| dermatitis in captive wyoming toads (bufo baxteri) associated with fusarium spp. | from may 2007 to june 2008, 30 of 49 wyoming toads (bufo baxteri) kept at omaha's henry doorly zoo (nebraska, usa) died showing clinical signs of ventral erythema, inappetance, lethargy, and delayed righting reflex. treatment with antifungals and antibiotics was unsuccessful in all cases. histopathologic analyses revealed dermatitis as the primary problem in 20 of 21 toads in which skin was examined. fungal dermatitis was present in 17 toads, with hyphae approximately 1-3 μm in diameter, and par ... | 2010 | 20966269 |
| treatment of chytridiomycosis with reduced-dose itraconazole. | effective treatment methods to eliminate infection with batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd) are required for development of sustainable captive survival assurance populations of amphibians and to reduce the risk of introducing bd to new locations as part of amphibian trade or reintroduction programs. treatment with itraconazole baths at 100 mg l-1 is commonly used in captive amphibians, but side effects are observed in some amphibian species and life stages. naturally occurring outbreaks of chyt ... | 2012 | 22832723 |
| distribution and pathogenicity of batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in boreal toads from the grand teton area of western wyoming. | the pathogen batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd), which causes the skin disease chytridiomycosis, has been linked to amphibian population declines and extinctions worldwide. bd has been implicated in recent declines of boreal toads, bufo boreas boreas, in colorado but populations of boreal toads in western wyoming have high prevalence of bd without suffering catastrophic mortality. in a field and laboratory study, we investigated the prevalence of bd in boreal toads from the grand teton ecosyste ... | 2009 | 19418097 |
| a dna-based assay identifies batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in amphibians. | chytridiomycosis caused by batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (chytridiomycota) has been implicated in declines of amphibian populations on four continents. we have developed a sensitive and specific polymerase chain reaction-based assay to detect this pathogen. we isolated b. dendrobatidis from captive and wild amphibians collected across north america and sequenced the internal transcribed spacer regions of the rdna cassette of multiple isolates. we identified two primers (bd1a and bd2a) that are ... | 2004 | 15465708 |
| causes of mortality of the wyoming toad. | wyoming toads (bufo baxteri) that died from january 1989 to june 1996 were submitted to the wyoming state veterinary laboratory (laramie, wyoming, usa) for postmortem evaluation. these consisted of 108 free-ranging toads and 170 animals from six captive populations. ninety-seven (90%) of 108 free-ranging toad carcasses were submitted during september and october. from 1989 to 1992, 27 (77%) of 35 mortalities in the captive populations occurred in october, november, and december. from 1993 to 199 ... | 1999 | 10073345 |
| mucormycotic dermatitis in captive adult wyoming toads. | during late may 1995, 50 adult captive endangered wyoming toads (bufo baxteri) were brought out of hibernation. approximately 3 to 10 days after hibernation emergence, all toads were hormonally induced to breed, and paired. each pair was placed in their own breeding tank. four toads developed clinical signs of disease which included lethargy and multiple (4 to 12) small (2 mm) raised hyperemic nodules with white fuzzy caps on the ventral skin. the condition progressively worsened until death occ ... | 1999 | 10073348 |