Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| novel microtubule-targeting agents - the epothilones. | epothilones are a new class of antimicrotubule agents currently in clinical trials. their chemical structures are distinct from taxanes and are more amenable to synthetic modification. six epothilones have been studied in preclinical and clinical trials: patupilone (epothilone b), ixabepilone (bms247550), bms 310705, sagopilone (zk-epo), kos-862 (epothilone d), and kos-1584. in vitro data have shown increased potency in taxane-sensitive and taxane-resistant cancer cell lines. this enhanced cytot ... | 2008 | 19707459 |
| pharmaceutical approval update. | 2008 | 19749985 | |
| ixabepilone (ixempra), a therapeutic option for locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer. | ixabepilone (ixempra) is a member of a new class of cytotoxic agents, the epothilones. epothilones promote tubulin polymerization in vitro and demonstrate antitumor activity. this article reviews the preclinical and clinical data that have led to the approval of ixabepilone for patients with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer for whom anthracycline and taxane treatments have failed. | 2008 | 19750031 |
| no formation by a catalytically self-sufficient bacterial nitric oxide synthase from sorangium cellulosum. | the role of nitric oxide (no) in the host response to infection and in cellular signaling is well established. enzymatic synthesis of no is catalyzed by the nitric oxide synthases (noss), which convert arg into no and citrulline using co-substrates o2 and nadph. mammalian nos contains a flavin reductase domain (fad and fmn) and a catalytic heme oxygenase domain (p450-type heme and tetrahydrobiopterin). bacterial noss, while much less studied, were previously identified as only containing the hem ... | 2009 | 19805284 |
| tonb-dependent transporters and their occurrence in cyanobacteria. | different iron transport systems evolved in gram-negative bacteria during evolution. most of the transport systems depend on outer membrane localized tonb-dependent transporters (tbdts), a periplasma-facing tonb protein and a plasma membrane localized machinery (exbbd). so far, iron chelators (siderophores), oligosaccharides and polypeptides have been identified as substrates of tbdts. for iron transport, three uptake systems are defined: the lactoferrin/transferrin binding proteins, the porphyr ... | 2009 | 19821963 |
| a subset of the diverse cog0523 family of putative metal chaperones is linked to zinc homeostasis in all kingdoms of life. | cog0523 proteins are, like the nickel chaperones of the ureg family, part of the g3e family of gtpases linking them to metallocenter biosynthesis. even though the first cog0523-encoding gene, cobw, was identified almost 20 years ago, little is known concerning the function of other members belonging to this ubiquitous family. | 2009 | 19822009 |
| tertiary structure and characterization of a glycoside hydrolase family 44 endoglucanase from clostridium acetobutylicum. | a gene encoding a glycoside hydrolase family 44 (gh44) protein from clostridium acetobutylicum atcc 824 was synthesized and transformed into escherichia coli. the previously uncharacterized protein was expressed with a c-terminal his tag and purified by nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid affinity chromatography. crystallization and x-ray diffraction to a 2.2-a resolution revealed a triose phosphate isomerase (tim) barrel-like structure with additional greek key and beta-sandwich folds, similar to othe ... | 2010 | 19915043 |
| tertiary structure and characterization of a glycoside hydrolase family 44 endoglucanase from clostridium acetobutylicum. | a gene encoding a glycoside hydrolase family 44 (gh44) protein from clostridium acetobutylicum atcc 824 was synthesized and transformed into escherichia coli. the previously uncharacterized protein was expressed with a c-terminal his tag and purified by nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid affinity chromatography. crystallization and x-ray diffraction to a 2.2-a resolution revealed a triose phosphate isomerase (tim) barrel-like structure with additional greek key and beta-sandwich folds, similar to othe ... | 2010 | 19915043 |
| management of advanced breast cancer with the epothilone b analog, ixabepilone. | despite the activity of standard chemotherapies in advanced breast cancer, disease progression remains inevitable. most patients exposed to anthracyclines and taxanes develop resistance and a significant subset shows primary resistance. the increasing use of these agents as adjuvant therapy may result in more anthracycline- and taxane-resistant patients in the metastatic setting; few treatment options are available for patients with metastatic breast cancer (mbc) resistant to multiple chemothera ... | 2009 | 19920932 |
| structures of rna polymerase-antibiotic complexes. | inhibition of bacterial rna polymerase (rnap) is an established strategy for antituberculosis therapy and broad-spectrum antibacterial therapy. crystal structures of rnap-inhibitor complexes are available for four classes of antibiotics: rifamycins, sorangicin, streptolydigin, and myxopyronin. the structures define three different targets, and three different mechanisms, for inhibition of bacterial rnap: (1) rifamycins and sorangicin bind near the rnap active center and block extension of rna pr ... | 2009 | 19926275 |
| total synthesis and evaluation of c26-hydroxyepothilone d derivatives for photoaffinity labeling of beta-tubulin. | three photoaffinity labeled derivatives of epothilone d were prepared by total synthesis, using efficient novel asymmetric synthesis methods for the preparation of two important synthetic building blocks. the key step for the asymmetric synthesis of (s,e)-3-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-4-methyl-5-(2-methylthiazol-4-yl)pent-4-enal involved a ketone reduction with (r)-me-cbs-oxazaborolidine. for the synthesis of (5s)-5,7-di[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-4,4-dimethylheptan-3-one an asymmetric noyor ... | 2010 | 19954175 |
| metagenome fragment classification using n-mer frequency profiles. | a vast amount of microbial sequencing data is being generated through large-scale projects in ecology, agriculture, and human health. efficient high-throughput methods are needed to analyze the mass amounts of metagenomic data, all dna present in an environmental sample. a major obstacle in metagenomics is the inability to obtain accuracy using technology that yields short reads. we construct the unique n-mer frequency profiles of 635 microbial genomes publicly available as of february 2008. the ... | 2008 | 19956701 |
| identifying a resistance determinant for the antimitotic natural products disorazole c1 and a1. | disorazoles are macrocyclic polyketides first isolated from the fermentation broth of the myxobacterium sorangium cellulosum. both the major fermentation product disorazole a(1) and its much rarer companion disorazole c(1) exhibit potent cytotoxic activity against many human tumor cells. furthermore, the disorazoles appear to bind tubulin uniquely among known antimitotic agents, promoting apoptosis or premature senescence. it is uncertain what conveys tumor cell sensitivity to these complex natu ... | 2010 | 20008956 |
| evolution of dna ligases of nucleo-cytoplasmic large dna viruses of eukaryotes: a case of hidden complexity. | eukaryotic nucleo-cytoplasmic large dna viruses (ncldv) encode most if not all of the enzymes involved in their dna replication. it has been inferred that genes for these enzymes were already present in the last common ancestor of the ncldv. however, the details of the evolution of these genes that bear on the complexity of the putative ancestral ncldv and on the evolutionary relationships between viruses and their hosts are not well understood. | 2009 | 20021668 |
| a phase ii trial of the epothilone b analog ixabepilone (bms-247550) in patients with metastatic melanoma. | ixabepilone (bms-247550), an epothilone b analog, is a microtubule stabilizing agent which has shown activity in several different tumor types and preclinical models in melanoma. in an open label, one-arm, multi-center phase ii trial the efficacy and toxicity of this epothilone was investigated in two different cohorts: chemotherapy-naïve (previously untreated) and previously treated patients with metastatic melanoma. | 2010 | 20098694 |
| biosynthesis of rhizocticins, antifungal phosphonate oligopeptides produced by bacillus subtilis atcc6633. | rhizocticins are phosphonate oligopeptide antibiotics containing the c-terminal nonproteinogenic amino acid (z)-l-2-amino-5-phosphono-3-pentenoic acid (appa). here we report the identification and characterization of the rhizocticin biosynthetic gene cluster (rhi) in bacillus subtilis atcc6633. rhizocticin b was heterologously produced in the nonproducer strain bacillus subtilis 168. a biosynthetic pathway is proposed on the basis of bioinformatics analysis of the rhi genes. one of the steps dur ... | 2010 | 20142038 |
| sequence-based analysis of secondary-metabolite biosynthesis in marine actinobacteria. | a diverse collection of 60 marine-sediment-derived actinobacteria representing 52 operational taxonomic units was screened by pcr for genes associated with secondary-metabolite biosynthesis. three primer sets were employed to specifically target adenylation domains associated with nonribosomal peptide synthetases (nrpss) and ketosynthase (ks) domains associated with type i modular, iterative, hybrid, and enediyne polyketide synthases (pkss). in total, two-thirds of the strains yielded a sequence ... | 2010 | 20154113 |
| mitotic slippage in non-cancer cells induced by a microtubule disruptor, disorazole c1. | disorazoles are polyene macrodiolides isolated from a myxobacterium fermentation broth. disorazole c1 was newly synthesized and found to depolymerize microtubules and cause mitotic arrest. here we examined the cellular responses to disorazole c1 in both non-cancer and cancer cells and compared our results to vinblastine and taxol. | 2010 | 20181182 |
| distinguishing microbial genome fragments based on their composition: evolutionary and comparative genomic perspectives. | it is well known that patterns of nucleotide composition vary within and among genomes, although the reasons why these variations exist are not completely understood. between-genome compositional variation has been exploited to assign environmental shotgun sequences to their most likely originating genomes, whereas within-genome variation has been used to identify recently acquired genetic material such as pathogenicity islands. recent sequence assignment techniques have achieved high levels of ... | 2010 | 20333228 |
| metronomic dosing enhances the anti-angiogenic effect of epothilone b. | background: high doses (10nm) of epothilone b, a microtubule stabilizer, will inhibit the development of human tumor-derived angiogenesis following short (14 d) drug exposure times. metronomic dosing regimes use lower drug doses and prolonged drug exposure times in an attempt to decrease toxicity compared with standard dosing schedules. we hypothesized that epothilone b would be an effective anti-angiogenic agent when administered at very low doses over an extended period of time. methods: fragm ... | 2009 | 20338584 |
| metronomic dosing enhances the anti-angiogenic effect of epothilone b. | background: high doses (10nm) of epothilone b, a microtubule stabilizer, will inhibit the development of human tumor-derived angiogenesis following short (14 d) drug exposure times. metronomic dosing regimes use lower drug doses and prolonged drug exposure times in an attempt to decrease toxicity compared with standard dosing schedules. we hypothesized that epothilone b would be an effective anti-angiogenic agent when administered at very low doses over an extended period of time. methods: fragm ... | 2009 | 20338584 |
| recognition of (2s)-aminomalonyl-acyl carrier protein (acp) and (2r)-hydroxymalonyl-acp by acyltransferases in zwittermicin a biosynthesis. | polyketide synthases elongate a polyketide backbone by condensing carboxylic acid precursors that are thioesterified to either coenzyme a or an acyl carrier protein (acp). two of the three known acp-linked extender units, (2s)-aminomalonyl-acp and (2r)-hydroxymalonyl-acp, are found in the biosynthesis of the agriculturally important antibiotic zwittermicin a. we previously reconstituted the formation of (2s)-aminomalonyl-acp and (2r)-hydroxymalonyl-acp from the primary metabolites l-serine and 1 ... | 2010 | 20353188 |
| phase i trial of ixabepilone plus pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in patients with adenocarcinoma of breast or ovary. | ixabepilone is a semisynthetic epothilone b analogue that is active in taxane-resistant cell lines and has shown activity in patients with refractory breast and ovarian cancer. we carried out a phase i trial of ixabepilone plus pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (pld) in patients with advanced taxane-pretreated ovarian and breast cancer. | 2010 | 20357034 |
| cdnl, a member of the large card-like family of bacterial proteins, is vital for myxococcus xanthus and differs functionally from the global transcriptional regulator card. | card, a global transcriptional regulator in myxococcus xanthus, interacts with carg via cardnter, its n-terminal domain, and with dna via a eukaryotic hmga-type c-terminal domain. genomic analysis reveals a large number of standalone proteins resembling cardnter. these constitute, together with the rna polymerase (rnap) interacting domain, rid, of transcription-repair coupling factors, the card_trcf protein family. we show that one such cardnter-like protein, m. xanthus cdnl, cannot functionally ... | 2010 | 20371514 |
| regio- and stereospecificity of filipin hydroxylation sites revealed by crystal structures of cytochrome p450 105p1 and 105d6 from streptomyces avermitilis. | the polyene macrolide antibiotic filipin is widely used as a probe for cholesterol and a diagnostic tool for type c niemann-pick disease. two position-specific p450 enzymes are involved in the post-polyketide modification of filipin during its biosynthesis, thereby providing molecular diversity to the "filipin complex." cyp105p1 and cyp105d6 from streptomyces avermitilis, despite their high sequence similarities, catalyze filipin hydroxylation at different positions, c26 and c1', respectively. h ... | 2010 | 20375018 |
| identification of diverse antimicrobial resistance determinants carried on bacterial, plasmid, or viral metagenomes from an activated sludge microbial assemblage. | using both sequence- and function-based metagenomic approaches, multiple antibiotic resistance determinants were identified within metagenomic libraries constructed from dna extracted from bacterial chromosomes, plasmids, or viruses within an activated sludge microbial assemblage. metagenomic clones and a plasmid that in escherichia coli expressed resistance to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, or kanamycin were isolated, with many cloned dna sequences lacking any significant homology to known antibi ... | 2010 | 20382816 |
| phenolic acids act as signaling molecules in plant-microbe symbioses. | phenolic acids are the main polyphenols made by plants. these compounds have diverse functions and are immensely important in plant-microbe interactions/symbiosis. phenolic compounds act as signaling molecules in the initiation of legumerhizobia symbioses, establishment of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses and can act as agents in plant defense. flavonoids are a diverse class of polyphenolic compounds that have received considerable attention as signaling molecules involved in plant-microbe inter ... | 2010 | 20400851 |
| oxazolomycin biosynthesis in streptomyces albus ja3453 featuring an "acyltransferase-less" type i polyketide synthase that incorporates two distinct extender units. | the oxazolomycins (ozms) are a growing family of antibiotics produced by several streptomyces species that show diverse and important antibacterial, antitumor, and anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity. oxazolomycin a is a peptide-polyketide hybrid compound containing a unique spiro-linked beta-lactone/gamma-lactam, a 5-substituted oxazole ring. the oxazolomycin biosynthetic gene cluster (ozm) was identified from streptomyces albus ja3453 and localized to 79.5-kb dna, consisting of 20 open ... | 2010 | 20406823 |
| conformational plasticity and structure/function relationships in cytochromes p450. | the cytochrome p450s are a superfamily of enzymes that are found in all kingdoms of living organisms, and typically catalyze the oxidative addition of atomic oxygen to an unactivated c-c or c-h bond. over 8000 nonredundant sequences of putative and confirmed p450 enzymes have been identified, but three-dimensional structures have been determined for only a small fraction of these. while all p450 enzymes for which structures have been determined share a common global fold, the flexibility and mod ... | 2010 | 20446763 |
| a phase i/ii trial and pharmacokinetic study of ixabepilone in adult patients with recurrent high-grade gliomas. | ixabepilone is an epothilone, a novel class of non-taxane microtubule stabilizing agents. a phase i/ii and pharmacokinetic trial of ixabepilone was conducted in patients with recurrent high-grade gliomas. adult patients received ixabepilone as a 1-h infusion daily for 5 days every 3 weeks. a modified continual reassessment method was used to escalate doses, beginning at 5.0 mg/m(2), in patients stratified by use or non-use of enzyme inducing antiepileptic drugs (eiaed). in the phase i study, the ... | 2010 | 20449631 |
| the mixed lineage nature of nitrogen transport and assimilation in marine eukaryotic phytoplankton: a case study of micromonas. | the prasinophyte order mamiellales contains several widespread marine picophytoplankton (≤ 2 μm diameter) taxa, including micromonas and ostreococcus. complete genome sequences are available for two micromonas isolates, ccmp1545 and rcc299. we performed in silico analyses of nitrogen transporters and related assimilation genes in ccmp1545 and rcc299 and compared these with other green lineage organisms as well as chromalveolata, fungi, bacteria, and archaea. phylogenetic reconstructions of ammon ... | 2010 | 20457585 |
| a multi-protein complex from myxococcus xanthus required for bacterial gliding motility. | myxococcus xanthus moves by gliding motility powered by type iv pili (s-motility) and a second motility system, a-motility, whose mechanism remains elusive despite the identification of approximately 40 a-motility genes. in this study, we used biochemistry and cell biology analyses to identify multi-protein complexes associated with a-motility. previously, we showed that the n-terminal domain of frzcd, the receptor for the frizzy chemosensory pathway, interacts with two a-motility proteins, aglz ... | 2010 | 20487265 |
| identification of the viridicatumtoxin and griseofulvin gene clusters from penicillium aethiopicum. | penicillium aethiopicum produces two structurally interesting and biologically active polyketides: the tetracycline-like viridicatumtoxin 1 and the classic antifungal agent griseofulvin 2. here, we report the concurrent discovery of the two corresponding biosynthetic gene clusters (vrt and gsf) by 454 shotgun sequencing. gene deletions confirmed that two nonreducing pkss (nrpkss), vrta and gsfa, are required for the biosynthesis of 1 and 2, respectively. both pkss share similar domain architectu ... | 2010 | 20534346 |
| using chemobiosynthesis and synthetic mini-polyketide synthases to produce pharmaceutical intermediates in escherichia coli. | recombinant microbial whole-cell biocatalysis is a valuable approach for producing enantiomerically pure intermediates for the synthesis of complex molecules. here, we describe a method to produce polyketide intermediates possessing multiple stereogenic centers by combining chemobiosynthesis and engineered mini-polyketide synthases (pkss). chemobiosynthesis allows the introduction of unnatural moieties, while a library of synthetic bimodular pkss expressed from codon-optimized genes permits the ... | 2010 | 20543042 |
| prokaryote-derived protein inhibitors of peptidases: a sketchy occurrence and mostly unknown function. | in metazoan organisms protein inhibitors of peptidases are important factors essential for regulation of proteolytic activity. in vertebrates genes encoding peptidase inhibitors constitute up to 1% of genes reflecting a need for tight and specific control of proteolysis especially in extracellular body fluids. in stark contrast unicellular organisms, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic consistently contain only few, if any, genes coding for putative peptidase inhibitors. this may seem perplexing in ... | 2010 | 20558234 |
| the phosphatomes of the multicellular myxobacteria myxococcus xanthus and sorangium cellulosum in comparison with other prokaryotic genomes. | analysis of the complete genomes from the multicellular myxobacteria myxococcus xanthus and sorangium cellulosum identified the highest number of eukaryotic-like protein kinases (elks) compared to all other genomes analyzed. high numbers of protein phosphatases (pps) could therefore be anticipated, as reversible protein phosphorylation is a major regulation mechanism of fundamental biological processes. | 2010 | 20567509 |
| the bridge-region of the ku superfamily is an atypical zinc ribbon domain. | members of the ku superfamily are dna-end-binding proteins involved in non-homologous end-joining (nhej) dna repair. the published crystal structure of human ku-dna complex reveals a heterodimer that forms a ring around dsdna by means of the ku core modules. these modules contain a highly conserved seven-stranded β-barrel, which in turn contains an insertion, termed the bridge-region, between its second and third β-strands. the bridge-region adopts an unusual β-strand-rich structure critical for ... | 2010 | 20580930 |
| presence of a classical rrm-fold palm domain in thg1-type 3'- 5'nucleic acid polymerases and the origin of the ggdef and crispr polymerase domains. | almost all known nucleic acid polymerases catalyze 5'-3' polymerization by mediating the attack on an incoming nucleotide 5' triphosphate by the 3'oh from the growing polynucleotide chain in a template dependent or independent manner. the only known exception to this rule is the thg1 rna polymerase that catalyzes 3'-5' polymerization in vitro and also in vivo as a part of the maturation process of histidinyl trna. while the initial reaction catalyzed by thg1 has been compared to adenylation cata ... | 2010 | 20591188 |
| discovery and total synthesis of a new estrogen receptor heterodimerizing actinopolymorphol a from actinopolymorpha rutilus. | estrogen receptor eralpha and erbeta heterodimerization has been implicated in cancer chemoprevention. the discovery, structural elucidation, and total synthesis of a new natural product, actinopolymorphol a (1), from actinopolymorpha rutilus (yim45725) that preferentially induces eralpha/beta heterodimerization is reported. total synthesis of 1 has allowed us to determine its absolute stereochemistry and that of a previously known deacetylated congener, and 1 represents the first member of a ne ... | 2010 | 20593804 |
| myxobacteria, polarity, and multicellular morphogenesis. | myxobacteria are renowned for the ability to sporulate within fruiting bodies whose shapes are species-specific. the capacity to build those multicellular structures arises from the ability of m. xanthus to organize high cell-density swarms, in which the cells tend to be aligned with each other while constantly in motion. the intrinsic polarity of rod-shaped cells lays the foundation, and each cell uses two polar engines for gliding on surfaces. it sprouts retractile type iv pili from the leadin ... | 2010 | 20610548 |
| read length and repeat resolution: exploring prokaryote genomes using next-generation sequencing technologies. | there are a growing number of next-generation sequencing technologies. at present, the most cost-effective options also produce the shortest reads. however, even for prokaryotes, there is uncertainty concerning the utility of these technologies for the de novo assembly of complete genomes. this reflects an expectation that short reads will be unable to resolve small, but presumably abundant, repeats. | 2010 | 20634954 |
| structural insights into the function of aminoglycoside-resistance a1408 16s rrna methyltransferases from antibiotic-producing and human pathogenic bacteria. | x-ray crystal structures were determined of the broad-spectrum aminoglycoside-resistance a1408 16s rrna methyltransferases kamb and npma, from the aminoglycoside-producer streptoalloteichus tenebrarius and human pathogenic escherichia coli, respectively. consistent with their common function, both are class i methyltransferases with additional highly conserved structural motifs that embellish the core sam-binding fold. in overall structure, the a1408 rrna methyltransferase were found to be most ... | 2010 | 20639535 |
| from complete genome sequence to 'complete' understanding? | the rapidly accumulating genome sequence data allow researchers to address fundamental biological questions that were not even asked just a few years ago. a major problem in genomics is the widening gap between the rapid progress in genome sequencing and the comparatively slow progress in the functional characterization of sequenced genomes. here we discuss two key questions of genome biology: whether we need more genomes, and how deep is our understanding of biology based on genomic analysis. w ... | 2010 | 20647113 |
| damage of streptococcus mutans biofilms by carolacton, a secondary metabolite from the myxobacterium sorangium cellulosum. | streptococcus mutans is a major pathogen in human dental caries. one of its important virulence properties is the ability to form biofilms (dental plaque) on tooth surfaces. eradication of such biofilms is extremely difficult. we therefore screened a library of secondary metabolites from myxobacteria for their ability to damage biofilms of s. mutans. | 2010 | 20659313 |
| detecting and understanding the roles of nitric oxide in biology. | we are pursuing a dual strategy for investigating the chemistry of nitric oxide as a biological signaling agent. in one approach, metal-based fluorescent sensors for the detection of no in living cells are evaluated, and a sensor based on a copper fluorescein complex has proved to be a valuable lead compound. sensors of this class permit identification of no from both inducible and constitutive forms of nitric oxide synthase and facilitate investigation of different no functions in response to e ... | 2010 | 20666391 |
| identification of the biosynthetic gene cluster for the pacidamycin group of peptidyl nucleoside antibiotics. | pacidamycins are a family of uridyl tetra/pentapeptide antibiotics that act on the translocase mray to block bacterial cell wall assembly. to elucidate the biosynthetic logic of pacidamcyins, a putative gene cluster was identified by 454 shotgun genome sequencing of the producer streptomyces coeruleorubidus nrrl 18370. the 31-kb gene cluster encodes 22 proteins (paca-v), including highly dissociated nonribosomal peptide synthetase (nrps) modules and a variety of tailoring enzymes. gene deletions ... | 2010 | 20826445 |
| molecular evolution and the role of oxidative stress in the expansion and functional diversification of cytosolic glutathione transferases. | cytosolic glutathione transferases (cgst) are a large group of ubiquitous enzymes involved in detoxification and are well known for their undesired side effects during chemotherapy. in this work we have performed thorough phylogenetic analyses to understand the various aspects of the evolution and functional diversification of cgsts. furthermore, we assessed plausible correlations between gene duplication and substrate specificity of gene paralogs in humans and selected species, notably in mamma ... | 2010 | 20843339 |
| development of an environmental functional gene microarray for soil microbial communities. | functional attributes of microbial communities are difficult to study, and most current techniques rely on dna- and rrna-based profiling of taxa and genes, including microarrays containing sequences of known microorganisms. to quantify gene expression in environmental samples in a culture-independent manner, we constructed an environmental functional gene microarray (e-fga) consisting of 13,056 mrna-enriched anonymous microbial clones from diverse microbial communities to profile microbial gene ... | 2010 | 20851978 |
| engineered polyketide biosynthesis and biocatalysis in escherichia coli. | polyketides are important bioactive natural products biosynthesized by bacteria, fungi, and plants. the enzymes that synthesize polyketides are collectively referred to as polyketide synthases (pkss). because many of the natural hosts that produce polyketides are difficult to culture or manipulate, establishing a universal heterologous host that is genetically tractable has become an important goal toward the engineered biosynthesis of polyketides and analogues. here, we summarize the recent pro ... | 2010 | 20853106 |
| microtubule-binding agents: a dynamic field of cancer therapeutics. | microtubules are dynamic filamentous cytoskeletal proteins composed of tubulin and are an important therapeutic target in tumour cells. agents that bind to microtubules have been part of the pharmacopoeia of anticancer therapy for decades and until the advent of targeted therapy, microtubules were the only alternative to dna as a therapeutic target in cancer. the screening of a range of botanical species and marine organisms has yielded promising new antitubulin agents with novel properties. in ... | 2010 | 20885410 |
| optimizing ixabepilone treatment schedules in patients with advanced or metastatic breast cancer. | the epothilone b analog, ixabepilone, demonstrates low susceptibility to drug resistance mechanisms and has demonstrated clinically meaningful efficacy in patients refractory to other chemotherapeutic options. ixabepilone is approved by the fda for treatment of patients with metastatic breast cancer (mbc) progressing after taxanes and anthracyclines, either in combination with capecitabine or as monotherapy if the patient has already progressed on capecitabine. ixabepilone is generally well tole ... | 2010 | 20886213 |
| structural and biochemical characterization of mycobacterium tuberculosis cyp142: evidence for multiple cholesterol 27-hydroxylase activities in a human pathogen. | the mycobacterium tuberculosis cytochrome p450 enzyme cyp142 is encoded in a large gene cluster involved in metabolism of host cholesterol. cyp142 was expressed and purified as a soluble, low spin p450 hemoprotein. cyp142 binds tightly to cholesterol and its oxidized derivative cholest-4-en-3-one, with extensive shift of the heme iron to the high spin state. high affinity for azole antibiotics was demonstrated, highlighting their therapeutic potential. cyp142 catalyzes either 27-hydroxylation of ... | 2010 | 20889498 |
| endometrial carcinoma: a review of chemotherapy, drug resistance, and the search for new agents. | adenocarcinoma of the endometrium represents the most common gynecologic malignancy in developed countries. although early-stage cancers are effectively treated surgically, commonly without adjuvant therapy, the treatment of high-risk and advanced disease is more complex. chemotherapy has evolved into an important modality in high-risk early-stage and advanced-stage disease, and in recurrent endometrial cancer. taxane-based therapy consistently demonstrates the highest response rates in the firs ... | 2010 | 20930101 |
| marine myxobacteria as a source of antibiotics--comparison of physiology, polyketide-type genes and antibiotic production of three new isolates of enhygromyxa salina. | three myxobacterial strains, designated swb004, swb005 and swb006, were obtained from beach sand samples from the pacific ocean and the north sea. the strains were cultivated in salt water containing media and subjected to studies to determine their taxonomic status, the presence of genes for the biosynthesis of polyketides and antibiotic production. 16s rdna sequence analysis revealed the type strain enhygromyxa salina shk-1(t) as their closest homolog, displaying between 98% (swb005) and 99% ( ... | 2010 | 20948900 |
| prediction and analysis of the modular structure of cytochrome p450 monooxygenases. | cytochrome p450 monooxygenases (cyps) form a vast and diverse family of highly variable sequences. they catalyze a wide variety of oxidative reactions and are therefore of great relevance in drug development and biotechnological applications. despite their differences in sequence and substrate specificity, the structures of cyps are highly similar. although being in research focus for years, factors mediating selectivity and activity remain vague. | 2010 | 20950472 |
| in silico characterization of pectate lyase protein sequences from different source organisms. | a total of 121 protein sequences of pectate lyases were subjected to homology search, multiple sequence alignment, phylogenetic tree construction, and motif analysis. the phylogenetic tree constructed revealed different clusters based on different source organisms representing bacterial, fungal, plant, and nematode pectate lyases. the multiple accessions of bacterial, fungal, nematode, and plant pectate lyase protein sequences were placed closely revealing a sequence level similarity. the multip ... | 2010 | 21048874 |
| chemotherapy resistance in metastatic breast cancer: the evolving role of ixabepilone. | resistance to chemotherapy is a major obstacle to the effective treatment of many tumor types. although many anticancer therapies can alter tumor growth, in most cases the effect is not long lasting. consequently, there is a significant need for new agents with low susceptibility to common drug resistance mechanisms in order to improve response rates and potentially extend survival. approximately 30% of the women diagnosed with early-stage disease in turn progress to metastatic breast cancer, fo ... | 2010 | 21050423 |
| networks of gene sharing among 329 proteobacterial genomes reveal differences in lateral gene transfer frequency at different phylogenetic depths. | lateral gene transfer (lgt) is an important mechanism of natural variation among prokaryotes. over the full course of evolution, most or all of the genes resident in a given prokaryotic genome have been affected by lgt, yet the frequency of lgt can vary greatly across genes and across prokaryotic groups. the proteobacteria are among the most diverse of prokaryotic taxa. the prevalence of lgt in their genome evolution calls for the application of network-based methods instead of tree-based method ... | 2010 | 21059789 |
| networks of gene sharing among 329 proteobacterial genomes reveal differences in lateral gene transfer frequency at different phylogenetic depths. | lateral gene transfer (lgt) is an important mechanism of natural variation among prokaryotes. over the full course of evolution, most or all of the genes resident in a given prokaryotic genome have been affected by lgt, yet the frequency of lgt can vary greatly across genes and across prokaryotic groups. the proteobacteria are among the most diverse of prokaryotic taxa. the prevalence of lgt in their genome evolution calls for the application of network-based methods instead of tree-based method ... | 2010 | 21059789 |
| effects of site-directed mutagenesis of mgla on motility and swarming of myxococcus xanthus. | the mgla gene from the bacterium myxococcus xanthus encodes a 22kda protein related to the ras superfamily of monomeric gtpases. mgla is required for the normal function of a-motility (adventurous), s-motility (social), fruiting body morphogenesis, and sporulation. mgla and its homologs differ from all eukaryotic and other prokaryotic gtpases because they have a threonine (thr78) in place of the highly conserved aspartate residue of the consensus pm3 (phosphate-magnesium binding) region. to iden ... | 2010 | 21083931 |
| tir domain-containing adaptor sarm is a late addition to the ongoing microbe-host dialog. | toll/interleukin-1 receptor (tir) domain-containing proteins play important roles in defense against pathogens in both animals and plants, connecting the immunity signaling pathways via a chain of specific protein-protein interactions. among them is sarm, the only tir domain-containing adaptor that can negatively regulate tlr signaling. by extensive phylogenetic analysis, we show here that sarm is closely related to bacterial proteins with tir domains, suggesting that this family has a different ... | 2010 | 21110998 |
| tir domain-containing adaptor sarm is a late addition to the ongoing microbe-host dialog. | toll/interleukin-1 receptor (tir) domain-containing proteins play important roles in defense against pathogens in both animals and plants, connecting the immunity signaling pathways via a chain of specific protein-protein interactions. among them is sarm, the only tir domain-containing adaptor that can negatively regulate tlr signaling. by extensive phylogenetic analysis, we show here that sarm is closely related to bacterial proteins with tir domains, suggesting that this family has a different ... | 2010 | 21110998 |
| soraphen a, an inhibitor of acetyl coa carboxylase activity, interferes with fatty acid elongation. | acetyl coa carboxylase (acc1 and acc2) generates malonyl coa, a substrate for de novo lipogenesis (dnl) and an inhibitor of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation (fao). malonyl coa is also a substrate for microsomal fatty acid elongation, an important pathway for saturated (sfa), mono- (mufa) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (pufa) synthesis. despite the interest in acc as a target for obesity and cancer therapy, little attention has been given to the role acc plays in long chain fatty acid synthes ... | 2011 | 21184748 |
| soraphen a, an inhibitor of acetyl coa carboxylase activity, interferes with fatty acid elongation. | acetyl coa carboxylase (acc1 and acc2) generates malonyl coa, a substrate for de novo lipogenesis (dnl) and an inhibitor of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation (fao). malonyl coa is also a substrate for microsomal fatty acid elongation, an important pathway for saturated (sfa), mono- (mufa) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (pufa) synthesis. despite the interest in acc as a target for obesity and cancer therapy, little attention has been given to the role acc plays in long chain fatty acid synthes ... | 2011 | 21184748 |
| evolution of bacterial phosphoglycerate mutases: non-homologous isofunctional enzymes undergoing gene losses, gains and lateral transfers. | the glycolytic phosphoglycerate mutases exist as non-homologous isofunctional enzymes (nise) having independent evolutionary origins and no similarity in primary sequence, 3d structure, or catalytic mechanism. cofactor-dependent pgm (dpgm) requires 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate for activity; cofactor-independent pgm (ipgm) does not. the pgm profile of any given bacterium is unpredictable and some organisms such as escherichia coli encode both forms. | 2010 | 21187861 |
| genome mining in streptomyces. elucidation of the role of baeyer-villiger monooxygenases and non-heme iron-dependent dehydrogenase/oxygenases in the final steps of the biosynthesis of pentalenolactone and neopentalenolactone. | the pentalenolactone biosynthetic gene clusters have been cloned and sequenced from two known producers of the sesquiterpenoid antibiotic pentalenolactone, streptomyces exfoliatus uc5319 and streptomyces arenae tu¨469. the recombinant enzymes pene and pnte, from s. exfoliatus and s. arenae, respectively, catalyze the flavin-dependent baeyer-villiger oxidation of 1-deoxy-11-oxopentalenic acid (7) to pentalenolactone d (8). recombinant pend, pntd, and ptld, the latter from streptomyces avermitilis ... | 2011 | 21250661 |
| unpublished but public microbial genomes with biotechnological relevance. | 2008 | 21261839 | |
| natural products genomics. | 2008 | 21261848 | |
| limits in energy generation and biotechnology of primary and secondary products. | 2008 | 21261854 | |
| complete genome sequence of haliangium ochraceum type strain (smp-2). | haliangium ochraceum fudou et al. 2002 is the type species of the genus haliangium in the myxococcal family 'haliangiaceae'. members of the genus haliangium are the first halophilic myxobacterial taxa described. the cells of the species follow a multicellular lifestyle in highly organized biofilms, called swarms, they decompose bacterial and yeast cells as most myxobacteria do. the fruiting bodies contain particularly small coccoid myxospores. h. ochraceum encodes the first actin homologue ident ... | 2010 | 21304682 |
| fatty acid-related phylogeny of myxobacteria as an approach to discover polyunsaturated omega-3/6 fatty acids. | in an analysis of 47 aerobic myxobacterial strains, representing 19 genera in suborders cystobacterineae, nannocystineae, sorangiineae, and a novel isolate, "aetherobacter" sbsr008, an enormously diverse array of fatty acids (fas) was found. the distribution of straight-chain fatty acids (scfas) and branched-chain fatty acids (bcfas) supports the reported clustering of strains in the phylogenetic tree based on 16s rrna genes. this finding additionally allows the prediction and assignment of the ... | 2011 | 21317327 |
| enzymatic and mutational analyses of a class ii 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, pdee, from myxococcus xanthus. | myxococcus xanthus pdee, an enzyme homologous to class ii 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, hydrolyzed cyclic amp (camp) and cgmp with k(m) values of 12 µm and 25 µm, respectively. a pdee mutant exhibited delays in fruiting body and spore formation compared with the wild type when cultured on starvation medium. | 2011 | 21317337 |
| unusual outer membrane lipid composition of the gram-negative, lipopolysaccharide-lacking myxobacterium sorangium cellulosum so ce56. | the gram-negative myxobacterium sorangium cellulosum so ce56 bears the largest bacterial genome published so far, coding for nearly 10,000 genes. careful analysis of this genome data revealed that part of the genes coding for the very well conserved biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharides (lps) are missing in this microbe. biochemical analysis gave no evidence for the presence of lps in the membranes of so ce56. by analyzing the lipid composition of its outer membrane sphingolipids were identified a ... | 2011 | 21321121 |
| microbial-based therapy of cancer: current progress and future prospects. | the use of bacteria in the regression of certain forms of cancer has been recognized for more than a century. much effort, therefore, has been spent over the years in developing wild-type or modified bacterial strains to treat cancer. however, their use at the dose required for therapeutic efficacy has always been associated with toxicity problems and other deleterious effects. recently, the old idea of using bacteria in the treatment of cancer has attracted considerable interest and new genetic ... | 2009 | 21326924 |
| microbial-based therapy of cancer: current progress and future prospects. | the use of bacteria in the regression of certain forms of cancer has been recognized for more than a century. much effort, therefore, has been spent over the years in developing wild-type or modified bacterial strains to treat cancer. however, their use at the dose required for therapeutic efficacy has always been associated with toxicity problems and other deleterious effects. recently, the old idea of using bacteria in the treatment of cancer has attracted considerable interest and new genetic ... | 2009 | 21326924 |
| recombinant organisms for production of industrial products. | a revolution in industrial microbiology was sparked by the discoveries of ther double-stranded structure of dna and the development of recombinant dna technology. traditional industrial microbiology was merged with molecular biology to yield improved recombinant processes for the industrial production of primary and secondary metabolites, protein biopharmaceuticals and industrial enzymes. novel genetic techniques such as metabolic engineering, combinatorial biosynthesis and molecular breeding te ... | 2009 | 21326937 |
| recombinant organisms for production of industrial products. | a revolution in industrial microbiology was sparked by the discoveries of ther double-stranded structure of dna and the development of recombinant dna technology. traditional industrial microbiology was merged with molecular biology to yield improved recombinant processes for the industrial production of primary and secondary metabolites, protein biopharmaceuticals and industrial enzymes. novel genetic techniques such as metabolic engineering, combinatorial biosynthesis and molecular breeding te ... | 2009 | 21326937 |
| recent advances in bacterial heme protein biochemistry. | recent progress in genetics, fed by the burst in genome sequence data, has led to the identification of a host of novel bacterial heme proteins that are now being characterized in structural and mechanistic terms. the following short review highlights very recent work with bacterial heme proteins involved in the uptake, biosynthesis, degradation, and use of heme in respiration and sensing. | 2011 | 21339081 |
| natural products for cancer chemotherapy. | for over 40 years, natural products have served us well in combating cancer. the main sources of these successful compounds are microbes and plants from the terrestrial and marine environments. the microbes serve as a major source of natural products with anti-tumour activity. a number of these products were first discovered as antibiotics. another major contribution comes from plant alkaloids, taxoids and podophyllotoxins. a vast array of biological metabolites can be obtained from the marine w ... | 2011 | 21375717 |
| drugs that target dynamic microtubules: a new molecular perspective. | microtubules have long been considered an ideal target for anticancer drugs because of the essential role they play in mitosis, forming the dynamic spindle apparatus. as such, there is a wide variety of compounds currently in clinical use and in development that act as antimitotic agents by altering microtubule dynamics. although these diverse molecules are known to affect microtubule dynamics upon binding to one of the three established drug domains (taxane, vinca alkaloid, or colchicine site), ... | 2011 | 21381049 |
| enzymatic and functional analysis of a protein phosphatase, pph3, from myxococcus xanthus. | a protein phosphatase, designated pph3, from myxococcus xanthus showed the enzymatic characteristics of pp2c-type serine/threonine protein phosphatases, which are metal ion-dependent, okadaic acid-insensitive protein phosphatases. the pph3 mutant under starvation conditions formed immature fruiting bodies and reduced sporulation. | 2011 | 21398555 |
| insights into 4e-bp1 and p53 mediated regulation of accelerated cell senescence. | senescence is a valid tumor suppressive mechanism in cancer. accelerated cell senescence describes the growth arrested state of cells that have been treated with anti-tumor drugs, such as doxorubicin that induce a dna damage response. discodermolide, a microtubule-stabilizing agent, is a potent inducer of accelerated cell senescence. resistance to discodermolide is mediated via resistance to accelerated cell senescence, and is associated with reduced expression of the mtorc1 substrate, 4e-bp1 an ... | 2011 | 21399233 |
| across bacterial phyla, distantly-related genomes with similar genomic gc content have similar patterns of amino acid usage. | the gc content of bacterial genomes ranges from 16% to 75% and wide ranges of genomic gc content are observed within many bacterial phyla, including both gram negative and gram positive phyla. thus, divergent genomic gc content has evolved repeatedly in widely separated bacterial taxa. since genomic gc content influences codon usage, we examined codon usage patterns and predicted protein amino acid content as a function of genomic gc content within eight different phyla or classes of bacteria. w ... | 2011 | 21423704 |
| phylogenetic distribution and evolutionary history of bacterial dead-box proteins. | dead-box proteins are found in all domains of life and participate in almost all cellular processes that involve rna. the presence of dead and helicase_c conserved domains distinguish these proteins. dead-box proteins exhibit rna-dependent atpase activity in vitro, and several also show rna helicase activity. in this study, we analyzed the distribution and architecture of dead-box proteins among bacterial genomes to gain insight into the evolutionary pathways that have shaped their history. we i ... | 2011 | 21437710 |
| molecular evolution of urea amidolyase and urea carboxylase in fungi. | urea amidolyase breaks down urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide in a two-step process, while another enzyme, urease, does this in a one step-process. urea amidolyase has been found only in some fungal species among eukaryotes. it contains two major domains: the amidase and urea carboxylase domains. a shorter form of urea amidolyase is known as urea carboxylase and has no amidase domain. eukaryotic urea carboxylase has been found only in several fungal species and green algae. in order to elucid ... | 2011 | 21447149 |
| antibiotics trapping transcription initiation intermediates: to melt or to bend, what's first? | promoter dna melting, culminating in the loading of the single-stranded dna template into the rna polymerase active site, is a key step in transcription initiation. recently, the first transcription inhibitors found to block distinct steps of promoter melting were characterized. here, the impact of these studies is discussed with respect to the current models of transcription initiation. | 2011 | 21468230 |
| engineering microbial factories for synthesis of value-added products. | microorganisms have become an increasingly important platform for the production of drugs, chemicals, and biofuels from renewable resources. advances in protein engineering, metabolic engineering, and synthetic biology enable redesigning microbial cellular networks and fine-tuning physiological capabilities, thus generating industrially viable strains for the production of natural and unnatural value-added compounds. in this review, we describe the recent progress on engineering microbial factor ... | 2011 | 21526386 |
| discovering the unknown: improving detection of novel species and genera from short reads. | high-throughput sequencing technologies enable metagenome profiling, simultaneous sequencing of multiple microbial species present within an environmental sample. since metagenomic data includes sequence fragments ("reads") from organisms that are absent from any database, new algorithms must be developed for the identification and annotation of novel sequence fragments. homology-based techniques have been modified to detect novel species and genera, but, composition-based methods, have not been ... | 2011 | 21541181 |
| isolation of xylose isomerases by sequence- and function-based screening from a soil metagenome library. | abstract: background: xylose isomerase (xi) catalyses the isomerization of xylose to xylulose in bacteria and some fungi. currently, only a limited number of xi genes have been functionally expressed in saccharomyces cerevisiae, the microorganism of choice for lignocellulosic ethanol production. the objective of the present study was to search for novel xi genes in the vastly diverse microbial habitat present in soil. as the exploitation of microbial diversity is impaired by the ability to culti ... | 2011 | 21545702 |
| expansion of type ii caax proteases reveals evolutionary origin of γ-secretase subunit aph-1. | intramembrane proteases are responsible for a number of regulated proteolysis events occurring within or near the plasma and intracellular membranes. members of one large and diverse family of putative intramembrane metalloproteases are widely distributed in all domains of life, including the type ii caax prenyl proteases and their prokaryotic homologs with putative bacteriocin-related functions. we used sensitive sequence similarity searches to expand this large cpbp (caax proteases and bacteri ... | 2011 | 21570408 |
| thermostable direct hemolysin downregulates human colon carcinoma cell proliferation with the involvement of e-cadherin, and β-catenin/tcf-4 signaling. | colon cancers are the frequent causes of cancer mortality worldwide. recently bacterial toxins have received marked attention as promising approaches in the treatment of colon cancer. thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) secreted by vibrio parahaemolyticus causes influx of extracellular calcium with the subsequent rise in intracellular calcium level in intestinal epithelial cells and it is known that calcium has antiproliferative activity against colon cancer. | 2011 | 21625458 |
| widespread occurrence of secondary lipid biosynthesis potential in microbial lineages. | bacterial production of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (pufas), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (epa, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (dha, 22:6n-3), is constrained to a narrow subset of marine γ-proteobacteria. the genes responsible for de novo bacterial pufa biosynthesis, designated pfaeabcd, encode large, multi-domain protein complexes akin to type i iterative fatty acid and polyketide synthases, herein referred to as "pfa synthases". in addition to the archetypal pfa synthase ... | 2011 | 21629834 |
| core from myxococcus xanthus is a copper-dependent rna polymerase sigma factor. | the dual toxicity/essentiality of copper forces cells to maintain a tightly regulated homeostasis for this metal in all living organisms, from bacteria to humans. consequently, many genes have previously been reported to participate in copper detoxification in bacteria. myxococcus xanthus, a prokaryote, encodes many proteins involved in copper homeostasis that are differentially regulated by this metal. a σ factor of the ecf (extracytoplasmic function) family, core, has been found to regulate th ... | 2011 | 21655090 |
| xenobiotic efflux in bacteria and fungi: a genomics update. | 2011 | 21692371 | |
| recent applications of acyclic (diene)iron complexes and (dienyl)iron cations in organic synthesis. | complexation of (tricarbonyl)iron to an acyclic diene serves to protect the ligand against oxidation, reduction and cycloaddition reactions while the steric bulk of this adjunct serves to direct the approach reagents to unsaturated groups attached to the diene onto the face opposite to iron. furthermore, the fe(co)(3) moiety can serve to stabilize carbocation centers adjacent to the diene (i.e. pentadienyl-iron cations). recent applications of these reactivities to the synthesis of polyene, cycl ... | 2009 | 21709767 |
| geographic distribution of secondary metabolite genes in the marine actinomycete salinispora arenicola. | the molecular fingerprinting technique terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (t-rflp) was used in combination with sequence-based approaches to evaluate the geographic distribution of secondary metabolite biosynthetic genes in strains of the marine actinomycete salinispora arenicola. this study targeted ketosynthase (ks) domains from type i polyketide synthase (pks) genes and revealed four distinct clusters, the largest of which was comprised of strains from all six global locations ... | 2011 | 21724881 |
| total synthesis of (-)-cp(2)-disorazole c(1). | the total synthesis of a bis-cyclopropane analog of the antimitotic natural product (-)-disorazole c(1) was accomplished in 23 steps and 1.1% overall yield. a vinyl cyclopropane cross-metathesis reaction generated a key (e)-alkene segment of the target molecule. ic(50) determinations of (-)-cp(2)-disorazole c(1) in human colon cancer cell lines indicated low nanomolar cytotoxic properties. accordingly, this synthetic bioisostere represents the first biologically active disorazole analog not cont ... | 2011 | 21739942 |
| a new family of bacterial condensins. | condensins play a central role in global chromatin organization. in bacteria, two families of condensins have been identified, the mukbef and smc-scpab complexes. only one of the two complexes is usually found in a given species, giving rise to a paradigm that a single condensin organizes bacterial chromosomes. using sequence analysis, we identified a third family of condensins, mksbef (mukbef-like smc proteins), which is broadly present in diverse bacteria. the proteins appear distantly related ... | 2011 | 21752107 |
| characterization of novel ompa-like protein of leptospira interrogans that binds extracellular matrix molecules and plasminogen. | leptospira interrogans is the etiological agent of leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease of human and veterinary concern. the identification of novel proteins that mediate host-pathogen interactions is important for understanding the bacterial pathogenesis as well as to identify protective antigens that would help fight the disease. we describe in this work the cloning, expression, purification and characterization of three predicted leptospiral membrane proteins, lic10258, lic12880 (lp30) and lic12 ... | 2011 | 21755014 |
| phylogenomic evidence for a myxococcal contribution to the mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation. | the origin of eukaryotes remains a fundamental question in evolutionary biology. although it is clear that eukaryotic genomes are a chimeric combination of genes of eubacterial and archaebacterial ancestry, the specific ancestry of most eubacterial genes is still unknown. the growing availability of microbial genomes offers the possibility of analyzing the ancestry of eukaryotic genomes and testing previous hypotheses on their origins. | 2011 | 21760940 |