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broad-spectrum antivirals for the emerging middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) has emerged to cause fatal infections in patients in the middle east and traveler-associated secondary cases in europe and africa. person-to-person transmission is evident in outbreaks involving household and hospital contacts. effective antivirals are urgently needed.201324096239
clinically mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion associated with febrile urinary tract infection.common pathogens of clinically mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion (mers) are viruses, such as influenza virus. however, bacteria are rare pathogens for mers. we report the first patient with mers associated with febrile urinary tract infection. a 16-year-old lupus patient was admitted to our hospital. she had fever, headache, vomiting, and right back pain. urinary analysis showed leukocyturia, and urinary culture identified klebsiella pneumoniae. cerebrospinal flu ...201424221606
diagnostic utility of splenial lesions in a case of legionnaires' disease due to legionella pneumophila serogroup 2.we herein report the case of a 49-year-old man with clinically mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion (mers) associated with legionnaires' disease due to legionella pneumophila serogroup 2. past reports suggest that legionella infection is frequent in cases of mers-associated pneumonia. obtaining an early diagnosis of legionella infection is a challenge, especially if a legionella pneumophila serogroup other than serogroup 1 contains the causative agent. in this case, ...201526631897
structures of degq from legionella pneumophila define distinct on and off states.htra (high-temperature requirement a) family proteins play important roles in protein-quality control processes in the bacterial periplasm. a common feature of all members of this family is their modular organization comprising a chymotrypsin-like protease domain and at least one pdz (postsynaptic density of 95 kda, disks large homolog 1 and zonula occludens 1) domain. all characterized htra proteins assemble into complex oligomers consisting of typically 3-24 monomers, which allow a tight regul ...201526205420
rapid and effective virucidal activity of povidone-iodine products against middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) and modified vaccinia virus ankara (mva).since the first case of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infection was reported in 2012, the virus has infected more than 1300 individuals in 26 countries, and caused more than 480 deaths. human-to-human transmission requires close contact, and has typically occurred in the healthcare setting. improved global awareness, together with improved hygiene practices in healthcare facilities, has been highlighted as key strategies in controlling the spread of mers-cov. this study ...201526416214
protective efficacy of recombinant modified vaccinia virus ankara delivering middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike glycoprotein.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes severe respiratory disease in humans. we tested a recombinant modified vaccinia virus ankara (mva) vaccine expressing full-length mers-cov spike (s) glycoprotein by immunizing balb/c mice with either intramuscular or subcutaneous regimens. in all cases, mva-mers-s induced mers-cov-specific cd8(+) t cells and virus-neutralizing antibodies. vaccinated mice were protected against mers-cov challenge infection after transduction with the ...201526018172
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein delivered by modified vaccinia virus ankara efficiently induces virus-neutralizing antibodies.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) has recently emerged as a causative agent of severe respiratory disease in humans. here, we constructed recombinant modified vaccinia virus ankara (mva) expressing full-length mers-cov spike (s) protein (mva-mers-s). the genetic stability and growth characteristics of mva-mers-s make it a suitable candidate vaccine for clinical testing. vaccinated mice produced high levels of serum antibodies neutralizing mers-cov. thus, mva-mers-s may serv ...201323986586
using reference-free compressed data structures to analyze sequencing reads from thousands of human genomes.we are rapidly approaching the point where we have sequenced millions of human genomes. there is a pressing need for new data structures to store raw sequencing data and efficient algorithms for population scale analysis. current reference-based data formats do not fully exploit the redundancy in population sequencing nor take advantage of shared genetic variation. in recent years, the burrows-wheeler transform (bwt) and fm-index have been widely employed as a full-text searchable index for read ...201727986821
the nsp1, nsp13, and m proteins contribute to the hepatotropism of murine coronavirus jhm.wu.mouse hepatitis virus (mhv) isolates jhm.wu and jhm.sd promote severe central nervous system disease. however, while jhm.wu replicates robustly and induces hepatitis, jhm.sd fails to replicate or induce pathology in the liver. these two jhm variants encode homologous proteins with few polymorphisms, and little is known about which viral proteins(s) is responsible for the liver tropism of jhm.wu. we constructed reverse genetic systems for jhm.sd and jhm.wu and, utilizing these full-length cdna cl ...201525589656
a screen of the nih clinical collection small molecule library identifies potential anti-coronavirus drugs.with the recent emergence of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in humans and the outbreak of devastating porcine epidemic diarrhea coronavirus in swine, therapeutic intervention is urgently needed. however, anti-coronavirus drugs currently are not available. in an effort to assist rapid development of anti-coronavirus drugs, here we screened the nih clinical collection in cell culture using a luciferase reporter-expressing recombinant murine coronavirus. of the 727 compounds screened, ...201525451075
mutagenesis of s-adenosyl-l-methionine-binding residues in coronavirus nsp14 n7-methyltransferase demonstrates differing requirements for genome translation and resistance to innate immunity.eukaryotic mrnas possess a methylated 5'-guanosine cap that is required for rna stability, efficient translation, and protection from cell-intrinsic defenses. many viruses use 5' caps or other mechanisms to mimic a cap structure to limit detection of viral rnas by intracellular innate sensors and to direct efficient translation of viral proteins. the coronavirus (cov) nonstructural protein 14 (nsp14) is a multifunctional protein with n7-methyltransferase (n7-mtase) activity. the highly conserved ...201627252528
efficacy of an automated multiple emitter whole-room ultraviolet-c disinfection system against coronaviruses mhv and mers-cov.efficient and automated methods of disinfecting surfaces contaminated with the middle eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) may prevent the spread of the virus. here we report the efficacy and use of an automated triple-emitter whole room uv-c disinfection system to inactivate mouse hepatitis virus, strain a59 (mhv-a59) and mers-cov viruses on surfaces with a >5 log10 reduction.201626818469
coronavirus virulence genes with main focus on sars-cov envelope gene.coronavirus (cov) infection is usually detected by cellular sensors, which trigger the activation of the innate immune system. nevertheless, covs have evolved viral proteins that target different signaling pathways to counteract innate immune responses. some cov proteins act as antagonists of interferon (ifn) by inhibiting ifn production or signaling, aspects that are briefly addressed in this review. after cov infection, potent cytokines relevant in controlling virus infections and priming adap ...201425093995
evaluation of ssya10-001 as a replication inhibitor of severe acute respiratory syndrome, mouse hepatitis, and middle east respiratory syndrome coronaviruses.we have previously shown that ssya10-001 blocks severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) replication by inhibiting sars-cov helicase (nsp13). here, we show that ssya10-001 also inhibits replication of two other coronaviruses, mouse hepatitis virus (mhv) and middle eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). a putative binding pocket for ssya10-001 was identified and shown to be similar in sars-cov, mers-cov, and mhv helicases. these studies show that it is possible to ta ...201424841268
coronavirus replicase-reporter fusions provide quantitative analysis of replication and replication complex formation.the replication of coronaviruses occurs in association with multiple virus-induced membrane structures that evolve during the course of infection; however, the dynamics of this process remain poorly understood. previous studies of coronavirus replication complex organization and protein interactions have utilized protein overexpression studies and immunofluorescence of fixed cells. additionally, live-imaging studies of coronavirus replicase proteins have used fluorescent reporter molecules fused ...201424623413
role of the spike glycoprotein of human middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in virus entry and syncytia formation.little is known about the biology of the emerging human group c betacoronavirus, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). because coronavirus spike glycoproteins (s) mediate virus entry, affect viral host range, and elicit neutralizing antibodies, analyzing the functions of mers-cov s protein is a high research priority. mers-cov s on lentivirus pseudovirions mediated entry into a variety of cell types including embryo cells from new world eptesicus fuscus bats. surprisingly, a p ...201324098509
murine leukemia virus (mlv)-based coronavirus spike-pseudotyped particle production and infection.viral pseudotyped particles (pp) are enveloped virus particles, typically derived from retroviruses or rhabdoviruses, that harbor heterologous envelope glycoproteins on their surface and a genome lacking essential genes. these synthetic viral particles are safer surrogates of native viruses and acquire the tropism and host entry pathway characteristics governed by the heterologous envelope glycoprotein used. they have proven to be very useful tools used in research with many applications, such a ...201628018942
antigenic epitopes of map2694 homologous to t-cell receptor gamma-chain are highly recognized in multiple sclerosis sardinian patients.mycobacterium avium ss. paratuberculosis (map) is an intracellular pathogen recently associated with multiple sclerosis (ms). aiming to identify immunodominant epitopes belonging to ms related protein map2694 (uniprot accession no. q73wg6), we investigated the binding activity of selected peptides against ms sardinian sera. an overlapping 9-mers peptide library was synthesized spanning the entire aminoacidic sequence of the protein. peripheral blood was collected from 47 ms patients and 42 sex a ...201424091296
emerging novel and antimicrobial-resistant respiratory tract infections: new drug development and therapeutic options.the emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens for which diminishing treatment options are available is of major global concern. new viral respiratory tract infections with epidemic potential, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome, swine-origin influenza a h1n1, and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection, require development of new antiviral agents. the substantial rise in the global numbers of patients with respiratory tract infect ...201425189352
human mycobacterium tuberculosis cd8 t cell antigens/epitopes identified by a proteomic peptide library.identification of cd8(+) t cell antigens/epitopes expressed by human pathogens with large genomes is especially challenging, yet necessary for vaccine development. immunity to tuberculosis, a leading cause of mortality worldwide, requires cd8(+) t cell immunity, yet the repertoire of cd8 antigens/epitopes remains undefined. we used integrated computational and proteomic approaches to screen 10% of the mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) proteome for cd8 mtb antigens. we designed a weighting schema ...201323805289
a novel b cell epitope in cold-shock dead-box protein a from mycobacterium tuberculosis.in this study, a hybridoma-based technique and phage display technology were used to obtain mouse monoclonal antibodies (mab) against cold-shock dead-box protein a (csda) from mycobacterium tuberculosis and to determine the location of the relevant epitope. one highly specific mab, named a3g5, was developed against the recombinant csda protein (rcsda) and could detect rcsda protein in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa) and western blot assays. by screening a phage displayed library of ra ...201323261158
mycoplasma pneumoniae-associated mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion: report of two pediatric cases and a comprehensive literature review.no literature review exists on mycoplasma pneumoniae-associated mild encephalitis/encepharopathy with a reversible splenial lesion (mers).201627836006
typical or atypical pneumonia and severe acute respiratory symptoms in picu.mycoplasma pneumoniae (mp) is a common childhood pathogen associated with atypical pneumonia (ap). it is often a mild disease and seldom results in paediatric intensive care (picu) admission. in 2003, world health organization (who) coined the word sars (severe acute respiratory syndrome) in patients with severe acute respiratory symptoms (sars) for an outbreak of ap in hong kong due to a novel coronavirus. in 2012, another outbreak of coronavirus ap occurred in the middle east. confusing case d ...201524720856
expanding the spectrum of mers type 2 lesions, a particular form of encephalitis.we report on a 13-year-old boy who presented with signs suggestive of encephalitis and in whom magnetic resonance imaging revealed lesions in the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum and symmetrical lesions bilaterally in the center semiovale. this clinical-radiologic entity was previously reported in the literature and was given the acronym mers type 2 (mild encephalitis with reversible splenial) lesion. the clinical, radiologic, and biochemical characteristics of the patient with mers type ...201323337007
neurovirulent murine coronavirus jhm.sd uses cellular zinc metalloproteases for virus entry and cell-cell fusion.the coronavirus (cov) s protein requires cleavage by host cell proteases to mediate virus-cell and cell-cell fusion. many strains of the murine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (mhv) have distinct, s-dependent organ and tissue tropisms despite using a common receptor, suggesting that they employ different cellular proteases for fusion. in support of this hypothesis, we found that inhibition of endosomal acidification only modestly decreased entry, and overexpression of the cell surface protease ...201728148786
immunology of bats and their viruses: challenges and opportunities.bats are reservoir hosts of several high-impact viruses that cause significant human diseases, including nipah virus, marburg virus and rabies virus. they also harbor many other viruses that are thought to have caused disease in humans after spillover into intermediate hosts, including sars and mers coronaviruses. as is usual with reservoir hosts, these viruses apparently cause little or no pathology in bats. despite the importance of bats as reservoir hosts of zoonotic and potentially zoonotic ...201425494448
birth and pathogenesis of rogue respiratory viruses.emerging infectious diseases of zoonotic origin are shaping today's infectious disease field more than ever. in this article, we introduce and review three emerging zoonotic viruses. novel hantaviruses emerged in the americas in the mid-1990s as the cause of severe respiratory infections, designated hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, with case fatality rates of around 40%. nipah virus emerged a few years later, causing respiratory infections and encephalitis in southeast asia, with case fatality rat ...201525423349
the complex task of choosing a de novo assembly: lessons from fungal genomes.selecting the values of parameters used by de novo genomic assembly programs, or choosing an optimal de novo assembly from several runs obtained with different parameters or programs, are tasks that can require complex decision-making. a key parameter that must be supplied to typical next generation sequencing (ngs) assemblers is the k-mer length, i.e., the word size that determines which de bruijn graph the program should map out and use. the topic of assembly selection criteria was recently re ...201425262360
whole genome sequencing of plasmodium falciparum from dried blood spots using selective whole genome amplification.translating genomic technologies into healthcare applications for the malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum has been limited by the technical and logistical difficulties of obtaining high quality clinical samples from the field. sampling by dried blood spot (dbs) finger-pricks can be performed safely and efficiently with minimal resource and storage requirements compared with venous blood (vb). here, the use of selective whole genome amplification (swga) to sequence the p. falciparum genome fro ...201627998271
dna secondary structures are associated with recombination in major plasmodium falciparum variable surface antigen gene families.many bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens undergo antigenic variation to counter host immune defense mechanisms. in plasmodium falciparum, the most lethal of human malaria parasites, switching of var gene expression results in alternating expression of the adhesion proteins of the plasmodium falciparum-erythrocyte membrane protein 1 class on the infected erythrocyte surface. recombination clearly generates var diversity, but the nature and control of the genetic exchanges involved remain unc ...201424253306
coronaviruses: emerging and re-emerging pathogens in humans and animals.the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and recently emerged middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) epidemics have proven the ability of coronaviruses to cross species barrier and emerge rapidly in humans. other coronaviruses such as porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) are also known to cause major disease epidemics in animals with huge economic loss. this special issue in virology journal aims to highlight the advances and key discoveries in the animal o ...201526690088
origin, evolution, and genotyping of emergent porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains in the united states.coronaviruses are known to infect humans and other animals and cause respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases. here we report the emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) in the united states and determination of its origin, evolution, and genotypes based on temporal and geographical evidence. histological lesions in small intestine sections of affected pigs and the complete genomic sequences of three emergent strains of pedv isolated from outbreaks in minnesota and iowa were charact ...201324129257
host-directed therapies for antimicrobial resistant respiratory tract infections.antimicrobial-resistant respiratory tract infections (amr-rtis) are increasing, presenting important management challenges worldwide. current management of amr-rti patients focuses on pathogen-directed antimicrobial treatment. overt lung inflammation, parenchymal damage, and ineffective immune activation perpetrate increased patient morbidity and mortality. immunomodulatory and tissue-regenerative host-directed therapies (hdt) may improve treatment outcomes. hdts under investigation for improvin ...201626989822
[bats and viruses: complex relationships].with more than 1 200 species, bats and flying foxes (order chiroptera) constitute the most important and diverse order of mammals after rodents. many species of bats are insectivorous while others are frugivorous and few of them are hematophagous. some of these animals fly during the night, others are crepuscular or diurnal. some fly long distances during seasonal migrations. many species are colonial cave-dwelling, living in a rather small home range while others are relatively solitary. howeve ...201526330152
[not available].more than 1 240 species of bats are known; many of them are insectivorous, others are frugivorous and some american species are haematophagous. more than 100 diferent viruses are associated with these mammals, particularly rhabdoviridae (lyssavirus like rabies virus), paramyxoviridae (like nipah and hendra viruses), filoviridae (ebola and marburg viruses) and coronavirida (viruses causing sars and mers). these infections are usually asymptomatic in bats but the mechanism of this tolerance is not ...201427120912
emerging respiratory viruses other than influenza.non-influenza respiratory virus infections are common worldwide and contribute to morbidity and mortality in all age groups. the recently identified middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus has been associated with rapidly progressive pneumonia and high mortality rate. adenovirus 14 has been increasingly recognized in severe acute respiratory illness in both military and civilian individuals. rhinovirus c and human bocavirus type 1 have been commonly detected in infants and young children wi ...201424856535
[a case of rubella encephalitis presenting as clinically mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion].a 26-year-old male was admitted because of a fever, headache and disturbance of consciousness with lymph node swelling of the neck two days after developing a rash. a neurological examination revealed restlessness with irritability in response to sensory stimuli, such as an injection. diffusion-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging (mri) revealed a hyperintense ovoid lesion in the splenium of the corpus callosum, which showed a low coefficient in the adc map: the lesion disappeared after 22 ...201425142541
evolutionary mechanism and biological functions of 8-mers containing cg dinucleotide in yeast.the rules of k-mer non-random usage and the biological functions are worthy of special attention. firstly, the article studied human 8-mer spectra and found that only the spectra of cytosine-guanine (cg) dinucleotide classification formed independent unimodal distributions when the 8-mers were classified into three subsets under 16 dinucleotide classifications. secondly, the distribution rules were reproduced by other seven species including yeast, which showed that the evolution phenomenon had ...201728181048
determinants of nucleosome positioning and their influence on plant gene expression.nucleosome positioning influences the access of transcription factors (tfs) to their binding sites and gene expression. studies in plant, animal, and fungal models demonstrate similar nucleosome positioning patterns along genes and correlations between occupancy and expression. however, the relationships among nucleosome positioning, cis-regulatory element accessibility, and gene expression in plants remain undefined. here we showed that plant nucleosome depletion occurs on specific 6-mer motifs ...201526063739
generation of a transgenic mouse model of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection and disease.the emergence of middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (mers-cov) in the middle east since 2012 has caused more than 900 human infections with ∼40% mortality to date. animal models are needed for studying pathogenesis and for development of preventive and therapeutic agents against mers-cov infection. nonhuman primates (rhesus macaques and marmosets) are expensive models of limited availability. although a mouse lung infection model has been described using adenovirus vectors expressing h ...201525589660
coronavirus mhv-a59 infects the lung and causes severe pneumonia in c57bl/6 mice.it remains challenging to develop animal models of lung infection and severe pneumonia by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome cornavirus (mers-cov) without high level of containment. this inevitably hinders understanding of virushost interaction and development of appropriate countermeasures. here we report that intranasal inoculation of sublethal doses of murine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus a-59 (mhv-a59), a hepatic and neuronal tro ...201425547683
synthesis of signals for de novo dna methylation in neurospora crassa.most 5-methylcytosine in neurospora crassa occurs in a:t-rich sequences high in tpa dinucleotides, hallmarks of repeat-induced point mutation. to investigate how such sequences induce methylation, we developed a sensitive in vivo system. tests of various 25- to 100-bp synthetic dna sequences revealed that both t and a residues were required on a given strand to induce appreciable methylation. segments composed of (taaa)(n) or (ttaa)(n) were the most potent signals; 25-mers induced robust methyla ...200312640122
comparative analysis of dna word abundances in four yeast genomes using a novel statistical background model.previous studies have shown that the identification and analysis of both abundant and rare k-mers or "dna words of length k" in genomic sequences using suitable statistical background models can reveal biologically significant sequence elements. other studies have investigated the uni/multimodal distribution of k-mer abundances or "k-mer spectra" in different dna sequences. however, the existing background models are affected to varying extents by compositional bias. moreover, the distribution o ...201323472131
modeling dna affinity landscape through two-round support vector regression with weighted degree kernels.a quantitative understanding of interactions between transcription factors (tfs) and their dna binding sites is key to the rational design of gene regulatory networks. recent advances in high-throughput technologies have enabled high-resolution measurements of protein-dna binding affinity. importantly, such experiments revealed the complex nature of tf-dna interactions, whereby the effects of nucleotide changes on the binding affinity were observed to be context dependent. a systematic method to ...201425605483
saccharomyces cerevisiae ribosomal protein l26 is not essential for ribosome assembly and function.ribosomal proteins play important roles in ribosome biogenesis and function. here, we study the evolutionarily conserved l26 in saccharomyces cerevisiae, which assembles into pre-60s ribosomal particles in the nucle(ol)us. yeast l26 is one of the many ribosomal proteins encoded by two functional genes. we have disrupted both genes; surprisingly, the growth of the resulting rpl26 null mutant is apparently identical to that of the isogenic wild-type strain. the absence of l26 minimally alters 60s ...201222688513
genetic variation between biomphalaria alexandrina snails susceptible and resistant to schistosoma mansoni infection.much effort has been made to control schistosomiasis infection in egypt. however, enduring effects from such strategies have not yet been achieved. in this study, we sought to determine the genetic variability related to the interaction between biomphalaria alexandrina snails and schistosoma mansoni. using rapd-pcr with eight (10 mers) random primers, we were able to determine the polymorphic markers that differed between snails susceptible and resistant to schistosoma mansoni infection using fi ...201323878796
the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nucleocapsid inhibits type i interferon production by interfering with trim25-mediated rig-i ubiquitination.severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a respiratory disease, caused by a coronavirus (sars-cov), that is characterized by atypical pneumonia. the nucleocapsid protein (n protein) of sars-cov plays an important role in inhibition of type i interferon (ifn) production via an unknown mechanism. in this study, the sars-cov n protein was found to bind to the spry domain of the tripartite motif protein 25 (trim25) e3 ubiquitin ligase, thereby interfering with the association between trim25 and r ...201728148787
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus m protein suppresses type i interferon expression through the inhibition of tbk1-dependent phosphorylation of irf3.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infection has claimed hundreds of lives and has become a global threat since its emergence in saudi arabia in 2012. the ability of mers-cov to evade the host innate antiviral response may contribute to its severe pathogenesis. many mers-cov-encoded proteins were identified to have interferon (ifn)-antagonizing properties, which correlates well with the reduced ifn levels observed in infected patients and ex vivo models. in this study, we fu ...201627094905
detection of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus and alphacoronavirus in the bat population of taiwan.bats have been demonstrated to be natural reservoirs of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) cov. faecal samples from 248 individuals of 20 bat species were tested for partial rna-dependent rna polymerase gene of cov and 57 faecal samples from eight bat species were tested positive. the highest detection rate of 44% for scotophilus kuhlii, followed by 30% for rhinolophus monoceros. significantly higher detection rates of coronaviral ...201627178103
do medical students receive training in correct use of personal protective equipment?healthcare personnel often use incorrect technique for donning and doffing of personal protective equipment (ppe).201728178912
comparing genome versus proteome-based identification of clinical bacterial isolates.whole-genome sequencing (wgs) is gaining importance in the analysis of bacterial cultures derived from patients with infectious diseases. existing computational tools for wgs-based identification have, however, been evaluated on previously defined data relying thereby unwarily on the available taxonomic information.here, we newly sequenced 846 clinical gram-negative bacterial isolates representing multiple distinct genera and compared the performance of five tools (clark, kaiju, kraken, diamond/ ...201628013236
a case of staphylococcus aureus meningitis associated with cryoglobulin-related renal failure and clinically mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion.a 59-years old man, having untreated hypertension and diabetes, was admitted to our hospital because of lumbago and fever. a t2-weighted image of spine showed increased signal intensity of vertebra at l3 and l4. methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus (mssa) infection was confirmed by blood culturing. cerebrospinal fluid (csf) analysis showed pleocytosis. diagsosis of pyogenic spondylitis with bacterial meningitis was made. diffusion-weighted magnetic imaging of the brain disclosed a focal ...201627151224
management of infections in critically ill returning travellers in the intensive care unit-i: considerations on infection control and transmission of resistance.depending on their destinations and activities, international travellers are at a significant risk of contracting both communicable and non-communicable diseases. on return to their home countries, such travellers may require intensive care. the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), and more recently ebola haemorrhagic fever, has highlighted the risks. other well-known communicable pathogens such as meth ...201627134158
mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with reversible splenial lesion (mers) associated with streptococcus pneumoniae bacteraemia.mild encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion (mers) is a clinico-radiological syndrome that can be related to infectious and non-infectious conditions. patients present with mild neurological symptoms, and magnetic resonance imaging typically demonstrate a reversible lesion with transiently reduced diffusion in the splenium of the corpus callosum. here, we describe mers in a 10-year-old boy who presented with fever and consciousness and who completely recovered within a few days. strept ...201627641480
sequence element enrichment analysis to determine the genetic basis of bacterial phenotypes.bacterial genomes vary extensively in terms of both gene content and gene sequence. this plasticity hampers the use of traditional snp-based methods for identifying all genetic associations with phenotypic variation. here we introduce a computationally scalable and widely applicable statistical method (seer) for the identification of sequence elements that are significantly enriched in a phenotype of interest. seer is applicable to tens of thousands of genomes by counting variable-length k-mers ...201627633831
solution hybrid selection capture for the recovery of functional full-length eukaryotic cdnas from complex environmental samples.eukaryotic microbial communities play key functional roles in soil biology and potentially represent a rich source of natural products including biocatalysts. culture-independent molecular methods are powerful tools to isolate functional genes from uncultured microorganisms. however, none of the methods used in environmental genomics allow for a rapid isolation of numerous functional genes from eukaryotic microbial communities. we developed an original adaptation of the solution hybrid selection ...201425281543
interplay of sequence, topology and termini charge in determining the stability of the aggregates of gnnqqny mutants: a molecular dynamics study.this study explores the stabilities of single sheet parallel systems of three sequence variants of 1gnnqqny7, n2d, n2s and n6d, with variations in aggregate size (5-8) and termini charge (charged or neutral). the aggregates were simulated at 300 and 330 k. these mutations decrease amyloid formation in the yeast prion protein sup35. the present study finds that these mutations cause instability even in the peptide context. the protonation status of termini is found to be a key determinant of stab ...201424817093
gerstmann-sträussler-scheinker disease amyloid protein polymerizes according to the "dock-and-lock" model.prion protein (prp) amyloid formation is a central feature of genetic and acquired prion diseases such as gerstmann-sträussler-scheinker disease (gss) and variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease. the major component of gss amyloid is a prp fragment spanning residues approximately 82-146, which when synthesized as a peptide, readily forms fibrils featuring gss amyloid. the present study employed surface plasmon resonance (spr) to characterize the binding events underlying prp82-146 oligomerization at t ...200616286452
kinetic, mutational, and structural studies of the venezuelan equine encephalitis virus nonstructural protein 2 cysteine protease.the venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev) nonstructural protein 2 (nsp2) cysteine protease (ec 3.4.22.-) is essential for viral replication and is involved in the cytopathic effects (cpe) of the virus. the veev nsp2 protease is a member of merops clan cn and characteristically contains a papain-like protease linked to an s-adenosyl-l-methionine-dependent rna methyltransferase (sam mtase) domain. the protease contains an alternative active site motif, (475)nvcwak(480), which differs from pa ...201627030368
generation and characterization of eptesicus fuscus (big brown bat) kidney cell lines immortalized using the myotis polyomavirus large t-antigen.it is speculated that bats are important reservoir hosts for numerous viruses, with 27 viral families reportedly detected in bats. majority of these viruses have not been isolated and there is little information regarding their biology in bats. establishing a well-characterized bat cell line supporting the replication of bat-borne viruses would facilitate the analysis of virus-host interactions in an in vitro model. currently, few bat cell lines have been developed and only tb1-lu, derived from ...201627639955
inability of rat dpp4 to allow mers-cov infection revealed by using a vsv pseudotype bearing truncated mers-cov spike protein.middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) coronavirus (co-v) contains a single spike (s) protein, which binds to a receptor molecule, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (dpp4; also known as cd26), and serves as a neutralizing antigen. pseudotyped viruses are useful for measuring neutralization titers against highly infectious viruses as well as for studying their mechanism of entry. in this study, we constructed a series of cytoplasmic deletion mutants of mers-cov s and compared the efficiency with which they ...201526138557
initiator protein dimerization plays a key role in replication control of vibrio cholerae chromosome 2.rctb, the initiator of replication of vibrio cholerae chromosome 2 (chr2), binds to the origin of replication to specific 12-mer sites both as a monomer and a dimer. binding to 12-mers is essential for initiation. the monomers also bind to a second kind of site, 39-mers, which inhibits initiation. mutations in rctb that reduce dimer binding increase monomer binding to 12-mers but decrease monomer binding to 39-mers. the mechanism of this paradoxical binding behavior has been unclear. using delet ...201425159619
evidence for two different regulatory mechanisms linking replication and segregation of vibrio cholerae chromosome ii.understanding the mechanisms that coordinate replication initiation with subsequent segregation of chromosomes is an important biological problem. here we report two replication-control mechanisms mediated by a chromosome segregation protein, parb2, encoded by chromosome ii of the model multichromosome bacterium, vibrio cholerae. we find by the chip-chip assay that parb2, a centromere binding protein, spreads beyond the centromere and covers a replication inhibitory site (a 39-mer). unexpectedly ...201323818869
replication regulation of vibrio cholerae chromosome ii involves initiator binding to the origin both as monomer and as dimer.the origin region of vibrio cholerae chromosome ii (chrii) resembles plasmid origins that have repeated initiator-binding sites (iterons). iterons are essential for initiation as well as preventing over-initiation of plasmid replication. in chrii, iterons are also essential for initiation but over-initiation is prevented by sites called 39-mers. both iterons and 39-mers are binding sites of the chrii specific initiator, rctb. here, we have isolated rctb mutants that permit over-initiation in the ...201222447451
wnv typer: a server for genotyping of west nile viruses using an alignment-free method based on a return time distribution.west nile virus (wnv), genus flavivirus, family flaviviridae, is a major cause of viral encephalitis with broad host range and global spread. the virus has undergone a series of evolutionary changes with emergence of various genotypic lineages that are known to differ in type and severity of the diseases caused. currently, genotyping is carried out using molecular phylogeny of complete coding sequences and genotype is assigned based on proximity to reference genotypes in tree topology. efficient ...201424388930
vaccine development for emerging virulent infectious diseases.the recent outbreak of zaire ebola virus in west africa altered the classical paradigm of vaccine development and that for emerging infectious diseases (eids) in general. in this paper, the precepts of vaccine discovery and advancement through pre-clinical and clinical assessment are discussed in the context of the recent ebola virus, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), and zika virus outbreaks. clinical trial design for diseases with high mortality rates and/or high morbidi ...201728216184
a sweet spot for molecular diagnostics: coupling isothermal amplification and strand exchange circuits to glucometers.strand exchange nucleic acid circuitry can be used to transduce isothermal nucleic acid amplification products into signals that can be readable on an off-the-shelf glucometer. loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) is limited by the accumulation of non-specific products, but nucleic acid circuitry can be used to probe and distinguish specific amplicons. by combining this high temperature isothermal amplification method with a thermostable invertase, we can directly transduce middle-east ...201526050646
preface - emerging viruses: from early detection to intervention.in the last decades, several viruses emerged, as the consequence of cross-species passage from animal reservoirs to human being. emerging infections always represent a significant challenge for public health system as knowledge about specific pathogens are generally little while and no/few effective interventions are available. in this volume we explored special aspects of emerging infectious diseases including: the application of the theory of focality of diseases to infective syndrome; the hum ...201728364363
an isothermal, label-free, and rapid one-step rna amplification/detection assay for diagnosis of respiratory viral infections.recently, rna viral infections caused by respiratory viruses, such as influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, coronavirus, and middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (mers-cov), and zika virus, are a major public health threats in the world. although myriads of diagnostic methods based on rna amplification have been developed in the last decades, they continue to lack speed, sensitivity, and specificity for clinical use. a rapid and accurate diagnostic method is needed for a ...201727894035
yeast ribosomal protein l40 assembles late into precursor 60 s ribosomes and is required for their cytoplasmic maturation.most ribosomal proteins play important roles in ribosome biogenesis and function. here, we have examined the contribution of the essential ribosomal protein l40 in these processes in the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae. deletion of either the rpl40a or rpl40b gene and in vivo depletion of l40 impair 60 s ribosomal subunit biogenesis. polysome profile analyses reveal the accumulation of half-mers and a moderate reduction in free 60 s ribosomal subunits. pulse-chase, northern blotting, and primer e ...201222995916
tetrahedral gray code for visualization of genome information.we propose a tetrahedral gray code that facilitates visualization of genome information on the surfaces of a tetrahedron, where the relative abundance of each [formula: see text]-mer in the genomic sequence is represented by a color of the corresponding cell of a triangular lattice. for biological significance, the code is designed such that the [formula: see text]-mers corresponding to any adjacent pair of cells differ from each other by only one nucleotide. we present a simple procedure to dra ...201424475080
community-acquired pneumonia.community-acquired pneumonia (cap) is the most common infectious disease cause of death. we summarize recent findings regarding the epidemiology of cap in adults, efficacy of vaccines against streptococcus pneumoniae, diagnostics, and discuss the current controversy between cap and healthcare-associated pneumonia (hcap).201525775050
overexpression of arabidopsis thaliana eri, the homolog of c. elegans enhancer of rnainterference, leads to enhanced growth.organisms adopt a wide range of strategies to adapt to change. gene silencing describes the ability of organisms to modulate the expression of susceptible genes at certain times at the transcriptional or the translational level. in all known eukaryotic organisms 21-nt long short interfering rnas (sirnas) are the effector molecules of post-transcriptional gene silencing (ptgs), while 24-nt long sirnas are involved in ptgs in plants. mutant studies in caenorhabditis elegans lead to the identificat ...201526257748
community-acquired pneumonia in hiv-infected individuals.community-acquired pneumonia continues to be an important complication of hiv infection. rates of pneumonia decrease with the use of antiretroviral therapy but continue to be higher than in hiv uninfected individuals. risk factors for pneumonia include low blood cd4+ count, unsuppressed plasma hiv load, smoking, injection drug use and renal impairment. immunization against streptococcus pneumoniae and smoking cessation can reduce this risk. it is unclear whether newly reported viral respiratory ...201424562542
g-boxes, bigfoot genes, and environmental response: characterization of intragenomic conserved noncoding sequences in arabidopsis.a tetraploidy left arabidopsis thaliana with 6358 pairs of homoeologs that, when aligned, generated 14,944 intragenomic conserved noncoding sequences (cnss). our previous work assembled these phylogenetic footprints into a database. we show that known transcription factor (tf) binding motifs, including the g-box, are overrepresented in these cnss. a total of 254 genes spanning long lengths of cns-rich chromosomes (bigfoot) dominate this database. therefore, we made subdatabases: one containing b ...200717496117
rapid generation of a human monoclonal antibody to combat middle east respiratory syndrome.the last century has witnessed the emergence of several previously unknown viruses as life-threatening human pathogens. several examples include hiv, ebola, lujo, and, most recently, the middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) and ebola. in this study, we describe a method for the swift generation of a human-derived monoclonal antibody, known as lca60, as a treatment for mers infections. lca60 antibody was generated using the cellclone technology from the immortalized b cells of a human donor re ...201727102927
transcriptional profiling of genes responsive to abscisic acid and gibberellin in rice: phenotyping and comparative analysis between rice and arabidopsis.we collected and completely sequenced 32,127 full-length complementary dna clones from oryza sativa l. ssp. japonica cv. "nipponbare." mapping of these clones to genomic dna revealed approximately 20,500 transcriptional units (tus) in the rice genome. for each tu, we selected 60-mers using an algorithm that took into account some dna conditions such as base composition and sequence complexity. using in situ synthesis technology, we constructed oligonucleotide arrays with these tus on glass slide ...200414982972
the peptide microarray chlorophos1.0: a screening tool for the identification of arabidopsis thaliana chloroplast protein kinase substrates.we designed the peptide microarray chlorophos1.0 to screen for substrates of chloroplast protein kinases. the peptides represented on the microarray were selected from phosphoproteomics data, and the identified chloroplast phosphopeptides were spotted as 15-mers on a glass slide with the phosphorylation site centered. altogether, 905 distinct peptides from chloroplast proteins are present on the array. here we describe how the array can be used to identify the target protein spectrum of chloropl ...201525930700
replication and shedding of mers-cov in jamaican fruit bats (artibeus jamaicensis).the emergence of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) highlights the zoonotic potential of betacoronaviruses. investigations into the origin of mers-cov have focused on two potential reservoirs: bats and camels. here, we investigated the role of bats as a potential reservoir for mers-cov. in vitro, the mers-cov spike glycoprotein interacted with jamaican fruit bat (artibeus jamaicensis) dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (dpp4) receptor and mers-cov replicated efficiently in jamaican frui ...201626899616
differential regulation of hexameric and dodecameric hemocyanin from a. leptodactylus.the oxygen binding properties of hemocyanins are regulated on a short time scale by effectors such as l-lactate, urate and protons, and on longer time scales by expression of the different types of subunits. for astacus leptodactylus it was shown previously that acclimation to higher temperatures leads to increased levels of a 6-meric hemocyanin species, whereas at lower temperatures the 12-meric form prevails. here we show that the temperature dependence of the two forms supports the idea, that ...201323473954
high prevalence of middle east respiratory coronavirus in young dromedary camels in jordan.prevalence of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) was determined in 45 dromedary camels from two geographically separated herds in jordan. virus shedding was only detected in swabs obtained from the respiratory tract and primarily observed in camels younger than 3 years. mers-cov seroprevalence increased with age of camels. bovine and sheep sera were seronegative. phylogenetic analysis of partial s2 clustered the jordanian mers-cov strains with contemporary mers-cov strains a ...201728009529
human polyclonal immunoglobulin g from transchromosomic bovines inhibits mers-cov in vivo.as of 13 november 2015, 1618 laboratory-confirmed human cases of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infection, including 579 deaths, had been reported to the world health organization. no specific preventive or therapeutic agent of proven value against mers-cov is currently available. public health england and the international severe acute respiratory and emerging infection consortium identified passive immunotherapy with neutralizing antibodies as a treatment approach that ...201626888429
coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis.coronaviruses (covs), enveloped positive-sense rna viruses, are characterized by club-like spikes that project from their surface, an unusually large rna genome, and a unique replication strategy. coronaviruses cause a variety of diseases in mammals and birds ranging from enteritis in cows and pigs and upper respiratory disease in chickens to potentially lethal human respiratory infections. here we provide a brief introduction to coronaviruses discussing their replication and pathogenicity, and ...201525720466
host species restriction of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus through its receptor, dipeptidyl peptidase 4.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) emerged in 2012. recently, the mers-cov receptor dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (dpp4) was identified and the specific interaction of the receptor-binding domain (rbd) of mers-cov spike protein and dpp4 was determined by crystallography. animal studies identified rhesus macaques but not hamsters, ferrets, or mice to be susceptible for mers-cov. here, we investigated the role of dpp4 in this observed species tropism. cell lines of human and nonhuman ...201424899185
antibodies against mers coronavirus in dromedary camels, united arab emirates, 2003 and 2013.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) has caused an ongoing outbreak of severe acute respiratory tract infection in humans in the arabian peninsula since 2012. dromedary camels have been implicated as possible viral reservoirs. we used serologic assays to analyze 651 dromedary camel serum samples from the united arab emirates; 151 of 651 samples were obtained in 2003, well before onset of the current epidemic, and 500 serum samples were obtained in 2013. recombinant spike prote ...201424655412
activation of a gq-coupled membrane estrogen receptor rapidly attenuates α2-adrenoceptor-induced antinociception via an erk i/ii-dependent, non-genomic mechanism in the female rat.though sex differences in pain and analgesia are known, underlying mechanisms remain elusive. this study addresses the selective contribution of membrane estrogen receptors (mers) and mer-initiated non-genomic signaling mechanisms in our previously reported estrogen-induced attenuation of α2-adrenoceptor-mediated antinociception. by selectively targeting spinal mers in ovariectomized female rats using β-estradiol 6-(o-carboxy-methyl)oxime bovine serum albumin (e2bsa) (membrane impermeant estradi ...201424613724
activation of membrane estrogen receptors attenuates opioid receptor-like1 receptor-mediated antinociception via an erk-dependent non-genomic mechanism.to our knowledge, the present data are the first to demonstrate that activation of membrane estrogen receptors (mers) abolishes opioid receptor-like 1 (orl1) receptor-mediated analgesia via extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk)-dependent non-genomic mechanisms. estrogen was shown previously to both attenuate orl1-mediated antinociception and down-regulate the orl1 gene expression. the present study investigated whether non-genomic mechanisms contribute to estrogen-induced attenuation of or ...201324452062
middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) serology in major livestock species in an affected region in jordan, june to september 2013.between june and september 2013, sera from 11 dromedary camels, 150 goats, 126 sheep and 91 cows were collected in jordan, where the first human middle-east respiratory syndrome (mers) cluster appeared in 2012. all sera were tested for mers-coronavirus (mers-cov) specific antibodies by protein microarray with confirmation by virus neutralisation. neutralising antibodies were found in all camel sera while sera from goats and cattle tested negative. although six sheep sera reacted with mers-cov an ...201324342516
identification and mapping of linear antibody epitopes in human serum albumin using high-density peptide arrays.we have recently developed a high-density photolithographic, peptide array technology with a theoretical upper limit of 2 million different peptides per array of 2 cm(2). here, we have used this to perform complete and exhaustive analyses of linear b cell epitopes of a medium sized protein target using human serum albumin (hsa) as an example. all possible overlapping 15-mers from hsa were synthesized and probed with a commercially available polyclonal rabbit anti-hsa antibody preparation. to all ...201323894373
contrasting photophysical properties of star-shaped vs linear perylene diimide complexes.the absorption line shapes of a series of linear and star-shaped perylene diimide (pdi) complexes are evaluated theoretically and compared to experiment. the cyclic trimer and tetrahedral complexes are part of the symmetric series, characterized by a single interchromophoric coupling, j(0), between any two pdi chromophores. the measured spectra of all complexes show pronounced vibronic progressions based on the symmetric ring stretching mode at ~1400 cm(-1). the spectral line shapes are accurate ...201323402395
inheritance in turnip of variable-number tandem-repeat genetic markers revealed with synthetic repetitive dna probes.oligomers (16-26 mers) composed of short, tandemly repeated dna sequences (3-10 bases) were used individually with their complementary oligomer in separate polymerase chain reactions (pcrs) that extended the number of repeats to make 15 different pcr synthetic tandem-repeat (str) probes. these pcr-str probes were used to examine the inheritance of variable-number tandem-repeat (vntr) genetic markers from two parent plants of turnip (brassica rapa l.) to 20 offspring. following hinfi digestion an ...199424178090
antitumor effects of cationic synthetic peptides derived from lys49 phospholipase a2 homologues of snake venoms.the effects of two cationic synthetic peptides, derived from the c-terminal region of lys49 phospholipase a2 homologues from snake venoms, upon various murine tumor cell lines (b16 melanoma, emt6 mammary carcinoma, s-180 sarcoma, p3x myeloma, tend endothelial cells) were evaluated. the peptides are 13-mers derived from agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus lys49 pla2 (p-appk: kkykayfklkckk) and bothrops asper lys49 myotoxin ii (pem-2[d]: kkwrwwlkalakk), respectively, in the latter case with slight m ...200717178238
dna fingerprinting analysis by a pcr based method for monitoring the genotoxic effects of heavy metals pollution.environmental pollutants can have deleterious effects on living organisms. at high concentrations, or at high activities, they can cause acute toxicity damaging cells, tissues and organs. chronic toxification, on the other hand, can also cause serious damage from bio-accumulation. plants, as biological indicators, can measure both the actual and the potential effects of pollutants, when they are used to measure effects of heavy metals. we have applied a system of "molecular fingerprinting" based ...19989839398
intron gain and loss in segmentally duplicated genes in rice.introns are under less selection pressure than exons, and consequently, intronic sequences have a higher rate of gain and loss than exons. in a number of plant species, a large portion of the genome has been segmentally duplicated, giving rise to a large set of duplicated genes. the recent completion of the rice genome in which segmental duplication has been documented has allowed us to investigate intron evolution within rice, a diploid monocotyledonous species.200616719932
comparative pathology of rhesus macaque and common marmoset animal models with middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus.middle east respiratory syndrome (mers), which is caused by a newly discovered coronavirus (cov), has recently emerged. it causes severe viral pneumonia and is associated with a high fatality rate. however, the pathogenesis, comparative pathology and inflammatory cell response of rhesus macaques and common marmosets experimentally infected with mers-cov are unknown. we describe the histopathological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural findings from rhesus macaque and common marmoset animal ...201728234937
treatment with lopinavir/ritonavir or interferon-β1b improves outcome of mers-cov infection in a nonhuman primate model of common marmoset.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes severe disease in human with an overall case-fatality rate of >35%. effective antivirals are crucial for improving the clinical outcome of mers. although a number of repurposed drugs, convalescent-phase plasma, antiviral peptides, and neutralizing antibodies exhibit anti-mers-cov activity in vitro, most are not readily available or have not been evaluated in nonhuman primates. we assessed 3 repurposed drugs with potent in vitro anti- ...201526198719
animal models of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection.the emergence of the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in 2012 marked the second time that a new, highly pathogenic coronavirus has emerged in the human population in the 21st century. in this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge of animal models of mers-cov infection. commonly used laboratory animal species such as syrian hamsters, mice and ferrets are not susceptible to mers-cov, due to differences in the mers-cov receptor dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (dpp4). the i ...201526192750
infection with mers-cov causes lethal pneumonia in the common marmoset.the availability of a robust disease model is essential for the development of countermeasures for middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). while a rhesus macaque model of mers-cov has been established, the lack of uniform, severe disease in this model complicates the analysis of countermeasure studies. modeling of the interaction between the mers-cov spike glycoprotein and its receptor dipeptidyl peptidase 4 predicted comparable interaction energies in common marmosets and human ...201425144235
identification of risk factors for primary mers-cov infection in camel workers in qatar, 2013 - 2014; a case-control study.the transmission routes and risk factors for zoonotic mers-cov infections are still unknown. we used the who questionnaire for mers-cov case-control studies to assess risk factors for human mers-cov seropositivity at a farm complex in qatar. nine camel workers with mers-cov antibodies and 43 workers without antibodies were included. some camel-related activities may pose a higher risk of mers-cov infection, as well as cross-border movements of camels, poor hand hygiene and overnight hospital sta ...201728387845
risk factors for mers coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in burkina faso, ethiopia, and morocco, 2015.understanding middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) transmission in dromedary camels is important, as they consitute a source of zoonotic infection to humans. to identify risk factors for mers-cov infection in camels bred in diverse conditions in burkina faso, ethiopia and morocco, blood samples and nasal swabs were sampled in february-march 2015. a relatively high mers-cov rna rate was detected in ethiopia (up to 15.7%; 95% confidence interval (ci): 8.2-28.0), followed by burk ...201728382915
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