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patterns of sexual dimorphism in body weight among prosimian primates.many primatologists believe that there is no sexual dimorphism in body size in prosimian primates. because this belief is based upon data that came from only a few species and were largely flawed in some aspect of sample quality, i re-examined the extent of sexual dimorphism in body weight, using weights of 791 adult prosimians from 34 taxa recorded over the last 17 years at the duke university primate center. there was no significant sex difference in body weight in 17 species, but males were s ...19911794769
patterns of sexual dimorphism in body weight among prosimian primates.many primatologists believe that there is no sexual dimorphism in body size in prosimian primates. because this belief is based upon data that came from only a few species and were largely flawed in some aspect of sample quality, i re-examined the extent of sexual dimorphism in body weight, using weights of 791 adult prosimians from 34 taxa recorded over the last 17 years at the duke university primate center. there was no significant sex difference in body weight in 17 species, but males were s ...19911794769
tarsius delta- and beta-globin genes: conversions, evolution, and systematic implications.comparisons between duplicated genes have shown that gene conversions play an important role in the evolution of multigene families. previous comparisons have documented in the recently duplicated gamma-fetal globin genes of catarrhine primates, over 15 separate conversions affecting extensive stretches of coding and noncoding sequences. in the present study, delta- and beta- globin genes from a lower primate tarsius syrichta, and the delta-globin gene of the asian great ape, pongo pygmaeus, hav ...19892491855
tarsius delta- and beta-globin genes: conversions, evolution, and systematic implications.comparisons between duplicated genes have shown that gene conversions play an important role in the evolution of multigene families. previous comparisons have documented in the recently duplicated gamma-fetal globin genes of catarrhine primates, over 15 separate conversions affecting extensive stretches of coding and noncoding sequences. in the present study, delta- and beta- globin genes from a lower primate tarsius syrichta, and the delta-globin gene of the asian great ape, pongo pygmaeus, hav ...19892491855
absence of chromosomal similarities between tarsiers (tarsius syrichta) and other primates. 19883148529
absence of chromosomal similarities between tarsiers (tarsius syrichta) and other primates. 19883148529
the skin of primates. xxxii. the philippine tarsier (tarsius syrichta). 19664290951
the skin of primates. xxxii. the philippine tarsier (tarsius syrichta). 19664290951
functional analysis of the hip joint in tarsius bancanus (horsfield, 1821) and tarsius syrichta (linnaeus, 1758). 19685752476
functional analysis of the hip joint in tarsius bancanus (horsfield, 1821) and tarsius syrichta (linnaeus, 1758). 19685752476
[comparative morphological and histological studies on the integument of the tail of tarsius syrichta (l. 1758) and tarsius bancanus horsfield, 1821]. 19685752477
[comparative morphological and histological studies on the integument of the tail of tarsius syrichta (l. 1758) and tarsius bancanus horsfield, 1821]. 19685752477
major salivary glands of the philippine tarsier. 19695816603
the tarsius gamma-globin gene: pseudogene or active gene?we sequenced the approximately 5-kb long gamma-globin gene locus from tarsius bancanus and compared it to the published gamma-globin gene sequence from the related species tarsius syrichta. the t. syrichta gene's promoter lacks the distal ccaat box and has a point mutation in the functionally important proximal ccaat box (ccgat). this previous finding had suggested that in tarsiers the gamma-globin gene might be a nonexpressed pseudogene. the two tarsier species show the same point mutation at t ...199910603269
the tarsius gamma-globin gene: pseudogene or active gene?we sequenced the approximately 5-kb long gamma-globin gene locus from tarsius bancanus and compared it to the published gamma-globin gene sequence from the related species tarsius syrichta. the t. syrichta gene's promoter lacks the distal ccaat box and has a point mutation in the functionally important proximal ccaat box (ccgat). this previous finding had suggested that in tarsiers the gamma-globin gene might be a nonexpressed pseudogene. the two tarsier species show the same point mutation at t ...199910603269
expression of neuron-specific markers by the vomeronasal neuroepithelium in six species of primates.vomeronasal organ (vno) morphology varies markedly across primate taxa. old world monkeys display no postnatal vno. humans and at least some apes retain a vestigial vno during postnatal life, whereas the strepsirrhines and new world monkeys present a morphologically well-defined vno that, in many species, is presumed to function as an olfactory organ. available microanatomical and behavioral studies suggest that vno function in these species does not precisely duplicate that described in other m ...200415470676
expression of neuron-specific markers by the vomeronasal neuroepithelium in six species of primates.vomeronasal organ (vno) morphology varies markedly across primate taxa. old world monkeys display no postnatal vno. humans and at least some apes retain a vestigial vno during postnatal life, whereas the strepsirrhines and new world monkeys present a morphologically well-defined vno that, in many species, is presumed to function as an olfactory organ. available microanatomical and behavioral studies suggest that vno function in these species does not precisely duplicate that described in other m ...200415470676
molecular evolution of the primate developmental genes msx1 and pax9.in primates, the craniofacial skeleton and the dentition are marked by high levels of interspecific variation. despite this, there are few comparative species studies conducted at the molecular level to investigate this functional diversity. we have determined nucleotide sequences of msx1 and pax9, two developmental genes, in a sample of 27 diverse primate species in order to identify coding or regulatory variation that may be associated with phenotypic diversity. our analyses have identified fo ...200616326750
molecular evolution of the primate developmental genes msx1 and pax9.in primates, the craniofacial skeleton and the dentition are marked by high levels of interspecific variation. despite this, there are few comparative species studies conducted at the molecular level to investigate this functional diversity. we have determined nucleotide sequences of msx1 and pax9, two developmental genes, in a sample of 27 diverse primate species in order to identify coding or regulatory variation that may be associated with phenotypic diversity. our analyses have identified fo ...200616326750
comparison of hind limb muscle mass in neonate and adult prosimian primates.little ontogenetic data exist to indicate whether muscular organization of neonates reflects adult locomotion (e.g., leaping) or infant activities like clinging or the initial quadrupedal phase of locomotion that typifies most infant primates. in the present study, five species of primates with contrasting modes of locomotion were examined. twenty-eight preserved neonatal and adult cadavers were studied by careful dissection of the hip, thigh, and leg muscles. wet weights were taken of limb musc ...200717095050
comparison of hind limb muscle mass in neonate and adult prosimian primates.little ontogenetic data exist to indicate whether muscular organization of neonates reflects adult locomotion (e.g., leaping) or infant activities like clinging or the initial quadrupedal phase of locomotion that typifies most infant primates. in the present study, five species of primates with contrasting modes of locomotion were examined. twenty-eight preserved neonatal and adult cadavers were studied by careful dissection of the hip, thigh, and leg muscles. wet weights were taken of limb musc ...200717095050
visual acuity in the cathemeral strepsirrhine eulemur macaco flavifrons.studies of visual acuity in primates have shown that diurnal haplorhines have higher acuity (30-75 cycles per degree (c/deg)) than most other mammals. however, relatively little is known about visual acuity in non-haplorhine primates, and published estimates are only available for four strepsirrhine genera (microcebus, otolemur, galago, and lemur). we present here the first measurements of visual acuity in a cathemeral strepsirrhine species, the blue-eyed black lemur (eulemur macaco flavifrons). ...200919180555
visual acuity in the cathemeral strepsirrhine eulemur macaco flavifrons.studies of visual acuity in primates have shown that diurnal haplorhines have higher acuity (30-75 cycles per degree (c/deg)) than most other mammals. however, relatively little is known about visual acuity in non-haplorhine primates, and published estimates are only available for four strepsirrhine genera (microcebus, otolemur, galago, and lemur). we present here the first measurements of visual acuity in a cathemeral strepsirrhine species, the blue-eyed black lemur (eulemur macaco flavifrons). ...200919180555
shouldering the burdens of locomotion and posture: glenohumeral joint structure in prosimians.despite its importance in movement of the upper limb, the soft-tissue morphology of the shoulder joint complex (the acromioclavicular, coracoclavicular, and glenohumeral joints) across primates is poorly understood. this study compares soft-tissue morphology of these three shoulder joint components among broad phylogenetic, locomotor, and postural behavior ranges in prosimian primates. two adult specimens of galago moholi (a vertical clinger and leaper) were dissected for study, along with one a ...201020235324
shouldering the burdens of locomotion and posture: glenohumeral joint structure in prosimians.despite its importance in movement of the upper limb, the soft-tissue morphology of the shoulder joint complex (the acromioclavicular, coracoclavicular, and glenohumeral joints) across primates is poorly understood. this study compares soft-tissue morphology of these three shoulder joint components among broad phylogenetic, locomotor, and postural behavior ranges in prosimian primates. two adult specimens of galago moholi (a vertical clinger and leaper) were dissected for study, along with one a ...201020235324
genomic data reject the hypothesis of a prosimian primate clade.the phylogenetic position of tarsiers within the primates has been a controversial subject for over a century. despite numerous morphological and molecular studies, there has been weak support for grouping tarsiers with either strepsirrhine primates in a prosimian clade or with anthropoids in a haplorrhine clade. here, we take advantage of the recently released whole genome assembly of the philippine tarsier, tarsius syrichta, in order to infer the phylogenetic relationship of tarsius within the ...201121620437
genomic data reject the hypothesis of a prosimian primate clade.the phylogenetic position of tarsiers within the primates has been a controversial subject for over a century. despite numerous morphological and molecular studies, there has been weak support for grouping tarsiers with either strepsirrhine primates in a prosimian clade or with anthropoids in a haplorrhine clade. here, we take advantage of the recently released whole genome assembly of the philippine tarsier, tarsius syrichta, in order to infer the phylogenetic relationship of tarsius within the ...201121620437
population survey of the philippine tarsier (tarsius syrichta) in corella, bohol.in 1986, in response to the rapid habitat destruction throughout the archipelago, the philippine tarsier was classified as endangered. since that time, this tarsier has been reclassified as data deficient and more recently as near threatened despite a significant lack of information on the population density of the species. data were collected at the philippine tarsier foundation sanctuary from june to october 2010. population density was estimated using a modified form of the quadrat census met ...201122156490
population survey of the philippine tarsier (tarsius syrichta) in corella, bohol.in 1986, in response to the rapid habitat destruction throughout the archipelago, the philippine tarsier was classified as endangered. since that time, this tarsier has been reclassified as data deficient and more recently as near threatened despite a significant lack of information on the population density of the species. data were collected at the philippine tarsier foundation sanctuary from june to october 2010. population density was estimated using a modified form of the quadrat census met ...201122156490
muscle mass scaling in primates: an energetic and ecological perspective.body composition is known to vary dramatically among mammals, even in closely related species, yet this issue has never been systematically investigated. here, we examine differences in muscle mass scaling among mammals, and explore how primate body composition compares to that of nonprimate mammals. we use a literature-based sample of eutherian and metatherian mammals, and combine this with new dissection-based data on muscularity in a variety of strepsirrhine primates and the haplorhine, tarsi ...201222318851
muscle mass scaling in primates: an energetic and ecological perspective.body composition is known to vary dramatically among mammals, even in closely related species, yet this issue has never been systematically investigated. here, we examine differences in muscle mass scaling among mammals, and explore how primate body composition compares to that of nonprimate mammals. we use a literature-based sample of eutherian and metatherian mammals, and combine this with new dissection-based data on muscularity in a variety of strepsirrhine primates and the haplorhine, tarsi ...201222318851
primate communication in the pure ultrasound.few mammals-cetaceans, domestic cats and select bats and rodents-can send and receive vocal signals contained within the ultrasonic domain, or pure ultrasound (greater than 20 khz). here, we use the auditory brainstem response (abr) method to demonstrate that a species of nocturnal primate, the philippine tarsier (tarsius syrichta), has a high-frequency limit of auditory sensitivity of ca 91 khz. we also recorded a vocalization with a dominant frequency of 70 khz. such values are among the highe ...201222319094
primate communication in the pure ultrasound.few mammals-cetaceans, domestic cats and select bats and rodents-can send and receive vocal signals contained within the ultrasonic domain, or pure ultrasound (greater than 20 khz). here, we use the auditory brainstem response (abr) method to demonstrate that a species of nocturnal primate, the philippine tarsier (tarsius syrichta), has a high-frequency limit of auditory sensitivity of ca 91 khz. we also recorded a vocalization with a dominant frequency of 70 khz. such values are among the highe ...201222319094
eye size at birth in prosimian primates: life history correlates and growth patterns.primates have large eyes relative to head size, which profoundly influence the ontogenetic emergence of facial form. however, growth of the primate eye is only understood in a narrow taxonomic perspective, with information biased toward anthropoids.201222567127
eye size at birth in prosimian primates: life history correlates and growth patterns.primates have large eyes relative to head size, which profoundly influence the ontogenetic emergence of facial form. however, growth of the primate eye is only understood in a narrow taxonomic perspective, with information biased toward anthropoids.201222567127
evolutionary anatomy and phyletic implication of the extrinsic cardiac nervous system in the philippine tarsier (tarsius syrichta, primates) in comparisons with strepsirrhines and new world monkeys.to provide information on evolutionary morphological differences and similarities between tarsiformes (tarsiers) and other primates (strepsirrhini and platyrrhini), we examined the previously undescribed extrinsic cardiac nervous system (ecns) and surrounding structures in three philippine tarsiers (tarsius syrichta). we found that the complicated ecns morphology shows little variation in contrast to significant anatomical diversity of the surrounding somatic structures in tarsiers as reported i ...201323444325
evolutionary anatomy and phyletic implication of the extrinsic cardiac nervous system in the philippine tarsier (tarsius syrichta, primates) in comparisons with strepsirrhines and new world monkeys.to provide information on evolutionary morphological differences and similarities between tarsiformes (tarsiers) and other primates (strepsirrhini and platyrrhini), we examined the previously undescribed extrinsic cardiac nervous system (ecns) and surrounding structures in three philippine tarsiers (tarsius syrichta). we found that the complicated ecns morphology shows little variation in contrast to significant anatomical diversity of the surrounding somatic structures in tarsiers as reported i ...201323444325
inferred l/m cone opsin polymorphism of ancestral tarsiers sheds dim light on the origin of anthropoid primates.tarsiers are small nocturnal primates with a long history of fuelling debate on the origin and evolution of anthropoid primates. recently, the discovery of m and l opsin genes in two sister species, tarsius bancanus (bornean tarsier) and tarsius syrichta (philippine tarsier), respectively, was interpreted as evidence of an ancestral long-to-middle (l/m) opsin polymorphism, which, in turn, suggested a diurnal or cathemeral (arrhythmic) activity pattern. this view is compatible with the hypothesis ...201323536597
inferred l/m cone opsin polymorphism of ancestral tarsiers sheds dim light on the origin of anthropoid primates.tarsiers are small nocturnal primates with a long history of fuelling debate on the origin and evolution of anthropoid primates. recently, the discovery of m and l opsin genes in two sister species, tarsius bancanus (bornean tarsier) and tarsius syrichta (philippine tarsier), respectively, was interpreted as evidence of an ancestral long-to-middle (l/m) opsin polymorphism, which, in turn, suggested a diurnal or cathemeral (arrhythmic) activity pattern. this view is compatible with the hypothesis ...201323536597
acoustic characterization of ultrasonic vocalizations by a nocturnal primate tarsius syrichta.this preliminary study characterizes the ultrasonic vocalizations produced by philippine tarsiers, tarsius syrichta. data were collected at the philippine tarsier foundation sanctuary in corella, bohol, philippines, from july through october 2010. recordings were made on a wildlife acoustics ultrasonic song meter 2 bat from 29 wild, free-living adult resident t. syrichta (23 females and six males). a total of 10,309 usvs were recorded. these vocalizations fell into three main categories: chirps, ...201323549838
acoustic characterization of ultrasonic vocalizations by a nocturnal primate tarsius syrichta.this preliminary study characterizes the ultrasonic vocalizations produced by philippine tarsiers, tarsius syrichta. data were collected at the philippine tarsier foundation sanctuary in corella, bohol, philippines, from july through october 2010. recordings were made on a wildlife acoustics ultrasonic song meter 2 bat from 29 wild, free-living adult resident t. syrichta (23 females and six males). a total of 10,309 usvs were recorded. these vocalizations fell into three main categories: chirps, ...201323549838
brief communication: effect of size biases in the coefficient of variation on assessing intraspecific variability in the prosimian skeleton.this study examines the effect of a measurement size bias in coefficients of variation on the evaluation of intraspecific skeletal variability in a sample of eight prosimian species (eulemur fulvus, hapalemur griseus, lemur catta, varecia variegata, galago senegalensis, otolemur crassicaudatus, nycticebus coucang, and tarsius syrichta). measurements with smaller means were expected to have higher coefficients of variation (cvs) due to the impact of instrumental precision on the ability to assess ...201323900852
brief communication: effect of size biases in the coefficient of variation on assessing intraspecific variability in the prosimian skeleton.this study examines the effect of a measurement size bias in coefficients of variation on the evaluation of intraspecific skeletal variability in a sample of eight prosimian species (eulemur fulvus, hapalemur griseus, lemur catta, varecia variegata, galago senegalensis, otolemur crassicaudatus, nycticebus coucang, and tarsius syrichta). measurements with smaller means were expected to have higher coefficients of variation (cvs) due to the impact of instrumental precision on the ability to assess ...201323900852
are tropical small mammals physiologically vulnerable to arrhenius effects and climate change?there is some urgency in the necessity to incorporate physiological data into mechanistic, trait-based, demographic climate change models. physiological responses at the individual level provide the mechanistic link between environmental changes and individual performances and hence population dynamics. here we consider the causal relationship between ambient temperature (ta) and metabolic rate (mr), namely, the arrhenius effect, which is directly affected by global warming through increases in ...201424457919
are tropical small mammals physiologically vulnerable to arrhenius effects and climate change?there is some urgency in the necessity to incorporate physiological data into mechanistic, trait-based, demographic climate change models. physiological responses at the individual level provide the mechanistic link between environmental changes and individual performances and hence population dynamics. here we consider the causal relationship between ambient temperature (ta) and metabolic rate (mr), namely, the arrhenius effect, which is directly affected by global warming through increases in ...201424457919
the first endogenous herpesvirus, identified in the tarsier genome, and novel sequences from primate rhadinoviruses and lymphocryptoviruses.herpesviridae is a diverse family of large and complex pathogens whose genomes are extremely difficult to sequence. this is particularly true for clinical samples, and if the virus, host, or both genomes are being sequenced for the first time. although herpesviruses are known to occasionally integrate in host genomes, and can also be inherited in a mendelian fashion, they are notably absent from the genomic fossil record comprised of endogenous viral elements (eves). here, we combine paleovirolo ...201424945689
niche convergence suggests functionality of the nocturnal fovea.the fovea is a declivity of the retinal surface associated with maximum visual acuity. foveae are widespread across vertebrates, but among mammals they are restricted to haplorhine primates (tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans), which are primarily diurnal. thus primates have long contributed to the view that foveae are functional adaptations to diurnality. the foveae of tarsiers, which are nocturnal, are widely interpreted as vestigial traits and therefore evidence of a diurnal ancestry. this e ...201425120441
niche convergence suggests functionality of the nocturnal fovea.the fovea is a declivity of the retinal surface associated with maximum visual acuity. foveae are widespread across vertebrates, but among mammals they are restricted to haplorhine primates (tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans), which are primarily diurnal. thus primates have long contributed to the view that foveae are functional adaptations to diurnality. the foveae of tarsiers, which are nocturnal, are widely interpreted as vestigial traits and therefore evidence of a diurnal ancestry. this e ...201425120441
conservation genetics of the philippine tarsier: cryptic genetic variation restructures conservation priorities for an island archipelago primate.establishment of conservation priorities for primates is a particular concern in the island archipelagos of southeast asia, where rates of habitat destruction are among the highest in the world. conservation programs require knowledge of taxonomic diversity to ensure success. the philippine tarsier is a flagship species that promotes environmental awareness and a thriving ecotourism economy in the philippines. however, assessment of its conservation status has been impeded by taxonomic uncertain ...201425136854
evolutionary history of the per3 variable number of tandem repeats (vntr): idiosyncratic aspect of primate molecular circadian clock.the per3 gene is one of the clock genes, which function in the core mammalian molecular circadian system. a variable number of tandem repeats (vntr) locus in the 18th exon of this gene has been strongly associated to circadian rhythm phenotypes and sleep organization in humans, but it has not been identified in other mammals except primates. to better understand the evolution and the placement of the per3 vntr in a phylogenetical context, the present study enlarges the investigation about the pr ...201425222750
evolutionary history of the per3 variable number of tandem repeats (vntr): idiosyncratic aspect of primate molecular circadian clock.the per3 gene is one of the clock genes, which function in the core mammalian molecular circadian system. a variable number of tandem repeats (vntr) locus in the 18th exon of this gene has been strongly associated to circadian rhythm phenotypes and sleep organization in humans, but it has not been identified in other mammals except primates. to better understand the evolution and the placement of the per3 vntr in a phylogenetical context, the present study enlarges the investigation about the pr ...201425222750
genome sequence of the basal haplorrhine primate tarsius syrichta reveals unusual insertions.tarsiers are phylogenetically located between the most basal strepsirrhines and the most derived anthropoid primates. while they share morphological features with both groups, they also possess uncommon primate characteristics, rendering their evolutionary history somewhat obscure. to investigate the molecular basis of such attributes, we present here a new genome assembly of the philippine tarsier (tarsius syrichta), and provide extended analyses of the genome and detailed history of transposab ...201627708261
genome sequence of the basal haplorrhine primate tarsius syrichta reveals unusual insertions.tarsiers are phylogenetically located between the most basal strepsirrhines and the most derived anthropoid primates. while they share morphological features with both groups, they also possess uncommon primate characteristics, rendering their evolutionary history somewhat obscure. to investigate the molecular basis of such attributes, we present here a new genome assembly of the philippine tarsier (tarsius syrichta), and provide extended analyses of the genome and detailed history of transposab ...201627708261
ontogeny of the postorbital region in tarsiers and other primates.bony structure of the postorbital region is a key trait distinguishing major clades of primates. strepsirrhines share a postorbital bar, and anthropoids share a complete postorbital septum. at issue is whether the partial postorbital septum of tarsiers unites living tarsiers more closely with anthropoids than with certain large-eyed eocene fossils. previously we reported incomplete postorbital closure in tarsiers at birth. in this article, we document comparative analyses of the postorbital regi ...201627870349
ontogeny of the postorbital region in tarsiers and other primates.bony structure of the postorbital region is a key trait distinguishing major clades of primates. strepsirrhines share a postorbital bar, and anthropoids share a complete postorbital septum. at issue is whether the partial postorbital septum of tarsiers unites living tarsiers more closely with anthropoids than with certain large-eyed eocene fossils. previously we reported incomplete postorbital closure in tarsiers at birth. in this article, we document comparative analyses of the postorbital regi ...201627870349
functional preservation and variation in the cone opsin genes of nocturnal tarsiers.the short-wavelength sensitive (s-) opsin gene opn1sw is pseudogenized in some nocturnal primates and retained in others, enabling dichromatic colour vision. debate on the functional significance of this variation has focused on dark conditions, yet many nocturnal species initiate activity under dim (mesopic) light levels that can support colour vision. tarsiers are nocturnal, twilight-active primates and exemplary visual predators; they also express different colour vision phenotypes, raising t ...201728193820
functional preservation and variation in the cone opsin genes of nocturnal tarsiers.the short-wavelength sensitive (s-) opsin gene opn1sw is pseudogenized in some nocturnal primates and retained in others, enabling dichromatic colour vision. debate on the functional significance of this variation has focused on dark conditions, yet many nocturnal species initiate activity under dim (mesopic) light levels that can support colour vision. tarsiers are nocturnal, twilight-active primates and exemplary visual predators; they also express different colour vision phenotypes, raising t ...201728193820
impact of typhoon haiyan on a philippine tarsier population.over the last 2 decades the philippine tarsier (carlito syrichta aka tarsius syrichta) has had its conservation status revised from endangered to data deficient to near threatened. the last status change was based on a study of the species' population density, which suggested that a single natural catastrophe could potentially wipe out the philippine tarsier. in 2013 typhoon haiyan hit bohol, one of the island strongholds for this species. in this study we compare the density of the bohol tarsie ...201729017170
impact of typhoon haiyan on a philippine tarsier population.over the last 2 decades the philippine tarsier (carlito syrichta aka tarsius syrichta) has had its conservation status revised from endangered to data deficient to near threatened. the last status change was based on a study of the species' population density, which suggested that a single natural catastrophe could potentially wipe out the philippine tarsier. in 2013 typhoon haiyan hit bohol, one of the island strongholds for this species. in this study we compare the density of the bohol tarsie ...201729017170
evolution of acidic mammalian chitinase genes (chia) is related to body mass and insectivory in primates.insects are an important food resource for many primates, but the chitinous exoskeletons of arthropods have long been considered to be indigestible by the digestive enzymes of most mammals. however, recently mice and insectivorous bats were found to produce the enzyme acidic mammalian chitinase (amcase) to digest insect exoskeletons. here, we report on the gene chia and its paralogs, which encode amcase, in a comparative sample of nonhuman primates. our results show that early primates likely ha ...201729216399
evolution of acidic mammalian chitinase genes (chia) is related to body mass and insectivory in primates.insects are an important food resource for many primates, but the chitinous exoskeletons of arthropods have long been considered to be indigestible by the digestive enzymes of most mammals. however, recently mice and insectivorous bats were found to produce the enzyme acidic mammalian chitinase (amcase) to digest insect exoskeletons. here, we report on the gene chia and its paralogs, which encode amcase, in a comparative sample of nonhuman primates. our results show that early primates likely ha ...201729216399
two new species of eimeria (apicomplexa: eimeriidae) in philippine tarsier (tarsius syrichta).philippine tarsier (tarsius syrichta) is a small nocturnal primate from the philippines. little is known about tarsier parasites, including coccidia (apicomplexa: eimeriidae), a highly prevalent parasitic protist group in all vertebrate classes. only 7 valid species of the genus eimeria, seven species of isospora and 5 species of cyclospora have been described in primates. this study extends the number of coccidia known in primates by two new species obtained from faeces of philippine tarsiers f ...201830179769
two new species of eimeria (apicomplexa: eimeriidae) in philippine tarsier (tarsius syrichta).philippine tarsier (tarsius syrichta) is a small nocturnal primate from the philippines. little is known about tarsier parasites, including coccidia (apicomplexa: eimeriidae), a highly prevalent parasitic protist group in all vertebrate classes. only 7 valid species of the genus eimeria, seven species of isospora and 5 species of cyclospora have been described in primates. this study extends the number of coccidia known in primates by two new species obtained from faeces of philippine tarsiers f ...201830179769
activity patterns of captive philippine tarsiers (tarsius syrichta): differences related to sex and social context.among tarsiers, nocturnal, obligatory faunivorous primates inhabiting islands of south-east asia, the philippine tarsier (tarsius [= carlito] syrichta) is one of the least studied. to date, activity patterns of this threatened species have not been the subject of any investigation. in the present study, we provide the first quantitative data on how captive male and female t. syrichta apportion their time for various activities in two social contexts: solitary and paired. we found that the sexes ...201930826810
activity patterns of captive philippine tarsiers (tarsius syrichta): differences related to sex and social context.among tarsiers, nocturnal, obligatory faunivorous primates inhabiting islands of south-east asia, the philippine tarsier (tarsius [= carlito] syrichta) is one of the least studied. to date, activity patterns of this threatened species have not been the subject of any investigation. in the present study, we provide the first quantitative data on how captive male and female t. syrichta apportion their time for various activities in two social contexts: solitary and paired. we found that the sexes ...201930826810
partial mtdna sequencing data of vulnerable cephalopachus bancanus from the malaysian borneo.tarsier is an endangered nocturnal primate in the family tarsiidae and is an endemic to sundaic islands of philippine (carlito syrichta), sulawesi (tarsius tarsier-complex) and borneo (cephalopachus bancanus). recent records indicated that most molecular studies were done on the eastern tarsier and little information for the other group of tarsiers. here, we present a partial cytochrome b data set of c. bancanus in sarawak, malaysian borneo. standard mist nets were deployed at strategic location ...201931321260
cryptic communication in a montane nocturnal haplorhine, tarsius pumilus.crypsis, including visual and auditory concealment, usually manifests in primates as an antipredator strategy. other factors may also influence cryptic communication style, including habitat structure and phylogenetic history. compared to less cryptic lowland sulawesian tarsiers, montane pygmy tarsiers (tarsius pumilus) exhibit a communication style that lacks scent marks and lower-frequency vocalisations. this study examines why auditory crypsis occurs in montane tarsiers more so than in larger ...201931416071
social behavior of a reproducing pair of the philippine tarsier (tarsius syrichta) in captivity.social interactions of the nocturnal primates are not well studied. one of the species for which social behavior is scarcely known is the philippine tarsier (tarsius [= carlito] syrichta). we observed a reproducing pair of captive individuals over two mating seasons for two consecutive years. the tarsiers spent approximately 4% of their activity budget on social interactions; ca. 20% of time in 0-1 m proximity to each other; and shared sleeping sites for half of the study time. the majority of t ...202031762327
social behavior of a reproducing pair of the philippine tarsier (tarsius syrichta) in captivity.social interactions of the nocturnal primates are not well studied. one of the species for which social behavior is scarcely known is the philippine tarsier (tarsius [= carlito] syrichta). we observed a reproducing pair of captive individuals over two mating seasons for two consecutive years. the tarsiers spent approximately 4% of their activity budget on social interactions; ca. 20% of time in 0-1 m proximity to each other; and shared sleeping sites for half of the study time. the majority of t ...202031762327
successful breeding attempt of a pair of philippine tarsier (tarsius syrichta) in a conservation center in bilar, bohol, philippines and recommendations for tarsier husbandry.the philippine tarsier (tarsius syrichta) belongs to the least known nocturnal primates. tarsiers and remaining biodiversity of the philippines are under tremendous threats from increasing human expansion, with habitat loss and illegal pet trade being the main reasons for tarsier population decline. in addition, even though the attempts were made by western and local facilities, tarsiers have not survived well in captivity. in this paper, i present an example of successful breeding of the philip ...201931797447
successful breeding attempt of a pair of philippine tarsier (tarsius syrichta) in a conservation center in bilar, bohol, philippines and recommendations for tarsier husbandry.the philippine tarsier (tarsius syrichta) belongs to the least known nocturnal primates. tarsiers and remaining biodiversity of the philippines are under tremendous threats from increasing human expansion, with habitat loss and illegal pet trade being the main reasons for tarsier population decline. in addition, even though the attempts were made by western and local facilities, tarsiers have not survived well in captivity. in this paper, i present an example of successful breeding of the philip ...201931797447
living in small spaces: forest fragment characterization and its use by philippine tarsiers (tarsius syrichta linnaeus, 1758) in mindanao island, philippines.the philippine tarsier (tarsius syrichta) is a charismatic species that is threatened by illegal hunting and deforestation. although they occur in forest and disturbed habitats, ecological information about them is still considerably lacking, which consequently hampers our ability to effectively protect tarsiers from further endangerment. here, we characterized a 36-ha forest fragment in mindanao island where a population of tarsiers persist, and assessed the factors that could have influenced t ...202032043166
living in small spaces: forest fragment characterization and its use by philippine tarsiers (tarsius syrichta linnaeus, 1758) in mindanao island, philippines.the philippine tarsier (tarsius syrichta) is a charismatic species that is threatened by illegal hunting and deforestation. although they occur in forest and disturbed habitats, ecological information about them is still considerably lacking, which consequently hampers our ability to effectively protect tarsiers from further endangerment. here, we characterized a 36-ha forest fragment in mindanao island where a population of tarsiers persist, and assessed the factors that could have influenced t ...202032043166
three decades of philippine nonhuman primate studies: research gaps and opportunities for philippine primatology.the philippines is considered a megadiverse country. however, there are few published studies on its nonhuman primate (nhp) species (carlito syrichta, macaca fascicularis, and nycticebus menagensis). understanding the nature and extent of existing nhp research in the philippines would help us to determine research gaps and opportunities. thus, studies on nhps of philippine origin were retrieved from online databases including google scholar, researchgate, primate lit, the integrated taxonomic in ...202032681352
brainstem encephalitis in neuroborreliosis: typical clinical course and distinct mri findings.in this retrospective observational study and referring to a historical case presented in 2009, we searched for typical clinical and imaging features of brainstem encephalitis in neuroborreliosis.202032857263
identifying primate ace2 variants that confer resistance to sars-cov-2.sars-cov-2 infects humans through the binding of viral s-protein (spike protein) to human angiotensin i converting enzyme 2 (ace2). the structure of the ace2-s-protein complex has been deciphered and we focused on the 27 ace2 residues that bind to s-protein. from human sequence databases, we identified nine ace2 variants at ace2-s-protein binding sites. we used both experimental assays and protein structure analysis to evaluate the effect of each variant on the binding affinity of ace2 to s-prot ...202133674876
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