| zika virus disease. | the zika virus is an arbovirus belonging to the virus family flaviviridae. the virus was isolated in 1947 from a rhesus monkey in the zika forest of uganda. the virus causes sporadic mild human infections in africa and later in asia. however, by 2007 a major shift in its infection pattern was noticed and thousands of human infections were reported in the state of yap and federated states of micronesia. in the last 3 years, major outbreaks have continued to occur and the virus has spread to sever ... | 2019 | 30787745 |
| pre-clinical development of a hydrogen peroxide-inactivated west nile virus vaccine. | west nile virus (wnv) is a mosquito-transmitted pathogen with a wide geographical range that can lead to long-term disability and death in some cases. despite the public health risk posed by wnv, including an estimated 3 million infections in the united states alone, no vaccine is available for use in humans. here, we present a scaled manufacturing approach for production of a hydrogen peroxide-inactivated whole virion wnv vaccine, termed hydrovax-001wnv. vaccination resulted in robust virus-spe ... | 2017 | 27919629 |
| vaccine-induced protection of rhesus macaques against plasma viremia after intradermal infection with a european lineage 1 strain of west nile virus. | the mosquito-borne west nile virus (wnv) causes human and animal disease with outbreaks in several parts of the world including north america, the mediterranean countries, central and east europe, the middle east, and africa. particularly in elderly people and individuals with an impaired immune system, infection with wnv can progress into a serious neuroinvasive disease. currently, no treatment or vaccine is available to protect humans against infection or disease. the goal of this study was to ... | 2014 | 25392925 |
| west nile virus spreads transsynaptically within the pathways of motor control: anatomical and ultrastructural mapping of neuronal virus infection in the primate central nervous system. | during recent west nile virus (wnv) outbreaks in the us, half of the reported cases were classified as neuroinvasive disease. wnv neuroinvasion is proposed to follow two major routes: hematogenous and/or axonal transport along the peripheral nerves. how virus spreads once within the central nervous system (cns) remains unknown. | 2016 | 27617450 |
| contrasted patterns of variation and evolutionary convergence at the antiviral oas1 gene in old world primates. | the oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (oas1) enzyme acts as an innate sensor of viral infection and plays a major role in the defense against a wide diversity of viruses. polymorphisms at oas1 have been shown to correlate with differential susceptibility to several infections of great public health significance, including hepatitis c virus, sars coronavirus, and west nile virus. population genetics analyses in hominoids have revealed interesting evolutionary patterns. in central african chimpanzee, oa ... | 2015 | 26156123 |
| immune response to the west nile virus in aged non-human primates. | risk of encephalitis from west nile virus (wnv) infection increases dramatically with age. understanding the basis of this susceptibility requires development of suitable animal models. here, we investigated the immune response to wnv in old non-human primates. | 2010 | 21151986 |
| evaluation of replivax wn, a single-cycle flavivirus vaccine, in a non-human primate model of west nile virus infection. | west nile virus (wnv) causes serious neurologic disease, but no licensed vaccines are available to prevent this disease in humans. we have developed replivax wn, a single-cycle flavivirus with an expected safety profile superior to other types of live-attenuated viral vaccines. in this report we describe studies examining replivax wn safety, potency, and efficacy in a non-human primate model of wnv infection. a single immunization of four rhesus macaques with replivax wn was safe and elicited de ... | 2010 | 20519618 |
| immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a recombinant subunit west nile virus vaccine in rhesus monkeys. | the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a recombinant subunit west nile virus (wnv) vaccine was evaluated in rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta). the vaccine consisted of a recombinant envelope (e) protein truncated at the c-terminal end, resulting in a polypeptide containing 80% of the n-terminal amino acids of the native wnv protein (wn-80e), mixed with an adjuvant (gpi-0100). wn-80e was produced in a drosophila melanogaster expression system with high yield and purified by immunoaffinity c ... | 2009 | 19641099 |
| cellular inflammatory response to flaviviruses in the central nervous system of a primate host. | flaviviruses such as tick-borne encephalitis virus, japanese encephalitis virus, west nile virus, and st. louis encephalitis virus are important neurotropic human pathogens, typically causing a devastating and often fatal neuroinfection. flaviviruses induce neuroinflammation with typical features of viral encephalitides, including inflammatory cell infiltration, activation of microglia, and neuronal degeneration. development of safe and effective live-virus vaccines against neurotropic flaviviru ... | 2009 | 19581627 |
| seroprevalence of west nile virus in nonhuman primates as related to mosquito abundance at two national primate research centers. | west nile virus (wnv) surfaced as an emerging infectious disease in the northeastern united states in 1999, gradually spread across the continent, and is now endemic throughout north america. outdoor-housed nonhuman primates at the tulane national primate research center (tnprc) in louisiana were documented with a relatively high prevalence (36%) of antibodies to west nile virus. we examined the prevalence of antibodies to wnv in a nonhuman primate population housed in outdoor colonies at the ye ... | 2007 | 17348299 |
| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using recombinant envelope protein expressed in cos-1 and drosophila s2 cells for detection of west nile virus immunoglobulin m in serum or cerebrospinal fluid. | humans infected with west nile virus (wnv) develop immunoglobulin m (igm) antibodies soon after infection. the microtiter-based assays for wnv igm antibody detection used by most state public health and reference laboratories utilize wnv antigen isolated from infected vero cells or recombinant envelope protein produced in cos-1 cells. recombinant antigen produced in cos-1 cells was used to develop a wnv igm capture enzyme immunoassay (eia). a supplementary eia using wnv envelope protein expresse ... | 2004 | 15242936 |
| experimental infection of rhesus macaques with west nile virus: level and duration of viremia and kinetics of the antibody response after infection. | reports of transfusion-associated cases of west nile virus (wnv) infection indicate the need for sensitive screening methods to identify wnv-infected blood products. we experimentally infected 5 rhesus macaques with wnv, to determine the level and duration of viremia, the kinetics of the humoral immune response, and the sensitivity of various assay systems for detecting wnv in blood. all macaques developed subclinical infections with low levels of viremia; nested reverse-transcription polymerase ... | 2004 | 14767821 |
| west nile virus infection in nonhuman primate breeding colony, concurrent with human epidemic, southern louisiana. | during the summer of 2002, an epidemic of west nile meningoencephalitis occurred in southern louisiana. following the outbreak, blood samples were collected from 1,692 captive rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta), pigtail macaques (m. nemestrina), and baboons (papio spp.) that were permanently housed outdoors at a nonhuman primate breeding facility in st. tammany parish, louisiana. the serum samples were examined for antibodies to west nile virus (wnv). overall, 36% of the captive nonhuman primates h ... | 2003 | 14718080 |
| molecularly engineered live-attenuated chimeric west nile/dengue virus vaccines protect rhesus monkeys from west nile virus. | two molecularly engineered, live-attenuated west nile virus (wn) vaccine candidates were highly attenuated and protective in rhesus monkeys. the vaccine candidates are chimeric viruses (designated wn/den4) bearing the membrane precursor and envelope protein genes of wn on a backbone of dengue 4 virus (den4) with or without a deletion of 30 nucleotides (delta 30) in the 3' noncoding region of den4. viremia in wn/den4- infected monkeys was reduced 100-fold compared to that in wn- or den4-infected ... | 2003 | 14517072 |
| virus infection of the cns disrupts the immune-neural-synaptic axis via induction of pleiotropic gene regulation of host responses. | treatment for many viral infections of the central nervous system (cns) remains only supportive. here we address a remaining gap in our knowledge regarding how the cns and immune systems interact during viral infection. by examining the regulation of the immune and nervous system processes in a nonhuman primate model of west nile virus neurological disease, we show that virus infection disrupts the homeostasis of the immune-neural-synaptic axis via induction of pleiotropic genes with distinct fu ... | 2021 | 33599611 |
| west nile virus seroprevalence in an outdoor nonhuman primate breeding colony in south florida. | west nile virus (wnv) was first detected in florida in july 2001, with 404 human cases reported to the centers for disease control and prevention as of february 2020. the subtropical climate of florida is ideal for the mosquitoes that transmit wnv. we investigated the wnv seroprevalence in 3 nhp species housed outdoors at the mannheimer foundation in south florida. from january to december 2016, 520 3 to 30 y old nhp were sampled at our 2 closed sites in homestead and labelle: 200 rhesus macaque ... | 2021 | 33441221 |
| serological evidence of infection with endemic human pathogens among free-ranging old world monkeys in puerto rico. | serum specimens from free-ranging but nonnative patas monkeys (erythrocebus patas) and rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) in southwestern puerto rico (pr) were tested for antibodies to infection with dengue viruses (denvs), west nile virus (wnv), leptospira species, and burkholderia pseudomallei by microneutralization, plaque reduction neutralization, microscopic agglutination, and indirect hemagglutination, respectively. of 23 animals (21 e. patas and two m. mulatta) tested, all had evidence of p ... | 2016 | 27001754 |
| experimental infection of rhesus macaques and common marmosets with a european strain of west nile virus. | west nile virus (wnv) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that infects humans and other mammals. in some cases wnv causes severe neurological disease. during recent years, outbreaks of wnv are increasing in worldwide distribution and novel genetic variants of the virus have been detected. although a substantial amount of data exists on wnv infections in rodent models, little is known about early events during wnv infection in primates, including humans. to gain a deeper understanding of this process, ... | 2014 | 24743302 |
| single-dose vaccine against tick-borne encephalitis. | tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus is the most important human pathogen transmitted by ticks in eurasia. inactivated vaccines are available but require multiple doses and frequent boosters to induce and maintain immunity. thus far, the goal of developing a safe, live attenuated vaccine effective after a single dose has remained elusive. here we used a replication-defective (single-cycle) flavivirus platform, replivax, to generate a safe, single-dose tbe vaccine. several replivax-tbe candidates ... | 2013 | 23858441 |
| [zika virus: a review to clinicians]. | zika virus is a flavivirus related to dengue virus, yellow fever virus and west nile virus. it is considered an emerging arbovirus transmitted by mosquitos of the genus aedes. its first description took place in 1947 in the zika forest in uganda, isolated on rhesus monkey used as bait to study the yellow fever virus. sporadic cases have been detected in african countries and at the end of the 70's in indonesia. in 2007, epidemics were described in micronesia and other islands in the pacific ocea ... | 2016 | 26849762 |
| translational model of zika virus disease in baboons. | zika virus (zikv) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus with devastating outcomes seen recently in the americas due to the association of maternal zikv infection with fetal microcephaly and other fetal malformations not previously associated with flavivirus infections. here, we have developed the olive baboon (papio anubis) as a nonhuman primate (nhp) translational model for the study of zikv pathogenesis and associated disease outcomes to contrast and compare with humans and other major nhps ... | 2018 | 29875247 |
| a simple flow cytometry based assay to determine in vitro antibody dependent enhancement of dengue virus using zika virus convalescent serum. | antibody dependent enhancement of infection has been shown to play a major role in dengue viral pathogenesis. traditional assays that measure the capacity of antibodies or serum to enhance infection in impermissible cell lines have relied on using viral output in the media followed by plaque assays to quantify infection. more recently, these assays have examined dengue virus (denv) infection in the cell lines using fluorescently labeled antibodies. both these approaches have limitations that res ... | 2018 | 29708542 |