| the ecology of cryptococcus neoformans. | environmental isolations have established that cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii serotype b appears to have a specific ecological association with eucalyptus camaldulensis. the global distribution of the tree appears to correspond to the epidemiologic distribution of cryptococcosis caused by c. neoformans var. gattii. the epidemiology of cryptococcosis can primarily be explained by exposure to an infective aerosolized inoculum, such as basidiospores released from specific host plants and/or de ... | 1992 | 1397195 |
| isolation of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii from an asian patient in france: evidence for dormant infection in healthy subjects. | we report the first case of cryptococcosis due to cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in france. this cambodian, non-aids patient had been living in france for 23 years when he developed cryptococcosis due to c. neoformans serotype b in 1985. it is possible that he was infected back in asia or several months before, in zaire, where he lived between 1981 and 1984. to our knowledge, this is the second case providing clinical evidence for reactivation of latent infection with c. neoformans. the mec ... | 1992 | 1469541 |
| environmental isolation of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii from eucalyptus tereticornis. | as an extension of the previously established association between cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii and eucalyptus camaldulensis (river red gum) we have now found a similar relationship between c. neoformans var. gattii and the closely related eucalyptus tereticornis (forest red gum). the global distribution of e. tereticornis is similar to that of e. camaldulensis. | 1992 | 1469544 |
| [cryptococcosis caused by cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii. a case associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) in kinshasa, zaire]. | since the introduction of aids, the biovar neoformans of cryptococcus neoformans has replaced the biovar gattii as the predominant agent of cryptococcal meningitis in kinshasa and in other tropical areas. that this is not an absolute rule is demonstrated by the present case of a hiv-positive patient, observed at the kinshasa university hospital, with cryptococcal meningitis due to the biovar gattii. only four cases of this association have been published before. the authors conclude that both bi ... | 1992 | 1494313 |
| virulence, serotype, and molecular characteristics of environmental strains of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii. | four strains of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii originating from eucalyptus camaldulensis, three from australia and one from san francisco, were tested for their serotype, virulence for mice, and a number of genetic and molecular characteristics. all were found to be serotype b and showed significantly higher virulence for mice than did the type strains of c. neoformans var. gattii and filobasidiella neoformans var. bacillispora, which were obtained from human cryptococcosis cases. electroph ... | 1992 | 1563776 |
| cryptococcosis in seven horses. | the clinical, radiographic and post-mortem findings in 6 horses with cryptococcal pneumonia and one horse with an abdominal cryptococcal granuloma are described. in pulmonary cryptococcosis, the lesions were either diffuse and multiple, with bilateral lung involvement, or localised mainly to the dorsocaudal region of one lung. the cases of diffuse multiple cryptococcosis were thought to be associated with haematogenous spread of the fungus after gastrointestinal infection and dissemination from ... | 1992 | 1642596 |
| cryptococcus neoformans var gattii. | | 1990 | 1978890 |
| natural habitat of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii. | environmental isolations have established that cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii appears to have a specific ecological association with eucalyptus camaldulensis. so far, we have isolated c. neoformans var. gattii on 35 separate occasions, all from samples associated with e. camaldulensis. the global distribution of e. camaldulensis appears to correspond to the epidemiologic distribution of cryptococcosis caused by c. neoformans var. gattii. no other environmental source for the fungus has yet ... | 1990 | 2199524 |
| cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in a brazilian aids patients. | | 1990 | 2250692 |
| cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii vanbreuseghem and takashio, 1970. | | 1989 | 2695844 |
| cryptococcus neoformans var gattii in europe. | | 1985 | 2861448 |
| the biochemical basis for the distinction between the two cryptococcus neoformans varieties with cgb medium. | the biochemical basis for the reaction to canavanine-glycine-bromthymol blue (cgb) agar by cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii and c. neoformans var. neoformans was investigated. all of the var. gattii isolates tested were found to utilize glycine as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen and were resistant to l-canavanine. only 11% of the serotype d isolates of var. neoformans utilized glycine as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen, but these were all sensitive to canavanine. nineteen percen ... | 1986 | 3094288 |
| [cryptococcus neoformans, var. neoformans, cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii, causative agents of cryptococcosis]. | | 1987 | 3311260 |
| canavanine resistance in cryptococcus neoformans. | all of the isolates of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii which we tested were resistant to greater than or equal to 3.5 mm canavanine. all of the serotype d isolates and 28% of the serotype a isolates of c. neoformans var. neoformans tested were susceptible to less than or equal to 18 microm canavanine, whereas the remaining 72% of the serotype a isolates were as resistant as the c. neoformans gattii isolates. in the naturally resistant isolates, the mechanism of resistance appeared to be deco ... | 1986 | 3521488 |
| cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in australia. | an examination of 45 clinical isolates of cryptococcus neoformans revealed an unusually high incidence of c. neoformans var. gattii in south australia (65%) and in the northern territory (95%). in assessing all the available data from australian isolates of c. neoformans, there appeared to be an endemic focus for the incidence of c. neoformans var. gattii in the rural aboriginal population of the northern territory. | 1987 | 3546370 |
| an atypical strain of cryptococcus neoformans (san felice) vuillemin 1894. ii. cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii var. nov. | | 1970 | 4933034 |
| high prevalence of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in tropical and subtropical regions. | the global distribution of 96 clinical isolates of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii among a total of 725 c. neoformans isolates was investigated. while c. neoformans var. gattii was not found among isolates obtained from europe (excluding the united kingdom) and japan; and it was found only infrequently in north america (excluding southern california), the united kingdom, new zealand, and argentina; the variety was prevalent in regions with tropical to subtropical climates such as south east ... | 1984 | 6207684 |
| infection with cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii leading to a pulmonary cryptococcoma and meningitis. | a patient who lived in ohio, u.s.a., developed a large pulmonary cryptococcoma and meningitis as the result of infection with cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii, an organism of subtropical and tropical distribution. he had no obvious predisposing illness or condition associated with increased susceptibility to cryptococcosis. although he was found to have cutaneous anergy, his lymphocytes showed significant transformation responses in vitro when cultured both with mitogens and with killed crypt ... | 1984 | 6527047 |
| improved diagnostic medium for separation of cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans (serotypes a and d) and cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii (serotypes b and c). | a simple new agar medium containing l-canavanine, glycine, and bromthymol blue was found to give a clearer and more accurate distinction between serotype a or d (cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans) and serotype b or c (c. neoformans var. gattii) than creatinine-dextrose-bromthymol blue or glycine-cycloheximide-phenol red media. among 143 isolates of serotype a or d and 70 isolates of serotype b or c, the new medium correlated completely with the serotype, whereas nearly 11% of these isolate ... | 1982 | 7042750 |
| effects of the two varieties of cryptococcus neoformans cells and culture filtrate antigens on neutrophil locomotion. | cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii (serotype b and c) isolates have a relative predilection for immunocompetent hosts, and c. neoformans var. neoformans (serotype a and d) isolates have a relative predilection for immunocompromised hosts, suggesting that normal host resistance to the former may be relatively inefficient compared with that to the latter variety. in order to assess the possibility that normal cellular host defense is inadequate in protecting against c. neoformans var. gattii, we ... | 1995 | 7790079 |
| [association of yeasts of the cryptococcus genus with eucalyptus species in santafé de bogotá]. | environmental isolation of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii was first made in australia in 1989 by ellis. he established a specific association with the tree species eucalyptus camaldulensis and e. tereticornis. based on his findings, ellis proposed that the fungus could be exported from australia to others regions, including colombia, by means of infected seeds. the purpose of this study was to isolate and identify cryptococcus sp., associated with eucalyptus trees; this is the first ecologi ... | 1994 | 7997787 |
| cryptococcal meningitis (c. neoformans var. gattii) leading to blindness in previously healthy melanesian adults in papua new guinea. | cryptococcal meningitis is a common cause of chronic meningitis in papua new guinea, affecting apparently immunocompetent people. the majority of infections are believed to be due to cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii. we have reviewed the records of 49 melanesian adults who presented with proven cryptococcal meningitis to the university teaching hospital in port moresby, and compare our findings with other published studies of cryptococcal meningitis in the tropics and sub-tropics. none of the ... | 1994 | 8041866 |
| fluconazole-resistant cryptococcus neoformans var gattii in an aids patient. | we describe a case of meningitis due to cryptococcus neoformans var gattii in an aids patient. the reasons for the observed predominance of c. neoformans var neoformans infections in aids patients living in areas endemic for the gattii variety are not understood thus far. treatment with fluconazole resulted in poor clinical and mycological response. in vitro sensitivity testing of the fungus revealed high minimal inhibitory concentrations, suggesting fluconazole resistance. treatment with amphot ... | 1993 | 8128821 |
| serotyping of cryptococcus neoformans by using a monoclonal antibody specific for capsular polysaccharide. | the importance of epidemiological studies of cryptococcosis has increased since the beginning of the aids epidemic. cryptococcus neoformans exists in two varieties defining four serotypes, cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans (serotypes a and d) and cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii (serotypes b and c). the varieties are easy to distinguish by their differences of growth on diagnostic media. we propose here an easy serotyping method combining diagnostic media and a direct immunofluorescence ... | 1993 | 8432823 |
| cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in india. | an examination of 18 clinical isolates of cryptococcus neoformans from india revealed that 15 belonged to c. neoformans var. neoformans (serotype a = 13 isolates, serotype ad = two isolates) and three belonged to c. neoformans var. gattii (serotype b). this is the first documented record of the var. gattii and serotype ad of the var. neoformans occurring in india. | 1993 | 8509953 |
| cryptococcosis in a north island brown kiwi (apteryx australis mantelli) in new zealand. | a case of disseminated cryptococcosis in a north island kiwi (apteryx australis mantelli) caused by cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii (serotype b) is reported. this is the first case of cryptococcosis to be reported in a kiwi and is also the first isolation of c. neoformans var. gattii from a veterinary source in new zealand. the kiwi is an example of a ratite bird and as such has a lower body temperature approximating that of a mammal. as a consequence, the kiwi and other ratitis (e.g. emus) ... | 1995 | 8544083 |
| molecular probes for diagnosis of fungal infections. | we have developed 21 specific nucleic acid probes which target the large subunit rrna genes from aspergillus flavus, aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus glaucus, aspergillus niger, aspergillus terreus, blastomyces dermatitidis, candida albicans, candida (torulopsis) glabrata, candida guilliermondii, candida kefyr, candida krusei, candida lusitaniae, candida parapsilosis, candida tropicalis, coccidioides immitis, cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii, cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans, filobas ... | 1995 | 8576345 |
| cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii can be separated from var. neoformans by its ability to assimilate d-tryptophan. | an additional test to differentiate the varieties of cryptococcus neoformans is described. it is based on the assimilation of d-tryptophan by the variety gattii. | 1995 | 8683412 |
| concordance of clinical and environmental isolates of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii by random amplification of polymorphic dna analysis and pcr fingerprinting. | sixty-one clinical and forty-nine environmental isolates of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii from australia and the united states were analyzed by random amplification of polymorphic dna (rapd), using 12- to 22-mer primers in pairs, and/or pcr fingerprinting with a single primer derived from the microsatellite core sequence of the wild-type phage m13 (5' gagggtggcggttct 3'). three major genetic profiles were identified by both typing techniques. a single rapd profile (vgi) predominated among ... | 1996 | 8727912 |
| natural environmental sources of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii. | we sought evidence for new environmental sources of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii by random amplification of polymorphic dna (rapd) analysis of isolates from 29 animals with a restricted territorial range in five australian states. twenty-three of the 29 isolates and 45 of 45 eucalypt isolates tested previously exhibited one rapd profile, vgi. rapd profile vgii was identified in 6 of 17 isolates from domesticated species but in none of 12 native species. four vgii isolates originated from ... | 1996 | 8727913 |
| meningitis caused by cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii and var. neoformans in papua new guinea. | eleven cases of cryptococcal meningitis were diagnosed and biotyped from september 1991 to august 1992 in papua new guinea (png). seven isolates were cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii from paediatric and adult patients, one with diabetes mellitus and 4 were c. neoformans var. neoformans from adults, of whom 2 had human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection, and one each had tuberculosis and plasmodium vivax malaria. significant clinical findings were headache, fever, meningism, vomit ... | 1996 | 8730314 |
| predictors of outcome in cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii meningitis. | in papua new guinea, cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii meningitis has a high fatality rate even in immunocompetent patients. our retrospective study attempted to identify marker of poor prognosis. of 88 immunocompetent patients, 30 (34.1%) died, usually soon after admission, and mortality was higher in men (p = 0.025) and older patients (p = 0.039). death was associated with altered consciousness (p < 0.001), a history of convulsions prior to treatment (p = 0.002) and a maximum systolic blood ... | 1996 | 8758045 |
| extracellular proteinase activity of cryptococcus neoformans. | extracellular proteinase activity was studied for eight strains of cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans and two strains of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii. proteinase activity was measured by protein agar clearance, azoalbumin hydrolysis, gelatin liquefaction, and protein substrate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. all strains of c. neoformans produced extracellular proteolytic activity. maximal extracellular proteinase activity in supernatants of c. neoformans cultures was associated w ... | 1996 | 8877137 |
| exposure to cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii--a seroepidemiological study. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to study prevalence of immunoglobulin g (igg) antibody to non-capsular cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii antigen in a population of healthy papua new guinea (png) controls and patients. patients with acute c. neoformans var. gattii meningitis had elevated levels of igg which declined significantly following treatment (p = 0.034). levels in the sera of convalescent patients were significantly higher than those in png controls (p < 0.001), which ... | 1996 | 8944257 |
| cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii among patients with cryptococcal meningitis in mexico. first observations. | a retrospective study of 20 patients with cryptococcal meningitis and their isolated strains was performed. cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans was recovered from 14 (70%) cases, and var. gattii was recovered from six (30%) patients. twelve patients had aids (all carrying var. neoformans), two had other diseases (one with var. neoformans and one var. gattii) and there was no identifiable underlying disease in six (one var. neoformans and five var. gattii). fourteen patients (11 var. neoforma ... | 1996 | 8981772 |
| biochemical comparison of the cu,zn superoxide dismutases of cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans and cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii. | cu,zn superoxide dismutases (sods) have been purified to homogeneity from the two varieties of cryptococcus neoformans, c. neoformans var. neoformans and var. gattii. the n-terminal amino acid sequences of the two enzymes were similar, though not identical, and demonstrated homology with cu,zn sods from other organisms. sod activity was present in supernatants from stationary-phase cultures of isolates of c. neoformans var. neoformans and was also present from the mid-log phase onwards in cultur ... | 1997 | 9009302 |
| symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in papua new guinea. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection was first detected in papua new guinea (png) in 1987. by august 1995 a total of 323 persons had been diagnosed as hiv antibody positive nationwide and seroprevalence rates were climbing. this study was prompted by a lack of data on the clinical syndromes associated with hiv infection in melanesian adults. | 1996 | 9028508 |
| primary cryptococcal cellulitis caused by cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in an immunocompetent host. | primary cutaneous cryptococcal infection is uncommon. the cutaneous manifestations are most often the result of dissemination from the central nervous system or lung, usually in an immunocompromised host; cellulitis is regarded as the rarest cutaneous form. primary cutaneous cryptococcosis has occasionally been reported in the immunocompetent, the causative organism being cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans. we present a case of cellulitis of the right arm in a 75-year-old man caused by cryp ... | 1997 | 9046650 |
| recognition of cytoplasmic yeast antigens of cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans and cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii by immune human sera. | the humoral immune response of patients infected with cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans and c. neoformans var. gattii to cytoplasmic (non-capsular) antigens from the two varieties of cryptococcus has been investigated. cytoplasmic antigens from c. neoformans (one clinical isolate and one acapsular mutant of var. neoformans and two clinical isolates from var. gattii) were subject to isoelectric focusing, sds-page and western blotting; patients sera was then used in the immunoenzyme developm ... | 1997 | 9061357 |
| cell-mediated immunity in hiv seronegative patients recovered from cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii meningitis. | cell-mediated immunity was assessed in 37 hiv seronegative healthy patients cured of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii meningitis and compared with matched controls using a multitest device which simultaneously injects seven standardized common antigens intradermally. responses in patients and controls were similar: however, male patients had significantly higher compound (average) scores than controls (p = 0.041). male scores were higher than female scores in both patient (p = 0.002) and cont ... | 1997 | 9061579 |
| crytococcus neoformans var. gattii in an aids patient: first observation in mexico. | we report the first, as far as we know, mexican case of meningitis caused by cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii serotype b associated with aids in a female patient. the hiv was transmitted to the patient through a blood transfusion. this patient represents, worldwide, the ninth case of c. neoformans var. gattii in patients with aids. | 1997 | 9061587 |
| visual loss in immunocompetent patients with cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii meningitis. | in papua new guinea cryptococcal meningitis occurs predominantly in immunocompetent patients in whom cryptococcus neoformans var, gattii is implicated in 95% of cases. ocular complications are common. we have reviewed ophthalmic findings in 82 immunocompetent patients and have attempted to identify those features of the disease that predict an unfavourable visual outcome. visual loss occurred in 52.6% of survivors and was associated with optic atrophy following optic disc swelling in 60.9%. prog ... | 1997 | 9093627 |
| the effect of corticosteroids on visual loss in cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii meningitis. | in papua new guinea visual loss is a frequent sequal to cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii meningitis in immunocompetent patients. we have previously postulated that visual loss may occur as a result of the immunological response to infection around the optic nerve. this retrospective study set out to explore the effect of corticosteroids on visual outcome. sixteen patients received varying doses of corticosteroid (mainly 100-250 mg of hydrocortisone daily for the prevention of febrile reaction ... | 1997 | 9093628 |
| nasopharyngeal cryptococcosis. | naturally occurring cryptococcosis in five cats, a dog and a koala is described. involvement of the nasopharynx was documented in all patients, and nasopharyngeal mass lesions accounted for the major presenting complaints in four. signs referable to nasopharyngeal disease included snoring, stertor, inspiratory dyspnoea and aerophagia. diagnoses were made by caudal rhinoscopy using a retroverted flexible endoscope, vigorous orthograde flushing with saline, or at necropsy. concurrent cryptococcal ... | 1997 | 9258419 |
| infection caused by cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii serotype b in an aids patient in india. | cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic pathogen infecting aids patients. however, infection caused by c. neoformans var. gattii in aids patients is reportedly rare. we report herein the first culture proven c. neoformans var. gattii serotype b infection in an aids patient in india. | 1997 | 9292426 |
| isolation of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii from eucalyptus camaldulensis in india. | cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii has an ecological association with five eucalyptus species: e. blakelyi, e. camaldulensis, e. gomphocephala, e. rudis, and e. tereticornis. after human infections due to c. neoformans var. gattii were diagnosed in the states of punjab, himachal pradesh, and karnataka, india, a study was undertaken to investigate the association of c. neoformans var. gattii with indian eucalypts, especially in the state of punjab. a total of 696 specimens collected from e. cama ... | 1997 | 9399553 |
| cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii infection in northern australia: existence of an environmental source other than known host eucalypts. | the 2 known host trees of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii, eucalyptus camaldulensis and e. tereticornis, do not occur naturally in the 'top end' of the northern territory (nt) of australia. nine clinical isolates of c. neoformans var. gattii from the nt were analysed by random amplification of polymorphic deoxyribonucleic acid (rapd) and polymerase chain reaction 'fingerprinting'. two isolates were assigned to rapd profile vgi, previously established as the common rapd profile. the remaining ... | 1997 | 9463664 |
| first identification of autochthonous cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii isloated from goats with predominantly severe pulmonary disease in spain. | cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii is associated with eucalyptus trees growing in various tropical and subtropical regions of the world. the identification of 13 autochthonous strains of c. neoformans var. gattii in spain is reported. these strains were isolated from lung (10 samples), liver (1 sample), and brain (2 samples) tissue specimens from six goats suffering from predominantly severe pulmonary disease that were autopsied. the animals were members of five different herds of goats grazing ... | 1998 | 9466758 |
| cryptococcus neoformans in papua new guinea: a common pathogen but an elusive source. | around port moresby, papua new guinea (png), the annual incidence of cryptococcal meningitis is estimated to be up to 42.8 per million population; cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii is the predominant causative agent. in australia and california, environmental isolations have established an ecological association of c. neoformans var. gattii with eucalyptus camaldulensis, e. tereticornis, and more recently e. rudis and e. gomphcephala. in png few e. camaldulensis survive experimental planting, ... | 1997 | 9467113 |
| cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii--evidence for a natural habitat related to decaying wood in a pottery tree hollow. | to study hollows of living trees as the natural habitat of cryptococcus neoformans in an endemic area of cryptococcosis in the northeastern brazilian region, samples of decaying wood were collected inside the hollows, plated on niger seed agar and inoculated into mice and hamsters. identification of c. neoformans was based on morphological and physiological tests. canavanine-glycine-bromothymol medium was used to screen the varieties and crypto check iatron kit to serotype the isolates. for a pe ... | 1998 | 9776823 |
| analysis of hla association in susceptibility to infection with cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in a papua new guinean population. | the possible association between susceptibility to infection with cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii and hla phenotype was examined in a group of papua new guinean patients. there was no evidence for a statistically significant association between susceptibility to infection and hla class i and hla class ii phenotypes, although analysis of data which had not been subjected to the appropriate bonferroni correction factor suggested a trend for susceptibility linked to hla b*5601. | 1998 | 9776833 |
| anticryptococcal activity of voriconazole against cryptococcus neoformans var. gatti vs var. neoformans: comparison with fluconazole and effect of human serum. | voriconazole (vcz), a new wide-spectrum antifungal triazole currently in development, was tested for activity against cryptococcus neoformans (cn) var. gattii and var. neoformans in rpmi-1640 (rpmi) or rpmi plus human serum. in rpmi vcz was 10-fold more inhibitory than fcz for both varieties of cn. in the presence of human serum neither vcz nor fcz had enhanced activity against cn var. gattii. by contrast, both vcz and fcz had significantly increased activity in the presence of serum against cn ... | 1998 | 9850592 |
| first isolation of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii, serotype c, from the environment in colombia. | the natural habitat of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii, serotype b in the environment was established by australian investigators who demonstrated its association with species of eucalyptus. the aim of the present study was to search for the habitat of this variety in a city of colombia, where clinical cases due to this variety occur with great frequency. for a period of 5 months detritus, vegetable material and air samples in and around 68 almond trees (terminalia catappa) located in the ci ... | 1998 | 10075505 |
| human defenses against cryptococcus neoformans: an update. | cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen, especially in aids patients, and is found world-wide. on the other hand, cryptococcus neoformans var. gatti (cn-g) is restricted to an association with two species of eucalyptus trees. alveolar macrophages (am) constitute the first line of defense to cryptococcus neoformans and offers some resistance. the inflammatory response to cryptococcus neoformans with an influx of neutrophils and monocytes affords a second line o ... | 1998 | 10353206 |
| presence of alpha and a mating types in environmental and clinical collections of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii strains from australia. | cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii lives in association with certain species of eucalyptus trees and is a causative agent of cryptococcosis. it exists as two mating types, matalpha and mata, which is determined by a single-locus, two-allele system. in the closely related c. neoformans var. neoformans, the alpha mating type has been found to outnumber its a counterpart by at least 30:1, but there have been very limited data on the proportions of each mating type in c. neoformans var. gattii. in ... | 1999 | 10449476 |
| aids-associated cryptococcal meningitis in rwanda (1983-1992): epidemiologic and diagnostic features. | to document the trend of aids-associated cryptococcus neoformans meningitis (cm) in kigali, rwanda, during 1983-1992, and to highlight some diagnostic and epidemiological features of the disease. | 1999 | 10468126 |
| disseminated infection due to nocardia transvalensis coincident with cryptococcus neoformans variety gattii meningitis. | a case of meningitis due to cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii coincident with disseminated nocardia transvalensis infection is reported. nocardia infection initially progressed despite high-dose antimicrobial therapy. although a specific immunologic defect could not be defined, in vitro lymphocyte proliferation in response to stimulation with the nocardia isolate was reduced. it is proposed that coinfection with cryptococcus neoformans may have contributed to the observed impairment of lymphoc ... | 1999 | 10517197 |
| asymptomatic carriage of cryptococcus neoformans in the nasal cavity of the koala (phascolarctos cinereus). | over a 22-month period, sequential nasal and skin swabs were obtained from 52 healthy captive koalas (phascolarctos cinereus) from the sydney region. cryptococcus neoformans was isolated in 17 koalas from 64 of 262 (24%) nasal swabs and from nine of 262 (3%) skin swabs. prevalence of nasal colonization varied seasonally from 12% (3/25) to 38% (10/26). cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii alone was cultured from 37, var. neoformans alone from 22 and both varieties from five nasal swabs. of 33 koal ... | 1999 | 10520157 |
| cryptococcosis in captive cheetah (acinonyx jubatus): two cases. | cryptococcus neoformans is a yeast-like organism associated with pulmonary, meningoencephalitic, or systemic disease. this case report documents 2 cases of cryptococcosis with central nervous system involvement in captive cheetah (acinonyx jubatus). in both cases the predominant post mortal lesions were pulmonary cryptococcomas and extensive meningoencephalomyelitis. both cheetahs tested negative for feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukaemia virus. the organism isolated in case 2 was cl ... | 1999 | 10855821 |
| successful treatment of invasive nasal cryptococcosis in a ferret. | invasive cryptococcal rhinitis due to cryptococcus neoformans var gattii was diagnosed in a castrated, 5-year-old, albino ferret with subcutaneous swelling of the nasal bridge. the diagnosis was based on histology, needle aspirate cytology and positive culture on sabouraud's dextrose agar and birdseed agar. the ferret was successfully treated using a long course of itraconazole (25 to 33 mg orally once daily with food) subsequent to surgical debulking of the lesion, using sequential cryptococcal ... | 2000 | 10860151 |
| [cryptococcosis in children in the state of pará, brazil]. | we report 19 cases of cryptococcosis in children, diagnosed in belém, pa. in nine patients the variety of the etiologic agent was studied and identified as cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii. the average age of these patients was 7.8 years (range, 5-13 years) there were 5 girls and 4 boys (ratio, 1.25:1). amphotericin b treatment (associated with fluconazole 3 or fluocytosine 1) was given but five (56%) of these patients died in the following three months. the existence of highly endemic areas ... | 1999 | 10881083 |
| geographic grouping of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii by random amplified polymorphic dna fingerprint patterns and its sequence divergence. | eleven reference strains of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii were analyzed by random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) patterns using three oligo primers. three major rapd pattern profiles (profiles i, ii and iii) were identified with a-1 oligo primer. each profile was found to relate to a geographic region. since the strains which belong to profiles i and ii were mainly the isolates from america, and profile iii from asia with a-1 primer, these three profiles were assigned to the geographic g ... | 2000 | 10934581 |
| culture filtrate of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii (cnef) as a novel anti-inflammatory compound in the treatment of experimental septic arthritis. | we examined the efficacy of the culture filtrate of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii (cnef) as a novel anti-inflammatory compound in experimental septic arthritis. haematogenously infectious arthritis was induced in rats by a single intravenous injection of 109 cfu staphylococcus aureus producing toxic shock syndrome toxin-1. cnef solution at two different doses (36 and 72 mg/kg, based on carbohydrate concentration) was administered intraperitoneally 2 h before bacterial inoculation in the pr ... | 2000 | 10972904 |
| environmental isolation of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii and c. neoformans var. neoformans in the city of são paulo, brazil. | in order to determine the environmental occurrence of both varieties of cryptococcus neoformans in the city of são paulo, pigeon droppings and vegetable material from trees of the genus eucalyptus were collected at typically crowded places. a total of 38 sites downtown where large heaps of pigeon droppings could be found were selected for sampling. pigeon droppings from 10 (26.3%) of these sites were positive for c. neoformans var. neoformans in at least one sample. twelve eucalyptus woods locat ... | 2000 | 11092386 |
| encephalomyelitis due to cryptococcus neoformans var gattii presenting as spinal tumour: case report and review of the literature. | a 24 year old immunocompetent german resident is described who developed multifocal encephalomyelitis due to infection with cryptococcus neoformans var gatti, commonly considered a disease of tropical regions. in the light of current knowledge on the epidemiology of c neoformans var gatti and the travel history of the patient it is assumed that the infection was acquired outside europe. as exclusive intramedullary involvement is an outstandingly rare manifestation in spinal cryptococcosis, the p ... | 2001 | 11118259 |
| first environmental isolation of cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans and var. gatti from the gharbia governorate, egypt. | flowers from two eucalyptus camaldulensis trees in the qutur area and one tree from the tanta area yielded three isolates of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii. pigeon and sparrow droppings were also investigated for the occurrence of c. neoformans within the study area. ninety five isolates of the neoformans variety of c. neoformans were recovered from 550 samples of avian droppings. | 1999 | 11189748 |
| cryptococcus neoformans variety gattii. | cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii is emerging as a primary human pathogen which is distinct genetically and biochemically from c. neoformans var. neoformans. there is increasing evidence that it should be reclassified as a separate species within the tremellales. in nature, c. n. var. gattii has been consistently isolated from decaying wood in hollows of species of the red gum group of eucalyptus trees (eucalyptus ser. exsertae blakely). the role that trees play in the life-cycle of c. n. var. ... | 2001 | 11346263 |
| novel therapeutic approach by culture filtrate of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii (cnef) in experimental immune complex glomerulonephritis. | the present study was undertaken to determine the therapeutic effect of the culture filtrate of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii (cnef) in experimental immune complex glomerulonephritis. bovine serum albumin (bsa) nephritis was induced in rats by a subcutaneous immunization and daily intravenous administration of bsa. cnef solution at three different doses (36, 54, and 90 mg/kg based on carbohydrate concentration) was administered intraperitoneally at regular 72-h intervals for 4 weeks. onset ... | 2000 | 11368886 |
| first isolation of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii from a native jungle tree in the brazilian amazon rainforest. | cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii was isolated for the first time from decaying wood in a hollow of a native jungle tree guettarda acreana, in a wild area of an amazon rainforest island, in brazil. the presence of this variety in a virgin environment without either anthropic action or introduced vegetation is discussed with regard to the common knowledge of cr. neoformans ecology. | 2001 | 11486449 |
| decaying wood in tree trunk hollows as a natural substrate for cryptococcus neoformans and other yeast-like fungi of clinical interest. | the occurrence of cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans and other yeast-like fungi of clinical interest in decaying wood inside tree trunk hollows, bark and other plant materials is reported. the var. neoformans was isolated from 3 of 45 (6.6%) wood and one of 390 eucalyptus bark samples. two of the positive wood samples came from a tree trunk hollow of butea monosperma (family: papilionaceae) growing in roshan ara garden, old delhi whereas the third was from a trunk hollow of tamarindus indic ... | 2001 | 11554580 |
| diversity among strains of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii as revealed by a sequence analysis of multiple genes and a chemotype analysis of capsular polysaccharide. | we demonstrated the diversity of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii strains by a sequence analysis of multiple genes: (i) the intergenic spacer (igs) 1 and 2 regions of the rrna gene; (ii) the internal transcribed spacer (its) region, including 5.8s of the rrna gene; (iii) top1 (topoisomerase); and (iv) cap59. in these studies, we compared c. neoformans var. gattii with varieties grubii, and neoformans of c. neoformans. phylogenetic analysis indicated that both c. neoformans var. grubii and c n ... | 2001 | 11791669 |
| immunohistochemical diagnosis of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii infection in chronic meningoencephalitis: the first case in japan. | cryptococcus neoformans (c. neoformans) var. gattii infection usually occurs in tropical and subtropical areas, and rarely in the northern hemisphere. we report the first japanese with cryptococcal meningoencephalitis caused by c. neoformans var. gattii infection that occurred during a trip to australia. this agent was identified in a cerebellar biopsy specimen by immunohistochemical technique with serotype-specific anti-sera. because the meningitis caused by it did not respond well to conventio ... | 2001 | 11813852 |
| cryptococcosis in a bottlenose dolphin (tursiops truncatus) caused by cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii. | we describe the first case of cryptococcosis caused by cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in a male atlantic bottlenose dolphin (tursiops truncatus). the dolphin showed clinical signs of tachypnea, transient dyspnea, and mild tachycardia and developed multiple hyperechoic nodules, parenchymal consolidation, and thickening of pleura. a diagnosis of bronchopneumonia with pleuritis was made. itraconazole therapy was implemented for 120 days, and trough levels in serum were within or above the sugg ... | 2002 | 11826007 |
| the pathology of human and murine pulmonary infection with cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii. | human infection by cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans is well characterised and usually occurs in immunocompromised patients. less is known about infection by cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii, which usually produces disease in previously normal individuals. in two cases of human pulmonary infection by cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii, we observed a mixed inflammatory pattern, including granulomas associated with numerous t lymphocytes and a lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis with b ... | 2001 | 11827415 |
| environmental sampling for cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii from the blue mountains national park, sydney, australia. | the environmental association of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii with decaying wood in tropical and subtropical regions of the world is well documented. in australia, the yeast appears confined to certain species of eucalyptus or very closely related tree species. in this study, we attempted to isolate c. n. var. gattii from different gum tree species in the blue mountains national park. out of 99 samples from 9 different tree species, only 3 yielded viable yeast colonies; 2 were from turpen ... | 2002 | 11860013 |
| cryptococcal meningitis caused by cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii, serotype c, in aids patients in soweto, south africa. | we present four patients from south africa with meningitis caused by cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii, serotype c. these are the first patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection to be reported with serotype c meningitis. | 2002 | 11860015 |
| a queensland koala kept in a japanese zoological park was carrier of an imported fungal pathogen, filobasidiella neoformans var. bacillispora (cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii). | | 2002 | 11971161 |
| first report of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii serotype b from greece. | a plethora of cases of cryptococcus neoformans infections have been recorded worldwide in immunocompromised individuals. the number of such cases showed a steady rise before 1981 and increased dramatically thereafter due to the aids epidemic. a similar pattern has been seen in greece but, so far, infections appear to have been caused by c. neoformans var. neoformans. this paper describes for the first time two culture-proven c. n. var. gattii serotype b infections in greece, one in an aids patie ... | 2001 | 12054052 |
| cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii meningitis in singapore. | we describe here two cases of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii meningitis that occurred in singapore. this variety of cryptococcus neoformans differs from the more widely known c. n. var. neoformans in its ecology and epidemiology. infections with this variety are still rare in singapore. | 2002 | 12058737 |
| cryptococcus neoformans in the koala (phascolarctos cinereus): colonization by c n. var. gattii and investigation of environmental sources. | this study is the one in a series looking at the relationship among cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii, koalas and the environment. the koala was used as a natural biological sampler in an attempt to understand the dynamics of c. neoformans var. gattii in australian environments. evidence of asymptomatic nasal and skin colonization for extended periods by large numbers of c. n. var. gattii was obtained and geographical factors assessed. the key finding was the ability of koalas to amplify numbe ... | 2002 | 12146756 |
| cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in the koala (phascolarctos cinereus): serological evidence for subclinical cryptococcosis. | cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii has been shown to have a strong association with eucalypts frequently used by koalas and, not surprisingly, it has been shown to colonize the nasal cavities of koalas. the progression from nasal colonization to tissue invasion is critical to understanding the pathogenesis of cryptococcosis in this species and provides a model for pathogenesis of cryptococcosis in other species. cryptococcal antigenaemia was detected in twenty-eight healthy koalas from three di ... | 2002 | 12146757 |
| first reported isolation of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii from a patient in singapore. | cryptococcal meningitis has long been known to afflict immunocompetent patients in singapore. we report the first identification of an isolate of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii from a singaporean resident; this variety can cause invasive disease in the immunocompetent. meningitis in a traveler returning from this area may be cryptococcal. | 2002 | 12149391 |
| primary cutaneous cryptococcosis due to cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii serotype b, in an immunocompetent patient. | the authors report a male patient, a seller with no detected immunosuppression, with an extensive ulcerated skin lesion localized on the left forearm, caused by cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii serotype b. oral treatment with fluconazole was successful. a review of the literature showed the rarity of this localization in hiv-negative patients. in contrast, skin lesions frequently occurs in hiv-positive patients, with cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans serotype a predominating as the etio ... | 2002 | 12219115 |
| treatment of experimental nephrosis by culture filtrate of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii (cnef). | the therapeutic effect of the culture filtrate of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii (cnef) was tested in adriamycin-induced nephropathy. the cnef was administered at different doses (36, 54 and 90 mg/kg based on carbohydrate concentration), one i.p. injection every 72 hours for a total of 10 injections. the treated patient rats showed a significant reduction in proteinuria, plasma cholesterol concentration, bun and significant increase in urine creatinine levels. moreover, treatment with cnef ... | 2002 | 12375733 |
| the spectrum of computerized tomography (ct) findings in central nervous system (cns) infection due to cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in immunocompetent children. | cranial ct scans of eleven immunocompetent children with central nervous system (cns) infection due to cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii were retrospectively reviewed. these children had an average age of 8.8 years and positive culture for c. n. var. gattii in cerebrospinal fluid. the most common signs and symptoms were headache, fever, nuchal rigidity, nausea and vomiting. no normal cranial ct was detected in any patient. hypodense nodules were observed in all patients. the remaining scan abn ... | 2002 | 12436170 |
| in vitro susceptibility of cryptococcus neoformans serotypes to gm 237354 derivative of the sordarin class. | in vitro susceptibility to the sordarin derivative gm 237354 and amphotericin b were tested in a total of 190 cryptococcus neoformans clinical isolates from different geographical areas of spain and south american countries. minimal inhibitory concentrations (mics) were obtained using the nccls reference microbroth dilution method and analysed according the serotypes of cr. neoformans. the mics for amphotericin b were lower than 1.0 microg ml(-1) (mic90% 0.5 microg ml(-1) , mic50% 0.125 microg m ... | 2002 | 12572721 |
| clonal reproduction and limited dispersal in an environmental population of cryptococcus neoformans var gattii isolates from australia. | cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii is a causative agent of cryptococcosis and is thought to have a specific ecological association with a number of eucalyptus species in australia. however, the role that the tree plays in the life cycle of the fungus and the nature of the infectious propagule are not well understood. this study set out to examine whether sexual recombination is occurring in a natural population of c. neoformans var. gattii and whether the fungus disseminates between colonized t ... | 2003 | 12574270 |
| [experimental inoculation of terminalia catappa seedlings with an environmental isolate of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii serotype c ]. | in 1997, our laboratory reported for the first time the isolation of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii serotype c associated with almond tree (terminalia catappa) detritus. this finding led to a more detailed follow up of the association between the plant and the yeast. preliminary data have shown that survival of the yeast in almond trees seedlings goes beyond 100 days. the aim of the present study was to establish if under the conditions previously studied, c. neoformans var. gattii would re ... | 2002 | 12596450 |
| characterization of cu,zn superoxide dismutase (sod1) gene knock-out mutant of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii: role in biology and virulence. | the pathogenic yeast cryptococcus neoformans (cn) var. gattii causes meningoencephalitis in healthy individuals, unlike the better known cn varieties grubii and neoformans, which are common in immunocompromised individuals. the virulence determinants and mechanisms of host predilection are poorly defined for var. gattii. the present study focused on the characterization of a cu,zn superoxide dismutase (sod1) gene knock-out mutant constructed by developing a dna transformation system. the sod1 mu ... | 2003 | 12622821 |
| pathogenicity of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in an immunocompetent mouse model. | the pathogenicity of two different genomic profiles of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii serotype b isolated from goats that died from cryptococcal pneumonia was assessed in an experimental model of immunocompetent mice. one strain of each randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) profile (gr52 and gr56) and three reference c. neoformans isolates representing serotypes b, d and c were used. balb/c male mice were inoculated by the intraperitoneal route with each strain. after 4 weeks of follow- ... | 2003 | 12627805 |
| isolation and characterisation of the phospholipase b gene of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii. | cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii (serotypes b and c) is a human pathogen, ecologically, biochemically, clinically and genetically different from c. neoformans var. grubii (serotype a) and c. neoformans var. neoformans (serotype d). the phospholipase b (plb1) gene from serotypes b and c was isolated and characterised. it resembled the serotype a and d genes, with an overall sequence homology of more than 85%. the respective open reading frames were 2236 bp (serotype b) and 2239 bp (serotype c) ... | 2002 | 12702271 |
| [1st environmental isolation of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in argentina]. | two strains of c. neoformans var. gattii serotype b were isolated from a park in buenos aires city, argentina. samples were collected in spring, rubbing with swabs on the inner hollow of eucalyptus spp. and other trees, which were not identified at the collection moment. samples were swabbed directly onto cafeic acid with antibiotic agar, then incubated at 28 degrees c and observed daily for a week. isolates were recovered from cafeic acid medium showing characteristic colonies of the species th ... | 2003 | 12920995 |
| sequential infection with nocardia farcinica and cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in an immunocompetent host. | | 2003 | 12963390 |
| decayed wood of syzygium cumini and ficus religiosa living trees in delhi/new delhi metropolitan area as natural habitat of cryptococcus neoformans. | the isolation is reported of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii and c. n. var. neoformans from decayed wood inside trunk hollows of syzygium cumini and of c. n. var. neoformans from ficus religiosa trees in the delhi/new delhi metropolitan area. fourteen of sixty-six (21%) s. cumini trees investigated proved to be positive, seven for each variety. the two varieties never co-occurred in the same hollow. c. n. var. neoformans was also isolated from three of seventeen ficus religiosa-trees. two of ... | 2003 | 12964711 |
| cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in the koala (phascolarctos cinereus): a review of 43 cases of cryptococcosis. | details of 11 previously reported cases and 32 new cases of cryptococcosis in captive and wild koalas were analysed. cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii accounted for all 29 cases in which varietal status was determined. no age or sex predisposition was observed. the respiratory tract was the primary focus of disease in 77% of cases. although the lower respiratory tract was affected most commonly (60% of cases), 30% of cases had upper respiratory tract lesions and 14% had both. dissemination was ... | 2003 | 12964714 |
| isolation of two molecular types of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii from insect frass. | cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii has regularly been the cause of serious human disease. however, the environmental sources of these infections often remain unclear. during an environmental sampling study, two different strains of c. neoformans var. gattii were isolated from fresh insect frass (order lepidoptera; family oecophoridae) in a shallow cavity in the bark of a living eucalyptus tereticornis tree, one molecular type vgi and the other vgii. this is the first published report of the iso ... | 2003 | 12964851 |
| recapitulation of the sexual cycle of the primary fungal pathogen cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii: implications for an outbreak on vancouver island, canada. | cryptococcus neoformans is a human fungal pathogen that exists as three distinct varieties or sibling species: the predominantly opportunistic pathogens c. neoformans var. neoformans (serotype d) and c. neoformans var. grubii (serotype a) and the primary pathogen c. neoformans var. gattii (serotypes b and c). while serotypes a and d are cosmopolitan, serotypes b and c are typically restricted to tropical regions. however, serotype b isolates of c. neoformans var. gattii have recently caused an o ... | 2003 | 14555486 |
| effect of heat-treated amphotericin b on renal and fungal cytotoxicity. | the purpose of this investigation was to determine the cytotoxicity of amphotericin b (amb; trade name fungizone [fz]) following the administration of fz and a heat-treated form of fz (hfz) to llc-pk(1) pig kidney cells and cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii cells. hfz was significantly less toxic to kidney cells than fz at all concentrations tested. for both fz and hfz, the concentration range which resulted in a 50% reduction of the growth of fungal cells was 0.125 to 1 mg/ml. these findings ... | 2004 | 14693561 |
| cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii can exploit acanthamoeba castellanii for growth. | it has recently been proposed that the origin and maintenance of virulence in certain environmental fungi is influenced by their interactions with non-vertebrate hosts such as amoebae and nematodes. in prior studies we have shown that the interactions of the soil amoebae acanthamoeba castellanii with cryptococcus neoformans varieties neoformans and grubii resemble those with macrophages. here we extend those studies to c. neoformans variety gattii and describe quantitative differences in the typ ... | 2004 | 15124868 |
| cryptococcus neoformans infections at vancouver hospital and health sciences centre (1997-2002): epidemiology, microbiology and histopathology. | an outbreak of infections due to a rare subspecies of cryptococcus neoformans (var. gattii) was recognized on vancouver island (vi), british columbia, in 2002, which had affected 59, mostly immunocompetent, individuals since 1999. the objectives of this study were to: (1) determine if the outbreak had spread to vancouver and its surrounding communities and (2) review the epidemiological, clinical and pathological features of all cryptococcal infections in patients admitted to the vancouver hospi ... | 2004 | 15314203 |