| biologists seek to head off future sources of infection. | | 2003 | 12721586 |
| animal studies hint at staying power of sars. | | 2003 | 12761509 |
| mosaic evolution of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a deadly form of pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus, a viral family responsible for mild respiratory tract infections in a wide variety of animals including humans, pigs, cows, mice, cats, and birds. analyses to date have been unable to identify the precise origin of the sars coronavirus. we used bayesian, neighbor-joining, and split decomposition phylogenetic techniques on the sars virus replicase, surface spike, matrix, and nucleocapsid proteins ... | 2004 | 14671089 |
| development of a western blot assay for detection of antibodies against coronavirus causing severe acute respiratory syndrome. | to identify a major antigenic determinant for use in the development of a rapid serological diagnostic test for severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus infection and to study the immune response during sars coronavirus infection in humans, we cloned the full length and six truncated fragments of the nucleocapsid gene, expressed them, and purified them as glutathione s-transferase-tagged recombinant proteins. the reactivities of the recombinant proteins to a panel of antibodies conta ... | 2004 | 15013997 |
| susceptibility of pigs and chickens to sars coronavirus. | an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) in humans, associated with a new coronavirus, was reported in southeast asia, europe, and north america in early 2003. to address speculations that the virus originated in domesticated animals, or that domestic species were susceptible to the virus, we inoculated 6-week-old pigs and chickens intravenously, intranasally, ocularly, and orally with 106 pfu of sars-associated coronavirus (sars-cov). clinical signs did not develop in any animal, ... | 2004 | 15030680 |
| exogenous ace2 expression allows refractory cell lines to support severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus replication. | of 30 cell lines and primary cells examined, productive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (urbani strain) (sars-cov) infection after low-multiplicity inoculation was detected in only six: three african green monkey kidney epithelial cell lines (vero, vero e6, and ma104), a human colon epithelial line (caco-2), a porcine kidney epithelial line [pk(15)], and mink lung epithelial cells (mv 1 lu). sars-cov produced a lytic infection in vero, vero e6, and ma104 cells, but there was no vis ... | 2005 | 15731278 |
| animal coronavirus vaccines: lessons for sars. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) emerged in china and spread globally as a human pandemic. it is caused by a new coronavirus (cov) of suspect animal origin. the emergence of sars stunned medical scientists, but veterinary virologists had previously recognized covs as causing fatal respiratory or enteric disease in animals with interspecies transmission and wildlife reservoirs. because of its public health impact, major efforts are focused on development of sars vaccines. occurrence of co ... | 2004 | 15742624 |
| sars-associated coronavirus transmitted from human to pig. | severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) was isolated from a pig during a survey for possible routes of viral transmission after a sars epidemic. sequence and epidemiology analyses suggested that the pig was infected by a sars-cov of human origin. | 2005 | 15757562 |
| [surveillance on severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus in animals at a live animal market of guangzhou in 2004]. | to study the prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) like virus in animals at a live animal market of guanzhou in 2004 before and after culling of wild animal action taken by the local authority, in order to predict the re-emerging of sars from animal originals in this region. | 2005 | 15921605 |
| protecting human and ecological health under viral threats in asia. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) outbroke in 2003, and the avian influenza a (h5n1) also outbroke in 2003 and continued to 2004. these pandemic viral diseases originated in south east asia. many human and animal lives were lost. economic damages due to the pandemics were also very large. the question arises of why did the pandemics originate from south east asian areas. human influenza a consists of many sub-types of coronaviruses including the sars virus and the avian influenza (h5n1) t ... | 2005 | 16007933 |
| coronavirus pathogenesis and the emerging pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | coronaviruses are a family of enveloped, single-stranded, positive-strand rna viruses classified within the nidovirales order. this coronavirus family consists of pathogens of many animal species and of humans, including the recently isolated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov). this review is divided into two main parts; the first concerns the animal coronaviruses and their pathogenesis, with an emphasis on the functions of individual viral genes, and the second discusses t ... | 2005 | 16339739 |
| altered pathogenesis of porcine respiratory coronavirus in pigs due to immunosuppressive effects of dexamethasone: implications for corticosteroid use in treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | the pathogenesis and optimal treatments for severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) are unclear, although corticosteroids were used to reduce lung and systemic inflammation. because the pulmonary pathology of porcine respiratory coronavirus (prcv) in pigs resembles sars, we used prcv as a model to clarify the effects of the corticosteroid dexamethasone (dex) on coronavirus (cov)-induced pneumonia. conventional weaned pigs (n = 130) in one of four groups (prcv/phosphate-buffered saline [pbs] [n ... | 2007 | 17942563 |
| a rapid point of care immunoswab assay for sars-cov detection. | the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) resulted in several outbreaks worldwide. early tests for diagnosis were not always conclusive in identifying a sars suspected patient. nucleocapsid protein (np) is the most predominant virus derived structural protein which is shed in high amounts in serum and nasopharyngeal aspirate during the first week of infection. as part of such efforts, a simple, easy to use immunoswab method was developed by generating a panel of monoclonal antibo ... | 2008 | 18620761 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus as an agent of emerging and reemerging infection. | before the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (sars-cov) in 2003, only 12 other animal or human coronaviruses were known. the discovery of this virus was soon followed by the discovery of the civet and bat sars-cov and the human coronaviruses nl63 and hku1. surveillance of coronaviruses in many animal species has increased the number on the list of coronaviruses to at least 36. the explosive nature of the first sars epidemic, the high mortality, its transient reeme ... | 2007 | 17934078 |
| review of bats and sars. | bats have been identified as a natural reservoir for an increasing number of emerging zoonotic viruses, including henipaviruses and variants of rabies viruses. recently, we and another group independently identified several horseshoe bat species (genus rhinolophus) as the reservoir host for a large number of viruses that have a close genetic relationship with the coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars). our current research focused on the identification of the reserv ... | 2006 | 17326933 |
| vaccine efficacy in senescent mice challenged with recombinant sars-cov bearing epidemic and zoonotic spike variants. | in 2003, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) was identified as the etiological agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome, a disease characterized by severe pneumonia that sometimes results in death. sars-cov is a zoonotic virus that crossed the species barrier, most likely originating from bats or from other species including civets, raccoon dogs, domestic cats, swine, and rodents. a sars-cov vaccine should confer long-term protection, especially in vulnerable senescent pop ... | 2006 | 17194199 |
| the role of sars-cov protein, orf-6, in the induction of host cell death. | | 2010 | 20864743 |
| porcine innate and adaptative immune responses to influenza and coronavirus infections. | both innate and adaptative immune responses contribute to the control of infectious diseases, including by limiting the spreading of zoonotic diseases from animal reservoirs to humans. pigs represent an important animal reservoir for influenza virus infection of human populations and are also naturally infected by coronaviruses, an important group of viruses, which includes the recently emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) virus. studies on both innate and adaptative immune responses ... | 2006 | 17135502 |
| nucleic acid amplification-based diagnosis of respiratory virus infections. | the appearance of eight new respiratory viruses in the human population in the past 9 years, including two new pandemics (sars coronavirus in 2003 and swine-origin influenza a/h1n1 in 2009), has tested the ability of virology laboratories to develop diagnostic tests to identify these viruses. nucleic acid amplification tests (nats) that first appeared two decades ago have been developed for both conventional and emerging viruses and now form the backbone of the clinical laboratory. nats provide ... | 2010 | 21073292 |
| bats as a continuing source of emerging infections in humans. | amongst the 60 viral species reported to be associated with bats, 59 are rna viruses, which are potentially important in the generation of emerging and re-emerging infections in humans. the prime examples of these are the lyssaviruses and henipavirus. the transmission of nipah, hendra and perhaps sars coronavirus and ebola virus to humans may involve intermediate amplification hosts such as pigs, horses, civets and primates, respectively. understanding of the natural reservoir or introductory ho ... | 2007 | 17042030 |
| SARS Coronavirus nsp1 Protein Induces Template-Dependent Endonucleolytic Cleavage of mRNAs: Viral mRNAs Are Resistant to nsp1-Induced RNA Cleavage. | SARS coronavirus (SCoV) nonstructural protein (nsp) 1, a potent inhibitor of host gene expression, possesses a unique mode of action: it binds to 40S ribosomes to inactivate their translation functions and induces host mRNA degradation. Our previous study demonstrated that nsp1 induces RNA modification near the 5'-end of a reporter mRNA having a short 5' untranslated region and RNA cleavage in the encephalomyocarditis virus internal ribosome entry site (IRES) region of a dicistronic RNA template ... | 2011 | 22174690 |
| animal models and antibody assays for evaluating candidate sars vaccines: summary of a technical meeting 25-26 august 2005, london, uk. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) emerged in the guangdong province of china in late 2002 and spread to 29 countries. by the end of the outbreak in july 2003, the cdc and who reported 8437 cases with a 9.6% case fatality rate. the disease was caused by a previously unrecognized coronavirus, sars-cov. drawing on experience with animal coronavirus vaccines, several vaccine candidates have been developed and evaluated in pre-clinical trials. available data suggest that vaccines should be bas ... | 2006 | 16930781 |
| binding site-based classification of coronaviral papain-like proteases. | the coronavirus replicase gene encodes one or two papain-like proteases (termed pl1pro and pl2pro) implicated in the n-terminal processing of the replicase polyprotein and thus contributing to the formation of the viral replicase complex that mediates genome replication. using consensus fold recognition with the 3d-jury meta-predictor followed by model building and refinement, we developed a structural model for the single plpro present in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (scov) ... | 2006 | 16358325 |
| comparison of 9 different pcr primers for the rapid detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus using 2 rna extraction methods. | the sensitivity and specificity of various severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) pcr primer and probe sets were evaluated through the use of commercial kits and in-house amplification formats. conventional and real-time pcr assays were performed using a heat-block thermocycler abi 9600, the roche lightcycler version 1.2, or the abi 7000 sequence detection system. the sensitivity of all primers was between 0.0004 and 0.04 pfu with viral cell lysate and between 0.004 and 0.4 pfu ... | 2005 | 15994050 |
| identification of the membrane-active regions of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike membrane glycoprotein using a 16/18-mer peptide scan: implications for the viral fusion mechanism. | we have identified the membrane-active regions of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars cov) spike glycoprotein by determining the effect on model membrane integrity of a 16/18-mer sars cov spike glycoprotein peptide library. by monitoring the effect of this peptide library on membrane leakage in model membranes, we have identified three regions on the sars cov spike glycoprotein with membrane-interacting capabilities: region 1, located immediately upstream of heptad repeat 1 ( ... | 2005 | 15650199 |
| susceptibility of different eukaryotic cell lines to sars-coronavirus. | in order to define and characterize target cells of sars-coronavirus (sars-cov) we studied the susceptibility of 23 different permanent and primary eukaryotic cell lines to sars-coronavirus. beneath vero e6 cells sars- coronavirus infection could also be demonstrated in two pig cell lines (poek, ps) and one human cell line (huh-7) using the indirect immunofluorescence assay and a newly established quantitative real-time pcr. in all susceptible cell lines mrna of the angiotensin-converting enzyme ... | 2005 | 15645376 |
| retroviral vectors pseudotyped with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus s protein. | the worldwide outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) was shown to be associated with a novel coronavirus (cov) now called sars cov. we report here the generation of sars cov s protein-pseudotyped murine leukemia virus (mlv) vector particles. the wild-type s protein pseudotyped mlv vectors, although at a low efficiency. partial deletion of the cytoplasmic tail of s dramatically increased infectivity of pseudotypes, with titers only two- to threefold lower than those of pseudotypes g ... | 2004 | 15308697 |
| influenza as a model system for studying the cross-species transfer and evolution of the sars coronavirus. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) moved into humans from a reservoir species and subsequently caused an epidemic in its new host. we know little about the processes that allowed the cross-species transfer of this previously unknown virus. i discuss what we have learned about the movement of viruses into humans from studies of influenza a, both how it crossed from birds to humans and how it subsequently evolved within the human population. starting with a brief review of se ... | 2004 | 15306391 |
| reverse transcriptase pcr diagnostic assay for the coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. | recent outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) have spurred intense research efforts around the world to deal with the serious threat to health posed by this novel coronavirus. a rapid, reliable diagnostic assay is needed for monitoring the spread of the disease. here we report a method for eliminating false-negative results and increasing test sensitivity, based on the hypothesis that the message encoded by the nucleocapsid (n) gene is the most abundant during viral infection. nas ... | 2004 | 15131160 |
| assessment of putative protein targets derived from the sars genome. | the ability to rapidly and reliably develop hypotheses on the function of newly discovered protein sequences requires systematic and comprehensive analysis. such an analysis, embodied within the ds geneatlas pipeline, has been used to critically evaluate the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) genome with the goal of identifying new potential targets for viral therapeutic intervention. this paper discusses several new functional hypotheses on the roles played by the constituent gene product ... | 2003 | 14623076 |
| characterizing degradation products of peptides containing n-terminal cys residues by (off-line high-performance liquid chromatography)/matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization quadrupole time-of-flight measurements. | a transformation analogous to the well-known conversion of an n-terminal glutamine residue to pyroglutamic acid is the cyclization of an n-terminal carboxyamidomethylated cysteine residue (the normal product of alkylation with iodoacetamide). this yields 5-oxothiomorpholine-3-carboxylic acid, with the same 17 da mass loss observed in the gln reaction. nineteen tryptic peptides with cys at the n-terminal were identified for this study, and compared with eight with n-terminal gln. when examined by ... | 2003 | 14608624 |
| prediction of proteinase cleavage sites in polyproteins of coronaviruses and its applications in analyzing sars-cov genomes. | recently, we have developed a coronavirus-specific gene-finding system, zcurve_cov 1.0. in this paper, the system is further improved by taking the prediction of cleavage sites of viral proteinases in polyproteins into account. the cleavage sites of the 3c-like proteinase and papain-like proteinase are highly conserved. based on the method of traditional positional weight matrix trained by the peptides around cleavage sites, the present method also sufficiently considers the length conservation ... | 2003 | 14572668 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome. | the mysterious severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) that has originated from the southern chinese province of guangdong appears to be a major public health threat and medical challenge. laboratory studies of sars patients in a number of countries identified the etiologic agent being a novel member of coronaviridae. high rna concentrations of this virus in sputum make it as a highly infectious agent. low concentrations of viral genome are also detectable in feces. coronaviruses are ubiquitos. ... | 2003 | 12824956 |
| quantitative evaluation of infection control models in the prevention of nosocomial transmission of sars virus to healthcare workers: implication to nosocomial viral infection control for healthcare workers. | healthcare workers (hcws) are at high risk of acquiring emerging infections while caring for patients, as has been shown in the recent sars and swine flu epidemics. using sars as an example, we determined the effectiveness of infection control measures (icms) by logistic regression and structural equation modelling (sem), a quantitative methodology that can test a hypothetical model and validates causal relationships among icms. logistic regression showed that installing hand wash stations in th ... | 2010 | 20148749 |
| multiplex pcr tests sentinel the appearance of pandemic influenza viruses including h1n1 swine influenza. | since the turn of the century seven new respiratory viruses have infected man and two of these have resulted in worldwide epidemics. both sars coronavirus which quickly spread to 29 countries in february 2003 and h1n1 swine influenza that recently spread from mexico to 30 countries in three weeks represent major pandemic threats for mankind. diagnostic assays are required to detect novel influenza strains with pandemic potential. | 2009 | 19515609 |
| bats and emerging zoonoses: henipaviruses and sars. | nearly 75% of all emerging infectious diseases (eids) that impact or threaten human health are zoonotic. the majority have spilled from wildlife reservoirs, either directly to humans or via domestic animals. the emergence of many can be attributed to predisposing factors such as global travel, trade, agricultural expansion, deforestation/habitat fragmentation, and urbanization; such factors increase the interface and/or the rate of contact between human, domestic animal, and wildlife populations ... | 2009 | 19497090 |
| comparison of vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotyped with the s proteins from a porcine and a human coronavirus. | the surface proteins s of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) were compared for their ability to mediate infection of viral pseudotypes based on vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv). the cell tropism of the respective pseudotypes corresponded to the tropism of the viruses from which the s protein was derived. higher infectivity values were obtained with the sars-cov s protein than with the tgev s protein. differences were observed w ... | 2009 | 19264610 |
| determination and application of immunodominant regions of sars coronavirus spike and nucleocapsid proteins recognized by sera from different animal species. | knowledge of immunodominant regions in major viral antigens is important for rational design of effective vaccines and diagnostic tests. although there have been many reports of such work done for sars-cov, these were mainly focused on the immune responses of humans and mice. in this study, we aim to search for and compare immunodominant regions of the spike (s) and nucleocapsid (n) proteins which are recognized by sera from different animal species, including mouse, rat, rabbit, civet, pig and ... | 2008 | 18191140 |
| comparison of effectiveness of whole viral, n and n199 proteins by elisa for the rapid diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | although severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) has been controlled, the subsequently emerging sporadic cases in 2004 emphasize the necessity of developing a rapid diagnostic method, which would be of great help in clinical diagnosis and also wild host screening. this study aims to establish an effective and rapid serological tool for the diagnosis of sars-cov by comparison among whole viral, n and n199 proteins by elisa. | 2007 | 18167201 |
| coinfection of pigs with porcine respiratory coronavirus and bordetella bronchiseptica. | coinfection with two or more pathogens is a common occurrence in respiratory diseases of most species. the manner in which multiple pathogens interact is not always straightforward, however. bordetella bronchiseptica and porcine respiratory coronavirus (prcv) are respiratory pathogens of pigs whose relatives, b. pertussis and the sars virus, cause respiratory disease in humans. in an initial experiment, the effect of coinfection of prcv and b. bronchiseptica was examined in thirty, 4-week-old pi ... | 2008 | 18022332 |
| genomic characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus in european bats and classification of coronaviruses based on partial rna-dependent rna polymerase gene sequences. | bats may host emerging viruses, including coronaviruses (cov). we conducted an evaluation of cov in rhinolophid and vespertilionid bat species common in europe. rhinolophids carried severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-related cov at high frequencies and concentrations (26% of animals are positive; up to 2.4×10(8) copies per gram of feces), as well as two alphacoronavirus clades, one novel and one related to the hku2 clade. all three clades present in miniopterus bats in china (hku7, hku8, a ... | 2010 | 20686038 |
| two-way antigenic cross-reactivity between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and group 1 animal covs is mediated through an antigenic site in the n-terminal region of the sars-cov nucleoprotein. | in 2002, severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) emerged in humans, causing a global epidemic. by phylogenetic analysis, sars-cov is distinct from known covs and most closely related to group 2 covs. however, no antigenic cross-reactivity between sars-cov and known covs was conclusively and consistently demonstrated except for group 1 animal covs. we analyzed this cross-reactivity by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and western blot analysis using specific ... | 2007 | 17913799 |
| identification of phenanthroindolizines and phenanthroquinolizidines as novel potent anti-coronaviral agents for porcine enteropathogenic coronavirus transmissible gastroenteritis virus and human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | the discovery and development of new, highly potent anti-coronavirus agents and effective approaches for controlling the potential emergence of epidemic coronaviruses still remains an important mission. here, we identified tylophorine compounds, including naturally occurring and synthetic phenanthroindolizidines and phenanthroquinolizidines, as potent in vitro inhibitors of enteropathogenic coronavirus transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev). the potent compounds showed 50% maximal effective ... | 2010 | 20727913 |
| alphacoronavirus transmissible gastroenteritis virus nsp1 protein suppresses protein translation in mammalian cells and in cell-free hela cell extracts but not in rabbit reticulocyte lysate. | the nsp1 protein of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), an alphacoronavirus, efficiently suppressed protein synthesis in mammalian cells. unlike the nsp1 protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, a betacoronavirus, the tgev nsp1 protein was unable to bind 40s ribosomal subunits or promote host mrna degradation. tgev nsp1 also suppressed protein translation in cell-free hela cell extract; however, it did not affect translation in rabbit reticulocyte lysate (rrl). our data ... | 2010 | 21047955 |
| Molecular diagnosis of respiratory virus infections. | The appearance of eight new respiratory viruses, including the SARS coronavirus in 2003 and swine-origin influenza A/H1N1 in 2009, in the human population in the past nine years has tested the ability of virology laboratories to develop diagnostic tests to identify these viruses. Nucleic acid based amplification tests (NATs) for respiratory viruses were first introduced two decades ago and today are utilized for the detection of both conventional and emerging viruses. These tests are more sensit ... | 2011 | 22185616 |