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multiplex polymerase chain reaction for detection of dirofilaria immitis (filariidea: onchocercidae) and wuchereria bancrofti (filarioidea: dipetalonematidae) in their common vector aedes polynesiensis (diptera: culicidae).in french polynesia, aedes polynesiensis (marks) is the vector of the human filarial parasite wuchereria bancrofti (cobbold) and dog heartworm, dirofilaria immitis (leidy). a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay was designed to screen pools of field-collected ae. polynesiensis for the presence of both parasites simultaneously using primers specific for each parasite. the sensitivity of detection on purified dna was 1 and 10 pg, equivalent to 0.1 and 1 l3 larva per pool for w. bancroft ...19979439132
the impact of 34 years of massive dec chemotherapy on wuchereria bancrofti infection and transmission: the maupiti cohort.semi-annual mass dec chemotherapy combined with vector control at the beginning of the programme, has been administered on the remote island of maupiti (french polynesia) since 1955 (except two periods in 1960-67 and 1970-74). the results of two surveys in 1985 and 1989, reporting 0% microfilaraemia, led to the hope that the eradication of lymphatic filariasis had been achieved. we combined parasitological criteria (microfilaraemia by membrane filtration), immunological (antigenaemia and serum l ...200111299035
control of the aedes vectors of the dengue viruses and wuchereria bancrofti: the french polynesian experience.in most of the 130 islands of french polynesia, the stenotopic mosquitoes aedes aegypti (the main local vector for the viruses causing dengue) and aedes polynesiensis (the main local vector of wuchereria bancrofti) share many breeding sites in water containers such as discarded cans, coconut shells, buckets and water-storage pots and drums. in addition to selective application of insecticides, non-polluting methods of controlling these mosquitoes have been evaluated during the last decade in two ...200212625924
behavior of wuchereria bancrofti (filariidea: onchocercidae) infective larvae in the vector aedes polynesiensis (diptera:culicidae) in relation to parasite transmission.in french polynesia, aedes polynesiensis marks is the major vector of human filariasis caused by subperiodic wuchereria bancrofti (cobbold). factors affecting transmission of infective larvae from vector to humans were assessed. the 66-100% loss of infective larvae during a blood meal was independent of the initial vector parasite burden. infective larvae were able to migrate to the mouthparts during a blood meal. blood feeding by mosquitoes to repletion was one important aspect in the escape of ...19968699443
wuchereria bancrofti (filariidea: dipetalonematidae) and its vector aedes polynesiensis (diptera: culicidae) in a french polynesian village.in march 1991, a study on wuchereria bancrofti (cobbold, 1887) infection rates in its vector, aedes polynesiensis marks, was carried out in a village of french polynesia. our data were collected 10 yr after the suspension of human mass chemoprophylaxis and served as a baseline for pending ivermectin treatment scheduled in 1991-1993. in total, 1,789 biting females were collected, of which 1,740 were dissected and 1,183 (68%) were parous. among these, 106 (8.96%) were infected with w. bancrofti an ...19957616526
ambient temperature effects on the extrinsic incubation period of wuchereria bancrofti in aedes polynesiensis: implications for filariasis transmission dynamics and distribution in french polynesia.temperature effects on development of the human filarial parasite wuchereria bancrofti (cobbold) (filaridea: onchocercidae) in the main pacific vector aedes polynesiensis marks (diptera: culicidae) are analysed in relation to ambient climatic conditions. a statistical model of the extrinsic cycle duration as a function of temperature is described and used to distinguish three patterns of w. bancrofti transmission dynamics: continuous, fluctuating and discontinuous, occurring from north to south ...200111434550
filariasis transmission in samoa. ii. some factors related to the development of microfilariae in the intermediate host.the developmental period of microfilariae of sub-periodic wuchereria bancrofti in laboratory-bred aedes polynesiensis and ae. samoanus was shorter in the warm season (december to may) than in the cool season (june to november). in the warm season the microfilariae reached the 'sausage' stage in three days, cylindrical second stage in seven days and the infective stage in 12 days after the infecting meal. during the cool season the incubation period was extended to 14 days. microfilariae persisti ...19853885878
distribution of vectors, transmission indices and microfilaria rates of subperiodic wuchereria bancrofti in relation to village ecotypes in samoa.aedes polynesiensis and ae. samoanus biting densities and wuchereria bancrofti infection and infective rates were studied in 47 villages throughout the islands of samoa upolu, manono and savaii during 1978-79, and microfilaria (mf) rates were surveyed in 28 of the villages. the mf rate was correlated with both infection and infective rates of ae. polynesiensis in upolu, but not of ae. samoanus. in upolu, ae. polynesiensis was apparently the major vector. it was relatively more abundant in more c ...19873328328
[intake of microfilariae by the vector in the case of a low microfilareamia (author's transl)].the study of the intake of microfilariae of dipetalonema dessetae by aedes aegypti leads to two conclusions with respect to the microfilaraemia: --there is no concentration of microfilariae in the uptake of blood by aedes. --the microfilariae are nearly homogeneously distributed in the vertebrate host blood available to the vector for feeding. such a distribution of microfilariae in the cutaneous blood supply of the host gives the maximum chance for a mosquito to become infected when taking a bl ...19827200752
single versus repeated doses of ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine for the treatment of wuchereria bancrofti var. pacifica microfilaremia. results at 12 months of a double-blind study.in october 1989, 58 apparently healthy polynesian wuchereria bancrofti carriers in whom microfilarial (mf) density was greater than or equal to 100 mf/ml were randomly allocated to treatment groups receiving single doses of either ivermectin at 100 mcg/kg or diethylcarbamazine (dec) at 3 and 6 mg/kg. six months later, half of the carriers initially treated with ivermectin 100 mcg/kg or dec 3 mg/kg were given a second similar dose while the rest were given a placebo. by day 360 (6 months after re ...19911796228
cumulative mortality rates in aedes polynesiensis after feeding on polynesian wuchereria bancrofti carriers treated with single doses of ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine and placebo.during a therapeutic trial, batches of 672 to 1979 laboratory-bred aedes polynesiensis, the mosquito vector of lymphatic filariasis in french polynesia, were fed on wuchereria bancrofti carriers one, three and six months after they had been treated with either single doses of ivermectin at 100 mcg/kg, diethylcarbamazine (dec) at 3 and 6 mg/kg or placebo. high mortality rates were observed during the 15-day period following the blood-meal in mosquitoes fed on carriers treated with microfilaricida ...19911796230
wuchereria bancrofti infection in human and mosquito populations of a polynesian village ten years after interruption of mass chemoprophylaxis with diethylcarbamazine.in 1991, a study on wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae (mf) and infection rates was carried out in the human and mosquito populations of a polynesian village where, 10 years before, the mf prevalence rate was 6.4% and twice-yearly mass treatment with 3 mg/kg of diethylcarbamazine (dec) was interrupted. venous blood samples were collected from 575 (97%) individuals aged 15 years or more, of whom 122 (21.4%) were mf positive. the mf carrier prevalence rate was 27.4% in males, significantly higher ...19921440820
oral infection of aedes polynesiensis by wuchereria bancrofti by using parafilm membrane feeding.in order to construct a cdna library from third-stage larvae (l3) of wuchereria bancrofti var. pacifica, the parafilm membrane feeding method is proposed for the oral infection of aedes polynesiensis. heparinized blood supplemented with 5.10(-3) m atp was put in the feeder with carbon dioxide provided as additional phagostimulant. the results of this artificial infection feeding method were compared with those obtained when mosquitoes fed directly on the forearm of a microfilaremic patient. the ...19911787414
natural infections of dirofilaria immitis in aedes (stegomyia) polynesiensis and aedes (finlaya) samoanus and their implication in human health in samoa.dirofilaria immitis infections were observed in aedes polynesiensis and ae. samoanus in samoa, together with wuchereria bancrofti infections, in a study on sub-periodic bancroftian filariasis during 1978-1980. in the 4 indicator villages, the infection rate in ae. polynesiensis was 0.46% and the infective rate 0.09% (15,223 mosquitoes were dissected). the infection rate in ae. samoanus was 0.20% and the infective rate 0.08% (10,089 dissected). in 45 selected villages throughout the country, ae. ...19921440786
mass chemoprophylaxis of lymphatic filariasis with a single dose of ivermectin in a polynesian community with a high wuchereria bancrofti infection rate.in april 1991 supervised mass prophylaxis of lymphatic filariasis with a single dose of ivermectin, 100 micrograms/kg, was carried out in a polynesian village with a high infection rate of wuchereria bancrofti in humans and active transmission by the vector mosquito, aedes polynesiensis. of 876 inhabitants aged 3 years or more (pregnant women excluded), 864 (98.6%) were treated. simultaneously, venous blood samples were collected from 577 (97.5%) of the 595 inhabitants aged 15 years or more, of ...19921475825
culex fatigans from new-guinea and aedes polynesiensis from samoa as intermediate hosts of wuchereria bancrofti (periodic form). 195913844805
a field trial of competitive displacement of aedes polynesiensis by aedes albopictus on a pacific atoll.prior laboratory studies and field observations suggested that it might be possible to reduce the size of the population of, or eliminate, aedes polynesiensis by the introduction of aedes albopictus. the former mosquito is the principal vector of nonperiodic filariasis caused by wuchereria bancrofti and the latter is a closely related species refractory to the development of human filariae. the practicability of such competitive displacement was studied by a field trial on a remote coral atoll w ...19761008133
progress towards, and challenges for, the elimination of filariasis from pacific-island communities.the pacific programme for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis (pacelf) - the first regional campaign to attempt to eliminate filariasis as a public-health problem - is using five, annual, mass drug administrations (mda) of diethylcarbamazine (dec) plus albendazole to stop transmission. in 2001, nine countries and territories covered by the programme had begun annual mda campaigns, with population treatment coverages ranging from 52% to 95%. by the end of 2002, it is anticipated that 11 count ...200212625919
the relative attractiveness of carbon dioxide and octenol in cdc- and evs-type light traps for sampling the mosquitoes aedes aegypti (l.), aedes polynesiensis marks, and culex quinquefasciatus say in moorea, french polynesia.two dominant day-biting pests and vector species on the island of moorea in french polynesia are aedes (stegomyia) aegypti (l.) and aedes (stegomyia) polynesiensis marks, major vectors of dengue viruses and wuchereria bancrofti, respectively. their surveillance is hindered by a relative lack of attraction to light traps, necessitating the undesirable use of human bait collections with the inherent risks of pathogen transmission. the effectiveness of cdc- and evs-type light traps baited with olfa ...200415707289
temperature thresholds and statistical modelling of larval wuchereria bancrofti (filariidea:onchocercidae) developmental rates.developmental rates for wuchereria bancrofti larvae maturing in the vector aedes polynesiensis were estimated by analysing stage-frequency data consisting of counts of larval stages in mosquitoes reared at 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5, 30 and 32 degrees c. base temperatures (i.e. low temperature thresholds) for w. bancrofti development were estimated by the x-intercept method and the model of lactin et al. (1995). resulting values were similar with both methods and were approximately 12.5 degrees c for mi ...19979051921
assessing density dependence in the transmission of lymphatic filariasis: uptake and development of wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae in the vector mosquitoes.understanding density dependence in the transmission of lymphatic filariasis is essential for assessing the prospects of elimination. this study seeks to quantify the relationship between microfilaria (mf) density in human blood and the number of third stage (l3) larvae developing in the mosquito vectors aedes polynesiensis marks and culex quinquefasciatus say (diptera: culicidae) after blood-feeding. two types of curves are fitted to previously published data. fitting a linearized power curve t ...200415009446
[the history of lymphatic filarlasis control programme in french polynesia: lessons from a 50 years effort].with a mean prevalence of microfilariaemia superior to 15% in the four archipelagos of the territory french polynesia was confronted with a huge public health problem of wuchereria bancrofti - associated filarias during the 50s. supported by a strong us sponsoring, a large scale control campaign based on diethylcarbamazine (dec) distribution was launched and led to the method of spaced doses (the most useful protocol being one annual dec dose). progressively applied to the whole polynesian popul ...200515915973
some observations on filariasis in western samoa after mass administration of diethylcarbamazine.an extremely efficient diethylcarbamazine administration campaign to eradicate wuchereria bancrofti has been carried out in western samoa. the use of the membrane-filtration technique has shown that a large number of people exhibit extremely low microfilarial densities, often with less than 10 in 1 ml of venous blood. it was found that one of these low level microfilaria carriers readily infected the local vector aedes polynesiensis and that development took place to the infective stage. it was ...19761265818
detection and characterization of wolbachia infections in wuchereria bancrofti (spirurida: onchocercidae) var. pacifica and aedes (stegomyia) polynesiensis (diptera: culicidae).despite control programs based on mass drug administration (mda) of microfilaricidal compounds, bancroftian lymphatic filariasis remains a problem in french polynesia. for an alternative strategy to mda, we investigated the potential role of wolbachia to control filarial transmission. wolbachia are intracellular alpha-proteobacteria endosymbionts that infect a broad range of insects and nematodes. these bacteria have a suspected role in the pathogenesis of filariasis. they also may be useful in ...200516103603
variation in the vector competence of aedes polynesiensis for wuchereria bancrofti.the vector competences of 6 geographic strains of aedes polynesiensis for wuchereria bancrofti were studied using two types of experimental infections. experimental infection of laboratory-bred mosquitoes fed on the carriers' forearms with different levels of microfilaraemia showed that microfilariae (mf) uptake was directly proportional to the carrier's mf density and, as mf densities decreased, concentration capacity of ae. polynesiensis increased. it was also shown that infection has an impor ...19957609987
aedes aegypti (l.) and aedes polynesiensis marks (diptera: culicidae) in moorea, french polynesia: a study of adult population structures and pathogen (wuchereria bancrofti and dirofilaria immitis) infection rates to indicate regional and seasonal epidemiological risk for dengue and filariasis.populations of aedes aegypti (l.) and aedes polynesiensis (marks) on moorea island, french polynesia, the local vectors of dengue and filariasis, respectively, were sampled by landing/biting collection at nine localities on the east, north, and west coasts, during the late dry season, early and late wet season (september-may) 2003 and 2004, to investigate epidemiologically important features of the populations and compare them between regions and months. biting rates of both species tended to in ...200516465747
pcr and dissection as tools to monitor filarial infection of aedes polynesiensis mosquitoes in french polynesia.entomological methods may provide important tools for monitoring the transmission of filariasis in french polynesia. in order to standardize our pcr method and refine our protocol to assess filarial infection levels in mosquitoes, we compared dissection of the vector, aedes polynesiensis, with the poolscreening polymerase chain reaction (ps-pcr) assay.200616504131
natural infections of wuchereria bancrofti in aedes (stegomyia) polynesiensis and aedes (finlaya) samoanus in samoa.seven years after the 2nd mass treatment of the population with diethylcarbamazine, transmission of subperiodic wuchereria bancrofti was studied in four villages in samoa during one year by means of biting catches of aedes polynesiensis and a. samoanus. 2 villages were coastal, one inland bush and the other an inland coconut plantation community. overall infection and infective rates from 6702 ae. polynesiensis were 0.84 and 0.27% respectively, and the infection rate from 2858 ae. samoanus, coll ...19873328327
wolbachia effects on host fitness and the influence of male aging on cytoplasmic incompatibility in aedes polynesiensis (diptera: culicidae).the endosymbiotic bacteria wolbachia manipulate host reproduction by inducing a form of sterility known as cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci), promoting the invasion of infection into natural host populations. ci has received attention for use in applied strategies to control insect vectors of disease. thus, to understand both naturally occurring wolbachia invasions and evaluate potential applied strategies, it is important to understand wolbachia interactions with its host, including impacts on f ...201121936319
[bancroftian filariasis in french polynesia. epidemiologic status and perspectives after a 35-year preventive campaign].the authors assess of three decades of struggle against bancroftian filariasis in french polynesia. wuchereria bancrofti var. pacifica, aperiodic filaria, and aedes polynesiensis, mosquito with high parasitologic output, set up a cycle very well adapted to the polynesian environment; after numerous tests, the chemoprophylaxis with diethylcarbamazine (3 mg/kg/half-year) of all the exposed population has been decided, in association with methods of vector-control (use of predatory crustaceans). ho ...19863516427
low-density microfilaraemia in subperiodic bancroftian filariasis in samoa.among microfilaria (mf) carriers of subperiodic bancroftian filariasis in samoa, the low-density level of microfilaraemia was defined as 1-20 mf/ml, and the occurrence of low-density carriers (90 in the present study) was analysed by age, sex, and village in relation to the microfilarial prevalence rate. the low-density carriers were more numerous among those under 20 years and over 60 years old than in other age groups. the ratio of low-density carriers to the total of mf-positive subjects in a ...19853914924
some considerations relating to the role of culex pipiens fatigans wiedemann in the transmission of human filariasis.this paper is concerned mainly with the relationship between microfilarial periodicity and vector periodicity. the so-called "non-periodic" pacific form of wuchereria bancrofti in fact shows a well-marked and relatively constant periodicity. the amplitude of this periodicity is low, which may account for the difficulty of detecting it in small clinical samples. the periodicity is well adapted to the biting cycle of aëdes polynesiensis, though less so than that of the "semi-periodic" brugia malay ...196213933891
reactive oxygen species production and brugia pahangi survivorship in aedes polynesiensis with artificial wolbachia infection types.heterologous transinfection with the endosymbiotic bacterium wolbachia has been shown previously to induce pathogen interference phenotypes in mosquito hosts. here we examine an artificially infected strain of aedes polynesiensis, the primary vector of wuchereria bancrofti, which is the causative agent of lymphatic filariasis (lf) throughout much of the south pacific. embryonic microinjection was used to transfer the walbb infection from aedes albopictus into an aposymbiotic strain of ae. polyne ...201223236284
age-grading and growth of wuchereria bancrofti (filariidea: onchocercidae) larvae by growth measurements and its use for estimating blood-meal intervals of its polynesian vector aedes polynesiensis (diptera: culicidae).growth in length and width of wuchereria bancrofti (filariidea: onchocercidae) larvae developing in its polynesian vector aedes polynesiensis (diptera: culicidae) was analysed using a mathematical approach to objectively extract patterns. l1 had a u-shaped growth in length, while widths followed an s-shaped function. l2 had an s-shaped growth in length and width. growth in length of l3 was also s-shaped, while widths had an asymptotic size following a period of rapid shrinkage. the greatest diff ...200212062489
a polymerase chain reaction assay to determine infection of aedes polynesiensis by wuchereria bancrofti.the sensitivity of a previously described polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay was improved to detect a single mosquito, infected by as few as 1-2 microfilariae of wuchereria bancrofti, among 20-50 uninfected mosquitoes. wild-caught aedes polynesiensis were used to compare assessment of infection by dissection of individuals with the pcr assay of pools of mosquitoes. the pcr assay was at least as sensitive as dissection for detection of mosquitoes infected with w. bancrofti.19968761572
population genetic structure of aedes polynesiensis in the society islands of french polynesia: implications for control using a wolbachia-based autocidal strategy.aedes polynesiensis is the primary vector of wuchereria bancrofti in the south pacific and an important vector of dengue virus. an improved understanding of the mosquito population genetics is needed for insight into the population dynamics and dispersal, which can aid in understanding the epidemiology of disease transmission and control of the vector. in light of the potential release of a wolbachia infected strain for vector control, our objectives were to investigate the microgeographical and ...201222531297
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