Publications

scintigraphic evaluation of lyme disease: gallium-67 imaging of lyme myositis.	a patient suffering from lyme disease had cardiac conduction abnormalities, symptoms of arthritis, and myalgia. a ga-67 image showed evidence of endomyocarditis, but intense skeletal muscle uptake pointed to lyme myositis. reference is made to two other case reports of lyme myositis.	1989	2805522
clinical aspects of lyme disease.		1989	2794810
lyme disease--the great imitator.		1989	2794806
triple-phase bone image abnormalities in lyme arthritis.	arthritis is a frequent manifestation of lyme disease. limited triple-phase tc-99m mdp bone imaging of the wrists and hands with delayed whole-body images was performed in a patient with lyme arthritis. this demonstrated abnormal joint uptake in the wrists and hands in all three phases, with increased activity seen in other affected joints on delayed whole-body images. these findings are nonspecific and have been previously described in a variety of rheumatologic conditions, but not in lyme dise ...	1989	2509122
lyme disease facial palsy: differentiation from bell's palsy.		1989	2508822
lyme disease. a review and case report with pedal symptoms.		1989	2664128
pediatric rehabilitation. 5. joint and connective tissue diseases.	this self-directed learning module presents pertinent information about rehabilitation management of specific joint and connective tissue diseases affecting children. this section highlights juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, lyme disease, rheumatic fever, hemophilia, dermatomyositis, polymyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and other forms of arthritis. it is a section of the chapter of pediatric rehabilitation for the self-directed medical knowledge program study guide for practitioners and tra ...	1989	2655558
be ready for lyme disease in your own backyard.		1989	2928693
joint pain in children. when is it serious?	diagnosis of the cause of joint pain in children depends on the physician's ability to distinguish benign from more serious joint conditions. benign conditions include trauma, overuse syndromes, hypermobility syndrome, chondromalacia patellae, benign recurrent limb pains, and psychogenic rheumatism. conditions that require further evaluation and ongoing therapy include lyme disease, rheumatic fever, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, neoplastic disease, various orthopedic conditions, infection, sero ...	1989	2928285
erythema chronicum migrans as the presenting manifestation of juvenile chronic myelocytic leukemia.	we describe the case of a 3-year-old boy who presented with typical clinical features of lyme disease, including erythema chronicum migrans and arthritis. over subsequent months, however, the clinical picture evolved into juvenile chronic myelocytic leukemia. to our knowledge, the combination of lyme disease and juvenile chronic myelocytic leukemia has not been described. dermatologic and other relevant clinical findings are presented, and the cause and effect relationship between these two rare ...	1989	2731438
surveillance for lyme disease in alabama.	to estimate the frequency of occurrence of lyme disease in alabama, in september 1988 the department of public health requested physicians and laboratories to begin voluntary reporting of cases of lyme disease. thirteen cases, 5 confirmed, 1 probable, 4 presumptive and 3 possible, were reported for the years 1986-1988. counties in which tick exposure likely occurred included calhoun, cleburne, mobile, monroe, shelby, talladega and tallapoosa. lyme disease occurs in alabama but appears to be unco ...	1989	2729028
[lyme disease in the child].		1989	2665685
lyme disease: a review and an outlook for indiana.		1989	2656848
[lyme disease. recurrence of the skin lesion after treatment].		1989	2716391
eosinophilic lymphadenitis in lyme disease.		1989	2710589
lyme disease.		1989	2661449
lyme carditis: an important cause of reversible heart block.	lyme disease is a tick-borne spirochetal infection, characterized by erythema chronicum migrans and an acute systemic illness. the disease is endemic in many parts of the north-eastern united states. without treatment, late rheumatic, neurologic, and cardiac complications frequently occur. we report four serologically confirmed cases of lyme carditis in previously healthy young men (mean age, 45 years) from endemic areas. each presented with severe symptomatic atrioventricular block, three with ...	1989	2644885
spirochetal forms in the dermal lesions of morphea and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus.	morphea and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus are cutaneous diseases that are manifest by an early edematous stage, followed later by sclerosis and atrophy. they share features with acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans and erythema chronicum migrans, diseases that have been linked to infection by the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi. a modified silver stain was used to identify the presence of spirochetes in skin biopsy specimens of patients with morphea and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. spirocheta ...	1990	2393064
persistent atrioventricular block in lyme borreliosis.	cardiac manifestations are reported in 0.3%-4.0% of european patients with borrelia burgdorferi (b.b.) infection. usually symptoms disappear within 6 weeks. we report a case with persistent impairment of atrioventricular (av) conduction. diagnosis was confirmed by demonstration of igm antibodies and increase of igg antibody titers against b.b. in serum, by isolation of the spirochete from skin biopsy material and by the typical clinical combination of erythema migrans, bannwarth syndrome (mening ...	1990	2348647
lyme disease. employee education and treatment.	lyme disease is a complex multisystem disorder that begins with the bite from the ixodes tick. the ixodes tick carries the spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi, and infects humans with the spirochete. the initial symptoms of lyme disease are the erythema chronicum migrans, or "bull's eye" rash, and flu-like symptoms. stage iii of lyme disease can occur weeks to months after the initial infection when more serious complications may develop, such as neurologic, cardiac, or ophthalmologic problems. if ...	1990	2375798
monoclonal antibodies specific for the outer surface protein a (ospa) of borrelia burgdorferi prevent lyme borreliosis in severe combined immunodeficiency (scid) mice.	we have recently shown that viable borrelia burgdorferi organisms induce a chronic infection associated with arthritis and carditis in severe combined immunodeficiency (scid) mice but not in immunocompetent mice. the disease is similar to that found in patients suffering from lyme disease. we now show that b. burgdorferi-specific immune mouse sera as well as a monoclonal antibody to the spirochetal outer surface antigen a (31 kda) but not monoclonal antibodies specific for the 41-kda antigenic c ...	1990	2339119
status of ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae) in illinois.	ixodes dammini spielman, clifford, piesman & corwin was found for the first time in illinois in november 1987, when two adult females were collected from two deer in jo daviess county in the northwestern corner of the state. in 1988, in a study of six state parks in northern illinois, questing adults and nymphs were encountered in one park in ogle county. during the firearm deer hunt in november 1988, adult female and male ticks were found in several counties, with a high rate of infestation (gr ...	1990	2388231
lyme borreliosis-associated encephalopathy.	borrelia burgdorferi infection (lyme disease) is frequently accompanied by cns dysfunction. particularly common is a mild confusional state, the mechanism of which is unknown. since cns infection with b burgdorferi is usually accompanied by intrathecal synthesis of specific antibody, we studied csf in 73 patients referred for presumed cns lyme, manifested primarily as this confusional state. of 30 seropositive patients evaluated, only 5 had intrathecal antibody production. seven seronegative pat ...	1990	2392213
["insect bite" and borrelia].	a case of insect bite with a peculiar evolution is presented. the simultaneous inoculation of borrelia burgdorferi and the treatment are discussed.	1990	2340942
borrelia burgdorferi and babesia microti: efficiency of transmission from reservoirs to vector ticks (ixodes dammini).	in endemic regions, peromyscus leucopus, the mouse reservoir of the lyme disease spirochete (borrelia burgdorferi) and the piroplasm causing human babesiosis (babesia microti), is nearly universally infected with both agents. paradoxically, spirochetal infection is nearly twice as prevalent as is babesial infection in populations of field-collected nymphal ixodes dammini, the tick vector. in the laboratory, a similarly disproportionate rate of infection was observed among nymphal ticks, feeding ...	1990	2295326
detection of borrelia burgdorferi dna in museum specimens of ixodes dammini ticks.	in order to investigate the potential for borrelia burgdorferi infection before the recognition of lyme disease as a clinical entity, the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used to examine museum specimens of ixodes dammini (deer ticks) for the presence of spirochete-specific dna sequences. one hundred and thirty-six archival tick specimens were obtained representing various continental u.s. locations; dna sequences characteristic of modern day isolates of b. burgdorferi were detected in 13 194 ...	1990	2402635
[a case of "neuralgic amyotrophy" with elevated serum antibody titer against borrelia burgdorferi].	a 39-year-old man experienced an abrupt onset of right back pain. the pain improved spontaneously, but weakness of the right upper extremity developed. the weakness deteriorated during the next month, and he was admitted to our hospital. neurological examination disclosed impairment of superficial sensation in his right upper extremity. blood examination showed no abnormal data. the cerebrospinal fluid was normal. neuroradiological findings were also negative. electrophysiological examinations w ...	1990	2331826
[persistent leg pain].	a 72 year old patient suddenly experienced severe lumbar pain irradiating into the right leg. later on, weakness of the muscles thigh appeared. a thorough radiological investigation which showed degenerative alterations of the vertebral column did not supply an explanation. after a pathological titer against borrelia burgdorferi was found in serum and radiculitis was detected on emg, the diagnosis of lyme-borreliosis of the nervous system could be confirmed by analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid ...	1990	2142797
lyme disease in dogs.		1990	2356605
lyme borreliosis in selected strains and ages of laboratory mice.	the susceptibility of laboratory mice to borrelia burgdorferi was evaluated for selected genotypes and ages. c3h/he, swr, c57bl/6, sjl, and balb/c mice inoculated at age 3 days developed uniformly severe polyarthritis at 30 days after intraperitoneal inoculation. mice inoculated at age 3 weeks also developed polyarthritis, but severity was influenced by genotype, with c3h/he and swr mice the most severely affected. susceptible strains developed higher igg elisa antibody titers to b. burgdorferi ...	1990	2141344
susceptibility of laboratory rats to isolates of borrelia burgdorferi from different geographic areas.	one week old lew/n rats were inoculated with 15 different isolates of borrelia burgdorferi from 3 major north american (northeast, midwest, and pacific) and 1 european endemic areas. at 30 days after inoculation, several tissues were cultured for b. burgdorferi and examined for histopathological changes. sera were tested for igm and igg antibody to b. burgdorferi by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. one or more isolates from each geographic region was recovered by culture and caused arthriti ...	1990	2142584
histopathological findings in the central and peripheral nervous systems in neuroborreliosis. a report of three cases.	very little is known about tissue changes and pathophysiological mechanisms in garin-boujadoux-bannwarth syndrome. we report histopathological findings in the central and peripheral nervous systems of three typical cases. in the acute stage of the disease mononuclear perivascular infiltrations with mainly t-helper cells were the prominent finding, whereas after treatment there was no vessel involvement. the fibre changes in the peripheral nervous system consisted of axonal degeneration. no borre ...	1990	2355235
[epidemiology of borrelia burgdorferi infection. relation of the prevalence rate on determination by serologic procedures].	investigation of subclinical infections with borrelia burgdorferi in risk groups in switzerland, austria and southern germany showed an infection rate of 16%-27%. random samples of patients admitted to the neurological department of a hospital on the outskirts of hamburg gave the following results: in 100 sera there was in 27% a positive elisa-test, in 77 sera the ift-test was positive in 13%, and in 210 sera 6% showed a positive ift-test after absorption; the ift- and ift-abs. were compared in ...	1990	2181330
borrelia burgdorferi contains repeated dna sequences that are species specific and plasmid associated.	borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of lyme borreliosis, contains linear and supercoiled circular (sc) plasmids. because sc plasmids are present in multiple copies, these plasmids were examined for species-specific sequences that could serve as high-copy-number target dnas for a diagnostic probe. three ecori fragments (4.3, 4.2, and 3.5 kilobase pairs [kb]) that hybridized with multiple dna fragments from b. burgdorferi were identified and cloned from a sc plasmid-enriched fraction. the 4. ...	1990	2318533
borrelia burgdorferi myelitis presenting as a partial stiff man syndrome.	eight weeks after a tick bite, a 33-year-old male patient presented with stiffness of one leg together with spasmodic painful jerks resembling stiff man syndrome. isolated myelitis of lumbosacral segments of the spinal cord, apparently confined to the grey matter, was diagnosed and its spirochaetal aetiology confirmed by serology and csf findings. oligoclonal igg bands in csf specific for borrelia burgdorferi were found. thus, there is evidence that b. burgdorferi ist able to cause a localized m ...	1990	2319268
survival of borrelia burgdorferi in human blood stored under blood banking conditions.	hematogenous dissemination of organisms occurs in many spirochetal diseases, including lyme disease and syphilis. although syphilis has been transmitted by transfusion, in the vast majority of cases, only fresh blood products were involved, in part because treponema pallidum survives poorly when refrigerated in citrated blood. because of the rising incidence of lyme disease in certain areas, whether its causative agent, borrelia burgdorferi, could survive under blood banking conditions was studi ...	1990	2349627
computer simulation of rocky mountain spotted fever transmission by the american dog tick (acari: ixodidae).	a computer model was developed for simulation of the transmission of rickettsia rickettsii, the causative agent of rocky mountain spotted fever (rmsf), by the american dog tick, dermacentor variabilis (say). the model of rmsf was combined with a model for population dynamics of the american dog tick and included simulation of infection and transmission of rickettsiae between ticks and host mammals and transmission of rmsf to humans. the model simulated the effects of biotic and environmental var ...	1990	2388242
isolation, preliminary chemical characterization, and biological activity of borrelia burgdorferi peptidoglycan.	peptidoglycan (pg), an essential cell wall polymer of most bacteria, has been isolated from many species of spirochetes. our interest in the host response to borrelia burgdorferi led us to isolate and characterize its pg. extracted cells were solubilized with warm 1% sds followed by digestion with proteases. amino acid analysis of the isolated pg demonstrated the presence of alanine, glycine, glutamic acid, and ornithine as occurs in other spirochetes and bacteria. intense erythematous reactions ...	1990	2310405
thermoregulation of protein synthesis in borrelia burgdorferi.	borrelia burgdorferi, the etiological agent of lyme disease, infects humans via the bite of a tick. the microbe survives in at least two vastly different environments: an arthropod vector and a warm-blooded host. we examined protein synthesis in b. burgdorferi b31 in response to sudden heat stress, which is similar to that which occurs during the transmission from vector to host. proteins synthesized after shifts from 28 degrees c to higher temperatures and in pulse-chase experiments were labele ...	1990	2318529
[recent information on tick-borne diseases (i)].	tick-borne encephalitis (central european encephalitis) and lyme disease (erythema chronicum migrans) are diseases mainly transmitted by ticks of the ixodes ricinus species. the tick-borne encephalitis, a virus infection, can produce severe encephalitic symptoms. there is no specific treatment but the infection can be prevented by active or passive immunization. lyme disease is caused by a spirochete (borrelia burgdorferi). due to the variety of often uncharacteristic symptoms this infection is ...	1990	2158155
chronic neurologic manifestations of lyme disease.	lyme disease, caused by the tick-borne spirochete borrelia burgdorferi, is associated with a wide variety of neurologic manifestations. to define further the chronic neurologic abnormalities of lyme disease, we studied 27 patients (age range, 25 to 72 years) with previous signs of lyme disease, current evidence of immunity to b. burgdorferi, and chronic neurologic symptoms with no other identifiable cause. eight of the patients had been followed prospectively for 8 to 12 years after the onset of ...	1990	2172819
cefotaxime versus penicillin in the late stage of lyme disease--prospective, randomized therapeutic study.	the low responsiveness of lyme arthritis to high dose intravenous penicillin g therapy has evoked the demand for new drugs for the treatment of late stage borreliosis. as can be deduced from in vitro susceptibility data, third generation cephalosporins are far more effective on borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes than penicillin g. the study presented here was designed to compare cefotaxime at a dosage of 2 x 3 g/day with penicillin g at a dosage of 2 x 10 megaunits/day, for ten days in a prospecti ...	1990	2179134
effects of bovine serum albumin on the ability of barbour-stoenner-kelly medium to detect borrelia burgdorferi.	the ability of decreasing inocula of borrelia burgdorferi to grow in otherwise identical barbour-stoenner-kelly (bsk) media containing different lots of bovine serum albumin (fraction v) was determined. these media differed significantly in ability to detect b. burgdorferi. some bsk media required inocula of 2 x 10(5) organisms per ml for detection, while other media could stimulate growth after inoculation with less than 2 organisms per ml. in addition, organisms from the less sensitive bsk med ...	1990	2179264
[reflex sympathetic dystrophy. a new manifestation of lyme disease?].	several syndromes derived from the involvement of central and peripheral nervous system and meninges have been reported in the infection by borrelia burgdorferi. the features of autonomic nervous system involvement have received a marginal attention. reflex sympathetic dystrophy is an autonomic picture characterized by regional sympathetic hyperactivity which has not been associated with lyme disease. we report a 16-year-old female with clinical, radiological and scintigraphic features consisten ...	1990	2095902
[skin manifestations of infection by borrelia burgdorferi].	interest in lyme's disease is recent in spain. we review the dermatological features of the disease caused by b. burgdorferi, its differential diagnosis and its therapy, with reference to three patients with borrelia burgdorferi infection in whom the diagnosis was made on the basis of the dermatological picture. one patient had migratory erythema developing from the umbilical area, where he had been bitten by a tick. another patient had arthritis of the knee and meningoradiculitis, together with ...	1990	2095903
[antibodies against borrelia burgdorferi in a population group from valladolid].		1990	2098134
antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in dogs in hokkaido.	during 1985 to 1990, serum samples were obtained from 229 healthy dogs. the dogs lived in hokkaido, known to be infested with ticks. an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was used to detect igg and igm antibodies against borrelia burgdorferi ho14 and hp3, which were isolated from ixodes ovatus and i. persulcatus in the area. igg antibody to b. burgdorferi ho14 was detected in 8.8% (1985), 16.4% (1987) and 18.5% (1990). igm antibody to the bacteria was detected in 1.8% (1987) and 2.5% (199 ...	1990	2098630
characterization of borrelia burgdorferi associated antigens by monoclonal antibodies.	in this paper, we present a series of murine mab recognizing b. burgdorferi antigens. the antibodies were characterized by immuno-blotting and immuno-fluorescence studies using isolates of b. burgdorferi from north america and europe, respectively. moreover, reactivity of the antibodies with recombinant b. burgdorferi flagellin and ospa was studied. the results suggest these anti-b. burgdorferi mab as valuable tools for the serological analysis of b. burgdorferi isolates and for affinity-purific ...	1990	2099905
[analysis of anti-borrelia burgdorferi antibodies of the igg/igm classes by the elisa method. i. evaluation of the test and the methodological principles].		1990	2100816
[the prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi antibodies in a population at risk].	given the increasing interest in lyme borreliosis in our community, and the lack of epidemiological studies in our country, we have considered convenient to analyze the presence of anti-borrelia burgdorferi antibodies in a group of workmen who we have considered at high risk since they carry out their everyday work in an environment infested by ticks. significant antibody titers (= or greater than 1/128) are found in 38% of cases versus 0% in the control group. the significance of these results ...	1990	2102530
in-vitro susceptibility of borrelia burgdorferi and borrelia hermsii to ten antimicrobial agents.	the in-vitro activity of ten antimicrobial agents against four strains of borrelia burgdorferi originating both in the united states and europe and against one isolate of b. hermsii was investigated. ceftriaxone, erythromycin and roxithromycin were the most active drugs against both borrelia species studied, with minimum bactericidal concentrations ranging from 0.015 micrograms/ml to 0.125 micrograms/ml.	1990	2093104
prevalence of borreliae in ixodes ricinus ticks from southern moravia, czechoslovakia.	a total of 378 adult ixodes ricinus ticks were collected by flagging vegetation in four localities of two districts (breclav, znojmo) in south moravia and examined microscopically. borreliae were identified in giemsa-stained midgut smears from 32 (i.e. 8.5%) ticks (9.4% females, 7.2% males); the infection rate varied between 0.0 and 11.4% in the four localities examined. among female ticks, significantly more were found to be infected in autumn (19.7%) than in spring (5.8%). dark-field (df) and ...	1990	2093618
serologic survey of selected zoonotic disease agents in black-tailed jack rabbits from western texas.	a serologic survey for the agents of rocky mountain spotted fever (rmsf) (rickettsia rickettsii), borrelia spp. including the causative agent for lyme disease (borrelia burgdorferi), and plague (yersinia pestis) was conducted on blood samples collected from 30 and 46 black-tailed jack rabbits (lepus californicus) from an urban environment in lubbock, texas (usa) during winter 1987 and the following spring 1988, respectively. antibody titers to the agents of rmsf and borreliosis were detected in ...	1990	2106044
lyme carditis in immunodeficient mice during experimental infection of borrelia burgdorferi.	recently, we described the severe combined immunodeficiency (scid) mouse as a laboratory model for b. burgdorferi infection. scid mice inoculated with the virulent low-passage tick isolate borrelia burgdorferi zs7 developed a severe pancarditis involving endocardium, myocardium and epicardium in the absence of functional b- or t-cells. soon after inoculation perivascular infiltration was observed, later diffuse infiltration of the interstitium of the subendocardial and subepicardial areas was se ...	1990	2114691
imported malaria associated with malariotherapy of lyme disease--new jersey.		1990	2123017
zoonotic infections in northern ireland farmers.	evidence of past zoonotic infection was investigated serologically in randomly selected northern ireland farmers. the percentage of farmers with antibody was: brucella abortus (0.7), leptospira interrogans serovars (8.1), borrelia burgdorferi (14.3), toxoplasma gondii (73.5), coxiella burnetii (28.0), chlamydia psittaci (11.1) and hantavirus (1.2). the results show that northern ireland farmers have been exposed in the past to zoonotic infections. it is not known if these infections contributed ...	1990	2123457
borrelia burgdorferi in ticks of the canton tessin (switzerland).	in the northern alps it is hard to find an ixodes ricinus population which does not harbour borrelia burgdorferi. the infection rates range from 5 to 34% for adults and nymphs to 3.1% for larvae. this study shows that the infection rates on the southern side of the alps are similar, at 25% for adults, 36.2% for nymphs and 3.2% for larvae. with respect to tick species other than i. ricinus, we did not succeed in finding any spirochetes in dermacentor marginatus, haemaphysalis punctata, ixodes hex ...	1990	2132440
nocturnal detachment of the tick ixodes hexagonus from nocturnally active hosts.	to determine whether the pattern of engorgement of ixodes hexagonus leach (acarina: ixodidae) in central europe may influence host specificity, the host relationships of the sub-adult stages of this tick were examined and the time of detachment compared with the activity patterns of various candidate vertebrate hosts. the main hosts for i. hexagonus appear to be hedgehog and fox. this tick species seems to be incapable of feeding on any rodent commonly encountered in the study region, or on rept ...	1990	2133008
lyme disease. a general survey.		1990	2133980
experimental chronic lyme borreliosis in lewis rats.	the course of lyme borreliosis in lew/n rats inoculated intraperitoneally as infants with 10(6) borrelia burgdorferi was followed for 360 days. spirochetes were detected in the blood through 30 days, in the brain through 60 days, and persisted in the spleen, liver, kidneys and articular tissue through 360 days. acute exudative arthritis, tendonitis, and bursitis were evident in multiple joints by day 30. arthritis regressed thereafter but capsular fibrosis and lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates persi ...	1990	2138431
cogan's syndrome and seroreactivity to lyme borreliosis.	we document the case of a young woman with bilateral nonluetic, interstitial keratitis, vestibuloauditory problems, and bilateral recurrent facial palsies, who had strongly positive serologic tests of lyme borreliosis. to our knowledge, this is the first reported case of positive serologic tests for borrelia burgdorferi in a patient with cogan's syndrome.	1990	2141863
[occurrence of borrelia antibodies in field hares (lepus europaeus)].	using the indirect haemagglutination reaction with an antigenic extract from borrelia recurrentis, the author assessed in the hare the incidence of borrelia antibodies, incl. antibodies against borrelia burgdorferi, the causal agent of lyme borreliosis, a multisystemic disease with natural foci, a disease transmitted mostly by ticks of the genus ixodes. sera of 113 hares from 11 localities in the cssr examined by this method reacted in 41.6% by titres within the range from 1 : 16 to 1 : 512, onl ...	1990	2142623
in-vitro and in-vivo susceptibility of borrelia burgdorferi to azithromycin.	the in-vitro and in-vivo susceptibility of borrelia burgdorferito tetracycline, erythromycin and azithromycin was investigated. a macrodilution broth technique was used to determine mbcs. b. burgdorferi was most susceptible to azithromycin (mbc 0.04 mg/l) followed by erythromycin (mbc 0.16 mg/l) and tetracycline (mbc 1.6 mg/l). syrian hamsters were used to determine ed50s for the three antimicrobials. azithromycin was most effective in the elimination of spirochaetes from experimentally infected ...	1990	2154436
complement fixation test for the diagnosis of lyme disease.	sera from 43 patients were tested for complement-fixing antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi; these patients included 8 with confirmed lyme disease, 21 who were serologically positive but not likely to have lyme disease, and 14 who were serologically negative. seven individuals, all confirmed lyme disease patients, had complement-fixing antibodies. complement fixation may be a useful confirmatory test for lyme disease.	1990	2182679
serologic tests for lyme disease. interlaboratory variability.	the serologic test for the detection of antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi is the most frequently used laboratory method for the diagnosis of lyme disease. however, the insensitivity of the assays and the interlaboratory variability are frequent problems. to determine the extent of this variability, one aliquot of serum from each of nine patients with a history of lyme disease was sent to nine reference laboratories, including national, university, state, and local hospital laboratories. a secon ...	1990	2183731
immunological differentiation between neuroborreliosis and multiple sclerosis.	neuroborreliosis, a tick-borne spirochaetosis of the central nervous system, is diagnosed by the presence of intrathecally synthesized borrelia burgdorferi-specific antibodies. multiple sclerosis and neuroborreliosis can show similarities in clinical symptoms as well as lymphocytic cell reactions and oligoclonal bands in the isoelectric focusing of cerebrospinal fluid. to differentiate between multiple sclerosis and neuroborreliosis we tested intrathecally synthesized igm and virus antibodies. t ...	1990	2074447
antimicrobial agents in lyme disease.		1990	2184157
a randomized trial of ceftriaxone versus oral penicillin for the treatment of early european lyme borreliosis.	in a prospective randomized multicenter trial for the therapy of erythema migrans, 40 patients received ceftriaxone 1 g daily for 5 days and 33 patients obtained phenoxymethylpenicillin, 1 million units 3 times daily, for 12 days. follow-up was for a mean of 10 +/- 5 months. eight oral penicillin recipients (24%) and six ceftriaxone recipients (15%) developed minor consecutive manifestations. two ceftriaxone and one penicillin recipient(s) still had elevated igg antibody titers 10 to 20 months a ...	1990	2185158
serologic testing for lyme disease.	serologic testing for antibodies is, at present, the only practical means of diagnosing borrelia burgdorferi infection. however, specific igm spirochetal antibodies may not be at detectable concentrations in the early stage of lyme disease (within 6 weeks of onset). western blot analysis may be used to confirm indirect fluorescent antibody staining or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results, but it is laborious and expensive. false-positive reactions caused by cross-reactivity do occur. in pat ...	1990	2186396
treatment of lyme disease. best use of antibiotics.	lyme disease is a tick-borne illness caused by the spirochetal bacterium borrelia burgdorferi. recognition of the clinical manifestations and geographic range of this illness has expanded rapidly in recent years. although much remains to be explained about this infection, most patients can be treated effectively on the basis of the clinical experience gathered to date. antibiotics are the mainstay of therapy for all stages of illness. development of a vaccine and improvement in laboratory diagno ...	1990	2186397
comparison of flagellum and sonicate antigens for serological diagnosis of lyme borreliosis.	a sonicate antigen and two concentrations of a purified flagellum antigen of borrelia burgdorferi were compared for serological diagnosis of lyme borreliosis by an enzyme immunoassay (eia). generally, the higher concentration of flagellum antigen was found to be superior to the lower concentration, which was diluted eight times compared to the higher concentration. the diagnostic sensitivity for igg antibody detection increased from 13% in the sonicate eia to 31% in the best flagellum eia assay ...	1990	2186910
association of chronic lyme arthritis with hla-dr4 and hla-dr2 alleles.	a small percentage of patients infected with borrelia burgdorferi have chronic lyme arthritis that does not respond to antibiotic therapy. to learn whether genetically determined variations in the host immune response might account for such outcomes, we determined the immunogenetic profiles of 130 patients with various manifestations of lyme disease.	1990	2078208
[anti-borrelia burgdorferi antibodies in chronic erythema migrans, benign lymphadenosis cutis, scleroderma and scleroatrophic lichen].	fiftyone patients with a diagnosis of erythema chronicum migrans (ecm), lymphadenosis cutis benigna (labc), systemic progressive sclerosis, localized scleroderma and lichen sclerosus et atrophicans were investigated in order to obtain serological evaluation of borrelia burgdorferi circulating antibodies. in addition sera from 9 patients with pellagroid erythema, prurigo and panniculitis were performed: in these dermatoses there was no evidence of a possible borrelia relationship. indirect immuno ...	1990	2079346
[morphaea profunda].	a 47-year-old woman with a solitary morphoea profunda on the flexor aspect of the left thigh is described. clinically the lesion is characterized by a circumscribed, deeply indurated sclerotic plaque. the main histopathological features were sclerotic collagen changes and a striking accumulation of inflammatory cells in the deep dermis as well as in the subcutaneous tissue. plasma cells and t- and b-lymphocytes were the predominant cellular components of the infiltrate. the patient had an elevat ...	1990	2188936
[an evaluation of different methods for making vital preparations for the detection of borrelia in ixodid ticks].	comparative assessment of suitability of darkfield microscopy of the preparation from the ticks dissected by needles in a drop of saline for evaluation of spontaneous infection rate of unfed imago ticks--vectors of lyme disease--has been made, by using ix. persulcatus and ix. ricinus collected in leningrad province as models. examination of 100 individuals by parallel exploration of the glass-covered drops and the preparations from the middle intestine of the ticks demonstrated the presence of b ...	1990	2191203
[diagnosis of lyme disease].		1990	2192136
analysis of t lymphocytes cloned from the synovial fluid and blood of a patient with lyme arthritis.	cloned t lymphocytes reactive with borrelia burgdorferi proteins were isolated from a patient with chronic lyme arthritis. all of the t cell clones which proliferated in response to borrelia proteins were cd3 + cd4 + cd8 - tcr alpha beta + and hla-dr restricted. one t cell clone (gn30) exhibited hla-dr-restricted cytotoxic activity against antigen-presenting cells pulsed with borrelia antigen. in response to borrelia antigen, the t cell clones produced tnf-alpha, inf-gamma, and gm-csf. there are ...	1990	2083228
characterization of the heat shock response and identification of heat shock protein antigens of borrelia burgdorferi.	the heat shock response of borrelia burgdorferi b31 cells was characterized with regard to the heat shock proteins (hsps) produced. five to seven hsps were detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis and fluorography of proteins from cells labeled with [35s]methionine after shifts from 33 degrees c to 37 or 40 degrees c or from 20 degrees c to 33, 37, or 40 degrees c. analysis of [35s]methionine-labeled hsps by two-dimensional electrophoresis and autoradiography revealed 12 hsps. west ...	1990	2194963
epidemiological and aetiological evidence for transmission of lyme disease by adult ixodes persulcatus in an endemic area in china.	involvement of adult ixodes persulcatus ticks in the transmission of lyme disease in hailin county, heilongjiang province, china, is reported. in 1986 from april through august adult i. persulcatus was the dominant tick in this endemic area with an infection rate of 43% for the lyme disease spirochaete, borrelia burgdorferi. the incidence of lyme disease cases presenting the symptom of erythema chronicum migrans (ecm) within this area was correlated with the seasonal abundance of adult i. persul ...	1990	2083990
lyme disease.	lyme disease is a complex multisystem disorder recognized on six continents that is epidemic in some parts of the world during spring, summer, and fall seasons. it is an infectious disease caused by a spirochete, b. burgdorferi, which is transmitted chiefly by i. dammini and pacificus ticks in the united states and i. ricinis in europe. it is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. diagnosis i ...	1990	2195920
tick parasitism and antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in cats.	ticks were removed from naturally infested cats, and serum samples from these cats were tested for antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi. twenty-two of 93 cats (23.7%) had one or more motile stages of ixodes dammini attached. of 2 larvae and 20 nymphs removed from cats, 1 larva and 2 nymphs were infected with b burgdorferi. spirochetes were not found in tissues of 13 female and 4 male ticks. ten of 71 serum samples analyzed by indirect fluorescent antibody staining or elisa contained antibodies to ...	1990	2196252
[borrelia burgdorferi infection. i. aspects of basic research, current approach for diagnosis and therapy].	in this review article the current concepts on the infection caused by borrelia burgdorferi are presented. the problems associated with the diagnosis and therapy of the borrelia burgdorferi infection are pointed out. a series of monoclonal antibodies recognizing borrelia burgdorferi-associated antigens is presented. in collaborative research projects these antibodies were used for molecular biological (cloning and sequencing of borrelia burgdorferi antigens) and immunological (protection experim ...	1990	2089023
[recent information on tick-borne diseases (ii)].	tick-borne encephalitis (central european encephalitis) and lyme disease (erythema chronicum migrans) are diseases mainly transmitted by ticks of the ixodus ricinus species. the tick-borne encephalitis, a virus infection, can produce severe encephalitic symptoms. there is no specific treatment but the infection can be prevented by active or passive immunization. lyme disease is caused by a spirochete (borrelia burgdorferi). due to the variety of often uncharacteristic symptoms this infection is ...	1990	2198681
detection of serum antibodies against borrelia burgdorferi with some commercially available serological tests.	sixty-three sera were analysed for antibodies against borrelia burgdorferi with an in-house indirect immunofluorescence assay. thirty-nine sera were positive (titer greater than or equal to 256), seven borderline (titer 128) and 17 negative (titer less than or equal to 64). these results were compared with results obtained with four different commercial assays for detection of such antibodies. indirect immunofluorescence tests yielded most positive results. the flagellin elisa test detected anti ...	1990	2093855
characterization of a tick isolate of borrelia burgdorferi that possesses a major low-molecular-weight surface protein.	an unusual strain of borrelia burgdorferi (dn 127 cl 9-2) that was isolated from an ixodes pacificus tick did not react with monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to ospa and ospb surface proteins, which are found in most u.s. strains. the strain exhibited an abundant protein with an apparent molecular weight of 25,000 (25k protein). a mab, 86 dn-1, that was prepared to the 25k protein was used in studies on the effect of proteases on the intact spirochetes, immune electron microscopy, and western blot ( ...	1990	2199499
evaluation of three commercial tests for lyme disease.	a commercial indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), and a passive hemagglutination kit were evaluated and compared with our in-house ifa and elisa methods. both ifa methods gave identical results but were less sensitive than elisa methods. likewise, the elisa methods were comparable. the hemagglutination method gave a statistically significant difference when compared with our elisa method (p = 0.018 mcnemar test). it is recommended that the passive h ...	1990	2200637
immunology of lyme disease.	b. burgdorferi is an organism capable of modifying the immune response of its human hosts in a number of specific and nonspecific ways. an understanding of immune changes can help with diagnostic and therapeutic decisions in lyme disease.	1990	2200983
lyme disease in small animals.		1990	2200984
lyme disease in large animals.		1990	2200985
stroke in neuroborreliosis.	a 20-year-old man suffered two thalamic infarctions during the course of neuroborreliosis and was successfully treated with intravenous ceftriaxone. review of 11 additional cases of stroke and cerebral vasculitis in neuroborreliosis suggests that there is a meningovascular form of the infection with predilection for the posterior circulation and an association with the european strains of borrelia burgdorferi.	1990	2202096
interlaboratory and intralaboratory comparisons of indirect immunofluorescence assays for serodiagnosis of lyme disease.	a conventional indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa) and an anticomplement indirect immunofluorescence assay (acif) for detecting serum antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in humans were evaluated during a prevalence survey in northern california. sera obtained from 119 current or former residents of an area in which lyme disease is endemic were split and tested by the ifa in two laboratories and the acif in a third. the seropositivity rate ranged from 15 to 20% with 88 to 93% agreement among l ...	1990	2203813
humans and animals: increasing contacts, increasing infections.	changes in the zoonotic infections that affect americans stem primarily from shifting patterns of animal-human interaction, the crossover of species-specific organisms, and the importation or identification of new organisms. although lyme disease is not, strictly speaking, zoonotic, it leads off this review by virtue of its epidemic or near-epidemic prevalence in many areas.	1990	2105969
lyme disease: a review.	in the last decade, lyme borreliosis has emerged as a complex new infection whose distribution is worldwide. the multisystem disorder, which primarily affects the skin, joints, heart and nervous system at different stages, is caused by the tick-borne spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi. after the first weeks of infection almost all patients have a positive antibody response to the spirochaete and serological determinations are currently the most practical laboratory aid in diagnosis. treatment with ...	1990	2107856
outer surface protein a (ospa) from the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi: high level expression and purification of a soluble recombinant form of ospa.	the ospa gene of borrelia burgdorferi encodes an outer membrane protein which is a major antigen of the lyme disease agent. two sequence-specific sets of oligonucleotide primers were used to specify the amplification of the ospa coding sequence by the polymerase chain reaction. one set allowed the entire ospa sequence to be amplified, while the other primed amplification of a truncated form of ospa lacking the first 17 codons specified by the wild-type ospa structural gene, residues believed to ...	1990	2136237
[lyme disease: clinical and sero-epidemiological study of borrelia burgdorferi infections in belgium].	lyme disease is a multi-systemic infection caused by the spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi: this bacterium, discovered in 1982 in the united states, is mainly transmitted by a tick bite, ixodes ricinus in europe. in belgium, a first seroepidemiological study of 3 years has revealed 190 patients and the whole spectrum of clinical pictures was observed, including the early stage of this infection in the skin (erythema chronicum migrans), neurological involvement and arthritis. the lyme borreliosis ...	1990	2207461
lyme borreliosis in laboratory animals: effect of host species and in vitro passage of borrelia burgdorferi.	the susceptibility of several common laboratory animal species to a known pathogenic isolate of borrelia burgdorferi (n40) was evaluated following intraperitoneal (ip) inoculation of 10(6-8) spirochetes into 3-day-old lewis rats, cd-1 mice, syrian hamsters, and 3-week-old american dutch rabbits. at 30 days, tissues were cultured for spirochetes and examined histologically. all species developed multisystemic infection as well as arthritis and carditis, but disease was most severe in rats and mic ...	1990	2143358
penicillin-binding proteins in borrelia burgdorferi.	penicillin-binding proteins were identified in borrelia burgdorferi membranes. a 94-kilodalton penicillin-binding protein was the first to be labeled with tritiated penicillin and was the first band to disappear in a competition experiment. its binding ability was destroyed when membranes were preboiled. in addition, several of these penicillin-binding proteins comigrated with bands previously identified as surface proteins.	1990	2211530
saliva of the tick ixodes dammini inhibits neutrophil function.	pilocarpine-induced saliva of adult female ixodes dammini ticks inhibits the function of peritoneal-derived rat neutrophils, as measured by anaphylatoxin-induced aggregation, fmlp-induced granule enzyme secretion, zymosan-induced superoxide secretion, and phagocytosis of borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes. inhibition ranged from 40 to 80% when saliva was diluted 20 times into the assay medium. this neutrophil-inhibiting activity of i. dammini saliva may aid in tick feeding and facilitate pathogen ...	1990	2157607
early diagnosis of enteroviral meningitis by a solid-phase reverse immunosorbent test and virus isolation.	45 cases of aseptic meningitis/meningoencephalitis were studied with regard to enteroviral etiology by virus isolation and solid-phase reverse immunosorbent test (sprist), a cross-reacting test for enterovirus igm. an etiological diagnosis was reached in 37/45 (82%) patients. etiological diagnoses other than enteroviruses were found in 8 patients: borrelia burgdorferi in 4, varicella-zoster virus in 2, herpes simplex virus in 1 and mumps virus in 1 patient. enteroviruses (echovirus 6, 21 and 30) ...	1990	2175448
management of lyme disease.	the microbiology, transmission, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of lyme disease are reviewed. lyme disease, a tick-borne syndrome, was first described in 1975. the etiologic agent of lyme disease is borrelia burgdorferi, a slow-growing spirochete. lyme disease is the most prevalent tick-borne disease in this country; endemic areas in the united states include the northeastern, north central, and western regions. both infectious and immunologic mechan ...	1990	2180624