| isolation of antigenic variants from leptospiras grown in vitro and from heart blood of guinea pigs inoculated with a clonized strain of leptospira. | a clonized culture of leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni strain shibaura (cl-shibaura) was inoculated into guinea pigs. the heart blood of the guinea pigs, obtained at the febrile stage and inoculated onto the solid serum medium containing the homologous immune serum, produced large and small colonies. the serological examinations revealed that the large colonies were found mainly to be the antigenic variants, while the small colonies were mostly the parent. the antigenic variants accoun ... | 1979 | 44789 |
| [marking and detection of dna of leptospires in the dot-blot and situ hybridization with digoxigenin-labelled probes]. | dna of leptospira interrogans sv. lai strain 017 was labelled with digoxigenin or alpha 32p or biotin and used as probes to detect dna of leptospires. probes labelled with digoxigenin were able to detect 0.1-1 pg of homologous dna and 10(2) of l. interrogans sv. lai strain 017. probes alpha 32p and biotin detected 1 pg and 10 pg of homologous dna and 10(3), 5 x 10(3) of l. interrogans sv. lai strain 017 respectively. these three probes couldn't detect l. biflexa sv. patoc strain patoc i, l. illi ... | 1992 | 1304535 |
| experimental lethal infection of leptospira interrogans in mice treated with cyclophosphamide. | after preadministration of cyclophosphamide (300 mg/kg), balb/c mice were lethally infected with leptospira interrogans serovar lai and a virulent strain of leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni, and leptospiral cells were detected in both kidneys of infected mice by indirect immunofluorescent assay. nonpathogenic leptospirae, leptospira biflexa serovar patoc, leptonema illini, and an avirulent strain of l. interrogans serovar copenhageni, were not parasitic to the mice treated with cycloph ... | 1991 | 1913341 |
| susceptibility of mongolian gerbils (meriones unguiculatus) to leptospires and the protective effect of vaccination. | mongolian gerbils, meriones unguiculatus, were shown to be highly susceptible to leptospira interrogans serovars such as icterohaemorrhagiae, copenhageni, canicola, autumnalis, javanica, pyrogenes and hebdomadis as compared to guinea pigs and hamsters. mortality with signs of haemorrhage and jaundice was recorded in all experimental rodents after intraperitoneal inoculation with all strains of the serovars indicated. however, mongolian gerbils were comparatively susceptible to strains which were ... | 1990 | 2219666 |
| maturation of humoral immune response determines the susceptibility of guinea-pigs to leptospirosis. | baby guinea-pigs were susceptible to infection with leptospira interrogans serovar pomona, but rapidly became resistant as they matured. increased resistance with increasing weight of guinea-pigs was correlated with the development of ability to produce agglutinating antibodies to leptospires and with maturation of b-cell dependent (but not t-cell dependent) areas in lymphoid organs. these observations can explain the basis of species-resistance of adult guinea-pigs to infection with serovar pom ... | 1980 | 6970358 |
| immunogenicity of leptospiral vaccines grown in protein-free medium. | leptospira interrogans serovars pomona and hardjo were adapted to grow in a chemically-defined, protein-free (pf) medium. formolised monovalent vaccines of serovars pomona and hardjo and a bivalent mixture of the two were prepared from pf cultures. live pf cultures and the vaccine preparations retained their agglutinating antigens and their immunogenicity when tested in rabbits and guinea-pigs. the vaccines were not pyrogenic and dermal reactions were slight. | 1982 | 7175917 |
| fatal hemolytic disease in sheep attributed to leptospira interrogans serotype hardjo infection. | an outbreak of acute hemolytic disease in a large flock of sheep resulted in a mortality of approximately 5% in lambs. a diagnosis of leptospira interrogans serotype hardjo infection was established on the basis of the presence of leptospires in the urine of one lamb, serologic findings in a guinea pig inoculated with this urine, l. hardjo titers in lambs, and pathologic findings. prominent necropsy findings included severe icterus, thin watery blood, dark red to black kidneys and severe hemoglo ... | 1981 | 7194169 |
| the hemorrhagic syndrome of leptospirosis: an experimental study in guinea pigs. | the hemorrhagic syndrome of leptospirosis was studied in guinea pigs. the study correlates hematological, histopathological and immunohistochemical alterations in sixty animals inoculated by the intraperitoneal route with 1ml of the culture of virulent strain of leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni. leptospirae antigens were detected by immunoperoxidase, chiefly in liver, kidney and heart muscle capillaries. possible pathogenic mechanisms responsible for hemorrhagic syndrome are discussed ... | 1995 | 7480909 |
| invasion of vero cells and induction of apoptosis in macrophages by pathogenic leptospira interrogans are correlated with virulence. | interactions of virulent leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae strain verdun with vero cells (african green monkey kidney fibroblasts) and a monocyte-macrophage-like cell line (j774a.1) were assayed by a double-fluorescence immunolabelling method. infectivity profiles were investigated according to (i) the duration of contact between leptospires and eukaryotic cells and (ii) the number of in vitro passages after primary isolation from lethally infected guinea pigs. comparative exper ... | 1997 | 9009336 |
| detection of leptospiral plasmid and comparison of plasmid profiles between virulent and avirulent leptospires. | detection of plasmid from leptospires and a comparison of the plasmid profiles between virulent and avirulent strains were performed to investigate whether leptospires contained plasmid(s) associated with virulence. virulent strains of leptospira interrogans serovars copenhageni, lai, canicola and pomona, which were virulent for the guinea pig and/or hamster and which showed chemotaxis toward hemoglobin, contained approximately 370 kilobases (kb) plasmid. avirulent strains of l. interrogans also ... | 1996 | 8898293 |
| lipid metabolic changes in experimentally induced leptospiral infection with serovars australis, canicola and icterohaemorrhagiae. | changes in lipid fractions were evaluated in young guinea pigs when infected with 1 ml of 7 day old live cultures of leptospira interrogans serovars australis, canicola and icterohaemorrhagiae. statistically significant elevation in triglycerides, very low density lipoprotein and phospholipid and a significant reduction in high density lipoprotein (hdl) in all the groups was observed. cholesterol and low density lipoprotein showed ascending trend in icterohaemorrhagiae group, whereas they were n ... | 2001 | 11349531 |
| chemotaxis of leptospires to hemoglobin in relation to virulence. | a guinea pig-lethal line of leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni strain shibaura, but not an avirulent line of the same strain, moved in larger numbers toward hemoglobin than toward distilled water (control) in a u-shaped polypropylene tube. l. interrogans serovar lai strains 017 and kh-1, which were also guinea pig lethal, showed a similar move to hemoglobin. no such move toward hemoglobin was shown by 14 avirulent strains of l. interrogans (with one exception) or any of the 8 strains of ... | 1993 | 8478123 |
| lethal infection of c3h/hej and c3h/scid mice with an isolate of leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni. | leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni strain rj16441, a blood isolate from humans with the severe pulmonary form of leptospirosis, has previously been shown to cause fatal pulmonary hemorrhage in guinea pigs and asymptomatic chronic renal tubular colonization with urinary shedding in rats. in this study, rj16441 caused lethal infection of both c3h/hej and c3h/scid mice, but no hemorrhagic phenomena were observed. | 2005 | 16177383 |
| [antigen analysis of mcab e4b7d5 directed against outer envelope of leptospira interrogans serovar lai by sds-page and immunoblot]. | mcab e4b7d5 was prepared by hybridoma technology in balb/c mice immunized to outer envelope of leptospira interrogans serovar lai. this mcab agglutinated specifically with all the 13 serovars of icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup in mat test at high titres and protected the guinea pigs against the attack of virulent strain (017) of serovar lai. sds-page and immunoblot were used to analyse the reaction of the outer envelopes of the five strains of leptospira (leptospira interrogans icterohaemorrhagiae ... | 1993 | 8244286 |
| pathogenesis of experimental leptospira interrogans serotype icterohaemorrhagiae infection in the guinea pigs: possible role of endotoxin of intestinal bacteria in the development of lesions. | germ-free guinea pigs were infected with a virulent strain of leptospira interrogans serotype icterohaemorrhagiae to evaluate the possible role of endotoxin of intestinal bacteria in the development of hemorrhages and hepatic and renal failure. clinical manifestations, necropsy findings and histological lesions were similar to those seen in control animals. in the second part of the experiment, endotoxin was not detected by the limulus test in the blood of ten guinea pigs during the five day cou ... | 1980 | 7427777 |
| correlation of virulence, susceptibility to leptospiricidal activity test mediated by antiserum plus complement and colonial morphology of five lines of a strain of leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni. | correlation of virulence, susceptibility to leptospiricidal activity test mediated by antiserum plus complement (lat) and colonial morphology was investigated using five lines of leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni shibaura. line no. 2, a moderately virulent strain, passaged in guinea pigs for 24 successive times caused occasional death of guinea pigs. leptospiras recovered from deceased animals were characterized by decreased susceptibility to lat and predominance of hazy colonies upon c ... | 1981 | 7200304 |
| phagocytosis of virulent and avirulent leptospires by guinea-pig and human polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro. | chemiluminescence (cl) and electron microscopy were used to study the phagocytosis of both virulent and avirulent strains of leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni by guinea-pig and human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn). a significant cl response was observed when guinea-pig pmn were incubated with virulent leptospires in the presence but not in the absence of specific immune serum. this response was markedly enhanced by the addition of guinea-pig complement. phagocytosis was confirmed by ... | 1984 | 6514391 |
| leptospiral abortions of sows: new data. | in an immunization experiment, 460 sows at 7-60 days of gestation were inoculated with a rodent-adapted live strain of leptospira interrogans serovar tarassovi at a large swine farm previously affected by this serovar. the inoculum consisted of a haemoculture prepared from the 52nd guinea-pig passage and the dose was 2 x 10(7) leptospires per sow. over the period from the 48th to the 73rd day after inoculation 54 out of 283 sows having been inoculated at 32-60 days of gestation, aborted or deliv ... | 1984 | 6506928 |
| antigenic variants of leptospiras detected in peritoneal cavity in early stage of infection in immunized guinea pigs. | antigenic variants were detected firstly 7 h following intraperitoneal challenge with leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni shibaura in the peritoneal cavity of guinea pigs which had been previously immunized with the homologous strain. the variants appeared at a rate of 63% of the leptospiras which survived in the peritoneal cavity, and the survivors' rate was 0.00005% of the inoculated organisms. the antigenicity of these variants reversed to that of the parent after 3-5 passages in liqui ... | 1982 | 6187138 |
| storage of pathogenic leptospires in liquid nitrogen. | the virulence and viability of various serovars of leptospira interrogans were successfully preserved by storage in liquid nitrogen. dimethyl sulphoxide at a final concentration of 2.5% (v/v) was added as cryoprotectant to a culture of leptospires grown in ellinghausen-mccullough-johnson-harris medium. ampoules were cooled at a controlled rate of 1 degree-3 degrees c/min to -70 degrees c, then transferred to the liquid phase of a liquid nitrogen storage unit. glycerol was discounted as a cryopro ... | 1986 | 3804861 |
| experimental immunisation of hamsters with lipopolysaccharide antigens of leptospira interrogans. | hamsters were immunised with leptospiral lipopolysaccharide (lps) or the polysaccharide (ps) fraction of lps from leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni and the antibody responses were measured by agglutination tests. maximum titres were observed approximately 6 weeks after immunisation and protection against lethal challenge with the homologous strain was afforded by immunisation with as little as 2.5 micrograms of lps or ps. all animals produced igm agglutinins but a higher proportion of-a ... | 1989 | 2733021 |
| [glycoproteins from leptospira interrogans serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae: distribution in the liver and kidney of experimentally infected guinea pigs]. | tissue damage in leptospirosis has been ascribed to direct effect of the microorganisms and/or their virulence, including products synthetized by leptospires or released during their lysis. this study aimed at chemical extraction of the glycolipoprotein (glp) from virulent leptospires, production of a rabbit anti-glp and analysis of its distribution in liver and kidney of inoculated guinea-pigs, sacrificed sequentially from the 1st to 6th day of infection, covering the whole, spectrum of acute l ... | 1989 | 2626644 |
| further study on the cultural conditions of leptospira (spirochaeta) icterohaemorrhagiae. | 1. the presence of suitable animal or human serum is essential for the cultivation of leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae. 2. the nutrient value of serum is considerably reduced by heating to 60 degrees c. for 30 minutes and is destroyed by boiling (100 degrees c). filtration through a berkefeld filter does not diminish the nutrient value of the serum. 3. the cultural value of different animal sera varies considerably. it is entirely absent from the sera of the rat and the pig. the sera of the rabbit ... | 1918 | 19868228 |
| the survival of leptospira (spirochaeta) icterohaemorrhagiae in nature; observations concerning microchemical reactions and intermediary hosts. | 1. leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae is unable to grow in the urine, either with or without the addition of suitable culture ingredients, the acidity of the urine being detrimental to the growth. it survives less than 24 hours, unless the urine is neutralized or slightly alkalized, when the period of survival is somewhat longer. if suitable nutrient ingredients are added to the neutralized or slightly alkalized urine, the organism is able to grow for about 10 days, after which multiplication ceases ... | 1918 | 19868229 |
| skin reaction to lipids from avirulent strain shibaura of leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni. | sonically disrupted cells from avirulent strain shibaura of leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni induced a skin reaction characterized by infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn) associated with some edema in guinea pigs. to determine the substance inducing infiltration of pmn, lipids of avirulent strain shibaura were extracted with chloroform--methanol--water after washing with acetone. the lipids comprised 28% of the dry weight of the cell. when the lipids were further separate ... | 1989 | 2611731 |
| reaction of monoclonal antibodies with species specific determinants in leptospira interrogans outer envelope. | a set of 24 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) was produced against an outer envelope preparation from leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni. the mabs reacted in enzyme immunoassay with species-specific determinants of an antigen in the leptospiral outer envelope (oe) of pathogenic but not of saprophytic species of leptospira. the mabs did not agglutinate whole leptospires, nor could they opsonise homologous leptospires for phagocytosis by mouse macrophages or protect new-born guinea-pigs against ... | 1988 | 2459387 |
| a monoclonal antibody reacting with a determinant on leptospiral lipopolysaccharide protects guinea pigs against leptospirosis. | an iga monoclonal antibody (mum/f1-1/copenhageni) was produced from a mouse immunised with leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni. the antibody showed partial serogroup specificity by agglutination and by reaction in enzyme immunoassay, and opsonised homologous leptospires for phagocytosis by cultured mouse macrophages. immunodiffusion and western-blotting experiments indicated that mum/f1-1/copenhageni reacted with a carbohydrate determinant in the leptospiral lipopolysaccharide. daily admi ... | 1986 | 2430103 |
| experimental leptospirosis (l. interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae) of the guinea pig: leptospiral antigen, gamma globulin and complement c3 detection in the kidney. | morphofunctional and immunofluorescent studies were done in guinea pigs experimentally infected with leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae to determine the role of leptospiral antigen, gamma-globulin, and complement c3 deposits in the pathogenesis of the renal lesions. a sharp increase in leptospiral antigen deposits was observed in the late phase of the experimental infection. immunoglobulin and complement c3 were small compared with the heavy leptospiral antigen deposits. moreover ... | 1986 | 2422052 |
| etiology of yellow fever : vi. cultivation, morphology, virulence, and biological properties of leptospira icteroides. | by the employment of methods designed to promote the growth both of aerobic and anaerobic organisms, particularly those belonging to the class of spirochetes, it was possible to obtain a pure culture of a delicate organism, the morphological features of which place it in the genus leptospira. on three occasions, that is, from three out of eleven cases of yellow fever, the organism was directly cultivated. these three strains were found to induce the characteristic symptoms and lesions when teste ... | 1919 | 19868342 |
| [high resolution light microscopy: adaptation of the method and its use in the study of experimental leptospirosis in guinea pigs]. | morphological lesions in parenchimal and mesenchimal structures of liver and kidney were studied in guinea-pigs experimentally infected with leptospira interrogans serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae in comparison with a group of non-infected guinea-pigs. all specimens were submitted to conventional light microscopy as well as to high resolution light microscopy, in one micrometer sections of tissue embedded in glycolmethacrylate. high resolution light microscopy, applied for the first time in leptosp ... | 1990 | 2135358 |
| immunological and morphological analysis of sodium dodecyl sulfate extract of leptospira. | sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds) extract of leptospira interrogans serotype icterohaemorrhagiae strain shibaura was fractionated by rate zonal centrifugation in sucrose density gradient, and the fractions were analysed immunologically and morphologically. two main peaks of antigenic activities were obtained. the first peak showed activities of strong indirect hemagglutination (iha), weak complement fixation (cf), and low production of agglutinin in mice, and produced 5 precipitin lines in immunodiff ... | 1976 | 1015021 |
| growth, virulence, and immunogenicity of leptospira interrogans serotype szwajizak. | leptospira interrogans serotype szwajizak was characterized by (1) its growth in polysorbate 80-bovine albumin medium, (2) its virulence and course of infection in laboratory animals, and (3) its immunogenicity. growth of this organism was continuous and vigorous at 29 c and 37 c in liquid medium for 10 serial subcultures. some specific lots of agar were superior to other agars if tested for the ability to support the growth of small inoculums. individual colonies resulted from growth of small i ... | 1977 | 921038 |
| leptospira interrogans serotype hardjo outbreak in a victorian dairy herd and associated infection in man. | leptospirosis associated with probable l. hardjo infection was investigated in a dairy herd in a coastal district of western victoria. thirty-six of 110 cows suffered leptospiruria and mastitis characterised by flaccid udders and abnormal milk. one of two media used enabled the isolation of the organism from infected guinea pigs inoculated with fresh urine. microscopic agglutination titres to l. hardjo were elevated during the outbreak. there was an associated human infection. | 1977 | 901323 |
| studies of antigenic variants of leptospira isolated from experimentally infected mice. | antigenic variants were isolated from mice inoculated with a virulent strain of leptospira interrogans serotype copenhageni by cultivating the kidney cortex in the liquid or the solidified serum media containing the immune serum against the parent strain. the variants, which were isolated from the mice from 7 to 113 days after infection, were found to be antigenically different from the parent by the agglutinin-absorption test, precipitin-absorption test in gel and guinea pig protection test. th ... | 1978 | 664984 |
| body distribution of poly-dl-lactide-poly(ethylene glycol) microspheres with entrapped leptospira interrogans antigens following intravenous and oral administration to guinea-pigs. | poly-dl-lactide-poly(ethylene glycol) (pela) microspheres with entrapped antigens were administered intravenously and orally into guinea-pigs to quantitatively determine the in-vivo distribution and release profiles. pela microspheres containing 125i-labelled outer-membrane protein leptospira interrogans antigens (125i-omp) were prepared by double-emulsion solvent extraction procedure, and characterized with respect to size, morphology and in-vitro release profiles. the fractured sections of liv ... | 2000 | 10933126 |
| [immunoprotection in guinea pigs using dna recombinant plasmid rpdjt and expressed protein p68 in l. interrogans serovar lai]. | immunoprotection against the infection by leptospira interrogans serogroup icterohemorrhagiae serovar lai strain 017 was demonstrated in guinea pigs vaccinated with dna recombinant plasmid rpdjt and expressed protein p68 derived from genomic library of leptospira strain 017. thirty days after active immunization, each group received intraperitoneally (1/2 dose) and subcutaneously (1/2 dose) inoculum of l. interrogans serovar lai stain 017; cultures were adjusted to 5 x 10(8) cells/ml. all guinea ... | 1998 | 10684084 |
| [the effect of a vaccine made from 39kd hydrophobic outer membrane protein of leptospira interrogans on neurohumoral and red cell immunity function of the guinea pigs]. | a randomized control trial was conducted to determine the immunoprotective efficacy of ompl39. 36 guinea pigs were divided into ompl39 group, whole leptospiral cell vaccine (wlcv) group, other proteins of leptospira group, and negative control group (normal saline, ns). the results showed that all the guinea pigs of infected ompl39 and wlcv still survived, but all the control guinea pigs died. immunoprotective efficacy was 100% for ompl39 and wlcv. ompl39 levels were similar to wlcv levels and h ... | 1998 | 10683996 |
| in vivo apoptosis of hepatocytes in guinea pigs infected with leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae. | to investigate the contribution of the previously demonstrated in vitro apoptosis to the pathogenesis of leptospirosis, guinea pigs were infected with leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae strain verdun and sequentially killed to collect target organs involved in the natural history of the disease (liver, kidneys, lungs, spleen and heart). the combination of histopathological procedures and a specific tunel assay showed a significant leptospira-induced programmed cell death of hepat ... | 1998 | 9851039 |
| superoxide dismutase activity and lipid peroxidation in the liver of guinea pig infected with leptospira interrogans. | superoxide dismutase (sod) activity and the degree of lipid peroxidation were studied over a two week period in guinea pigs infected with leptospira interrogans derived from wild mice. the total sod activity in infected host liver increased by four-fold two days after infection; this was followed by a 20% decrease resulting in levels comparable to normal, uninfected liver. during the period of decreasing sod activity after day two, the levels of tba-reactive material (tbars) are increased by thr ... | 1997 | 9018467 |
| changes in lipopolysaccharide o antigen distinguish acute versus chronic leptospira interrogans infections. | leptospirosis is the most geographically widespread zoonotic disease in the world. a severe pulmonary form of leptospirosis (spfl) is being recognized with increased frequency. we have reported that human spfl isolates of leptospira cause acute lethal infection with prominent pulmonary hemorrhage in guinea pigs. we have found that the same spfl strains cause asymptomatic infection and chronic renal shedding in rats, where infection is restricted to the renal tubules. to address the antigenic com ... | 2005 | 15908349 |
| thrombocytopenia in the experimental leptospirosis of guinea pig is not related to disseminated intravascular coagulation. | thrombocytopenia is commonly observed in severe leptospirosis. however, previous studies on coagulation alterations during leptospirosis resulted in inconsistent conclusions. some findings showed that the prominent levels of thrombocytopenia observed in severe leptospirosis did not reflect the occurrence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (dic) syndrome, while the others reached the conclusion that the hemorrhages observed in leptospirosis were due to dic. the aim of this study is to eluc ... | 2006 | 16451735 |
| inactivation of the fliy gene encoding a flagellar motor switch protein attenuates mobility and virulence of leptospira interrogans strain lai. | pathogenic leptospira species cause leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease of global importance. the spirochete displays active rotative mobility which may contribute to invasion and diffusion of the pathogen in hosts. fliy is a flagellar motor switch protein that controls flagellar motor direction in other microbes, but its role in leptospira, and paricularly in pathogenicity remains unknown. | 2009 | 20003186 |
| characterization of the outer membrane proteome of leptospira interrogans expressed during acute lethal infection. | pathogenic leptospira species adapt to a wide range of environmental conditions during disease transmission and infection. while the proteome of in vitro cultivated leptospira has been characterized in several studies to date, relatively little is known of the proteome as expressed by leptospira during disease processes. isolates of leptospira obtained from patients suffering the severe pulmonary form of leptospirosis cause acute lethal infection in guinea pigs and chronic asymptomatic infection ... | 2007 | 17101664 |
| the ompa-like protein loa22 is essential for leptospiral virulence. | pathogenic mechanisms of leptospira interrogans, the causal agent of leptospirosis, remain largely unknown. this is mainly due to the lack of tools for genetic manipulations of pathogenic species. in this study, we characterized a mutant obtained by insertion of the transposon himar1 into a gene encoding a putative lipoprotein, loa22, which has a predicted ompa domain based on sequence identity. the resulting mutant did not express loa22 and was attenuated in virulence in the guinea pig and hams ... | 2007 | 17630832 |
| protection of guinea pigs against leptospira interrogans serovar lai by lipl21 dna vaccine. | in this study, the full lipl21 gene fragment encoding outer membrane protein lipl21 was cloned from l. interrogans serovar lai and inserted into eukaryotic expression vector pcdna3.1(+). the guinea pigs were immunized with pcdna3.1(+)-lipl21, pcdna3.1(+) or pbs. six weeks after the second immunization, the splenocytes were isolated to detect their proliferative ability by lymphocyte transformation experiments. in addition, microscopic agglutination test was used for quantitative detection of spe ... | 2008 | 18954563 |
| use of quantitative real-time pcr for studying the dissemination of leptospira interrogans in the guinea pig infection model of leptospirosis. | the dynamics of leptospirosis infection have been poorly studied. the purpose of this study was to determine the ld(50), rate of bacterial dissemination, histopathology and antibody responses against leptospira following inoculation with the highly virulent leptospira interrogans fiocruz l1-130 strain in a guinea pig model of leptospirosis. three routes of infection (intraperitoneal, conjunctival and subcutaneous inoculation) were used to establish disease in guinea pigs. the size and kinetics o ... | 2009 | 19369528 |
| molecular characterization of the pl40 protein in leptospira interrogans. | leptospirosis is a widespread zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic leptospires. the identification of outer membrane proteins (omps) conserved among pathogenic leptospires, which are exposed on the leptospiral surface and expressed during mammalian infection, has become a major focus of leptospirosis research. pl40, a 40 kda protein coded by the la3744 gene in leptospira interrogans, was found to be unique to leptospira. triton x-114 fractionation and flow cytometry analyses indicate that pl40 ... | 2009 | 19767845 |
| protein typing of major outer membrane lipoproteins from chinese pathogenic leptospira spp. and characterization of their immunogenicity. | leptospirosis, caused by different leptospira species, is one of the most widespread zoonotic infections worldwide. here we expressed three major leptospiral lipoproteins and examined their immunogenicity. all the pathogenic leptospira strains tested possess the lipl21, lipl32 and lipl41 genes, but the latter two can be further divided into different gene types (lipl32-1, lipl32-2, lipl41-1, lipl41-2). microscopic agglutination test revealed that rlipls antisera had extensive cross-immunoaggluti ... | 2009 | 19796723 |
| the pure cultivation of spirochaeta icterohaemorrhagiae (inada). | pure cultures of the spirochaetal causative agent of the disease known as weil's disease, or febrile icterus, in japan, have been obtained by us in a solid, a semisolid, and a fluid medium. the spirochaeta thus isolated remains pathogenic for guinea pigs for many generations. up to the present time we have succeeded through the courtesy of professor nagayo, dr. konuma, and dr. ishihara, in cultivating three different strains. the spirochaeta is a facultative anaerobe. the solid and semisolid cul ... | 1916 | 19868006 |
| the prophylaxis of weil's disease (spirochaetosis icterohaemorrhagica). | we have already described briefly the portals of entry and of excretion of the pathogenic spirochetes. we may mention here that we have twice prevented epidemics by disinfection of the ground and the removal of the inundated water in certain places in coal mines. in one mine 19 out of 50 workmen, and in another 9 out of 30 workmen came down with weil's disease in about 2 weeks. we have already pointed out that the period during which the pathogenic spirochetes are excreted in the urine continues ... | 1916 | 19868055 |
| spirochaeta hebdomadis, the causative agent of seven day fever (nanukayami) : first paper. | a new species of spirochete which we have called spirochaeta hebdomadis has been described as the specific etiological agent of seven day fever, a disease prevailing in the autumn in fukuoka and other parts of japan. this spirochete is distinguishable from spirochaeta icterohaemorrhagiae to which it presents certain similarities. young guinea pigs are susceptible to inoculation with the blood of patients and to pure cultures of the spirochete, and those developing infection exhibit definite symp ... | 1918 | 19868269 |
| in vivo cell aggregations of a recent swine biofilm-forming isolate of leptospira interrogans strain from argentina. | leptospirosis is a zoonosis of ubiquitous distribution caused by spirochetes. leptospires exist either as saprophytic water-associated organisms or as animal pathogens that can survive in water. previous works have demonstrated that both saprophytic and pathogenic leptospires are able to produce functional biofilms, which consist of a community of bacteria embedded in an extracellular matrix attached to a surface. this structure is believed to provide protection from environmental aggressiveness ... | 2012 | 23102459 |
| etiology of yellow fever : ii. transmission experiments on yellow fever. | by injecting into guinea pigs the blood of yellow fever cases occurring in guayaquil a group of symptoms and lesions closely resembling those observed in human yellow fever were induced in a limited number of instances. of 74 guinea pigs inoculated with specimens of blood from 27 cases of yellow fever, 8, representing 6 cases, came down with the symptoms; namely, a marked rise of temperature after a period of incubation averaging 3 to 6 days, with simultaneous suffusion of the capillaries, parti ... | 1919 | 19868337 |
| etiology of yellow fever : iii. symptomatology and pathological findings in animals experimentally infected. | studies are reported on the type of disease induced in guinea pigs, dogs, and monkeys by inoculating them (1) with the blood or organ emulsions of guinea pigs or other susceptible animals experimentally infected with leptospira icteroides, and (2) with a pure culture of the organism. particular attention has been given in these experiments to the clinical features of the experimental infection in the various animals and to the pathological changes resulting from the infection. the symptoms and p ... | 1919 | 19868338 |
| etiology of yellow fever : iv. the acquired immunity of guinea pigs against leptospira icteroides after the inoculation of blood of yellow fever patients. | the majority of guinea pigs inoculated with the blood of yellow fever patients escaped a fatal infection. there were a number of instances in which the inoculation of yellow fever blood induced in these animals a temporary febrile reaction on the 4th or 5th day, followed in some cases by slight jaundice, but with a rapid return to normal. most of these guinea pigs when later inoculated with an organ emulsion of a passage strain of leptospira icteroides resisted the infection. on the other hand, ... | 1919 | 19868341 |
| etiology of yellow fever : v. properties of blood serum of yellow fever patients in relation to leptospira icteroides. | the serum from a number of persons recovering from yellow fever in guayaquil was studied with a view to establishing its possible immunological relationship with a strain of leptospira icteroides derived from one of the yellow fever patients. for this purpose the serum of convalescents was mixed either with an organ emulsion of a passage strain, or with a culture of the organism, and inoculated intraperitoneally into guinea pigs. the pfeiffer reaction was first studied, and then the animals were ... | 1919 | 19868347 |
| etiology of yellow fever : vii. demonstration of leptospira icteroides in the blood, tissues, and urine of yellow fever patients and of animals experimentally infected with the organism. | examinations of fresh blood from yellow fever patients by means of the dark-field microscope, made in more than twenty-seven cases, revealed in three cases the presence of leptospira icteroides. in no instance was a large number of organisms found, a long search being required before one was encountered. the injection of the blood into guinea pigs from two of the three positive cases induced in the animals a fatal infection, while the blood from the third positive case failed to infect the guine ... | 1919 | 19868352 |
| etiology of yellow fever : viii. presence of a leptospira in wild animals in guayaquil and its relation to leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae and leptospira icteroides. | by the inoculation of guinea pigs intraperitoneally with the emulsions of kidneys from wild rats and mice captured in guayaquil, it was found that 67 per cent of the wild rats tested harbored in their kidneys a leptospira which produced in guinea pigs symptoms and lesions identical with those produced by leptospira icterohamorrhagia derived either from patients suffering from infectious jaundice in japan or europe, or from wild rats caught in new york. immune sera were prepared in rabbits by inj ... | 1919 | 19868353 |
| etiology of yellow fever : ix. mosquitoes in relation to yellow fever. | the foregoing experiments show that symptoms and lesions closely resembling those of yellow fever in man may be induced in guinea pigs by the bite of female stegomyias that have previously sucked the blood of a yellow fever patient or of an animal experimentally infected with leptospira icteroides. with mosquitoes infected directly from a yellow fever patient the infectivity seems to become manifest after a longer period of incubation than with those infected with the animal blood. in the former ... | 1919 | 19868367 |
| etiology of yellow fever : xii. chemotherapy versus serotherapy in experimental infection with leptospira icteroides. | in several series of experiments guinea pigs were variously infected with different amounts of leptospira icteroides, either in the form of culture, organ emulsion from infected guinea pigs, or a mixture of both. the infecting materials were of different grades of virulence; in some series the amount given was near a single lethal dose, in others a subminimum lethal dose was given, i.e. causing mild infection with recovery in the majority of animals, and in still others the animals were injected ... | 1920 | 19868452 |
| experimental studies on yellow fever in northern peru. | fourteen typical cases of yellow fever were studied in northern peru during an epidemic occurring in 1920, nine in payta in march and april, and five in morropon and piura in april and may. the method of investigation was similar to that previously employed, but as the laboratory facilities were very meager certain changes were required. although in payta the work was handicapped by the lack of electric light, the scarcity of water and animal food, the unsuitability of the guinea pigs for inocul ... | 1921 | 19868492 |
| immunology of the peruvian strains of leptospira icteroides. | serum from yellow fever convalescents from payta, piura, and morropon gave a positive pfeiffer reaction with the strains of leptospira icteroides isolated in guayaquil and merida. the serum also protected the guinea pigs from these strains in the majority of instances. the pfeiffer reaction was complete with all recent convalescents (7 to 36 days) but slight or partial in some instances with serum derived from individuals who had had the attack of yellow fever 10 months previously. the virulence ... | 1921 | 19868493 |
| etiology of yellow fever : xiii. behavior of the heart in the experimental infection of guinea pigs and monkeys with leptospira icteroides and leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae. | 1. slowing of the heart occurred in monkeys and guinea pigs during the febrile period of the experimental infection due to leptospira icteroides. a similar reaction took place in animals inoculated with leptospira icterohoemorrhagioe. 2. the mechanism of slowing was usually due to slowing of the whole heart. 3. once incomplete heart block was seen. changes in the ventricular complex occurred four times. | 1921 | 19868529 |
| etiology of yellow fever : xiv. duration of the protective effect of anti-icteroides immune serum after subcutaneous inoculation into animals. | analysis of the records of instances in which non-immune persons contracted yellow fever notwithstanding vaccination shows that the onset of disease occurs soon after vaccination, the longest period being 13 days. since the average incubation period in yellow fever is 6 days, it seems that infection must have taken place in some instances during the period while protection was developing. these instances led to a study of the possibility of immediate protection by means of the anti-icteroides se ... | 1922 | 19868677 |
| a comparison of the spirochete of yellow fever (leptospira icteroides noguchi) with the leptospira of weil's disease. | the most noteworthy point observed in our studies is the extraordinary duration of life and the relatively meagre requirements for sustenance of leptospira icteroides. it is conceivable that under natural conditions opportunities might arise for the prolonged existence of leptospira icteroides, so that possibly after a lapse of years, the disease might reappear without introduction from outside. at any rate, the great viability of leptospira icteroides must be considered in this connection. a de ... | 1928 | 19869411 |
| of guinea pigs and men--an unusual case of jaundice. | a 21-year-old male presented at the emergency room with jaundice, itching, dry cough, malaise and weight loss of 10 kg during the preceding four weeks. eighteen months earlier, the patient had suffered an automobile accident leading to polytrauma. serological markers for viral or other causes of hepatitis were absent. for suspected secondary sclerosing cholangitis, ultrasound and ercp were performed but failed to reveal pathological findings. a liver biopsy showed cholestatic liver disease witho ... | 2010 | 20072994 |
| leptospirosis serodiagnosis by elisa based on recombinant outer membrane protein. | the outer membrane protein lipl21, lipl32, lipl41 and loa22 of leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni were previously revealed by immunoproteomic analysis, using sera from acute phase infection in a guinea pig. the full-length dna of each protein was then cloned from the same serovar and expressed in prset vector. the obtained molecular weight (mw) of recombinant proteins rlipl21, rlipl32 and rloa22 were slightly higher than the mw predicted from nucleotide sequences of each inserted gene, w ... | 2011 | 21353274 |
| passive immunization with leptospira lps-specific agglutinating but not non-agglutinating monoclonal antibodies protect guinea pigs from fatal pulmonary hemorrhages induced by serovar copenhageni challenge. | leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni causes pulmonary hemorrhages with respiratory failure, a major cause of death in leptospirosis patients. protective immunity to leptospira is known to correlate with the production of leptospiral lipopolysaccharide (l-lps)-specific agglutinating antibodies. we generated l-lps-specific mouse monoclonal antibodies (mabs) and investigated if these mabs can protect guinea pigs against fatal pulmonary hemorrhages caused by serovar copenhageni. the mabs l8h4 ... | 2011 | 21549788 |
| establishment of a leptospirosis model in guinea pigs using an epicutaneous inoculations route. | abstract: background: leptospires are presumed to enter their host via small abrasions or breaches of the skin. the intraperitoneal route, although commonly used in guinea pig and hamster models of leptospirosis, does not reflect conditions encountered during natural infection. the aim of this study is to develop a novel leptospirosis guinea pig model through epicutaneous route and to elucidate the pathogenesis of leptospirosis in experimental guinea pigs by comparing the data from other studie ... | 2012 | 22273178 |
| leptospiral lrua is required for virulence and modulates an interaction with mammalian apolipoprotein ai. | leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by spirochetes of the genus leptospira. while understanding of pathogenesis remains limited, the development of mutagenesis in leptospira has provided a powerful tool for identifying novel virulence factors. lrua is a lipoprotein that has been implicated in leptospiral uveitis as a target of the immune response. in this study, two lrua mutants, m754 and m765, generated by transposon mutagenesis from leptospira interrogans serovar manilae, were charact ... | 2013 | 23918777 |
| chimeric epitope vaccine against leptospira interrogans infection and induced specific immunity in guinea pigs. | leptospirosis is an important reemerging zoonosis, with more than half a million cases reported annually, and is caused by pathogenic leptospira species. development of a universal vaccine is one of the major strategic goals to overcome the disease burden of leptospirosis. in this study, a chimeric multi-epitope protein-based vaccine was designed and tested for its potency to induce a specific immune response and provide protection against l. interrogans infection. | 2016 | 27737644 |
| draft genome of the leptospira interrogans strains, acegua, rca, prea, and capivara, obtained from wildlife maintenance hosts and infected domestic animals. | in the present paper, we announce new draft genomes of four leptospira interrogans strains named acegua, rca, prea, and capivara. these strains were isolated in the state of rio grande do sul, brazil, from cattle, dog, brazilian guinea pig, and capybara, respectively. | 2016 | 27074260 |
| animal models of leptospirosis: of mice and hamsters. | pathogenic leptospira sp. are spirochetal bacteria responsible for leptospirosis, an emerging worldwide zoonosis. these spirochetes are very successful pathogens that infect a wide range of hosts such as fish, reptiles, birds, marsupials, and mammals. transmission occurs when chronically infected animals excrete live bacteria in their urine, contaminating the environment. leptospira sp. enter their hosts through damaged skin and mucosa. chronically infected rats and mice are asymptomatic and are ... | 2017 | 28270811 |
| molecular characterization of virulent leptospira interrogans serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae isolated from cavia aperea. | leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonotic infection caused by pathogenic leptospira. synanthropic rodents are recognized carriers of leptospires; however, the role of wild rodents in the epidemiology of the disease is still incipient. in this work, we describe leptospira strain isolated from cavia aperea (brazilian guinea pig). the isolated strain was characterized by partial rpob gene sequencing, variable-number tandem-repeats and histopathological analysis. the strain was identified as leptospira ... | 2013 | 23435256 |
| etiology of yellow fever : x. comparative immunological studies on leptospira icteroides and leptospira icterohaemoorrhagiae. | it has been previously reported that a filterable microorganism belonging to the genus leptospira has been recovered from the blood or organs of human beings suffering from the disease known as yellow fever in guayaquil, and that the organism, which has been termed leptospira icteroides, induces in certain experimental animals the characteristic symptoms and lesions observed in the patients from whom it was isolated. it has also been previously shown that the serum from patients recovering from ... | 1920 | 19868393 |
| etiology of yellow fever : xi. serum treatment of animals infected with leptospira icteroides. | the use ot a polyvalent immune serum ot nign potency in tne treatment of an experimental infection of guinea pigs with leptospira icteroides was found to be of definite advantage in checking the progress of the infection. when administered during the period of incubation the serum was found capable of completely preventing the development of the disease, although on subsequent examination hemorrhagic lesions of greater or less number and extent were found in the lungs of the guinea pigs which su ... | 1920 | 19868394 |