microtus agrestis also showed an exceptionally high prevalence of 32.7%. clethrionomys glareolus had a low average prevalence of 17.4%. the lowest and ... | 1995 | 7612254 |
| identification of spirochetes isolated from wild rodents in japan as borrelia japonica. | spirochetes isolated from three species of wild mice, apodemus speciosus, apodemus argenteus, and eothenomys smithi, which were caught on honshu, japan, were characterized on the bases of protein profiles, reactivities with monoclonal antibodies (mabs), and dna homology values. all the isolates reacted with mab o1441b, which is specific for borrelia japonica, but not with mab p62, which is specific for borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, borrelia garinii, and borrelia afzelii. the dna relatednes ... | 1995 | 7615765 |
| ehrlichial diseases of humans: emerging tick-borne infections. | the ehrlichioses are emerging zoonotic infections that are caused by obligate intracellular bacteria in the genus ehrlichia. two human ehrlichioses occur in the united states: monocytic ehrlichiosis (hme), which is caused by ehrlichia chaffeensis that infects mononuclear phagocytes in blood and tissues, and granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge), an infection of granulocytes that is due to a phylogenetically distinct organism. both infections cause undifferentiated fever with leukopenia, thrombocytopen ... | 1995 | 7619983 |
| isolation of borrelia burgdorferi on mainland ontario. | | 1995 | 7620454 |
| isolation of borrelia burgdorferi, the lyme disease spirochete, from rabbit ticks, haemaphysalis leporispalustris--alberta. | | 1995 | 7620455 |
| cogan's syndrome mimicking acute lyme arthritis. | a pediatric case of cogan's syndrome mimicking acute lyme arthritis is described. a 12-year-old black boy was admitted to the pediatric service for presumed right knee septic arthritis. symptoms included acute pain and swelling with decreased range-of-motion. although the patient's right knee symptoms and positive lyme serology were consistent with a diagnosis of lyme arthritis, the presence of sensorineural hearing loss and interstitial keratitis with inflammatory arthritis suggested a diagnosi ... | 1995 | 7620865 |
| the outer surface lipoprotein a of borrelia burgdorferi provides direct and indirect augmenting/co-stimulatory signals for the activation of cd4+ and cd8+ t cells. | naive cd4+ and cd8+ t cells require two distinct signals to proliferate and to express effector functions [1]. one is provided by the antigen receptor on the t cell (tcr) after its encounter with antigenic peptides associated with class i or ii major histocompatibility complex (mhc) molecules on antigen-presenting cells (apc) [2]. the second signal, which is not antigen-specific but essential for proliferation and differentiation of naive t cells, is provided by co-stimulatory structures. the ma ... | 1995 | 7622182 |
| borrelia burgdorferi shows specificity of binding to glycosphingolipids. | live but not fixed or heat-killed borrelia burgdorferi bound to galactocerebroside, lactosylceramide, and ceramide trihexoside. in addition, this organism bound to the disialoganglioside gd1a and the trisialoganglioside gt1b but not to gangliosides gm1, gd1b, gm2, and gm3 and not to asialo gm1. this adhesion pattern confirmed earlier findings of binding to galactocerebroside and places this organism within a prokaryotic group which binds to lactosylceramide. the binding to gd1a and gt1b, both of ... | 1995 | 7622201 |
| antibody response of the mouse reservoir of borrelia burgdorferi in nature. | to determine whether the white-footed mouse reservoir host (peromyscus leucopus) of the agent of lyme disease (borrelia burgdorferi) naturally mounts an immune response against the full range of antigens expressed by this zoonotic pathogen, we analyzed the pattern of immunoreactivity of these rodents at sites in which the intensity of transmission differs. although the incidence of seroconversion within the reservoir population relates proportionally to the density of subadult deer ticks (ixodes ... | 1995 | 7622226 |
| protection of c3h/he mice from experimental borrelia burgdorferi infection by immunization with a 110-kilodalton fusion protein. | a 110-kda borrelia burgdorferi fusion protein, escherichia coli expressing the fusion protein, transformed e. coli lacking the fusion protein insert, and lyophilized whole b. burgdorferi bacteria were compared for immunogenicity in c3h/he mice. immunized mice were challenged with a variety of isolates from the united states or the european isolate p/gau 3 weeks following the last inoculation. an average of 76.7% of the mice immunized with 25 micrograms of lyophilized whole b. burgdorferi cells w ... | 1995 | 7622251 |
| analysis of borrelia burgdorferi sequentially isolated from peromyscus leucopus captured at a lyme disease enzootic site. | thirty isolates of borrelia burgdorferi sequentially cultured from 15 naturally infected white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus) were examined for variability in protein and plasmid profiles. heterogeneity was detected in ospb and ospc and in proteins between 18.0 and 28.0 kda by page. plasmid profiles were heterogeneous in the first isolate from 11 mice (73%) and between the first and last sequential isolate from 13 mice (87%). comparison of the first and last isolates showed increased expressi ... | 1995 | 7622890 |
| epidemiologic and diagnostic studies of patients with suspected early lyme disease, missouri, 1990-1993. | a retrospective case-control study investigated 45 missouri outpatients with annular rashes meeting a surveillance case definition for erythema migrans and with onset in 1990-1991. risk factors included being male, living near a body of water, and hunting. twenty patients (44%) associated their rash with the bite of a tick; of these, 5 described an adult amblyomma americanum. a typical rash was described as expanding over time and measuring 8 cm in diameter at 4 days after onset. mild constituti ... | 1995 | 7622891 |
| [lyme disease and borrelia]. | | 1995 | 7623418 |
| clethrionomys glareolus, but not apodemus flavicollis, acquires resistance to ixodes ricinus l., the main european vector of borrelia burgdorferi. | the european rodents clethrionomys glareolus (bank vole) and apodemus flavicollis (yellow-necked-mouse) are important hosts of the tick species ixodes ricinus, the main european vector of borrelia burgdorferi. we have addressed the question whether or not these tick hosts develop resistance to i. ricinus larvae. c. glareolus and a. flavicollis were exposed to 40 i. ricinus larvae for five consecutive times at two week intervals. resistance was tested by the following parameters: percentage of ti ... | 1995 | 7624158 |
| progress on development of the live bcg recombinant vaccine vehicle for combined vaccine delivery. | bcg, the current vaccine for tuberculosis, has been administered to approximately three billion people. this live vaccine has a low incidence of serious side effects and can be given at birth. within the past six years, systems for the manipulation and expression of foreign genes in mycobacteria have been developed, allowing the evaluation of rbcg as a vaccine delivery vehicle for heterologous antigens. recent studies from our group have shown that rbcg expressing outer surface protein a of borr ... | 1995 | 7625654 |
| effects of penicillin, ceftriaxone, and doxycycline on morphology of borrelia burgdorferi. | antibiotic therapy with penicillin, doxycycline, and ceftriaxone has proven to be effective for the treatment of lyme borreliosis. in some patients, however, it was noticed that borreliae can survival in the tissues in spite of seemingly adequate therapy. for a better understanding of this phenomenon, we investigated the different modes of degeneration of borrelia burgdorferi suspensions during a 96-h exposure to various antibiotics. by dark-field microscopy and ultrastructural investigations, i ... | 1995 | 7625800 |
| in vitro activity of rokitamycin, a new macrolide, against borrelia burgdorferi. | the activity of rokitamycin, a new macrolide with a 16-member ring, was tested against borrelia burgdorferi in vitro. the antibiotic had a lower mic at which 50% of the isolates are inhibited than erythromycin, the parent 14-member macrolide, but the same mic at which 50% of the isolates are inhibited as the other recent 14- and 15-member macrolides, like clarithromycin and azithromycin. the mbc was equal to the mic at which 50% of the isolates are inhibited, so rokitamycin can be considered bac ... | 1995 | 7625812 |
| assignment of borrelia burgdorferi strains g25 and vs461 to the borrelia garinii and borrelia afzelii genospecies, respectively: a comparison of ospa protein sequences. | the nucleotide sequence encoding the outer surface protein a (ospa) from two borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates, g25 and vs461, has been determined. on the basis of a phylogenetic analysis, strains g25 and vs461 were respectively assigned to the b. garinii and b. afzelii genospecies. comparative analysis of ospa proteins from 26 different b. burgdorferi sensu lato strains involved in lyme disease indicated a higher heterogeneity in the b. garinii genospecies than in the two other genospeci ... | 1995 | 7626787 |
| relative utilization of reptiles and rodents as hosts by immature ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) in the coastal plain of north carolina, usa. | the interaction of immature black-legged ticks, ixodes scapularis, with reptiles and rodents was investigated in various woodland habitats in the coastal plain of north carolina. reptiles were sampled from april 1 to september 30, 1991. no ticks were found on 95 specimens representing 16 species of snakes. ticks were found on 54 (36.7%) of 147 lizards. i. scapularis was the only tick recovered from lizards. some lizards were collected in drift fence traps each month of the study except august. c ... | 1993 | 7628223 |
| ability of transovarially and subsequent transstadially infected ixodes hexagonus ticks to maintain and transmit borrelia burgdorferi in the laboratory. | in a previous study, transstadial and transovarial survival of borrelia burgdorferi in ixodes hexagonus and transmission to laboratory mice via the bite of infected females were demonstrated. here, we report the ability of i. hexagonus progeny infected transovarially to maintain and transmit the spirochaete to the host. ticks were examined for spirochaetes by direct immunofluorescence antibody test. i. hexagonus larvae derived from the parental transstadially infected females were fed on two whi ... | 1993 | 7628234 |
| acquisition of borrelia burgdorferi by ixodes ricinus ticks fed on the european hedgehog, erinaceus europaeus l. | a hedgehog, erinaceus europaeus, was found to be heavily infested with larval and nymphal ixodes ricinus in a forest park in co. galway, ireland. a large proportion of the ticks that engorged and detached were infected with the spirochaete, borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of human lyme borreliosis. the identity of these spirochaetes was confirmed by immunofluorescent assay with b. burgdorferi-specific monoclonal antibody and by polymerase chain reaction test and they were transmitted f ... | 1994 | 7628256 |
| infection rates of borrelia burgdorferi in different instars of ixodes ricinus ticks from the dutch north sea island of ameland. | between 1988 and 1993, a total of 7173 i. ricinus ticks, predominantly, were collected from the vegetation on the dutch north sea island of ameland. a proportion of the ticks (n = 547) was screened for the presence of borrelia by immunofluorescence. infection rates of borrelia varied, in nymphs (n = 347) from 13% to 46% and in adults, (n = 122) from 20% to 43%. the infection rate in larvae (n = 84) collected in 1993 was 21%, showing that transovarial transmission of b. burgdorferi occurs in the ... | 1994 | 7628258 |
| early detection of borrelia burgdorferi infection: to treat or not? | | 1995 | 7630282 |
| the spatial distribution of borrelia burgdorferi-infected ixodes ricinus in the connemara region of county galway, ireland. | studies were carried out in the connemara area of county galway in the west of ireland in order to determine the abundance and distribution of the tick, ixodes ricinus and the prevalence of its infection with borrelia burgdorferi. the tick was very abundant locally, in particular when associated with cattle, sheep and enclosed red deer. large numbers of ticks not only occurred on the pastures, but also on adjacent roadside verges. no infections with b. burgdorferi could be demonstrated when nymp ... | 1995 | 7634971 |
| borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks (acari: ixodidae) from two different foci in spain. | the prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in several tick species was studied over a 2 year period in two ecologically different areas in spain. one area was an endemic area for lyme disease, with a number of autochthonous human cases and supported large populations of ixodes ricinus on cattle and birds; the second area was characterized by the absence of i. ricinus together with the presence of foxes and their associated tick species. while i. ricinus was the main vector of b. burgdorer ... | 1995 | 7634972 |
| rabbit model of lyme borreliosis: erythema migrans, infection-derived immunity, and identification of borrelia burgdorferi proteins associated with virulence and protective immunity. | erythema migrans (em), persistent skin infection, and visceral dissemination can be induced reproducibly in the adult male new zealand white rabbit by intradermal injection of as few as 10(3) borrelia burgdorferi. em was found to persist for 7 +/- 3 d. skin culture positivity (infection) cleared within a mean of 6.7 +/- 1.4 wk after infection and similarly visceral infection was not demonstrated after 8 wk; infection-derived immunity to intradermal challenge was evident 5 mo after initial infect ... | 1995 | 7635989 |
| role of il-4 and ifn-gamma in modulation of immunity to borrelia burgdorferi in mice. | because t cells appear to modulate the severity of murine borrelia burgdorferi infections, we decided to examine the possible involvement of t cell-associated cytokines in disease outcome. comparison of in vitro b. burgdorferi ag-induced cytokine production in disease-susceptible and -resistant strains revealed striking differences; spleen cells from susceptible c3h mice produced significantly higher levels of il-2 and ifn-gamma and lower levels of il-4 than spleen cells from resistant balb/c mi ... | 1995 | 7636253 |
| methodological issues in assessing reproducibility--a comparative study of various indices of reproducibility applied to repeat elisa serologic tests for lyme disease. | this study applies and evaluates a variety of different measures of reproducibility. as an example, repeat enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa) for antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of lyme disease, are used. these repeat tests were part of the 1991 quality control assessment of provincial laboratories that was carried out by the laboratory centre for disease control (ottawa). twenty-seven sera from cases and non-cases were tested by three laboratories, and two labora ... | 1995 | 7636514 |
| the diagnosis of lyme disease. | | 1995 | 7636815 |
| [temporal distribution of ticks (acarina: ixodidae) in "macchia grande" park in manziana in the province of rome]. | temporal distribution of tick species was studied in the woodland "macchia grande" of manziana in the province of rome, italy. a total of 2,494 ticks was collected by means of drag sampling during one year of survey (1993). among the species identified, ixodes ricinus (linnaeus, 1758) (95.9%) was the most abundant, followed by haemaphysalis inermis (birula, 1895) (2.2%), rhipicephalus bursa (canestrini e fanzago, 1877) (1.8%), dermacentor marginatus sulzer, 1776) (0.1%). i. ricinus was present d ... | 1994 | 7638000 |
| the lyme disease vaccine candidate outer surface protein a (ospa) in a formulation compatible with human use protects mice against natural tick transmission of b. burgdorferi. | development of a vaccine for the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi, has focused on the bacterial lipoprotein, major outer surface protein a (ospa). with few exceptions, testing of ospa vaccines in animal models has involved challenge with needle inoculation of cultured spirochetes. recombinant ospa proteins from two ospa divergent strains of b. burgdorferi were tested for their vaccine potential in three different strains of mice challenged with laboratory reared ticks with a high ra ... | 1995 | 7639011 |
| lyme disease in a 74-year-old forest owner with symptoms of dermatomyositis. | we describe a 73-year-old forest owner with widespread erythema, myalgia, and proximal muscle weakness. the clinical signs and the results of electromyography, magnetic resonance imaging, and a muscle biopsy were consistent with dermatomyositis. however, serology was positive for borrelia burgdorferi. more importantly, b burgdorferi dna was detected in skin by polymerase chain reaction techniques, and spirochete-like organisms were detected in the muscle by silver staining. lyme disease with mus ... | 1995 | 7639814 |
| evaluation of the polymerase chain reaction for the detection of borrelia burgdorferi in cerebrospinal fluid of children with acute peripheral facial palsy. | neuroborreliosis occasionally represents a diagnostic problem, especially in the early stage of the infection. the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) offers an attractive alternative to antibody testing. the aim of our study was to investigate the diagnostic potential of pcr in comparison to antibody tests in csf of children with facial palsy. in contrast to other manifestations of neuroborreliosis, facial palsy is a well-defined clinical entity in which csf findings allow an early distinction acco ... | 1995 | 7641769 |
| molecular cloning and immunological characterization of a novel linear-plasmid-encoded gene, pg, of borrelia burgdorferi expressed only in vivo. | previously we have found that sera from immunocompetent mice infected either naturally by ticks or experimentally with low numbers of borrelia burgdorferi zs7 bacteria lack ospa- and ospb-specific antibodies but confer optimal protection on severe combined immunodeficiency mice against challenge with spirochetes (u.e. schaible, l. gern, r. wallich, m. d. kramer, m. prester, and m. m. simon, immunol. lett. 36:219-226, 1993). we have now used the latter immune sera to identify new spirochetal stru ... | 1995 | 7642261 |
| a 55-kilodalton antigen encoded by a gene on a borrelia burgdorferi 49-kilobase plasmid is recognized by antibodies in sera from patients with lyme disease. | we have identified a 55-kda antigen encoded by a gene on a 49-kb plasmid of borrelia burgdorferi. the screening of a b. burgdorferi dna expression library (n40 strain) with rabbit anti-b. burgdorferi serum and then with serum from a patient with lyme disease arthritis revealed a clone that synthesized an antigen that was reactive with both sera. dna sequence analysis identified an operon with two genes, s1 and s2 (1,254 and 780 nucleotides), that expressed antigens with the predicted molecular m ... | 1995 | 7642278 |
| adherence of borrelia burgdorferi to the proteoglycan decorin. | lyme disease is a tick-borne infection that can develop into a chronic, multisystemic disorder. the causative agent, borrelia burgdorferi, is initially deposited by the tick into the host dermis, where it associates with collagen fibers, replicates, and eventually disseminates to other tissues. we have examined the adherence of the spirochete to different components of the collagen fiber and demonstrated that decorin, a proteoglycan which decorates collagen fibers, can support the attachment of ... | 1995 | 7642279 |
| binding of human plasminogen to borrelia burgdorferi. | we studied the binding of plasminogen to borrelia burgdorferi, a spirochete which causes lyme disease and produces no endogenous proteases which digest extracellular matrix proteins. using 125i-labeled plasminogen, we demonstrated that b. burgdorferi bound human plasminogen and that this binding was inhibitable with unlabeled plasminogen. 125i-labeled plasminogen binding by b. burgdorferi was also inhibited by the lysine analog epsilon-aminocaproic acid. there was no significant difference in th ... | 1995 | 7642282 |
| recombinant ospa protects dogs against infection and disease caused by borrelia burgdorferi. | twenty-two specific-pathogen-free beagles were vaccinated with recombinant ospa (ospa gene derived from borrelia burgdorferi b31) alone or with adjuvant (quila, montanide isa25, or aluminum hydroxide) at 6 weeks of age. thirteen dogs were used as nonvaccinated controls with or without adjuvant. three dogs were kept as contact controls and received neither vaccine nor challenge. six weeks or 6 months after the first vaccination, the vaccinated (20 of 22) and nonvaccinated dogs (13) were challenge ... | 1995 | 7642289 |
| hypothyroidism with concurrent lyme disease. | lyme disease can be seen as localized, disseminated, acute, or chronic and can mimic other, more serious diseases. even though it is a multisystemic illness, very few spirochetes are present; yet, once established in the host, it can persist for years. the antibody response is slow and variable, and the spirochete is difficult to isolate from clinical specimens, even those obtained from the pathognomonic skin lesion. these variables, together with nonspecific symptoms, make the diagnosis of lyme ... | 1995 | 7642407 |
| intrathecal immune response in patients with neuroborreliosis: specificity of antibodies for neuronal proteins. | cerebrospinal fluid (csf) and serum samples of 47 patients with serologically proven neuroborreliosis were examined by western blotting for antibodies to a crude extract of human cortex (cns) comprising a multitude (> 40) of protein bands. intrathecal synthesis of total immunoglobulins was determined by the reiber formula and of autoantibodies to cns proteins by enzyme-linked immunoassay (elisa) and by western blotting. employing elisa, intrathecal synthesis of autoantibodies (igg, igm and/or ig ... | 1995 | 7643141 |
| canine lyme disease. | | 1995 | 7645190 |
| borrelia burgdorferi dna in biological samples from patients with sarcoidosis using the polymerase chain reaction technique. | polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used to detect the presence of borrelia burgdoferi dna in biological samples from patients with sarcoidosis. the target dna sequence was of chromosomal origin. the amplified dna sequence was analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis, page with silver staining, and the identity of amplified dna was confirmed by restriction enzyme cleavage and dna-dna hybridization with a 32p-labelled probe. the assay was sensitive to fewer than two copies of b. burgdorferi genome ... | 1995 | 7647327 |
| detection of borrelia burgdorferi dna by polymerase chain reaction in the urine and breast milk of patients with lyme borreliosis. | current laboratory diagnosis of lyme borreliosis relies on tests for the detection of antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi with known limitations. by using a simple extraction procedure for urine samples, b. burgdorferi dna was amplified by a nested pcr with primers that target the specific part of the flagellin gene. to control possible inhibition of the enzyme (polymerase), a special assay using the same primers was developed. we examined 403 urine samples from 185 patients with skin manifestati ... | 1995 | 7648832 |
| comparison of borrelia isolated from uk foci of lyme disease. | restriction endonuclease digestion of linear borrelial chromosomal dna showed that three isolates of uk lyme disease spirochaetes differed markedly from each other and from published data for other isolates from north america and continental europe. analysis of linear plasmid bands revealed that uk isolates differed from each other in the number and sizes of the plasmids in isolates from different foci of uk lyme disease. fatty acid analysis (of fatty acid methyl ester (fame) profiles) showed th ... | 1995 | 7649436 |
| variable serum immunoglobulin responses against different borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species in a population at risk for and patients with lyme disease. | borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species display considerable antigenic polymorphism. in order to evaluate the importance of this antigenic heterogeneity in the serodiagnosis of lyme disease, the serum immunoglobulin g response in 148 healthy individuals from an area in northern sweden where lyme disease is endemic and in 40 american patients with lyme disease was assessed. in a seroprevalence study, the control group included 173 individuals from a region of northern sweden where lyme disease is ... | 1995 | 7650170 |
| evaluation of ixodes scapularis, amblyomma americanum, and dermacentor variabilis (acari: ixodidae) from georgia as vectors of a florida strain of the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi. | the ability of three common tick species from georgia to maintain and transmit the causative agent of lyme disease, borrelia burgdorferi, was compared under laboratory conditions. a b. burgdorferi cotton rat isolate (mi-6) from florida was selected as a strain from the south, and the sh2-82 isolate from new york was used as a positive control. amblyomma americanum (l.) and dermacentor variabilis (say) did not transmit the mi-6 isolate from inoculated hamsters to naive laboratory mice, and nympha ... | 1995 | 7650697 |
| strain variation of lyme disease spirochetes isolated from ixodes ricinus ticks and rodents collected in two endemic areas in switzerland. | the relationship among lyme borreliosis, borrelia genospecies, rodent reservoirs, and ixodes ricinus l. ticks was studied in two endemic areas in switzerland. ear punch biopsies and sampling of internal organs were used to isolate borrelia burgdorferi (johnson, schmid, hyde, steigerwalt and brenner) from small mammals, apodemus sylvaticus l., a. flavicollis melchoir, clethrionomys glareolus schreber. spirochetes were isolated from ear tissue and spleen of the rodents. isolates were homogeneous a ... | 1995 | 7650703 |
| ticks (acari: ixodidae) infesting wild birds (aves) and white-footed mice in lyme, ct. | birds were captured and recaptured (20.8% of 5,297) with japanese mist nets, and white-footed mice, peromyscus leucopus (rafinesque), were caught and recaught (69.1% of 355) with sherman box traps during the late spring, summer, and early fall from july 1989 through october 1991 to study tick-host relationships in lyme, ct. ixodes scapularis say, a vector of lyme disease spirochetes, borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto johnson, schmid, hye, steigerwalt & brenner, infested 803 birds (15.2%) in 36 ... | 1995 | 7650706 |
| dispersal of the lyme disease spirochete borrelia burgdorferi to salivary glands of feeding nymphal ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae). | salivary gland explant cultures from 3/16 (19%) of unfed nymphal ixodes scapularis say contained lyme disease spirochetes, increasing to a maximum of 14/16 (88%) at 72 h of tick feeding. homogenates of tick salivary glands did not produce infection in laboratory white mice unless harvested from ticks attached for > or = 60 h. dispersal of spirochetes to the salivary glands appears to occur during the act of tick feeding, thus affecting the ability of ticks to transmit borrelia burgdorferi. | 1995 | 7650714 |
| increase in abundance of immature ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) in an emergent lyme disease endemic area. | changes in the abundance of immature ixodes scapularis say, the primary vector of lyme disease, were assessed over a 7-yr period in westchester county, new york, where the disease is endemic. in total, 4,000 m2 were drag sampled at each of 6 study sites in june and july of 1984 and 1991. the abundance of nymphs collected from all sites was 2.6-fold greater in 1991 than in 1984. four of the 6 sites had significantly more nymphs in 1991, with increases ranging from 1.1- to 46.5-fold. the abundance ... | 1995 | 7650715 |
| [the complement fixation reaction: a traditional, updated method for the detection of antibodies in the diagnosis of infections]. | complement-fixation (cf) is still an important basic serologic test for the diagnosis of infectious diseases. in several areas of microbiology (viral, bacterial, parasitic and fungal) it has served as a reference standard against which other methods have been compared. its partial displacement by other techniques, as advocated in some recent literature, is often unfounded and uncritical; displacement is mostly due not to problems inherent in the method, but rather to the lack of reagents of sati ... | 1995 | 7651069 |