| lessons from the largest epidemic of avian influenza viruses in taiwan, 2015. | the largest epidemic of avian influenza (ai) in history attacked poultry and wild birds throughout taiwan starting january 6, 2015. this study analyzed surveillance results, epidemiologic characteristics, and viral sequences by using government-released information, with the intention to provide recommendations to minimize future pandemic influenza. the h5 clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic ai viruses (hpaivs) had not been detected in taiwan before 2015. during this epidemic, four types of etiologi ... | 2016 | 27309051 |
| simultaneous subtyping and pathotyping of avian influenza viruses in chickens in taiwan using reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification and microarray. | the h6n1 avian influenza virus has circulated in taiwan for more than 40 years. the sporadic activity of low pathogenic h5n2 virus has been noted since 2003, and highly pathogenic h5n2 avian influenza virus has been detected since 2008. ressortant viruses between h6n1 and h5n2 viruses have become established and enzootic in chickens throughout taiwan. outbreaks caused by novel highly pathogenic h5 avian influenza viruses whose ha genes were closely related to that of the h5n8 virus isolated from ... | 2016 | 27086860 |
| highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses h5n2, h5n3, and h5n8 in taiwan in 2015. | a severe epidemic, affecting mainly goose populations, broke out in early january 2015. the causative agents were identified as novel h5 avian influenza viruses carrying n2, n3, and n8 subtypes of the neuraminidase gene. from january 8 to february 11, 766 waterfowl and poultry farms were invaded by the h5 viruses, and more than 2.2 million geese died or were culled. phylogenetic analysis suggested that these avian influenza viruses derived from the h5 viruses of clade 2.3.4.4 which were emerging ... | 2016 | 27066708 |
| characterization of h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from wild and captive birds in the winter season of 2016-2017 in northern japan. | on november 15, 2016, a suspected case of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) in a dead black swan was reported from a zoo in akita prefecture, northern japan, and an hpai virus (hpaiv) belonging to the h5n6 subtype was isolated from specimens taken from the bird. after the initial report, 230 cases of hpai caused by h5n6 viruses were reported from wild birds, captive birds, and domestic poultry farms throughout the country during the winter season. in the present study, we further characte ... | 2017 | 28815716 |
| genetic characterization of highly pathogenic h5 influenza viruses from poultry in taiwan, 2015. | phylogenetic analysis of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5 viruses causing recent outbreaks in taiwan showed that they belonged to the asian hpai h5 lineage, clade 2.3.4.4 viruses, and were apparently introduced by migratory birds. these viruses reassorted with eurasian influenza gene pool viruses and formed five genotypic variants. as taiwan has a similar influenza ecosystem to southern china, the hpai h5 lineage could become established and enzootic in the island. | 2016 | 26690663 |