| burden of rotavirus disease in european union countries. | two new rotavirus vaccines are expected to be introduced in the european union (eu) in coming years. a human rotavirus vaccine has already been licensed in several countries worldwide, and a pentavalent bovine vaccine has been submitted for licensure in the united states and the eu. few data exist on the burden of rotavirus disease and its associated costs within the eu. to estimate the burden of rotavirus disease in the eu, we adapted a model based on the approach developed by the centers for d ... | 2006 | 16397431 |
| rotarix: development of a live attenuated monovalent human rotavirus vaccine. | | 2006 | 16466074 |
| a review of vaccine research and development: human enteric infections. | worldwide, enteric infections rank third among all causes of disease burden, being responsible for some 1.7-2.5 million deaths per year, mostly in young children and infants in developing countries. the main infectious agents responsible for human enteric infections include several viruses (enteric adenoviruses, astroviruses, human caliciviruses (hucv), rotaviruses (rv)) and several bacterial agents, such as campylobacter jejuni, a variety of pathogenic escherichia coli strains including enterot ... | 2006 | 16483695 |
| comparative molecular characterization of gene segment 11-derived nsp6 from lamb rotavirus llr strain used as a human vaccine in china. | sequence-length polymorphism is known for rotavirus genetic segment 11 (encodes non-structural protein, nsp6). with the exception of 11 strains that have the coding potential for a 98-residue nsp6, majority of the strains have the potential for a 92-residue nsp6. in nine strains, the coding potential for this protein is even shorter. this report focuses on the nsp6 gene nucleotide sequence of lanzhou lamb rotavirus (llr) strain and its comparative molecular characterization. the llr strain is a ... | 2006 | 16492399 |
| examination of the applicability of a commercial human rotavirus antigen detection kit for use in laboratory rabbits. | the applicability of a commercial human rotavirus detection kit for the detection of lapine rotavirus in laboratory rabbits was examined. rotavirus antigen positive samples determined by the kit were shown to include lapine rotavirus by reverse transcriptional polymerase chain reaction and restriction endonuclease analysis. the kit was confirmed to be adequate for the detection of lapine rotavirus by these results. the kit is suggested to be useful for the management of laboratory rabbits becaus ... | 2006 | 16508215 |
| rapid detection of norovirus from fecal specimens by real-time reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay. | in this study, we developed a one-step, single-tube genogroup-specific reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay for the detection of norovirus (nov) genomes targeting from the c terminus of the rna-dependent rna polymerase gene to the capsid n-terminal/shell domain region. this is the first report on the development of an rt-lamp assay for the detection of nov genomes. because of the diversity of nov genotypes, we used 9 and 13 specially designed primers conta ... | 2006 | 16597865 |
| rotavirus viremia and extraintestinal viral infection in the neonatal rat model. | rotaviruses infect mature, differentiated enterocytes of the small intestine and, by an unknown mechanism, escape the gastrointestinal tract and cause viremia. the neonatal rat model of rotavirus infection was used to determine the kinetics of viremia, spread, and pathology of rotavirus in extraintestinal organs. five-day-old rat pups were inoculated intragastrically with an animal (rrv) or human (hal1166) rotavirus or phosphate-buffered saline. blood was collected from a subset of rat pups, and ... | 2006 | 16641274 |
| changing pattern of human group a rotaviruses: emergence of g12 as an important pathogen among children in eastern india. | rotavirus genotypes, g1-g4 and g9 are associated with childhood diarrhoea throughout the world. in our previous study, we detected g1, g2, g4 and three g12 strains from kolkata, india. | 2006 | 16679056 |
| a lack of significant association between the electropherotype or g-serotype of the infecting strain and disease severity of rotavirus gastroenteritis. | despite many previous studies, the question has not been settled as to whether some human rotavirus strains are more virulent than others. since disease severity is most clearly reflected by the hospitalization status of the infected children, we examined whether there was any difference in the distribution of dominant strains between inpatient and outpatient groups. the study population comprised 763 children with acute diarrhea who were treated at a general hospital in honjo city, akita, japan ... | 2006 | 16680579 |
| anti-rotavirus antibodies in human milk: quantification and neutralizing activity. | to analyze anti-rotavirus antibodies in human milk in order to determine their isotypes and neutralizing activity on rotavirus strains representing different viral serotypes. | 2006 | 16707981 |
| pentavalent human-bovine reassortant rotavirus vaccine: a review of its efficacy and safety in preventing acute rotavirus gastroenteritis in healthy infants. | acute rotavirus gastroenteritis can be successfully managed with oral and intravenous rehydration solutions; however, it is still a major cause of childhood mortality and morbidity in developing countries and is responsible for significant morbidity and health-care costs in developed countries. pentavalent human-bovine rotavirus vaccine (hbrv) is an oral vaccine containing five live attenuated human-bovine reassortant strains containing the human serotypes responsible for the majority of rotavir ... | 2006 | 16801994 |
| the new pentavalent rotavirus vaccine composed of bovine (strain wc3) -human rotavirus reassortants. | infantile gastroenteritis caused by human rotaviruses is a prevalent disease throughout the world, causing dehydration and hospitalization in all countries. in developing countries, it is associated with a high mortality. a licensed vaccine against rotavirus was withdrawn because of a causal association with intussusception. a new vaccine has been developed and is a candidate for licensure. | 2006 | 16804425 |
| rotavirus infection in saudi arabia. | human rotavirus, an important causative agent of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide, leads to high morbidity in both developing and developed countries, including saudi arabia, and high mortality in developing countries. effective control depends upon an accurate understanding of disease burden and the relative importance of circulating serotypes. | 2006 | 16861867 |
| genetic characterization of vp3 gene of group a rotaviruses. | we sequenced vp3 gene of four rotavirus strains and examined the diversity of vp3 and its other genetic characteristics in a total of 22 group a rotaviruses. the 22 rotavirus strains were derived from six different host species (human, avian, bovine, equine, simian and porcine). comparison of the partial vp3 peptide sequences (aa 141-294) showed identities ranging from 49 to 99% among different species. the phylogenetic analysis of vp3 sequences revealed segregation according to the species orig ... | 2006 | 16972027 |
| tandem copies of a human rotavirus vp8 epitope can induce specific neutralizing antibodies in balb/c mice. | the vp8 subunit protein of human rotavirus (hrv) plays an important role in viral infectivity and neutralization. recombinant peptide antigens displaying the amino acid sequence m(1)asliyrqll(10), a linear neutralization epitope on the vp8 protein, were constructed and examined for their ability to generate anti-peptide antibodies and hrv-neutralizing antibodies in balb/c mice. peptide antigen constructs were expressed in e. coli as fusion proteins with thioredoxin and a universal tetanus toxin ... | 2006 | 16978788 |
| [factors triggering extraintestinal infection of rotavirus]. | to investigate the role of immunodeficiency and intestinal mixed infection on inducing extraintestinal dissemination of rotavirus (rv). | 2006 | 17062360 |
| molecular characterisation of the rotavirus strains prevalent in maua, meru north, kenya. | rotavirus is the most common cause of severe infantile diarrhoea disease in infants and young children below five years worldwide. rotavirus is associated with high cases of morbidity and mortality and it is estimated that up to 650,000 deaths in young children occur annually in the less developed countries and approximately 150,000-200,000 deaths occur in africa alone. | 2006 | 17089495 |
| virtual surveillance of communicable diseases: a 20-year experience in france. | inserm has developed, since 1984, an information system based on a computer network of physicians in france. it allows for constitution of large databases on diseases, with individual description of cases, and to explore some aspects of the mathematical theory of communicable diseases. we developed user-friendly interfaces for remote data entry and gis tools providing real-time atlas of the epidemiologic situation in any location. the continuous and ongoing surveillance network is constituted of ... | 2006 | 17089946 |
| [vaccine prevention of rotavirus infection]. | two new life attenuated vaccines have been granted this year a marketing authorization by european and american regulatory agencies. one, rotarix, is a monovalent vaccine derived from a human strain and takes advantage of the cross-reactivity between human rotavirus strains. the other, rotateq, is a pentavalent human-bovine reassortant. these 2 vaccines have been shown to have an excellent safety profile in clinical trials and are highly effective in protecting infants against severe manifestati ... | 2006 | 17091899 |
| reductions in cross-neutralizing antibody responses in infants after attenuation of the human rotavirus vaccine candidate 89-12. | the g1p1a[8] rotavirus vaccine candidate 89-12, the precursor to rotarix, stimulated high titers of neutralizing antibodies to non-g1/p1a[8] serotypes of human rotavirus in naturally infected subjects before attenuation by cell-culture passages. these responses were greatly diminished in young infants (median age, 11 weeks) administered the attenuated vaccine. because of the possibility of improved responses in older infants, the immunogenicity of the 89-12 vaccine candidate was evaluated after ... | 2006 | 17109346 |
| vaccines against traveler's diarrhoea and rotavirus disease - a review. | diarrheal diseases constitute one of the most important health problems worldwide, preferentially in developing countries with a morbidity of estimated 5 billion and a mortality of 5 million cases per year. children less than 5 years are particularly in danger with respect to the incidence and severity of the gastrointestinal symptoms. travelers to developing countries are also at risk to develop diarrheal disorders; around 30-50% of them acquire so called "travelers's diarrhea" caused by bacter ... | 2006 | 17131234 |
| g and p genotyping of human rotavirus isolated in a university hospital in korea: implications for nosocomial infections. | to characterize rotavirus g and p genotypes circulating among infants and young children hospitalized with severe diarrhea in a university hospital in gyeonggi province, korea, and to examine any association of the genotypes and nosocomial infections, we genotyped 103 isolates of rotavirus by multiplex rt-pcr. in july 2001-june 2002, we found that globally common strains constituted 64.2% (g2p[4] 28.3%, g3p[8] 28.3%, g4p[8] 5.7%, and g1p[8] 1.9%), and the uncommon strain, g4p[6], constituted 26. ... | 2006 | 17179673 |
| [recommendations for the use of rotavirus vaccines in industrialized countries]. | rotavirus (rv) infection is an important cause of morbidity all over the world. in industrialised countries the mortality is low, but the sanitary and social burden of the disease is important. two safe and effective vaccines are available: rotarix, live attenuated monovalent human derived vaccine, and rotateq, live attenuated pentavalent human-bovine reassortant vaccine. in usa, acip recently recommended anti rv vaccination to all children. in europe both vaccines have been approved by emea. in ... | 2006 | 17256023 |
| [vaccination schedule of the spanish association of pediatrics: recommendations 2007]. | the vaccine advisory committee of the spanish association of pediatrics provides information on the new developments in vaccines that have taken place in 2006 and recommends certain modifications to the immunization schedule for 2007. to ensure early protection, the measles-mumps-rubella (mmr) vaccine booster dose should be administered when children start school (3-4 years). based on existing scientific evidence, the importance of universal heptavalent conjugate pneumococcal vaccination, as occ ... | 2007 | 17266854 |
| routine vaccines across the life span, 2007. | routine vaccines are listed on the recommended childhood and adolescent immunization schedule and the recommended adult immunization schedule published by the centers for disease control and prevention and reviewed and updated by the advisory committee on immunization practices. for these vaccines, we discuss the disease burden, rationale for vaccination, efficacy, adverse reactions, and recommendations. some new vaccines are discussed here (tdap and zoster), whereas others (rotavirus and human ... | 2007 | 17270108 |
| rotavirus-neutralizing antibodies inhibit virus binding to integrins alpha 2 beta 1 and alpha 4 beta 1. | rotavirus outer capsid proteins vp5(*), vp8(*) and vp7 elicit neutralizing, protective antibodies. the alpha 2 beta 1 integrin is a cellular receptor for rotavirus that is bound by vp5(*). some rotaviruses also recognize the alpha 4 beta 1 integrin. in this study, the effects of antibodies to rotavirus on virus binding to recombinant alpha 2 beta 1 and alpha 4 beta 1 expressed on k562 cells were determined. all neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to vp5(*) tested (yo-2c2, 2g4, 1a10) and two to vp ... | 2007 | 17318737 |
| two new vaccines: gardasil and rotateq. | | 2007 | 17319292 |
| detection of viral agents in fecal specimens of monkeys with diarrhea. | diarrheal disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in humans and animals, including non human primates. while the diagnostics for gastrointestinal bacterial and parasitic pathogens and their etiological role in disease are well established, little is known about the epidemiology, prevalence and role of viral agents in diarrheal illness among monkeys. | 2007 | 17493140 |
| genotypes and molecular epidemiology of human astroviruses in hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis in rio de janeiro, brazil. | human astrovirus (hastv) is an important pathogen that causes acute gastroenteritis mainly in children up to 5 years old worldwide. a total of 318 fecal samples were collected from january to december of 2004 from children with acute gastroenteritis hospitalized in rio de janeiro (rj), brazil. the samples were obtained from three public hospitals and were previously investigated for the presence of rotavirus (rv) and enteric adenovirus (adv). the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence ... | 2007 | 17516522 |
| evidence for bovine origin of vp4 and vp7 genes of human group a rotavirus g6p[14] and g10p[14] strains. | | 2007 | 17537935 |
| genetic heterogeneity, evolution and recombination in emerging g9 rotaviruses. | g9 rotavirus is recognized as the emerging genotype spreading around the world. the rapidly increasing detection of this virus in association with the genetic heterogeneity raises questions regarding its origin and epidemiological importance. a total of 380 sequences of rotavirus g9 strains including our sequence data from vietnam and japan, which were detected from 1983 to 2006 in five different continents, were collected from genbank to investigate their heterogeneity and evolution. a novel no ... | 2007 | 17544926 |
| rix4414 (rotarix): a live attenuated human rotavirus vaccine. | | 2007 | 17551651 |
| comparison of elisa with shell vial cell culture method for the detection of human rotavirus in fecal specimens. | the aim of the study was to compare an enzyme immunoassay method with shell vial cell culture method for detection of rotavirus in fecal specimens. in addition, the correlation between laboratory results and clinical scores of patients with gastroenteritis was evaluated. a total of 219 fecal specimens from children (ages 3 weeks to 5 years) with acute gastroenteritis submitted to pediatric emergency room were evaluated by both elisa and shell vial cell culture. a vesikari score was used for asse ... | 2007 | 17619254 |
| immunizations, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and animal-induced injuries. | to report recent research findings and new recommendations on immunizations, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, and animal-induced injuries. | 2007 | 17630617 |
| electropherotypes of rotaviruses in children less than 5 years old in abidjan, cote d'ivoire in 1997. | rotaviruses are associated with gastroenteritis in human infants and the young of many species. in this study, we analysed the circulating strains of human rotavirus isolated from young children in abidjan by electrophoresis of the viral rna genome in agarose gels. rotavirus strains were identified in 33 children less than two years of age in the yopougon district of abidjan, cote d'lvoire. viral rna was extracted from the stools by phenol-chloroform treatment at 56 degrees c, followed by centri ... | 2001 | 17650045 |
| prevalence and characterization of enteric adenoviruses in the south of ireland. | enteric adenoviruses have been shown to be a substantial cause of pediatric gastroenteritis in various parts of the world, and are considered to be the second most common cause of viral gastroenteritis, next to rotavirus in young children. genetic characterization of 95 adenovirus isolates obtained from patients with acute gastroenteritis between 2002 and 2007 from the southern regions of ireland, were characterized by pcr analysis, restriction endonuclease (re) analysis and sequencing analysis. ... | 2007 | 17705179 |
| characterization of a g11,p[4] strain of human rotavirus isolated in south korea. | a novel human rotavirus strain, cuk-1, containing a g11 type combined with a p[4] type was isolated from a 1-year-old female patient with fever and severe diarrhea at our lady of mercy hospital in incheon, south korea. this cuk-1 strain showed the highest degree of nucleic acid similarity (98.7% and 93%) to g11 dhaka6 and p[4] rv 5, respectively. this novel combined type of cuk-1 rotavirus strain (g11,p[4]) was uncovered from humans and is reported on here for the first time. | 2007 | 17728473 |
| rotavirus vaccines: entering a new stage of deployment. | rotavirus is the single most important cause of severe diarrhoea in infants and young children. this review provides updated information concerning three rotavirus vaccines that are being evaluated and introduced globally. | 2007 | 17762784 |
| advances in defining etiology and new therapeutic approaches in acute diarrhea. | defining etiology of acute diarrhea is critical to disease therapy and prevention. in this review we look at recent developments in etiologic agents of acute diarrhea and advances in therapy and prevention of the illness. newly appreciated agents include enterotoxigenic bacteroides fragilis, klebsiella oxytoca and laribacter hongkongensis. atypical enteropathogenic e. coli (epec) strains lacking the gene for epithelial attachment appear to be more important as causes of diarrhea than traditional ... | 2007 | 17825422 |
| rotavirus g5p[6] in child with diarrhea, vietnam. | we detected rotavirus g5p[6] with a long rna pattern in a vietnamese child with diarrhea. viral outer capsid protein vp7 and vp4 genes suggest that it likely originated from porcine rotavirus either by genetic reassortment or as whole virions. to our knowledge, this is the first report of human rotavirus g5 in asia. | 2007 | 17953100 |
| what is going on with vaccines: keeping up with the childhood immunization schedule. | in the last 25 years, the number of diseases prevented by vaccination in childhood has more than doubled, challenging practitioners to become familiar with a host of new vaccine recommendations. incorporating new vaccines into practice is facilitated by an understanding of the processes that affect their use. factors that influence the successful incorporation of a vaccine into routine practice include licensing, development of recommendations, identification of funding sources, liability covera ... | 2007 | 17984706 |
| safety and efficacy of the pentavalent human-bovine (wc3) reassortant rotavirus vaccine in healthy premature infants. | premature infants seem to be at greater risk of hospitalization from rotavirus gastroenteritis than term infants. safety and efficacy of the pentavalent human-bovine (wc3) reassortant rotavirus vaccine were assessed in premature infants enrolled in the large-scale, blinded, placebo-controlled rotavirus efficacy and safety trial (rest). | 2007 | 18043445 |
| prevalence, types, and rna concentrations of human parechoviruses, including a sixth parechovirus type, in stool samples from patients with acute enteritis. | parechovirus epidemiology and disease association are not fully understood. real-time reverse transcriptase pcr (rt-pcr) for all human parechoviruses (hpev) was applied on stool samples from two groups of patients. both groups contained patients with acute enteritis of all age groups, seen during one full year. patients with norovirus, adenovirus, enterovirus, astrovirus, or rotavirus infections were excluded. in 118 patients from outbreak and hospital settings, no hpev was detected. in a prospe ... | 2008 | 18057123 |
| rare au-1-like g3p[9] human rotaviruses with a kun-like nsp4 gene detected in children with diarrhea in italy. | three g3p[9] rotaviruses, detected in children hospitalized with gastroenteritis in palermo, italy, were found to be genetically related to strains of either human or feline origin in the vp7, vp4, and vp6 genes. in contrast, in the nsp4 gene the viruses resembled g2p[4] human strains, suggesting a reassortment between au-1-like and kun-like strains. | 2008 | 18063802 |
| use of sequence analysis of the vp4 gene to classify recent vietnamese rotavirus isolates. | twenty-eight strains of p(8), four of p(4) and one of p(19) rotavirus, isolated in ho chi minh city, vietnam, during 2002-2003, were investigated by sequence analysis of the vp4 gene. seven of the 28 p(8) rotavirus vp4 sequences clustered in the p(8)-3 lineage, or the rare, so-called op354-like lineage. amino-acid sequence comparison revealed that vietnamese p(8)-3 rotaviruses were generally very similar to malawian strains, including the prototype op354 strain. the numerical severity scores of ... | 2008 | 18190567 |
| genetic heterogeneity of porcine enteric caliciviruses identified from diarrhoeic piglets. | enteric caliciviruses (noroviruses and sapoviruses) are responsible for the majority of non-bacterial gastroenteritis in humans of all age groups. analysis of the polymerase and capsid genes has provided evidence for a huge genetic diversity, but the understanding of their ecology is limited. in this study, we investigated the presence of porcine enteric caliciviruses in the faeces of piglets with diarrhoea. a total of 209 samples from 118 herds were analysed and calicivirus rna was detected by ... | 2008 | 18204823 |
| canine-origin g3p[3] rotavirus strain in child with acute gastroenteritis. | infection by an animal-like strain of rotavirus (pa260/97) was diagnosed in a child with gastroenteritis in palermo, italy, in 1997. sequence analysis of vp7, vp4, vp6, and nsp4 genes showed resemblance to a g3p[3] canine strain identified in italy in 1996. dogs are a potential source of human viral pathogens. | 2007 | 18214189 |
| full genome-based classification of rotaviruses reveals a common origin between human wa-like and porcine rotavirus strains and human ds-1-like and bovine rotavirus strains. | group a rotavirus classification is currently based on the molecular properties of the two outer layer proteins, vp7 and vp4, and the middle layer protein, vp6. as reassortment of all the 11 rotavirus gene segments plays a key role in generating rotavirus diversity in nature, a classification system that is based on all the rotavirus gene segments is desirable for determining which genes influence rotavirus host range restriction, replication, and virulence, as well as for studying rotavirus epi ... | 2008 | 18216098 |
| [important issues of biological safety]. | the problem of biological security raises alarm due to the real growth of biological threats. biological security includes a wide scope of problems, the solution of which becomes a part of national security as a necessary condition for the constant development of the country. a number of pathogens, such as human immunodeficiency virus, exotic ebola and lassa viruses causing hemorrhagic fever,rotaviruses causing acute intestinal diseases, etc. were first discovered in the last century. terrorist ... | 2007 | 18225506 |
| the vp7 genes of two g9 rotaviruses isolated in 1980 from diarrheal stool samples collected in washington, dc, are unique molecularly and serotypically. | in a retrospective study of archival diarrheal stool samples collected from 1974 to 1991 at children's hospital national medical center, washington, dc, we detected three genotype g9p[8] viruses in specimens collected in 1980, which represented the earliest human g9 viruses ever isolated. the vp7 genes of two culture-adapted 1980 g9 viruses were phylogenetically related closely to the lineage 2 g9 virus vp7 gene. unexpectedly, however, the vp7s of the 1980 g9 viruses were more closely related se ... | 2008 | 18234798 |
| development of a rapid and sensitive latex agglutination-based method for detection of group a rotavirus. | considering the background of morbidity and mortality caused by human rotavirus, detection methods that use rotavirus group antigen (vp6) in either enzyme immunoassay (eia) or latex agglutination test (lat) has been employed routinely in clinical diagnostic and epidemiological studies. in order to develop a rapid and sensitive rotavirus group a lat, part of segment 6 corresponding to conserved n-terminal portion of the vp6 (1-245 aa) was cloned in escherichia coli expression pgex vector (glutath ... | 2008 | 18241934 |
| changes in macromolecular transport appear early in caco-2 cells infected with a human rotavirus. | rotavirus is a major cause of viral gastroenteritis, but its interaction with intestinal mucosa is poorly understood. the aim of this study was to examine the effect of wa rotavirus (vp7 serotype 1) on barrier function in confluent caco-2 cell monolayers. wa is the most common serotype causing severe diarrhoea in humans. material and methods. we examined light and electron microscopic morphology, macromolecular transport, paracellular permeability, electrical parameters, disaccharidases and cyto ... | 2008 | 18266175 |
| rotavirus vaccines: how they work or don't work. | in 2004 and 2006, two new rotavirus vaccines - rotarixtrade mark and rotateqtrade mark - were licensed worldwide. both are live virus vaccines and are composed of either a monovalent attenuated human rotavirus or five bovine-human reassortant rotaviruses, respectively. studies in humans and animals have reported correlations between rotavirus antibody levels and protection, the most consistent of which has been with rotavirus iga. cellular immunity was also found to have a role in protection aft ... | 2008 | 18267049 |
| infectivity and genome persistence of rotavirus and astrovirus in groundwater and surface water. | in this work, we have characterized the survival of rhesus rotavirus (rrv) and human astrovirus yuc8 in clean groundwater and contaminated surface water, as well as in phosphate-buffered solutions maintained in the same conditions as the environmental waters, and have compared the dynamics of virus inactivation with the persistence of the viral genomes, as determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qrt-pcr). in addition, we also studied the tolerance of these vir ... | 2008 | 18291437 |
| molecular characterization of unusual human g5p[6] rotaviruses identified in china. | we found an unusual human rotavirus, ll36755 of g5p[6] genotype, in a stool sample collected in lulong county, hebei province, china. this is the first detection of rotavirus serotype g5 in asia. | 2008 | 18304868 |
| detection and quantification of group c rotaviruses in communal sewage. | group c rotaviruses have been recognized as a cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans, cattle, and swine, although the true epidemiologic and clinical importance of this virus in these hosts has not yet been fully established. a real-time pcr assay based on a broadly reactive primer pair was developed and used to quantitatively determine the viral load of group c rotaviruses in environmental samples. a total of 35 raw and 35 treated sewage samples collected at the same sampling time in four hun ... | 2008 | 18390677 |
| probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. | according to the german definition, probiotics are defined viable microorganisms, sufficient amounts of which reach the intestine in an active state and thus exert positive health effects. numerous probiotic microorganisms (e.g. lactobacillus rhamnosus gg, l. reuteri, bifidobacteria and certain strains of l. casei or the l. acidophilus-group) are used in probiotic food, particularly fermented milk products, or have been investigated--as well as escherichia coli strain nissle 1917, certain entero ... | 2008 | 18461293 |
| efficacy of pentavalent human-bovine (wc3) reassortant rotavirus vaccine based on breastfeeding frequency. | the efficacy of a live, oral, pentavalent rotavirus vaccine against g1-4 rotavirus gastroenteritis (rvge) was retrospectively assessed based on breastfeeding frequency among 5098 infants in a placebo-controlled trial. the efficacy against any rvge severity for infants never breastfed, sometimes breastfed, or exclusively breastfed was 68.3%, 82.2%, and 68.0%, respectively. the efficacy against severe rvge was 100%, 95.4%, and 100%, respectively. breastfeeding did not seem to adversely impact the ... | 2008 | 18520448 |
| crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction analysis of the carbohydrate-recognizing domain (vp8*) of bovine rotavirus strain ncdv. | the infectivity of rotavirus is dramatically enhanced by proteolytic cleavage of its outer layer vp4 spike protein into two functional domains, vp8* and vp5*. the carbohydrate-recognizing domain vp8* is proposed to bind sialic acid-containing host cell-surface glycans and this is followed by a series of subsequent virus-cell interactions. live attenuated human and bovine rotavirus vaccine candidates for the prevention of gastroenteritis have been derived from bovine rotavirus strain ncdv. the nc ... | 2008 | 18540062 |
| health and economic outcomes of hpv 16,18 vaccination in 72 gavi-eligible countries. | the risk of dying from cervical cancer is disproportionately borne by women in developing countries. two new vaccines are highly effective in preventing hpv 16,18 infection, responsible for approximately 70% of cervical cancer, in girls not previously infected. the gavi alliance (gavi) provides technical assistance and financial support for immunization in the world's poorest countries. using population-based and epidemiologic data for 72 gavi-eligible countries we estimate averted cervical canc ... | 2008 | 18550229 |
| delayed onset and diminished magnitude of rotavirus activity--united states, november 2007-may 2008. | rotavirus is the leading cause of severe acute gastroenteritis among infants and young children, accounting for an estimated 527,000 deaths among children aged <5 years worldwide in 2004 (1,2). in the united states, rotavirus causes few deaths (20-60) each year, but remains a substantial cause of morbidity among children, resulting in approximately 55,000--70,000 hospitalizations, 205,000-272,000 emergency department (ed) visits, and 410,000 physician office visits. in the continental united sta ... | 2008 | 18583958 |
| improved inactivation of nonenveloped enteric viruses and their surrogates by a novel alcohol-based hand sanitizer. | norovirus is the leading cause of food-related illness in the united states, and contamination of ready-to-eat items by food handlers poses a high risk for disease. this study reports the in vitro (suspension test) and in vivo (fingerpad protocol) assessments of a new ethanol-based hand sanitizer containing a synergistic blend of polyquaternium polymer and organic acid, which is active against viruses of public health importance, including norovirus. when tested in suspension, the test product r ... | 2008 | 18586970 |
| molecular characterization of the nsp4 gene of human group a rotavirus samples from the west central region of brazil. | nonstructural protein 4 (nsp4), encoded by group a rotavirus genome segment 10, is a multifunctional protein and the first recognized virus-encoded enterotoxin. the nsp4 gene has been sequenced, and five distinct genetic groups have been described: genotypes a-e. nsp4 genotypes a, b, and c have been detected in humans. in this study, the nsp4-encoding gene of human rotavirus strains of different g and p genotypes collected from children between 1987 and 2003 in three cities of west central regio ... | 2008 | 18592101 |
| molecular characterization of vp4, vp6 and vp7 genes of a rare g8p[14] rotavirus strain detected in an infant with gastroenteritis in italy. | in this study, the molecular characterization of a rare g8p[14] group a rotavirus (garv) strain detected in northern italy during the 2004-2005 epidemiological rotavirus season is described. two hundred and seventy three rotavirus-like particle positive stools out of 856 stools from children (31.9%) hospitalized with gastroenteritis were analyzed using polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis and 271 garvs were genotyped by vp7 and vp4 specific rt-pcrs. one strain (pr/1300/04) with a long electrophero ... | 2008 | 18674577 |
| detection of a porcine-like rotavirus in a child with enteritis in italy. | during a 1-year rotavirus surveillance of children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in brescia hospital, italy, a chimerical rotavirus strain, g3p[6], was detected, displaying the vp7 and vp4 genes of porcine origin and the nsp4 and vp6 genes of human origin. the reassortant nature of the virus rules out a direct zoonotic event. | 2008 | 18701665 |
| the influence of cd4+ cd25+ foxp3+ regulatory t cells on the immune response to rotavirus infection. | rotavirus (rv) infection of the intestine is the major cause of severe dehydrating diarrhea in infants around the world. although protective immunity against rv, especially acquired b and t-cell responses, has been extensively studied, our understanding of rv immunity remains incomplete. in addition, the interaction between various protective immune mechanisms in the gut and specific enteric immune suppressor systems that normally exert a regulatory function on mucosal immunity has not been exte ... | 2008 | 18725261 |
| progress in understanding norovirus epidemiology. | noroviruses are now recognized as important causes of illness, and their incidence, impact, or both appear to have changed in recent years. this review focuses on studies that provide new knowledge needed to understand their transmission, pathogenesis, evolutionary changes and options for control. | 2008 | 18725806 |
| two out of the 11 genes of an unusual human g6p[6] rotavirus isolate are of bovine origin. | in 2003, we described the first human g6p[6] rotavirus strain (b1711). to investigate further the molecular origin of this strain and to determine the possible reassortments leading to this new gene constellation, the complete genome of strain b1711 was sequenced. simplot analyses were conducted to compare strain b1711 with other known rotavirus gene segments, and phylogenetic dendrograms were constructed to analyse the origin of the eleven genome segments of strain b1711. our analysis indicated ... | 2008 | 18796733 |
| [infectious diseases in poland in 2006]. | over last decade problem of infectious diseases in poland remains stable with trends of decreasing incidence of most reported infectious diseases. in particular there was observed decrease in incidence of tuberculosis and foodborne infections causes by salmonella sp. on the other hand it was observed increase of reported foodborne infections caused by campylobacter and yersinia as well and viral ones caused by noroviruses and rotaviruses. despite marked increase of diagnosed and reported cases s ... | 2008 | 18807459 |
| biometric fingerprinting for visa application: device and procedure are risk factors for infection transmission. | biometric fingerprint identity verification is currently introduced in visa application and entry screening at border control. the system implies physical contact between the skin and the surface of the fingerprint-capturing and reading devices. | 2008 | 19006507 |
| the detection and molecular characterization of human g12 genotypes in south africa. | the last decade has seen an increase in the detection of rotavirus strains other than g1-g4 emerging or even predominating in some settings. the performance of the current rotavirus vaccines against unusual or rare circulating rotavirus serotypes cannot be predicted and continuous monitoring of wild type rotaviruses will remain a priority. routine molecular rotavirus surveillance conducted in the gauteng province, south africa during 2004, resulted in the detection of strains that could not type ... | 2009 | 19031449 |
| emerging viruses in transplantation: there is more to infection after transplant than cmv and ebv. | transplant physicians and surgeons are familiar with the risks, clinical behavior, and management of cytomegalovirus in transplant recipients. donor-transmitted viral infections are uncommon but in recent years have brought to light the clinical manifestations of rabies, west nile virus, and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in the early posttransplant period. later posttransplant, infection with viruses circulating in the community can occur with a number of pathogens, including some vaccine-p ... | 2008 | 19033999 |
| diversity of human rotavirus g and p genotypes in panama, costa rica, and the dominican republic. | in this study 2,089 fecal samples from patients with gastroenteritis were analyzed from different hospitals in panama, costa rica, and the dominican republic during the period comprised between december 2002 and july 2003. one hundred samples per country from the positives to the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) kit were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) to determine the g and p genotypes: in panama, costa rica, and dominican republic the combinations ... | 2008 | 19052306 |
| tight junctions as targets of infectious agents. | the epithelial barrier is a critical border that segregates luminal material from entering tissues. essential components of this epithelial fence are physical intercellular structures termed tight junctions. these junctions use a variety of transmembrane proteins coupled with cytoplasmic adaptors, and the actin cytoskeleton, to attach adjacent cells together thereby forming intercellular seals. breaching of this barrier has profound effects on human health and disease, as barrier deficiencies ha ... | 2009 | 19059200 |
| rotarix: a rotavirus vaccine for the world. | single rotavirus infections have been reported to protect humans against subsequent illnesses caused by both homotypic and heterotypic rotaviruses. on the basis of these observations, a g1p[8] strain of human rotavirus named 89-12 was attenuated by multiple passages in cell culture and was developed into a vaccine candidate (herein referred to as the rix4414 vaccine). this vaccine is currently licensed in >100 countries worldwide, many of which have a universal recommendation for all infants. th ... | 2009 | 19072246 |
| an epidemiological study of enteric viruses in sewage with molecular characterization by rt-pcr and sequence analysis. | the aim of this study was to assess the presence and seasonal frequency of various enteric viruses in wastewater treatment. the detection of astrovirus, norovirus, enterovirus, hepatitis a virus (hav) and rotavirus was carried out by molecular analyses in concentrated water samples collected over 18 months at the entrance and exit of an activated sludge sewage treatment plant. the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) results were confirmed by sequencing, and comparative phylo ... | 2008 | 19108555 |
| rotavirus vaccines and pathogenesis: 2008. | rotaviruses cause life-threatening gastroenteritis in children throughout the world. the burden of disease has resulted in the development of two live, attenuated vaccines that are now licensed in many countries. this review summarizes new data on these vaccines, their effectiveness, and remaining challenges including new data on the rotavirus enterotoxin, a potential antiviral target. | 2009 | 19114772 |
| eukaryotic viruses in wastewater samples from the united states. | human fecal matter contains a large number of viruses, and current bacterial indicators used for monitoring water quality do not correlate with the presence of pathogenic viruses. adenoviruses and enteroviruses have often been used to identify fecal pollution in the environment; however, other viruses shed in fecal matter may more accurately detect fecal pollution. the purpose of this study was to develop a baseline understanding of the types of viruses found in raw sewage. pcr was used to detec ... | 2009 | 19124584 |
| are human p[14] rotavirus strains the result of interspecies transmissions from sheep or other ungulates that belong to the mammalian order artiodactyla? | a limited number of human g6p[14] rotavirus strains that cause gastroenteritis in humans have been isolated in europe and australia. the complete genome sequences were determined for five of these human strains--b10925-97 (isolated in belgium in 1997), 111/05-27 (italy, 2005), pa169 (italy, 1987), mg6 (australia, 1993), and hun5 (hungary, 1997)--and their genetic relatedness to animal rotavirus strains was evaluated by sequencing the complete genome of the sheep rotavirus ovr762 (g8p[14]; spain, ... | 2009 | 19153225 |
| live attenuated human rotavirus vaccine, rix4414, provides clinical protection in infants against rotavirus strains with and without shared g and p genotypes: integrated analysis of randomized controlled trials. | : the 2-dose, oral live attenuated human g1p[8] rotavirus vaccine (rix4414) is highly effective against rotavirus gastroenteritis caused by circulating g1 and non-g1 types. an integrated analysis on vaccine efficacy was undertaken to obtain more precise estimates of the overall protective effect of the rix4414 vaccine against rotavirus gastroenteritis due to common rotavirus types (g1, g3, g4, g9, p[8]) and less commonly encountered strains such as g2p[4] across heterogenous settings. | 2009 | 19289978 |
| genomic characterization of human rotavirus g8 strains from the african rotavirus network: relationship to animal rotaviruses. | global rotavirus surveillance has led to the detection of many unusual human rotavirus (hrv) genotypes. during 1996-2004 surveillance within the african rotavirus network (arn), six p[8],g8 and two p[6],g8 human rotavirus strains were identified. gene fragments (rt-pcr amplicons) of all 11-gene segments of these g8 strains were sequenced in order to elucidate their genetic and evolutionary relationships. phylogenetic and sequence analyses of each gene segment revealed high similarities (88-100% ... | 2009 | 19319943 |
| emergence of unusual human rotavirus strains in salento, italy, during 2006-2007. | in recent years, rotavirus genotyping by rt-pcr has provided valuable information about the diversity of rotaviruses (rv) circulating throughout the world.the purpose of the present study was to monitor the prevalence of the different g and p genotypes of rotaviruses circulating in salento and detect any uncommon or novel types. | 2009 | 19368717 |
| annual report: surveillance of adverse events following immunisation in australia, 2007. | this report summarises australian passive surveillance data for adverse events following immunisation (aefi) reported to the therapeutic goods administration for 2007, and describes reporting trends over the 8-year period 2000 to 2007. there were 1,538 aefi records for vaccines administered in 2007. this is an annual aefi reporting rate of 7.3 per 100,000 population, the highest since 2003 and an 85% increase compared with 2006 (835 aefi records; 4.0 records per 100,000 population). the increase ... | 2008 | 19374268 |
| immunomodulators released during rotavirus infection of polarized caco-2 cells. | rotavirus preferentially replicates in enterocytes and "danger signals" released by these cells are likely to modulate viral immunity. as a model of these events, we studied selected immunomodulators released during rotavirus infection of polarized caco-2 cells grown in transwell cultures (tw). at early time points post-infection the virus was detected mainly in the apical side of the tws, but this tendency was progressively lost concomitantly with disruption of the cell monolayer and cell death ... | 2009 | 19435412 |
| a naturally processed epitope on rotavirus vp7 glycoprotein recognized by hla-a2.1-restricted cytotoxic cd8+ t cells. | previous studies in mice have shown that cd8(+) t cells can mediate clearance of rotavirus (rv) infection and provide protection from reinfection. moreover, it has been demonstrated that vp7 can induce a cross-reactive and vigorous specific cytotoxic t-lymphocyte (ctl) response. in this study, a panel of the potential human leukocyte antigen (hla)-a2.1-restricted ctl epitopes derived from the human rv wa strain vp7 glycoprotein were screened and assessed using reverse immunogenetics. the specifi ... | 2009 | 19435415 |
| comparison of the efficacy of rotavirus vlp vaccines to a live homologous rotavirus vaccine in a pig model of rotavirus disease. | rotavirus-like particles (vlps) have shown promise as rotavirus vaccine candidates in mice, rabbits and pigs. in pigs, vlp vaccines reduced rotavirus shedding and disease but only when used in conjunction with live attenuated human rotavirus. using a porcine rotavirus pig model, rotavirus antigen shedding was reduced by up to 40% after vaccination with vlps including the neutralizing antigens vp7 and vp8* when used in combination with the adjuvant polyphosphazene poly[di(carbozylatophenoxy)phosh ... | 2009 | 19446192 |
| donor breastmilk saved infant lives during an outbreak of rotavirus in south africa. | | 2009 | 19500060 |
| [improved expression of human rotavirus g1vp7 and g3vp7 antigens in the recombinant adenoviruses by codon optimization]. | to increase the recombinant adenovirus vector mediated human rotavirus g1vp7 and g3vp7 gene expression through coden optimization. | 2008 | 19544638 |
| molecular and biotechnological advances in milk proteins in relation to human health. | milk and colostrum is a rich source of proteins/peptides which have crucial roles in both neonates and adults. milk bioactive proteins and peptides are potential health-enhancing nutraceuticals for food. many bioactive peptides/proteins may be used as nutraceuticals, for example, in the treatment of cancer, asthma, diarrhea, hypertension, thrombosis, dental diseases, as well as mineral malabsorption, and immunodeficiency. the following components of milk are of particular interest in the recent ... | 2009 | 19689355 |
| population context determines cell-to-cell variability in endocytosis and virus infection. | single-cell heterogeneity in cell populations arises from a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. this heterogeneity has been measured for gene transcription, phosphorylation, cell morphology and drug perturbations, and used to explain various aspects of cellular physiology. in all cases, however, the causes of heterogeneity were not studied. here we analyse, for the first time, the heterogeneous patterns of related cellular activities, namely virus infection, endocytosis and membrane ... | 2009 | 19710653 |
| is norovirus a foodborne or pandemic pathogen? an analysis of the transmission of norovirus-associated gastroenteritis and the roles of food and food handlers. | this study examined the association of norovirus with foodborne disease outbreaks linked to food handlers and foodborne outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis associated with norovirus, in comparison to salmonella foodborne gastroenteritis. comparative analysis using chi(2)-tests showed no similarity between the outbreaks from norovirus and those from salmonella. odds ratios also showed a stronger similarity between the proportions of food handler-implicated norovirus outbreaks than from salmonella- ... | 2009 | 19735199 |
| molecular characteristics of german g8p[4] rotavirus strain ger1h-09 suggest that a genotyping and subclassification update is required for g8. | a rare g8p[4] rotavirus, designated ger1h-09, was detected in a stool sample from an infant suffering from repeated episodes of emesis for 2 days without diarrhea. sequencing of all genomic rna segments was performed, and complete coding sequences were determined. the vp7 amino acid sequence revealed a close phylogenetic relationship to human g8p[6] and g8p[8] isolates from slovenia and africa. ger1h-09 shared typical amino acid residues within variable regions vr3 to vr7 with those strains, and ... | 2009 | 19741083 |
| molecular characterization of a rare, human-porcine reassortant rotavirus strain, g11p[6], from ecuador. | the pan-american health organization established a rotavirus pre-vaccination disease burden and strain surveillance network in latin america and the caribbean in 2004. during strain surveillance in ecuador in 2005-2006, a rare rotavirus genotype, g11p[6], was detected among common strains. sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of this strain identified a novel lineage of the g11 vp7 gene, most closely related to a253 (91.8% nt identity), a porcine rotavirus strain identified in venezuela. most ge ... | 2009 | 19763776 |
| rotac: a web-based tool for the complete genome classification of group a rotaviruses. | group a rotaviruses are the most common cause of severe diarrhea in infants and children worldwide and continue to have a major global impact on childhood morbidity and mortality. in recent years, considerable research efforts have been devoted to the development of two new live, orally administered vaccines. although both vaccines have proven to confer a good protection against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis, these vaccines will have to be screened and may have to be updated regularly to refl ... | 2009 | 19930627 |
| effect of human rotavirus vaccine on severe diarrhea in african infants. | rotavirus is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis among young children worldwide. data are needed to assess the efficacy of the rotavirus vaccine in african children. | 2010 | 20107214 |
| vaccine-acquired rotavirus in infants with severe combined immunodeficiency. | live pentavalent human-bovine reassortant rotavirus vaccine is recommended in the united states for routine immunization of infants. we describe three infants, two with failure to thrive, who had dehydration and diarrhea within 1 month after their first or second rotavirus immunization and subsequently received a diagnosis of severe combined immunodeficiency. rotavirus was detected, by means of reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction (rt-pcr) assay, in stool specimens obtained from all t ... | 2010 | 20107217 |
| prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of rotavirus genotypes in thailand between 2007 and 2009. | rotaviruses are the most common cause of severe diarrhea among infants and young children worldwide, especially in developing countries. in thailand, rotavirus has presented a major public health problem causing severe diarrhea in infants and young children. it was responsible for about one-third of diarrheal diseases in hospitalized patients. in this study, we have analyzed the distribution and performed molecular characterization of rotaviruses circulating in infants and young children with di ... | 2010 | 20156600 |
| rotavirus differentially infects and polyclonally stimulates human b cells depending on their differentiation state and tissue of origin. | we have shown previously that rotavirus (rv) can infect murine intestinal b220(+) cells in vivo (m. fenaux, m. a. cuadras, n. feng, m. jaimes, and h. b. greenberg, j. virol. 80:5219-5232, 2006) and human blood b cells in vitro (m. c. mesa, l. s. rodriguez, m. a. franco, and j. angel, virology 366:174-184, 2007). however, the effect of rv on b cells, especially those present in the human intestine, the primary site of rv infection, is unknown. here, we compared the effects of the in vitro rv infe ... | 2010 | 20164228 |
| genetic variation of g4p[6] rotaviruses: evidence for novel strains circulating between the hospital and community. | one hundred forty-six fecal specimens collected between 2007 and 2008 from infants with acute gastroenteritis were screened for rotavirus by elisa with vp6-specific antibody. one hundred twenty-three of the samples (84.2%) were confirmed to be positive for group a rotavirus (community-acquired, n = 90 [73.2%] and nosocomial, n = 33 [26.8%]), and were typed subsequently using rt-pcr and sequence analysis methods. determination of g- and p-type combinations showed that g4p[6] (78.9%) was the most ... | 2010 | 20166174 |
| novel light-upon-extension real-time pcr assay for simultaneous detection, quantification, and genogrouping of group a rotavirus. | we have developed a light-upon-extension (lux) real-time pcr assay for detection, quantification, and genogrouping of group a rotavirus (rv), the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in children. the lux system uses a fluorophore attached to one primer and having a self-quenching hairpin structure, making it cost-effective and specific. we designed genogroup-specific primers having different fluorophores, making it possible to differentiate between the two main genogroups of human group a ... | 2010 | 20220154 |