| oral immunization of monkeys with polyvalent dysentery vaccine. | macaca mulatta monkeys were immunized orally with polyvalent boivin extract of shigella flexneri 2a, 3a, 4a, 4b, 6 and shigella sonnei. the total immumizing dose for each component was equivalent to 1.2 x 10(12) cells. after challenge with 7.5 x 10(10) cells of a virulent s. flexneri 2a strain, out of 20 immunized animals 2 developed dysentery and 4 showed mild dyspepsia; all 6 control animals became ill with dysentery. vaccination failed to influence the incidence, duration or the intermittent ... | 1977 | 412396 |
| fluid and electrolyte transport in rhesus monkeys challenged intracecally with shigella flexneri 2a. | shigella flexneri 2a is an invasive enteric pathogen that may produce diarrhea when ingested by human beings and subhuman primates. we have previously shown that shigella diarrhea correlates with water and electrolyte transport abnormalities in the jejunum and colon. dysentery alone is associated only with colonic transport abnormalities. to define the relationship between invasion and inflammation of the colon and the occurrence of jejunal transport abnormalities, we studied water and electroly ... | 1976 | 823110 |
| pathophysiology of shigella diarrhea in the rhesus monkey: intestinal transport, morphological, and bacteriological studies. | in contrast to the "toxigenic diarrheas" caused by vibrio cholerae and escherichia coli, the site and mechanism of fluid loss in shigellosis are unknown. the occurrence of watery diarrhea in shigellosis suggests involvement of the small bowel. therefore, jejunal, ileal, and colonic water and electrolyte transport was studied in shigella flexneri 2a-infected monkeys. infected animals fell into three groups: dysentery alone, diarrhea alone, or diarrhea and dysentery. in controls, net water, sodium ... | 1975 | 1090480 |
| safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy in monkeys and humans of invasive escherichia coli k-12 hybrid vaccine candidates expressing shigella flexneri 2a somatic antigen. | a live, oral shigella vaccine, constructed by transfer of the 140-mda invasiveness plasmid from shigella flexneri 5 and the chromosomal genes encoding the group- and type-specific o antigen of s. flexneri 2a to escherichia coli k-12, was tested in humans. designated ecsf2a-1, this vaccine produced adverse reactions (fever, diarrhea, or dysentery) in 4 (31%) of 13 subjects who ingested a single dose of 1.0 x 10(9) cfu, while at better-tolerated doses (5.0 x 10(6) to 5.0 x 10(7) cfu), it provided ... | 1992 | 1587589 |
| electrolyte abnormalities associated with diarrhea in rhesus monkeys: 100 cases (1986-1987). | serum electrolyte values from 100 rhesus monkeys with diarrhea were reviewed. the most frequent finding was hyponatremia (88%), with hypochloremia next most frequently detected (80%). metabolic acidosis was less common (59%) and usually associated with high anion gap values. associations between electrolyte abnormalities and age, housing, or case outcome were not found. bacteriologic culturing was performed on fecal specimens from 90 monkeys. campylobacter coli or c jejuni alone was isolated fro ... | 1990 | 2112122 |
| the pathology of shigella flexneri infection in rhesus monkeys: an endoscopic and histopathological study of colonic lesions. | twenty-two rhesus monkeys were orally fed 1 x 10(11) live virulent shigella flexneri of either serotypes 1b, 2a, 4a or y. on the basis of colonoscopic findings they were classified into: group a - normal endoscopic picture (10 monkeys), and group b - pathological endoscopic picture (12 monkeys). pathological findings, distributed over the entire colon, were seen as either red patches (+/- erosions) or diffuse lesions, i.e. fragile red mucosa, mucosal bleeding and broad edemas. histopathological ... | 1990 | 2191692 |
| effect of guinea pig or monkey colonic mucus on shigella aggregation and invasion of hela cells by shigella flexneri 1b and 2a. | the effects of guinea pig and rhesus monkey colonic mucus preparations on shigella aggregation and invasion of hela cell monolayers by shigella flexneri serotype 1b, 2a, and 5 strains were investigated. guinea pig mucus caused agglutination of s. flexneri serotype 1b but not of s. flexneri serotype 2a or 5. guinea pig mucus also inhibited hela cell invasion by s. flexneri serotypes 1b and 2a. monkey mucus neither agglutinated any shigella strain nor inhibited hela cell invasion. | 1986 | 3081449 |
| serum immune response to shigella protein antigens in rhesus monkeys and humans infected with shigella spp. | the serum antibody response to proteins encoded by the virulence-associated plasmid of shigella flexneri was determined in monkeys challenged with virulent s. flexneri serotype 2a. with water-extractable antigen in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, a significant increase in antibody titer against proteins from a plasmid-carrying, virulent strain of s. flexneri serotype 5 could be demonstrated in convalescent sera. there were minimal antibody titers against proteins from an avirulent (plasmid ... | 1986 | 3721580 |
| exerimental acute colitis in the rhesus monkey following peroral infection with shigella flexneri. an electron microscope study. | | 1968 | 4966811 |
| persistence of an escherichia coli-shigella flexneri hybrid in the intestinal tract of macaca mulatta. | a live oral vaccine prepared from an escherichia coli-shigella flexneri 4b hybrid was administered by gavage to macaca mulatta. in the three main studies involving 160 monkeys, three doses were used, generally consisting of 5 x 10(9) to 60 x 10(9) cells per dose, with an interval between doses of 6, 7, or 14 days. rectal swab cultures at the time of the last vaccine dose, and 14 to 58 days later, revealed that the hybrid persisted in the intestinal tract for at least 7 days in 16%, and for at le ... | 1970 | 4987199 |
| periodontal disease associated with shigella flexneri in rhesus monkeys. clinical, microbiologic and histopathologic findings. | | 1982 | 6124590 |
| early colonic lesions in experimental shigella infection in rhesus monkeys: revisited. | rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta), given 3 x 10(8) to 5 x 10(10) shigella flexneri 2a orally, developed signs of acute shigellosis within 24 hours. a diffuse acute colitis was well established at 48 hours. the inflammatory reaction was confined to the mucosa. the submucosa showed only edema. the shigellae were found predominantly in the columnar cells of the surface epithelium, less frequently in those of the crypt, and least frequently in the lamina propria. shigella bacilli invaded the columnar ... | 1982 | 6153000 |
| oral vaccination of monkeys with an invasive escherichia coli k-12 hybrid expressing shigella flexneri 2a somatic antigen. | a living oral vaccine, designed to protect against shigella flexneri 2a infections, was constructed by using escherichia coli k-12 as a carrier strain. the hybrid strain, designated ec104, contained both chromosomal and plasmid genes from s. flexneri donor strains. in addition to expressing the s. flexneri 2a somatic antigen, it had inherited the property of epithelial-cell invasion. after the oral administration to rhesus monkeys, ec104 was isolated from the feces for up to 3 days, but by day 4 ... | 1984 | 6389344 |
| early colonic lesions in experimental shigella infection in rhesus monkeys: revisited. | rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta), given 3 x 10(8) to 5 x 10(10) shigella flexneri 2a orally, developed signs of acute shigellosis within 24 hours. a diffuse acute colitis was well established at 48 hours. the inflammatory reaction was confined to the mucosa. the submucosa showed only edema. the shigellae were found predominantly in the columnar cells of the surface epithelium, less frequently in those of the crypt, and least frequently in the lamina propria. shigella bacilli invaded the columnar ... | 1982 | 6755871 |
| recognition of three epitopic regions on invasion plasmid antigen c by immune sera of rhesus monkeys infected with shigella flexneri 2a. | the invasive ability of shigella spp. is correlated with the expression of several plasmid-encoded proteins, including invasion plasmid antigen c (ipac). by characterizing the antigenic structure of ipac with monoclonal antibodies and convalescent-phase sera, it may be possible to determine the physical location of specific epitopes as well as the involvement of epitopes in a protective immune response or the host's susceptibility to disease. by using overlapping octameric synthetic peptides, wh ... | 1995 | 7558301 |
| construction, characterization, and animal testing of wrsd1, a shigella dysenteriae 1 vaccine. | wrsd1 is a shigella dysenteriae 1 vaccine containing deletions of the virg(icsa) gene required for intercellular spreading and a 20-kb chromosomal region encompassing the shiga toxin genes (stxab). wrsd1 was constructed from s. dysenteriae 1 strain 1617 that was originally isolated during the 1968 to 1969 epidemic of shiga dysentery in guatemala. the virg(icsa) deletion was constructed from a streptomycin-resistant (str(r)) mutant of 1617 by a filter mating procedures using a virg(icsa) deletion ... | 2002 | 12010984 |
| infectious agent and immune response characteristics of chronic enterocolitis in captive rhesus macaques. | chronic enterocolitis is the leading cause of morbidity in colonies of captive rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta). this study's aim was to identify the common enteric pathogens frequently associated with chronic enterocolitis in normal, immunocompetent rhesus monkeys and to elucidate the influence of this clinical syndrome on the host immune system. we analyzed the fecal specimens from 100 rhesus macaques with or without clinical symptoms of chronic diarrhea. retrospective analysis revealed an inc ... | 2003 | 12819098 |
| shigella flexneri enzootic in captive rhesus monkeys. | | 1954 | 13172519 |
| epithelial cell penetration as an essential step in the pathogenesis of bacillary dysentery. | labrec, eugene h., herman schneider, thomas j. magnani, and samuel b. formal. epithelial cell penetration as an essential step in the pathogenesis of bacillary dysentery. j. bacteriol. 88:1503-1518. 1964.-a parent strain of shigella flexneri 2a and a colonial mutant derived from it were studied in three animal models. both strains were equally virulent for mice when living cells suspended in hog gastric mucin were injected by the intraperitoneal route. feeding the parent strain to starved guinea ... | 1964 | 16562000 |
| construction of a trivalent candidate vaccine against shigella species with dna recombination. | in this work asd gene of shigella flexneri 2a strain t32 was replaced by vibrio cholerae toxin b subunit (ctxb) gene with dna recombination in vivo and in vitro. the resulting derivative of t32, designed as fwl01, could stably express ctxb, but its growth in lb medium depended on the presence of diaminopimelic acid (dap). then form i plasmid of shigella sonnei strain s7 was labeled with strain t32 asd gene and mobilized into fwl01. thus a trivalent candidate oral vaccine strain, designed as fsw0 ... | 2002 | 18763059 |
| shigella flexneri infection in a newly acquired rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta). | a 3.4 year-old rhesus macaque weighing 4.5 kg, was suffering from anorexia, acute mucous and bloody diarrhea. on physical examination, the monkey showed a loss of activity, hunched posture, abdominal pain, dehydration, mild gingivitis and unclean anus with discharge. whole blood was collected for the examination of electrolytes, hematology and serum chemistry; fresh stool was also collected for bacterial culture. blood profiles showed leukocytosis (14.5 k/µl) and neutrophilia (11.0 k/µl) on comp ... | 2011 | 22232644 |
| social buffering and contact transmission: network connections have beneficial and detrimental effects on shigella infection risk among captive rhesus macaques. | in social animals, group living may impact the risk of infectious disease acquisition in two ways. on the one hand, social connectedness puts individuals at greater risk or susceptibility for acquiring enteric pathogens via contact-mediated transmission. yet conversely, in strongly bonded societies like humans and some nonhuman primates, having close connections and strong social ties of support can also socially buffer individuals against susceptibility or transmissibility of infectious agents. ... | 2016 | 27812426 |
| oral administration of live shigella vaccine candidates in rhesus monkeys show no evidence of competition for colonization and immunogenicity between different serotypes. | live oral monovalent shigella flexneri 2a vaccine candidates as well as bivalent formulations with shigella sonnei were evaluated in a rhesus monkey model for colonization and immunogenicity. freshly harvested suspensions of s. flexneri 2a vaccine candidates wrsf2g12 and wrsf2g15 as well as s. sonnei vaccine candidate wrss3 were nasogastrically administered to groups of rhesus monkeys, macaca mulatta, either in a monovalent form or when combined with each other. the animals were monitored daily ... | 2014 | 24522159 |