Publications

practicing in lyme disease territory.		1989	2758828
legal implications of uncertainty in lyme disease.		1989	2758826
sharing the task of lyme disease. public education.		1989	2758825
lyme disease and pregnancy.		1989	2758822
a prospective study of tick bites in an endemic area for lyme disease.		1989	2758821
national surveillance of lyme disease, 1987-1988.	in 1987 and 1988, 6876 lyme disease cases from 43 states were reported to the centers for disease control. the 4507 cases reported in 1988 was nearly double the case number reported in 1987, and ninefold the number reported in 1982, when a systematic system of national surveillance was established. the average annual incidence of reported lyme disease in the united states in 1987-1988 was 1.4/100,000. new york led the nation in reported cases in 1988 with 57% of the cases reported nationally. ei ...	1989	2758820
lyme disease.		1989	2758818
ticks, lyme disease, and spotted fever.		1989	2739954
late cutaneous lyme disease: acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans.		1989	2729343
catching the bug: how scientists found the cause of lyme disease and why we're not out of the woods yet.		1989	2667891
lyme disease prevention: personal protection and prospects for tick control.		1989	2667889
treatment of lyme disease.	lyme disease, a tick-transmitted spirochetal infection, can be divided into three stages that can overlap or occur alone. the goals of antibiotic therapy in stage one are to shorten the duration of early disease and to prevent the development of later stages of the illness. this can usually be accomplished with oral antibiotic therapy. later stages of the illness are frequently more difficult to treat, requiring prolonged oral or intravenous antibiotic therapy.	1989	2667887
clinical manifestations of lyme disease in the united states.		1989	2667885
selected tickborne infections. a review of lyme disease, rocky mountain spotted fever, and babesiosis.		1989	2662061
[clinical manifestations of lyme disease].	lyme disease can be divided into three phases; (1) a primary phase where the inconstant erythema migrans predominates; (2) a secondary phase, sometimes revealing the disease, with isolated or associated cutaneous and cardiac signs and articular or neurological manifestations responding to antibiotics, and (3) a tertiary phase with cutaneous, articular and above all neurological signs which are chronic and sometimes severe. a better knowledge of this infection has enabled some rheumatological or ...	1989	2740781
lyme disease: diagnosis by observation.		1989	2743543
lyme disease in rhode island.		1989	2587914
lyme disease in dogs.		1990	2356605
survival of borrelia burgdorferi in human blood stored under blood banking conditions.	hematogenous dissemination of organisms occurs in many spirochetal diseases, including lyme disease and syphilis. although syphilis has been transmitted by transfusion, in the vast majority of cases, only fresh blood products were involved, in part because treponema pallidum survives poorly when refrigerated in citrated blood. because of the rising incidence of lyme disease in certain areas, whether its causative agent, borrelia burgdorferi, could survive under blood banking conditions was studi ...	1990	2349627
the borrelia burgdorferi flagellum-associated 41-kilodalton antigen (flagellin): molecular cloning, expression, and amplification of the gene.	monoclonal antibodies directed against the major borrelia burgdorferi flagellar protein, the 41-kilodalton (kda) protein flagellin, were used to monitor cloning and expression of the flagellin gene from a borrelia burgdorferi genomic library. the structure of the gene was analyzed, and recombinant nonfusion flagellin was produced in escherichia coli. a dna sequence analysis of the 41-kda flagellin gene revealed the presence of an open reading frame that encoded a protein having 336 amino acid re ...	1990	2341173
simultaneous infection with an ehrlichia and borrelia burgdorferi in a child.		1990	2378481
time of repletion of subadult ixodes ricinus ticks feeding on diverse hosts.	for a comparison of the times of day at which the subadult stages of ixodes ricinus detach from nocturnal vs diurnal hosts, these ticks were placed on a variety of indigenous and experimental animals. the time of detachment appears to depend more on properties of the host than on the periodicity of tick behavior. ticks on rodents, regardless of host periodicity, tended to detach late in the afternoon; those on the hedgehog detached around midnight, and those on lizards and birds, during the morn ...	1990	2381897
computer simulation of rocky mountain spotted fever transmission by the american dog tick (acari: ixodidae).	a computer model was developed for simulation of the transmission of rickettsia rickettsii, the causative agent of rocky mountain spotted fever (rmsf), by the american dog tick, dermacentor variabilis (say). the model of rmsf was combined with a model for population dynamics of the american dog tick and included simulation of infection and transmission of rickettsiae between ticks and host mammals and transmission of rmsf to humans. the model simulated the effects of biotic and environmental var ...	1990	2388242
simultaneous ehrlichiosis and lyme disease.		1990	2314951
host-dependent differences in feeding and reproduction of ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae).	the frequencies with which adult ixodes dammini spielman, clifford, piesman and corwin feed upon white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), raccoons (procyon lotor), opossums (didelphis virginiana), and domestic cats were compared in a wooded site in northeastern united states. by combining estimates of the quantity of ticks feeding on each host species with host densities, we derived the relative contribution made by each kind of host to the feeding of the tick population. to compare engorgeme ...	1990	2280395
lyme disease: neurologic and ophthalmic manifestations.	lyme disease is tick-borne infection which produces early and late manifestations in many organ systems. prominent symptoms and signs occur in skin, heart, joints and nervous system. many ocular and neuro-ophthalmic abnormalities recently have been attributed to lyme disease, but some cases have not been well established as direct sequelae. this review of the contemporary state of knowledge about lyme disease was undertaken so that more rigorous criteria can be applied in future diagnosis.	1990	2274849
lyme disease in dogs and cats.		1990	2264252
epidemiology of lyme disease in virginia.	prior to january 1986, only one case of lyme disease was reported from virginia. in 1986-87, however, the virginia department of health observed an increase in reports of suspected lyme disease by physicians, despite the fact that ixodes dammini is not highly prevalent in the virginia tick population. twenty-eight cases of lyme disease were identified in virginia, of which eight cases occurred in 1986 and 20 in 1987. lyme disease appears to be increasing in frequency in virginia and moving south ...	1990	2240015
identification of the lyme disease vector in canada.		1990	2208344
[data on the epidemiology of lyme disease in bulgaria].	134 patients with clinically, epidemiologically and serologically confirmed lyme's disease have been examined. 89.5% of them had erythema chronicum migrans, 112 patients (83.6%) were known to have had tick bites. the majority of patients were white-collar workers and townspeople. hungry ticks collected from plants were shown to contain b. burgdorferi. 497 foresters and animal farmers have been serologically examined, using an indirect immunofluorescence test. antibodies to b. burgdorferi in diag ...	1990	2233527
the role of medium-sized mammals as reservoirs of borrelia burgdorferi in southern new york.	the ability of raccoons (procyon lotor), striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) and opossums (didelphis virginiana) to serve as reservoirs of borrelia burgdorferi, the spirochetal agent of lyme disease, was compared with that of white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus). twenty-eight (28) medium-sized mammals and 34 white-footed mice were captured in westchester county, new york (usa) in summer 1986. animals were caged over pans of water for 1 to 2 days to recover engorged tick larvae (ixodes dammini) ...	1990	2388356
[multiple sclerosis or lyme disease? a diagnosis problem of exclusion].	there is no diagnostic biological marker in multiple sclerosis. thus, its diagnosis is based on clinical criteria. these criteria can also be found in other conditions. lyme disease is currently among them. in a late period of the disease demyelinating involvement of central nervous system can develop, and multiple sclerosis can be erroneously diagnosed. we have evaluated a series of 55 patients with a definite diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, and we have found evidence of infection by the causa ...	1990	2388492
cloning and sequence analysis of linear plasmid telomeres of the bacterium borrelia burgdorferi.	borrelia burgdorferi, the lyme disease agent, has double-stranded linear plasmids with covalently closed ends. dna at the ends, or telomeres, of two linear plasmids of b. burgdorferi strain b31 was examined. telomeric sequences from both ends of a 16 kb linear plasmid and from one end of a 49 kb linear plasmid were cloned and sequenced. an 18 bp at-rich inverted repeat was found at each end of the 16 kb linear plasmid. the sequences of the two ends of this plasmid were different beyond these sho ...	1990	2388560
lyme borreliosis-associated encephalopathy.	borrelia burgdorferi infection (lyme disease) is frequently accompanied by cns dysfunction. particularly common is a mild confusional state, the mechanism of which is unknown. since cns infection with b burgdorferi is usually accompanied by intrathecal synthesis of specific antibody, we studied csf in 73 patients referred for presumed cns lyme, manifested primarily as this confusional state. of 30 seropositive patients evaluated, only 5 had intrathecal antibody production. seven seronegative pat ...	1990	2392213
lyme disease.		1990	2392409
[determination of antibodies against borrelia burgdorferi in patients with morphea, lichen sclerosus et atrophicus and erythema chronicum migrans].	several cutaneous entities described in europe as chronic migrans erythema (cme), mild cutis lymphadenosis (mcl) and chronic atrophyc acrodermatitis (caa) constitute clinical manifestations of a borrellia burgdorferi. the presence of clinical and hystologic lesions similar to those of liquen esclerosus and atrophyc (lea) and localized esclerodermia (morphea) in patients with caa has driven to several authors to demonstrate the aethiologic participation of b. burgdorferi in patients carrying thos ...	1990	2392594
spirochetal forms in the dermal lesions of morphea and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus.	morphea and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus are cutaneous diseases that are manifest by an early edematous stage, followed later by sclerosis and atrophy. they share features with acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans and erythema chronicum migrans, diseases that have been linked to infection by the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi. a modified silver stain was used to identify the presence of spirochetes in skin biopsy specimens of patients with morphea and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. spirocheta ...	1990	2393064
two genomic species in borrelia burgdorferi.	a total of 13 borrelia burgdorferi strains (responsible for lyme borreliosis) and representatives of 3 other borrelia species (b. hermsii, b. parkeri, b. turicatae) associated with relapsing fever were studied by dna/dna hybridization and rrna gene-restriction patterns. two genomic dna hybridization groups were observed which could be differentiated by rrna gene-restriction patterns. moreover, the number and size of restriction fragments suggest the existence of a single set of 16 and 23 s rrna ...	1990	2399368
detection of borrelia burgdorferi dna in museum specimens of ixodes dammini ticks.	in order to investigate the potential for borrelia burgdorferi infection before the recognition of lyme disease as a clinical entity, the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used to examine museum specimens of ixodes dammini (deer ticks) for the presence of spirochete-specific dna sequences. one hundred and thirty-six archival tick specimens were obtained representing various continental u.s. locations; dna sequences characteristic of modern day isolates of b. burgdorferi were detected in 13 194 ...	1990	2402635
comparison of indirect immunofluorescent-antibody assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and western immunoblot for the diagnosis of lyme disease in dogs.	enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), indirect immunofluorescent-antibody assay (ifa), and western immunoblot were used to test serum samples from 128 dogs for the presence of antibody to borrelia burgdorferi. sera included 72 samples from dogs suspected of having lyme disease, 32 samples from dogs residing in areas in which lyme disease was not considered endemic, and 24 samples from dogs with clinical and serologic evidence of immune-mediated disease (n = 10), rocky mountain spotted fever ...	1990	2405018
lyme disease.	lyme disease is an infectious, immune-mediated, multisystem disease. recent epidemiologic data confirms that in the united states, lyme disease is spreading faster than any other infectious disease except aids. the bacteria that causes lyme disease, borrelia burgdorferi, is transmitted to humans by the bite of the deer tick, ixodes dammini. if diagnosed and treated in its early stages, lyme disease is less likely to result in later cardiac, neurologic, and arthritic complications. arthritic comp ...	1990	2407990
[recurrent and relapsing course of borreliosis of the nervous system].	the clinical variability of chronic infections due to borrelia burgdorferi is greater than previously thought. three personal cases are presented in an overview, together with cases from the literature. chronic spastic para- and quadriparesis, transverse myelitis and recurrent hemiparesis have been noted in such cases. frequently, there is additional involvement of the cranial nerves. chronic polyneuritis, mononeuritis multiplex, as well as plexus neuritis can also occur. psychiatric manifestati ...	1990	2408240
cross-antigenicity between the major surface proteins (ospa and ospb) and other proteins of borrelia burgdorferi.	two of the major surface ag of borrelia burgdorferi, the 31-kda ospa and 34-kda ospb proteins, are encoded by a 49-kb plasmid. in this study, mab and monospecific polyclonal antibodies were used to define cross-antigenicity of the ospa and ospb protein to each other and to other lower molecular mass proteins by western blot analysis. two mab studied, 105.5 and 184.1, were directed predominantly against the 31-kda ospa protein. however, each also reacted with other minor bands, though with differ ...	1990	2295795
potential for lyme disease in maine: deer survey of distribution of ixodes dammini, the tick vector.	a survey of deer brought to tagging stations at 24 sites in main revealed the presence of the deer tick, ixodes dammini, on 5.1 percent of deer. ticks were found almost exclusively on deer from southwest coastal sites in the state. the potential for endemic lyme disease in coastal maine merits further study.	1990	2305920
borrelia burgdorferi myelitis presenting as a partial stiff man syndrome.	eight weeks after a tick bite, a 33-year-old male patient presented with stiffness of one leg together with spasmodic painful jerks resembling stiff man syndrome. isolated myelitis of lumbosacral segments of the spinal cord, apparently confined to the grey matter, was diagnosed and its spirochaetal aetiology confirmed by serology and csf findings. oligoclonal igg bands in csf specific for borrelia burgdorferi were found. thus, there is evidence that b. burgdorferi ist able to cause a localized m ...	1990	2319268
characterization of a tick isolate of borrelia burgdorferi that possesses a major low-molecular-weight surface protein.	an unusual strain of borrelia burgdorferi (dn 127 cl 9-2) that was isolated from an ixodes pacificus tick did not react with monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to ospa and ospb surface proteins, which are found in most u.s. strains. the strain exhibited an abundant protein with an apparent molecular weight of 25,000 (25k protein). a mab, 86 dn-1, that was prepared to the 25k protein was used in studies on the effect of proteases on the intact spirochetes, immune electron microscopy, and western blot ( ...	1990	2199499
[clinical value of antibody titers to borrelia burgdorferi and titer course in neurologic disease pictures].	over a period of 3 years, antibody titres against borrelia burgdorferi in serum were determined for 492 patients with a wide spectrum of neurological diseases. using the elisa technique, we found elevated titres against borrelia burgdorferi in about 20% of these patients. cranial nerve paresis was often the leading symptom of an acute neuroborreliosis. in a number of cases the diagnosis was indicated only by an elevated igg titre in the patient's serum, or a decrease in the titre level following ...	1990	2181331
[occurrence of borrelia antibodies in field hares (lepus europaeus)].	using the indirect haemagglutination reaction with an antigenic extract from borrelia recurrentis, the author assessed in the hare the incidence of borrelia antibodies, incl. antibodies against borrelia burgdorferi, the causal agent of lyme borreliosis, a multisystemic disease with natural foci, a disease transmitted mostly by ticks of the genus ixodes. sera of 113 hares from 11 localities in the cssr examined by this method reacted in 41.6% by titres within the range from 1 : 16 to 1 : 512, onl ...	1990	2142623
[hypertension in borrelia infections].	a patient with severe hypertension caused by borrelia burgdorferi-encephalitis is reported. the patient recovered from all symptoms following treatment with high dose cefuroxime. the diagnosis was not established until lumbar puncture was performed.	1990	2275047
long-term persistence of specific t- and b-lymphocyte responses to borrelia burgdorferi following untreated neuroborreliosis.	follow-up studies on 56 patients who suffered from antibiotically untreated, acute, monophasic neuroborreliosis five to 23 years ago revealed significant positive levels of igg antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi (bb) in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (csf) of 20 patients (ift, elisa, bb-specific igg western blot, bb-specific ief-igg immunoblot). nine of 10 tested patients had a definitely positive t-cell proliferative response to whole b. burgdorferi, with a mean (+/- -sem) stimulation index ...	1990	2276818
[polymerase chain reaction in the demonstration of borrelia burgdorferi dna].	borrelia burgdorferi is the etiological agent of lyme disease. certain diagnostic problems associated with lyme disease could be solved if a sensitive detection method were available for the pathogen: the polymerase chain reaction for the sensitive detection of borrelia burgdorferi is a possible candidate. the latest methods for the amplification of borrelia burgdorferi dna are discussed. in particular, a method for the amplification of a borrelia burgdorferi flagellin (41 kda antigen) gene segm ...	1990	2276912
the acute aseptic meningitis syndrome.	the acute aseptic meningitis syndrome is an entity that presents a diagnostic challenge to the clinician. although many infectious and noninfectious etiologies exist for this syndrome, viruses, especially nonpolio enteroviruses, are the classic and most important agents encountered. the incidence of polio and mumps meningitis has declined dramatically in the vaccine era, but recently described pathogens, such as human immunodeficiency virus and borrelia burgdorferi (lyme disease agent) are now i ...	1990	2277191
infectious but nonpathogenic isolate of borrelia burgdorferi.	we document for the first time an infectious but nonarthritogenic variant of borrelia burgdorferi. strain 25015, previously isolated from an ixodes dammini larva collected in upstate new york, was infectious but failed to produce arthritis or carditis in laboratory rats and mice. by contrast, pathogenic strain n40 invariably caused arthritis. this nonarthritogenic variant, with proteins with molecular weights different from those of the standard b31 strain, was frequently isolated from normal jo ...	1990	2280000
antigenic cross-reactivity between borrelia burgdorferi, borrelia recurrentis, treponema pallidum, and treponema phagedenis.	the antigenic cross-reactivity between different borrelia and treponema species was determined by the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test and sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by immunoblotting. the protein profiles of borrelia burgdorferi, borrelia recurrentis, treponema pallidum, and treponema phagedenis revealed essential differences. using immunoblotting, rabbit immune sera to b. burgdorferi and b. recurrentis exhibited strong cross-reactivities to het ...	1990	2085371
cerebrospinal fluid immune complexes in patients exposed to borrelia burgdorferi: detection of borrelia-specific and -nonspecific complexes.	we analyzed cerebrospinal fluid (csf) from 32 patients with neurological symptoms and evidence of borrelia burgdorferi infection (29 were seropositive as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, 2 were cell-mediated immune positive, and 1 had been seropositive as shown by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 9 months previously). csf immune complexes were found in 22 (69%) of 32 patients; in 18, there was sufficient sample to isolate immune complexes. by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, i ...	1990	2285261
lyme borreliosis: aspects of tick-borne borrelia burgdorferi infection from a dermatologic viewpoint.	during this decade, lyme borreliosis has emerged as an important health problem, especially in europe and in the united states, and there has been an explosive growth of knowledge about this condition. the true incidence of lxodes-borne borrelial infection is probably increasing, at least in parts of the world, but the reported increase is also partly attributable to a greater recognition and awareness of this infection. this paper reviews the basic knowledge about borrelia burgdorferi, its vect ...	1990	2285572
isolation of an outer membrane protein complex from borrelia burgdorferi by n-butanol extraction and high-performance ion-exchange chromatography.	borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of lyme disease, expresses two major membrane proteins, designated outer surface proteins a and b, which are of antigenic relevance, especially in the chronic phase of lyme disease. both proteins exhibit strain-related molecular weight variation. a method is described for obtaining these proteins from the bacterial membrane, without the use of detergents, by a combination of n-butanol extraction and cation-exchange chromatography on a mono s fast protein ...	1990	2286640
[oculomotor paralysis and lyme disease].	lyme disease is an infectious multi system disorder caused by the spirochète borrelia burgdorferi. neurologic syndromes occurring during the second stage of the illness are common and the neurologic feature is extremely variable. we report a case of lyme disease with diplopia. in contrast with most reported cases of ocular motor involvement in lyme disease, no other systemic symptoms were detected. the serodiagnosis, although mildly positive, was confirmed by western blot antibodies analysis and ...	1990	2290005
prevalence of antibody to borrelia burgdorferi in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.	lyme arthritis and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (jra) share a number of clinical features. our study was performed in order to determine the prevalence of antibody to borrelia burgdorferi in 50 children with jra who reside in a nonendemic area. three patients were weakly reactive and one patient was reactive when tested using an enzyme immunoassay to detect serum antibody to b. burgdorferi. no patient, however, had definitive serologic evidence of b. burgdorferi infection by western blot analys ...	1990	2290160
[a clinico-serological study of lyme disease in the northwestern ussr].	to reveal clinical signs and symptoms of lyme's disease in the population of the endemic area, clinical and serological examinations of 416 persons have been performed. preliminary screening, using indirect immunofluorescence, has revealed in 230 persons (group i) antibodies to the agent of the disease at a titre of greater than or equal to 1:20. group ii consisted of 186 patients who had not been serologically examined. lyme's disease diagnosed in most cases by erythema annulare was found in 8 ...	1990	2290396
lyme disease in a shimla boy.	a patient with lyme disease is described. he presented with meningitis-like picture, arthritis, and carditis (congestive cardiac failure and variable av blocks without valvular lesions). borrelia was present in the peripheral blood smear.	1990	2292560
the prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi seropositivity in an area endemic for lyme disease.	we conducted a seroprevalence survey of antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in west central wisconsin, an area endemic for lyme disease. one hundred and thirty-seven of 153 patients having blood drawn at the eau claire family medicine clinic and the associated rural augusta practice participated in the study and were tested for the presence of antibodies to b burgdorferi and questioned about lyme disease risk factors. an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that 15 (10.9%) of the 137 persons ...	1990	2293487
borrelia lymphocytoma: a possible north american case.	borrelia lymphocytoma is a rare dermatologic manifestation of lyme disease, thus far reported only in european patients. a possible north american case is presented and the significance of the first north american case is discussed.	1990	2293488
passive immunization prevents induction of lyme arthritis in lsh hamsters.	we determined that sera obtained from hamsters infected with borrelia burgdorferi could prevent the induction of lyme arthritis. when irradiated hamsters were administered immune serum and subsequently challenged with b. burgdorferi, no evidence of infection was detected. recipients failed to develop swelling of the hind paws, and no histopathologic changes were detected. in addition, b. burgdorferi was not recovered from tissues of hamsters that were passively immunized. by contrast, irradiated ...	1990	2294046
isolation of borrelia burgdorferi from the myocardium of a patient with longstanding cardiomyopathy.		1990	2294450
isolation of borrelia burgdorferi from the blood of seven patients with lyme disease.	borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of lyme disease, has rarely been successfully cultured from blood. we report on seven patients from westchester county, new york, with b. burgdorferi bacteremia diagnosed between april 1987 and august 1987.	1990	2294761
borrelia burgdorferi and babesia microti: efficiency of transmission from reservoirs to vector ticks (ixodes dammini).	in endemic regions, peromyscus leucopus, the mouse reservoir of the lyme disease spirochete (borrelia burgdorferi) and the piroplasm causing human babesiosis (babesia microti), is nearly universally infected with both agents. paradoxically, spirochetal infection is nearly twice as prevalent as is babesial infection in populations of field-collected nymphal ixodes dammini, the tick vector. in the laboratory, a similarly disproportionate rate of infection was observed among nymphal ticks, feeding ...	1990	2295326
[the prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi antibodies in a population at risk].	given the increasing interest in lyme borreliosis in our community, and the lack of epidemiological studies in our country, we have considered convenient to analyze the presence of anti-borrelia burgdorferi antibodies in a group of workmen who we have considered at high risk since they carry out their everyday work in an environment infested by ticks. significant antibody titers (= or greater than 1/128) are found in 38% of cases versus 0% in the control group. the significance of these results ...	1990	2102530
lyme disease in childhood: clinical and epidemiologic features of ninety cases.	in 1982 and 1983 practicing pediatricians in a lyme disease-endemic county, reported 90 cases of lyme disease among children 19 years of age and younger (median age, 9 years). three-fourths of the children had initial symptom onset in the summer months, with peak incidence in july. infection occurred twice as often in boys than in girls, and tick bites were recalled by less than half (49%) of the children or parents. erythema chronicum migrans was present in two-thirds (67%) of the cases with me ...	1990	2300409
susceptibility of the western fence lizard (sceloporus occidentalis) to the lyme borreliosis spirochete (borrelia burgdorferi).	attempts to infect juvenile and adult western fence lizards (sceloporus occidentalis) with the lyme borreliosis spirochete (borrelia burgdorferi) were largely unsuccessful. spirochetes could not be isolated from the blood and various tissues of 14 lizards 21-32 days after they had been inoculated ip (n = 8) or sc (n = 6) with 10(6) or 10(8) b. burgdorferi representing 3 tick isolates, although 1 lizard apparently developed a transitory spirochetemia lasting 2 days. similarly, spirochetes could n ...	1990	2301709
cross-reactive idiotypes in sera from patients with leprosy, lupus and lyme disease and from healthy individuals.	monoclonal igm autoantibodies have previously been generated from a patient with lepromatous leprosy. polyclonal anti-idiotypes raised against two of these monoclonal antibodies (8e7 and th9) were used in an immunoassay to detect the presence of idiotype in human serum. the anti-idiotypes recognize different but overlapping sets of idiotypic determinants, some of which are present on antibodies which bind to mycobacterium leprae. sera were tested from 16 individuals with leprosy, 45 with systemi ...	1990	2302837
bird-feeding ticks transstadially transmit borrelia burgdorferi that infect syrian hamsters.	bird-feeding ixodes dammini ticks were documented for the first time to successfully molt and transstadially pass borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes that were indistinguishable by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis from the type b31 strain. forty-six of 73 blood-engorged larvae and 50 of 66 fully-fed nymphs, removed from wild-caught birds, successfully molted. borreliae were isolated from 21 of 78 partially- and fully-fed larvae off birds, including six specimens that molted ...	1990	2304189
humans and animals: increasing contacts, increasing infections.	changes in the zoonotic infections that affect americans stem primarily from shifting patterns of animal-human interaction, the crossover of species-specific organisms, and the importation or identification of new organisms. although lyme disease is not, strictly speaking, zoonotic, it leads off this review by virtue of its epidemic or near-epidemic prevalence in many areas.	1990	2105969
survival of borrelia burgdorferi in different electroporation buffers.	electroporation consists in the application of an electric field through a cell membrane until the membrane itself develops transient pores. this technique has been used to insert external macromolecules into both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. in this study we investigated the survival ratio of borrelia burgdorferi, the lyme disease spirochete, under different electroporation conditions.	1990	2308532
isolation, preliminary chemical characterization, and biological activity of borrelia burgdorferi peptidoglycan.	peptidoglycan (pg), an essential cell wall polymer of most bacteria, has been isolated from many species of spirochetes. our interest in the host response to borrelia burgdorferi led us to isolate and characterize its pg. extracted cells were solubilized with warm 1% sds followed by digestion with proteases. amino acid analysis of the isolated pg demonstrated the presence of alanine, glycine, glutamic acid, and ornithine as occurs in other spirochetes and bacteria. intense erythematous reactions ...	1990	2310405
detection of borrelia burgdorferi dna by the polymerase chain reaction.	dna amplification by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used to detect dna of the lyme disease spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi. primers that specify the amplification of a 145 basepair dna fragment of the ospa gene of b. burgdorferi were used. the amplification product was detected by gel electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining or by hybridization to a radiolabelled oligonucleotide probe. the hybridization method was found to be more sensitive. as little as 50 fg of purified b. burgd ...	1990	2314397
serologic survey of selected zoonotic disease agents in black-tailed jack rabbits from western texas.	a serologic survey for the agents of rocky mountain spotted fever (rmsf) (rickettsia rickettsii), borrelia spp. including the causative agent for lyme disease (borrelia burgdorferi), and plague (yersinia pestis) was conducted on blood samples collected from 30 and 46 black-tailed jack rabbits (lepus californicus) from an urban environment in lubbock, texas (usa) during winter 1987 and the following spring 1988, respectively. antibody titers to the agents of rmsf and borreliosis were detected in ...	1990	2106044
possible lyme meningitis.	lyme disease was first recognized in 1975 because of a cluster of patients with arthritis in the vicinity of lyme, connecticut. subsequently the arthritis was linked with erythema chronicum migrans (88%), cardiac (8%), and nervous system diseases (11%). by 1983, the etiology of the disease had been confirmed as an infection caused by a spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi, transmitted to man by the bite of a tick, ixodes dammini. then it became apparent that this was the same disease reported as far ...	1990	2316438
systemic disease in peromyscus leucopus associated with borrelia burgdorferi infection.	sixteen wild peromyscus leucopus, trapped for the establishment of a breeding colony, developed signs of neurological damage (trembling, incoordination, circling, head tilt, and lameness of the rear legs) 2-47 days after capture in southern wisconsin. spirochetes were cultured from the brain of 5/11 mice, and borrelia burgdorferi was cultured from 1 brain. a spirochete was isolated from the bladder of 1 mouse. the spirochete was identified by fluorescent antibody staining with the monoclonal ant ...	1990	2316794
thermoregulation of protein synthesis in borrelia burgdorferi.	borrelia burgdorferi, the etiological agent of lyme disease, infects humans via the bite of a tick. the microbe survives in at least two vastly different environments: an arthropod vector and a warm-blooded host. we examined protein synthesis in b. burgdorferi b31 in response to sudden heat stress, which is similar to that which occurs during the transmission from vector to host. proteins synthesized after shifts from 28 degrees c to higher temperatures and in pulse-chase experiments were labele ...	1990	2318529
borrelia burgdorferi contains repeated dna sequences that are species specific and plasmid associated.	borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of lyme borreliosis, contains linear and supercoiled circular (sc) plasmids. because sc plasmids are present in multiple copies, these plasmids were examined for species-specific sequences that could serve as high-copy-number target dnas for a diagnostic probe. three ecori fragments (4.3, 4.2, and 3.5 kilobase pairs [kb]) that hybridized with multiple dna fragments from b. burgdorferi were identified and cloned from a sc plasmid-enriched fraction. the 4. ...	1990	2318533
immunogenic integral membrane proteins of borrelia burgdorferi are lipoproteins.	the pathogenic spirochete borrelia burgdorferi contains a set of integral membrane proteins which were selectively extracted into the detergent phase upon solubilization of intact b. burgdorferi with the nonionic detergent triton x-114. virtually all of these hydrophobic proteins were recognized by antibodies in pooled sera from patients with chronic lyme arthritis, demonstrating that proteins partitioning into the detergent phase of triton x-114 encompass the major b. burgdorferi immunogens. fu ...	1990	2318538
borrelia burgdorferi and ixodes dammini prevalent in the greater philadelphia area.		1990	2319174
imported malaria associated with malariotherapy of lyme disease--new jersey.		1990	2123017
incidence of tick-bite in man in aland islands: reference to the spread of lyme borreliosis.	the common tick ixodes ricinus is a vector both for the virus of tick-borne viral encephalitis (kumlinge disease, kd) and of borrelia burgdorferi (lyme borreliosis, lb). bites of the tick are believed to be common in aland, an island province of finland in the baltic sea. kd has been seen there for many years, and cases of lb have been diagnosed lately. the purpose of this study was to find the incidence of tick-bite among the population with possible implications for the spread of lb. a questio ...	1990	2320965
lyme disease in outdoor workers: risk factors, preventive measures, and tick removal methods.	a statewide cross-sectional study of risk factors for seropositivity for antibody to borrelia burgdorferi in outdoor workers in new jersey was performed in september and october 1988. the crude odds ratio associated with exposure to ticks on the primary state job was 2.2 (95% confidence interval (ci) 0.7-9.0). after adjustment for multiple confounding variables with logistic regression, the adjusted occupational tick exposure odds ratio was 5.1 (95% ci 1.1-23.6). additional analyses revealed tha ...	1990	2321630
[meningo-encephalomyelitis in lyme disease].	a case of isolated central nervous system involvement in lyme disease is described. a 13 year-old boy developed progressive spastic quadraparesis, chronic lymphocytic meningitis with a low csf glucose concentration and demyelinating lesions of the white matter on mri. the diagnosis was proved serologically by high antibody titers against borrelia burgdorferi (bb) in the serum (1:5, 120) and csf (1:1,280). there was evidence of specific intrathecal immune response against the bb antigen. the pati ...	1990	2322077
[the borrelia titer in ent diseases].	in 139 patients with facial paralysis, sudden hearing loss, vertigo, and lymphadenitis of the head and neck, the prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi serum antibodies was examined with the help of immunofluorescence assays for igg- and igm-antibodies, immunofluorescence assays after absorption of cross-reacting antibodies with treponema phagedenis, elisa, and western blot. six out of 22 patients with facial paralysis, 11 out of 72 with hearing loss, eight out of 45 with vertigo, and five out of 25 ...	1990	2322358
cultivation and characterization of spirochetes from cerebrospinal fluid of patients with lyme borreliosis.	attempts were made to culture spirochetes from cerebrospinal fluid samples of 105 patients suspected of having lyme borreliosis with neurological complications. at the final evaluation, only 38 patients fulfilled the criteria of neuroborreliosis. spirochetes were cultured from cerebrospinal fluid samples of four of these patients. all four patients had pleocytosis in their cerebrospinal fluid and a history of neurological symptoms of only 4 to 10 days in duration. two of them had no detectable a ...	1990	2324275
detection of antibodies in late lyme disease.		1990	2324533
htlv-i-associated myelopathy, tropical spastic paraparesis, and borrelia burgdorferi.		1990	2327742
serologic tests for antibody to borrelia burgdorferi. another pandora's box for medicine?		1990	2327834
persistence of antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in dogs of new york and connecticut.	multiple blood samples were obtained from privately owned dogs living in tick-infested areas of new york (westchester county) and connecticut, where lyme disease in human beings has been reported. of the 175 dogs examined, 127 (72.6%) had limb/joint disorder, whereas the remaining 48 dogs were considered healthy. results of analysis of 419 serum samples revealed igm antibody to borrelia burgdorferi in healthy and lame dogs during all seasons. prevalence of seropositivity was significantly (p les ...	1990	2329074
growth kinetics of the lyme disease spirochete (borrelia burgdorferi) in vector ticks (ixodes dammini).	lyme disease spirochetes (borrelia burgdorferi) multiplied rapidly in larval ixodes dammini, reaching a mean density of 2,735 spirochetes/tick on day 15 post-repletion. a 5-fold drop in spirochete levels occurred during the subsequent premolting period. recently molted nymphs contained a mean of less than 300 spirochetes/tick. following nymphal repletion, spirochete multiplication renewed, reaching a mean abundance of 61,275 spirochetes/nymph on day 75 post-repletion. a 10-fold drop in spirochet ...	1990	2331043
[a case of "neuralgic amyotrophy" with elevated serum antibody titer against borrelia burgdorferi].	a 39-year-old man experienced an abrupt onset of right back pain. the pain improved spontaneously, but weakness of the right upper extremity developed. the weakness deteriorated during the next month, and he was admitted to our hospital. neurological examination disclosed impairment of superficial sensation in his right upper extremity. blood examination showed no abnormal data. the cerebrospinal fluid was normal. neuroradiological findings were also negative. electrophysiological examinations w ...	1990	2331826
serologic survey for borrelia burgdorferi antibody in horses referred to a mid-atlantic veterinary teaching hospital.	blood samples obtained from 13 of 100 (13%) and 6 of 91 (7%) horses at the george d. widener hospital for large animals in the months of june and october, respectively, had antibody to borrelia burgdorferi as determined by elisa. horses from the states of new york, maryland, delaware, new jersey, and pennsylvania were seropositive for b burgdorferi. the frequency of antibody response in horses from new jersey was greater (p less than 0.05) than the frequency of antibody response in horses from p ...	1990	2332371
dna and protein analyses of tick-derived isolates of borrelia burgdorferi from california.	nine isolates of borrelia burgdorferi from ixodid ticks collected in northern california were characterized. restriction endonuclease analysis, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and western blot (immunoblot) analysis were used in this study. four isolates were very similar to each other. the others shared some similarities but were classified as having unique genotypes. a strain from an ixodes neotomae tick displayed the greatest genetic and antigenic diversity when compared to the isolates coll ...	1990	2332468
interaction between borrelia burgdorferi and endothelium in vitro.	during the pathogenesis of lyme disease, borrelia burgdorferi spreads hematogenously from the site of a tick bite to several tissues throughout the body. the specific mechanism of spirochete emigration is presently unknown. using cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells, we found that borrelia burgdorferi bound to the endothelial cells and to the subendothelial matrix. low passage isolates adhered 22-30-fold greater than a strain maintained in culture continuously. spirochete binding to s ...	1990	2332509
host-seeking behavior of adult ixodes pacificus (acari: ixodidae) as determined by flagging vegetation.	diurnal host-seeking by adults of the western black-legged tick, ixodes pacificus cooley & kohls in relation to vegetative habitat type and meterological factors was investigated at a coastal and an inland site in northern california. host-seeking behavior and relative tick abundance were determined with a tick drag method from late fall to midwinter 1987-1988. at the inland site, tick abundance usually was significantly greater in chaparral-grassland ecotones than in adjoining dense chaparral o ...	1990	2332872
subadult ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) on rodents in berlin, west germany.	to identify hosts that may serve as reservoirs for the agent of lyme disease in central europe, we determined whether ixodes ricinus l. feed most frequently on certain rodents and whether the abundance of these hosts corresponds to the season of feeding activity of the tick in four sites in berlin, federal republic of germany. in addition, we correlated abundance of i. ricinus with that of particular rodent hosts. two small rodents were more abundant than any others; a mouse, apodemus flavicolli ...	1990	2332880