| incidence from coincidence: patterns of tick infestations on rodents facilitate transmission of tick-borne encephalitis virus. | tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus has a highly focal distribution through eurasia. endemic cycles appear to depend on the transmission of non-systemic infections between ticks co-feeding on the same rodent hosts. the particular features of seasonal dynamics and infestation patterns of larval and nymphal ixodes ricinus, but not dermacentor reticulatus, from 4 regions within tbe foci in slovakia, are such as to promote tbe virus transmission. the distributions of larvae and nymphs on their princ ... | 1999 | 10028532 |
| effects of climate change on ticks and tick-borne diseases in europe. | zoonotic tick-borne diseases are an increasing health burden in europe and there is speculation that this is partly due to climate change affecting vector biology and disease transmission. data on the vector tick ixodes ricinus suggest that an extension of its northern and altitude range has been accompanied by an increased prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis. climate change may also be partly responsible for the change in distribution of dermacentor reticulatus. increased winter activity of i ... | 2009 | 19277106 |
| omsk haemorrhagic fever. | omsk haemorrhagic fever is an acute viral disease prevalent in some regions of western siberia in russia. the symptoms of this disease include fever, headache, nausea, severe muscle pain, cough, and moderately severe haemorrhagic manifestations. a third of patients develop pneumonia, nephrosis, meningitis, or a combination of these complications. the only treatments available are for control of symptoms. no specific vaccine has been developed, although the vaccine against tick-borne encephalitis ... | 2010 | 20850178 |
| prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) rna in dermacentor reticulatus ticks from natural and urban environment, poland. | tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) (flaviviridae, flavivirus) is an arthropod-borne virus, an etiologic agent of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe), a human infection involving the central nervous system. the disease is endemic in a large region in eurasia, where it is transmitted mainly by ixodes ricinus and ixodes persulcatus ticks. it is known that also dermacentor reticulatus is involved in circulation of tbev. however, the current knowledge of d. reticulatus importance in tbe epidemiology is s ... | 2014 | 25047961 |
| the diversity and prevalence of hard ticks attacking human hosts in eastern siberia (russian federation) with first description of invasion of non-endemic tick species. | hard ticks are the vectors of many pathogens including tick-borne encephalitis virus and the lyme disease agent borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. in eastern siberia, ixodes persulcatus, dermacentor nuttalli, dermacentor silvarum and haemaphysalis concinna are regarded as aggressive to humans. recently, significant changes in world tick fauna have been reported and this affects the spread of tick-borne pathogens. we studied the current species diversity, population structure and prevalence of tick ... | 2016 | 26443685 |
| borrelia diversity and co-infection with other tick borne pathogens in ticks. | identifying borrelia burgdorferi as the causative agent of lyme disease in 1981 was a watershed moment in understanding the major impact that tick-borne zoonoses can have on public health worldwide, particularly in europe and the usa. the medical importance of tick-borne diseases has long since been acknowledged, yet little is known regarding the occurrence of emerging tick-borne pathogens such as borrelia spp., anaplasma phagocytophilum, rickettsia spp., bartonella spp., "candidatus neoehrlichi ... | 2017 | 28261565 |
| prevalence of infections and co-infections with 6 pathogens in dermacentor reticulatus ticks collected in eastern poland. | occurrence of co-infections with various pathogens in ixodid ticks creates a risk of increased severity of tick-borne diseases in humans and animals exposed to bite of the ticks carrying multiple pathogens. accordingly, co-infections in ticks were subject of numerous analyses, but almost exclusively with regard to ixodes ricinus complex whereas potential tick vectors belonging to other genera were much less studied. taking into consideration the role of dermacentor reticulatus in the transmissio ... | 2017 | 28378977 |
| ticks and associated pathogens collected from dogs and cats in belgium. | although ixodes spp. are the most common ticks in north-western europe, recent reports indicated an expanding geographical distribution of dermacentor reticulatus in western europe. recently, the establishment of a d. reticulatus population in belgium was described. d. reticulatus is an important vector of canine and equine babesiosis and can transmit several rickettsia species, coxiella burnetii and tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev), whilst ixodes spp. are vectors of pathogens causing babesi ... | 2013 | 23777784 |
| dermacentor reticulatus: a vector on the rise. | dermacentor reticulatus is a hard tick species with extraordinary biological features. it has a high reproduction rate, a rapid developmental cycle, and is also able to overcome years of unfavourable conditions. dermacentor reticulatus can survive under water for several months and is cold-hardy even compared to other tick species. it has a wide host range: over 60 different wild and domesticated hosts are known for the three active developmental stages. its high adaptiveness gives an edge to th ... | 2016 | 27251148 |
| prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus in ixodes ricinus and dermacentor reticulatus ticks collected from the lublin region (eastern poland). | a total of 875 nymphal and adult ixodes ricinus ticks and 148 adult dermacentor reticulatus ticks were collected by flagging lower vegetation in the lublin region (eastern poland) and examined for the presence of rna of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) by nested rt-pcr. the minimum infection rate of i. ricinus ticks with tbev amounted to 1.6% while the infection rate of d. reticulatus ticks was 10.8%. the results suggest that d. reticulatus may be a potential vector of tbev in central europe ... | 2011 | 21771532 |
| emerging arthropod-borne diseases of companion animals in europe. | vector-borne diseases are caused by parasites, bacteria or viruses transmitted by the bite of hematophagous arthropods (mainly ticks and mosquitoes). the past few years have seen the emergence of new diseases, or re-emergence of existing ones, usually with changes in their epidemiology (i.e. geographical distribution, prevalence, and pathogenicity). the frequency of some vector-borne diseases of pets is increasing in europe, i.e. canine babesiosis, granulocytic anaplasmosis, canine monocytic ehr ... | 2009 | 19403239 |
| spatial distribution of dermacentor reticulatus and ixodes ricinus in hungary: evidence for change? | a survey was conducted to investigate the spatial distribution of ixodes ricinus and dermacentor reticulatus in hungary and to compare these data with the results of a previous large-scale survey. in the survey conducted in the 1950s, d. reticulatus adults were detected in two isolated areas of two counties, and the presence of these ticks in the collection was explained by accidental introduction. in the present survey, d. reticulatus became the second most common species occurring in all 16 co ... | 2005 | 15740873 |
| [results of the 20-year study of tick-borne encephalitis in crimea]. | the history of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) study in the crimea was retraced and the possibility of introduction of tbe virus to the crimea in the process of the acclimatization of vertebrates from areas enzootic for tbe is discussed. the foci of tbe were found throughout the whole of the mountain forest zone of the crimea and coincided with the habitat area of lxodes ricinus, the main vector of tbe. such ticks as dermacentor reticulatus, d. marginatus and hyalomma marginatum were also found to ... | 2001 | 11548243 |
| preliminary studies on virus and spirochete accumulation in the cement plug of ixodid ticks. | we provide evidence that tick-borne encephalitis virus and borrelia burgdorferi s.l. are accumulated in the cement plug in the host skin within the first few hours after tick attachment. extirpation of the tick without the cement plug, even very soon after the attachment, did not prevent the transmission by ixodes ricinus, ixodes persulcatus or dermacentor reticulatus to mice. this was within 1 hour in the case of the tbe virus and after 20-22 h of attachment, in the case of borrelia and i. pers ... | 1996 | 9004495 |
| enhancement of tick-borne encephalitis virus transmission by tick salivary gland extracts. | to investigate the role of ticks in tbe virus transmission, salivary gland extract (sge) was derived from partially fed female ixodes ricinus, dermacentor reticulatus and rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks. guinea-pigs were infested with uninfected r. appendiculatus nymphs and inoculated with a mixture of tbe virus and sge or with virus alone. the number of ticks which on average acquired virus from feeding on animals inoculated with tbe virus and sge from partially fed ticks was 4-fold greater ... | 1993 | 8481537 |
| the replication and eclipse-phase of the tick-borne encephalitis virus in dermacentor reticulatus. | particles of tick-borne encephalitis virus measuring 42-50 nm were found in in d. reticulatus nymphs after eclipse-phase lasting 10 days and were localized in epidermal and salivary gland cells. | 1984 | 6745800 |
| [the meadow tick dermacentor reticulatus in natural foci of tick-borne encephalitis in udmurtia]. | in southern udmurtia, where occur both dermacentor reticulatus and ixodes persulcatus, in the years of high abundance of small mammals feeding periods of larvae and nymphs of these ticks coincide completely. the duration of simultaneous parasitism of preimago of the above ixodid species on animals is of epidemiological significance as far as within this period the infection of young stages of d. reticulatus with the virus of tick-borne encephalitis occurs. this is confirmed by the isolation of i ... | 1987 | 2963991 |
| experimental double infection with coxiella burnetii and tick-borne encephalitis virus in dermacentor reticulatus ticks. | experimental parenteral inoculation of dermacentor reticulatus ticks with the rickettsia coxiella burnetii (c.b.) and tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus resulted in a generalized rickettsial and viral infection, irrespective of whether the agents were given simultaneously or by a 7 days interval apart. both agents multiplied intensively in ticks, c.b. being detectable predominantly in cytoplasmic vacuoles and tbe virus mostly in the endoplasmic reticulum. | 1987 | 2883860 |
| [survival time of dermacentor reticulatus (fabr.) (ixodidae) ticks infected per anum with tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbe)]. | | 1977 | 899013 |
| detection of rickettsia helvetica in ixodes ricinus infesting wild and domestic animals and in a botfly larva (cephenemyia stimulator) infesting roe deer in germany. | ixodes ricinus is a well-known vector of different human pathogens including rickettsia helvetica. the role of wild mammals in the distribution and probable maintenance of rickettsia in nature is still to be determined. we therefore investigated various parasites from different wild mammals as well as companion animals for the presence of rickettsia. a total of 606 i. ricinus, 38 cephenemyia stimulator (botfly larvae), one dermacentor reticulatus, 24 haematopinus suis (hog lice) and 30 lipoptena ... | 2016 | 27430966 |
| babesia canis and tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) co-infection in a sled dog. | sporting dogs, including sled dogs, are particularly prone to tick-borne infection either due to training/racing in forest areas or through visits to endemic areas. the aim was to present tick-borne infections in a 6-dog racing team after a race in estonia. | 2013 | 24069843 |
| the role of particular tick developmental stages in the circulation of tick-borne pathogens affecting humans in central europe. 2. tick-borne encephalitis virus. | hard-bodied ticks transmit various pathogens, such as borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, anaplasma phagocytophilum, rickettsia spp., babesia spp., and carry numerous other microorganisms with an unknown pathogenic potential. among them, tick-borne encephalitis virus has great importance. in central european conditions all developmental stages of ticks participate in the zoonotic cycle of the tbe virus. according to pathogen and tick biology, the roles of larvae, nymphs and adults are different. la ... | 2016 | 27262951 |
| the transstadial persistence of tick-borne encephalitis virus in dermacentor reticulatus ticks in natural conditions. | there are a number of reports regarding natural infection of dermacentor reticulatus ticks with tbe virus; however, the transmission mode of tbe virus in this tick population has not been investigated. this study was conducted in białowieża primeval forest, east poland. forty fully engorged nymphs of d. reticulatus were sampled from root voles (microtus oeconomus). ticks were kept until molting. all ticks were screened for the presence of tbe virus by nested rt-pcr. three adult ticks were positi ... | 2016 | 26751892 |
| detection and genetic characterization of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) derived from ticks removed from red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and isolated from spleen samples of red deer (cervus elaphus) in croatia. | tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is a growing public health concern in central and northern european countries. even though tbe is a notifiable disease in croatia, there is a significant lack of information in regard to vector tick identification, distribution as well as tbe virus prevalence in ticks or animals. the aim of our study was to identify and to investigate the viral prevalence of tbe virus in ticks removed from red fox (vulpes vulpes) carcasses hunted in endemic areas in northern croatia ... | 2014 | 24035586 |
| the first detection of the tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) rna in dermacentor reticulatus ticks collected from the lowland european bison (bison bonasus bonasus l.). | tick borne encephalitis virus (tbev) (flaviviridae, flavivirus) is the causative agent of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe), a potentially fatal neurological infection. the disease is endemic in a large region in eurasia, where is transmitted mainly by hard ticks: ixodes ricinus and i. persulcatus. it is known that also dermacentor reticulatus is involved in a circulation of tbev, but the knowledge of its importance in the tbe epidemiology is still insufficient. the białowieża primeval forest is loc ... | 2016 | 26751883 |
| tick survey for prevalent pathogens in peri-urban recreation sites in saarland and rhineland-palatinate (germany). | ixodid ticks are important vectors of human pathogens in central europe. despite this fact, prevalence studies are scarce, especially with regard to much-frequented peri-urban recreation sites. in this pilot study, 4.014 larvae, nymphs and adult ticks sampled monthly during the active seasons in 2011 and 2012 from 14 distinct collection sites in two german states (saarland and rhineland-palatinate) were screened for borrelia spp., anaplasma spp. and tick-borne encephalitis virus. mean prevalence ... | 2016 | 26646396 |
| influence of altitude on tick-borne encephalitis infection risk in the natural foci of the altai republic, southern siberia. | the altai republic is a highly endemic area as far as tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is concerned. the aim of the research was to study the effect of altitude on the risk of tick-borne encephalitis infection in the altai republic. the paper analyzes the following data: the study of ixodid ticks collected from the vegetation in 116 sites at the 200-2383m elevation above sea level in 2012-2014, tbe virus prevalence of these vectors, tick-bite incidence rate, and tbe incidence rate of the population ... | 2015 | 25748512 |