| possible windborne spread to western turkey of bluetongue virus in 1977 and of akabane virus in 1979. | an outbreak of bluetongue in sheep started in the menderes valley, aydin province, western turkey, in october 1977. the severity of the disease indicated that it had not been there before but had been introduced into the area. analysis showed that, while it was possible for the virus to have been brought into the area by movement of infected animals, there was also a period of south-easterly winds which could have carried infected midges from cyprus, where bluetongue was present. during the nigh ... | 1985 | 2862205 |
| a study of the host range and distribution of antibody to akabane virus (genus bunyavirus, family bunyaviridae) in kenya. | serum neutralizing antibody to akabane virus (genus bunyavirus, family bunyaviridae) was found in a high proportion (50-95%) of cattle sampled in kenya, while sheep and goats had fewer positive (13-33%). camel and horse sera also contained antibody to the virus (70% and 50% respectively). the antibody was found in animals from the high altitude temperature type of grasslands, drier bushed and wooded grasslands and the semi-desert. no arthrogryposis nor hydranencephaly has been encountered in ken ... | 1985 | 4020110 |
| the distribution of akabane virus in the middle east. | serological evidence was used to confirm an outbreak of akabane disease in cattle in the turkish province of aydin in 1980. thereafter, serum collections from the middle east were screened for the presence of neutralizing antibodies to akabane virus. the results indicate that the virus was present in a number of provinces on the south turkish coast in 1979 and 1980 but that it probably did not persist into 1981; the virus had also been present on cyprus in 1980 and on at least one previous occas ... | 1994 | 8062874 |
| australian-indonesian collaboration in veterinary arbovirology--a review. | australian-indonesian collaboration in veterinary development programs has led to significant advances in the study of arboviruses. this paper reviews the resulting knowledge of arboviral infections of livestock in indonesia. the first recognized arboviral disease of animals in indonesia was bovine ephemeral fever. serology indicates that the virus is widespread, as are related rhabdoviruses. local sheep appear resistant to bluetongue disease, but imported sheep have suffered mortalities. blueto ... | 1995 | 8545953 |
| study of akabane infection in saudi arabia by the use of sentinel ruminants. | two sentinel herds of calves (eastern and central regions of saudi arabia) and one of sheep and goats (south western region) were established to study akabane virus infection. the herd at the al-ahsa oasis (eastern region) showed evidence of akabane viral activity, as reflected by the presence of maternal (colostral) antibody, which had waned to insignificant concentrations by the time the calves had reached the age of 5 months. there was no evidence of subsequent seroconversion. the other two s ... | 1998 | 9839208 |
| abortions, stillbirths and deformities in sheep at the al-ahsa oasis in eastern saudi arabia: isolation of a bluetongue serogroup virus from the affected lambs. | a wave of abortions, stillbirths and deformities in sheep occurred at the al-ahsa oasis in the eastern region of saudi arabia in the second half of 1999. the abortions were recorded in august and september and stillbirths and deformities in neonates were observed in october. adult sheep were clinically normal. a virus was isolated in chicken embryos, adapted to vero cell culture and further identified as bluetongue (bt) virus. the virus isolated was not neutralised by the akabane virus. referenc ... | 2004 | 15861886 |
| host and viral traits predict zoonotic spillover from mammals. | the majority of human emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic, with viruses that originate in wild mammals of particular concern (for example, hiv, ebola and sars). understanding patterns of viral diversity in wildlife and determinants of successful cross-species transmission, or spillover, are therefore key goals for pandemic surveillance programs. however, few analytical tools exist to identify which host species are likely to harbour the next human virus, or which viruses can cross species ... | 2017 | 28636590 |
| prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to akabane virus in ruminants in saudi arabia. | a total number of 2125 serum samples collected from indigenous sheep and goats and locally-raised cattle from different localities in saudi arabia, were screened for akabane virus-neutralizing antibodies. the overall prevalence of antibodies was 32% in the animals examined. however the prevalence in cattle was 49%, while in sheep and goats it was 17%. no clinical cases of akabane have been confirmed so far in saudi arabia; but virus isolation attempts are ongoing. | 1998 | 9673576 |
| akabane virus: serological survey of antibodies in livestock in the sudan. | an investigation was conducted to assess the prevalence of akabane virus antibodies in domestic ruminants from different ecological zones of sudan. neutralizing antibodies were demonstrated in sheep, goats and cattle sampled between 1979 and 1980 from el obeid, nyala, kassala, jonglei and sennar. the highest prevalence was in jonglei where 27% of six sheep, 36% of eleven goats and 47% of 90 cattle had antibodies to the virus. although antibodies were demonstrated in 8% of 79 dams and 15% of 70 d ... | 1996 | 9239934 |
| detection of akabane viral antigen and immunoglobulin-containing cells in ovine fetuses by use of immunoperoxidase staining. | akabane virus (akv) strain obe-1 was inoculated iv into 17 pregnant sheep. ten fetuses infected at 29 to 45 days of gestation and examined 29 to 30 days later had akv antigen in the following groups of cells: neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord, ganglion cells in the cranial and abdominal ganglia, layer of ganglion cells in the retina, ganglion cells (auerbach's plexus) in small intestine, hepatocytes, cells in the arterial wall of mesenteric membrane, and trophoblast cells in the plac ... | 1993 | 8498746 |
| akabane virus. | akabane virus, an arthropod-borne bunyavirus, is the major cause of epizootics of congenital malformations in ruminants in australia, japan, korea, and israel, and is suspected to be a cause of sporadic outbreaks elsewhere. blood-sucking insects, such as biting midges, transmit the virus horizontally to vertebrates. climatic factors influence the seasonal activity and geographic range of the vector population and, therefore, occurrence of related disease. inoculated ruminants seroconvert rapidly ... | 1994 | 7728635 |
| neutralising antibodies to akabane virus in ruminants in cyprus. | neutralising antibodies to akabane virus, a cause of arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly, were demonstrated in serum samples from 33 sheep, 3 goats and 1 bovine among 285 serum samples collected in south-eastern cyprus from december 1970 onwards. twenty-four of the 29 sheep having positive antibodies came from one farm in liopetri. no positive sera came from animals born after 1969, no association with abortions or stillbirths was noted and no arthrogryposis or hydranencephaly was observed in cyp ... | 1981 | 7256874 |
| teratogenicity of australian simbu serogroup and some other bunyaviridae viruses: the embryonated chicken egg as a model. | the use of embryonated chicken eggs as a model for assessing the teratogenic potential of animal viruses was investigated with 12 members of the bunyaviridae family. infection of 4-day-old embryonated chicken eggs via the yolk sac with 10 of the viruses resulted in deaths or congenital deformities that were similar to those observed in akabane virus infections of fetal ruminants and included arthrogryposis, scoliosis, mandible defects, and retarded development. statistical analysis showed that t ... | 1984 | 6690412 |
| bluetongue in western turkey. | in october 1977 clinical bluetongue broke out in aydin province, western turkey and spread to adjacent provinces in the autumn months of 1978 and 1979. the outbreak was caused by a virus of serotype 4 and appeared to occur in a totally susceptible population. it was eventually controlled by widespread use of attenuated type-specific vaccine. bluetongue virus was isolated from sheep on several occasions and also from a calf with congenital arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly. this latter finding i ... | 1982 | 6289510 |
| congenital hydranencephaly and arthrogryposis of corriedale sheep. | a syndrome of congenital malformations in corriedale sheep characterised by brachygnathia inferior, campylognathia, tetraemlic arthrogryposis, kyphoscoliosis, hydranencephaly and hypoplasia of the brain stem, cerebellum and spinal cord occurring in various combinations is described. histologically there was generalised hypomyelinogenesis and hypoplasia of the central nervous system with neurogenic atrophy of skeletal muscle. the syndrome resembled that caused by congenital infection with akabane ... | 1988 | 3390091 |
| prevalence of neutralising antibodies to akabane virus in the arabian peninsula. | serum-neutralising antibodies to akabane virus were found in a wide range of domestic animals in all countries of the arabian peninsula but the virus does not seem to be endemic there. sentinel herds in oman and n. yemen did not detect any akabane activity between august 1984-november 1986 and may 1983-november 1984, respectively. however, there is strong evidence to suggest that akabane virus incursions have recently taken place in kuwait, saudi arabia and bahrain as neutralising antibodies wer ... | 1988 | 3176312 |
| transmission of akabane virus from the ewe to the early fetus (32 to 53 days). | the role of the placental junction in aka virus infection in the ewe was examined during the time when the chorionic villi were first becoming firmly attached to the maternal caruncles. the studies were made over 21 days covering the period between 32 and 53 days of pregnancy. viral tropism in the fetal membranes and tissues of the fetuses was identified by virus isolation and immuno-fluorescence studies. areas of virus replication were noted from 24 h post-inoculation in the fetal membranes and ... | 1988 | 3141487 |
| maturation of immunological reactivity in the fetal lamb infected with akabane virus. | the development of cell-mediated immunological reactivity was studied in fetal lambs infected with akabane virus. examination of hepatic cells from fetuses between 40 and 75 days' gestation that had been infected via the transplacental route revealed inconsistent responses to akabane, together with a uniform failure to respond to non-specific mitogens which contrasted with the behaviour of control, uninfected lambs. following direct inoculation of fetal lambs with virus between 50 and 120 days' ... | 1988 | 3141486 |
| akabane disease in sheep. | perinatal lamb mortality, associated with malformations of the cns due to akabane viral infection, occurred in 4 of 9 flocks of ewes lambing on 3 farms between 26 may and 14 november, 1976. cases were restricted to ewes conceiving prior to the second week of march and lambing between 26 may and 19 july. as judged by seroconversion in sentinel flocks on 2 of the farms, field infection with akabane virus occurred mainly between mid-february and mid-april. malformations of the cns occurred in 42.5% ... | 1988 | 3135792 |
| laboratory investigation of a naturally occurring outbreak of arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly in texas sheep. | an epizootic of abortions, weak lambs, stillbirths, and congenital arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly occurred in a sheep flock in west texas. the outbreak began during the first week of january 1987 and continued through the third week of february 1987. lambs born after february 1987 were not affected. a high incidence of antibodies to cache valley virus (texas 7856 isolate) was demonstrated in the ewes' serum and in precolostral serum from affected lambs. no virus was isolated from tissues and bod ... | 1989 | 2488650 |
| Neurological diseases of ruminant livestock in Australia. IV: viral infections. | Most viral infections that affect the central nervous system of ruminants are exotic to Australia. As such, this review focuses on viruses of importance in Australian ruminants, including Akabane virus and the ruminant pestiviruses, bovine viral diarrhoea virus and border disease virus, as well as bluetongue virus. Each virus is discussed in terms of pathogenesis, clinical signs and diagnosis. | 2011 | 21864304 |
| bovine epizootic encephalomyelitis caused by akabane virus in southern japan. | akabane virus is a member of the genus orthobunyavirus in the family bunyaviridae. it is transmitted by hematophagous arthropod vectors such as culicoides biting midges and is widely distributed in temperate to tropical regions of the world. the virus is well known as a teratogenic pathogen which causes abortions, stillbirths, premature births and congenital abnormalities with arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly syndrome in cattle, sheep and goats. on the other hand, it is reported that the virus rar ... | 2008 | 18554406 |
| cleavage of akabane virus s rna in the brain of infected ruminants. | since 2002 there has been a rise in arthrogryposis/hydranencephaly incidence in israel, caused by akabane viruses (akav) and possibly by aino viruses. in response to the outbreak, serological, molecular-diagnostic and research tools were developed. akav sequences were detected by real-time rt-pcr in the brain tissue of 2 out of 20 tested calves and lambs that suffered from hydranencephaly. when the s segments from the two infected calves were characterized, it was concluded that the s genome wer ... | 2008 | 18246421 |
| comparison of akabane virus isolated from sentinel cattle in japan. | adult cows, ewes, and goats infected with akabane virus (akav) of the genus orthobunyavirus of the family bunyaviridae do not present any clinical signs; however, in utero infections may result in abortion, premature birth, stillbirth, and congenital deformities such as arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly syndrome in cattle, sheep, and goats. in contrast, the iriki strain, a variant of akav isolated from a calf with nervous signs and encephalitis, causes encephalitis in experimentally inoculated calv ... | 2007 | 17467929 |
| sequence determination and functional analysis of the akabane virus (family bunyaviridae) l rna segment. | akabane virus (akav) causes epizootic congenital deformities in cattle, sheep, and goats. due to the lack of a complete genome sequence, the molecular biological properties of this virus are not known. we have cloned and sequenced the functional large (l) rna segment of akav, and shown that it has polymerase activity using a minireplicon system with rna polymerase i. the complete l rna segment is 6868 nucleotides long and encodes an l protein of 2251 amino acids, which functions as an rna-depend ... | 2007 | 17216138 |
| preferential infection of neuronal and astroglia cells by akabane virus in primary cultures of fetal bovine brain. | akabane virus is a member of the genus bunyavirus; it is pathogenic for ruminants and transmitted by arthropod vectors. infection of adult cattle and sheep causes a transient viremia without obvious clinical signs, while infection of pregnant animals often causes fetal abnormalities including hydranencephaly, poliomyelitis and arthrogryposis. infectious virus or viral antigens is present in the brain, spinal cord and skeletal muscle of infected fetuses. to understand the interaction between akab ... | 2000 | 10781726 |