| conditions in lairages at abattoirs for ruminants in southwest england and in vitro survival of escherichia coli o157, salmonella kedougou, and campylobacter jejuni on lairage-related substrates. | information on lairages (regarding design, construction materials, and use of bedding and cleaning regimes) was collected for 21 commercial cattle and/or sheep abattoirs in southwest england. overall, roughened or grooved concrete was the most common lairage flooring material. straw bedding was used in the majority of lairages and was changed between animal batches, daily, weekly, and monthly in roughly 5, 60, 15, and 10%, respectively, of the surveyed lairages. lairages were commonly washed wit ... | 2003 | 14503707 |
| early dissemination of foot-and-mouth disease virus through sheep marketing in february 2001. | the results of epidemiological investigations suggest that livestock on up to 79 premises, spread widely throughout the british isles, may have been exposed to infection by foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus by the movement of infected sheep before the first case of the disease was confirmed at an abattoir in essex on february 20, 2001. a further 36 premises may have been infected by this route before the national livestock movement ban was imposed on february 23. | 2003 | 12885212 |
| salmonella ruiru infection in sheep. an outbreak of abortion in south east england. | | 1964 | 14198342 |
| a descriptive study of 'kangaroo gait' in sheep in northern britain. | two questionnaires were undertaken to obtain improved knowledge of the signalment, incidence and risk factors of the condition termed 'kangaroo gait' (kg; a forelimb locomotor disorder of adult female sheep). the first survey was mailed to 221 veterinary surgeons in practices in northern britain which provided veterinary care for sheep, and the second was mailed to 438 sheep-flock owners and managers located in the scottish borders, who were recruited via their veterinary surgeons. responses of ... | 2003 | 14519343 |
| ecology and biological plasticity of sheep nematodes. i. the effect of temperature on the hatching of eggs of some nematode parasites of sheep. | | 1965 | 14317483 |
| long-term study of cryptosporidium prevalence on a lowland farm in the united kingdom. | a longitudinal sample survey testing for cryptosporidium in livestock and small wild mammals conducted over 6 years (1992-1997) on a lowland farm in warwickshire, england, has shown the parasite to be endemic and persistently present in all mammalian categories. faecal samples were taken throughout the year and oocysts concentrated by a formal ether sedimentation method for detection by immunofluorescence staining using a commercially available genus specific monoclonal antibody. cryptosporidium ... | 2003 | 14519315 |
| some thoughts on fmd vaccine, outbreaks. | | 2003 | 12930077 |
| fmd control strategies. | | 2003 | 14567668 |
| ecology and biological plasticity of sheep nematodes. iv. the biological significance of temperature x time hatching curves for eggs of sheep nematodes. | | 1965 | 14317485 |
| footrot in sheep. | | 2003 | 14627244 |
| development and validation of a simulation model for blowfly strike of sheep. | a comprehensive simulation model for sheep blowfly strike due to lucilia sericata (meigen) (diptera: calliphoridae), which builds on previously published versions but also incorporates important new empirical data, is used to explain patterns of lamb and ewe strike recorded on 370 farms in south-west, south-east and central england and wales. the model is able to explain a significant percentage of the variance in lamb strike incidence in all four regions, and ewe strike in three of the four reg ... | 2002 | 12510885 |
| detection of mycoplasma ovipneumoniae in pasteurella-vaccinated sheep flocks with respiratory disease in england. | | 2003 | 14682543 |
| antimicrobial resistance in salmonella isolated from animals and their environment in england and wales from 1988 to 1999. | resistance to 16 antimicrobial agents was monitored in 109,125 salmonella cultures isolated from animals, their environment and feedstuffs between 1988 and 1999. the sensitivity of the 6512 isolates of salmonella enterica enterica serotype dublin to all the antimicrobial agents tested varied from 98.2 per cent in 1997 to 99.7 per cent in 1990 and 1996. in contrast, among 28,053 isolates of salmonella enterica enterica serotype typhimurium, there was a marked decrease in their sensitivity to all ... | 2002 | 12054133 |
| ryegrass staggers alert. | | 2003 | 14620562 |
| ecology and biological plasticity of sheep nematodes. 3. studies on ostertagia circumcincta (stadelmann 1894). | | 1965 | 14319237 |
| risk factors associated with the prevalence of footrot in sheep from 1999 to 2000. | a postal survey of the techniques being used for the treatment and control of footrot in sheep flocks between november 1999 and october 2000 was conducted in england and wales in november 2000. of the 392 questionnaires circulated, 251 (64 per cent) were returned, and 209 of these were usable. negative binomial regression analysis indicated that the isolation of bought-in sheep, and the separation and individual treatment of diseased sheep with parenteral antibiotics, foot trimming and topical f ... | 2003 | 12678258 |
| an account of the experiment of transfusion, practiced upon a man in london. 1667. | | 2002 | 14580110 |
| purulent rhinitis and otitis caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa in sheep showered with contaminated 'shower wash'. | three crossbred lowland ewes developed a severe purulent rhinitis and another three ewes developed a severe purulent otitis externa/media after being showered with a wash that had been used 24 to 48 hours before on a separate group of cheviot ewes with lesions of dermatitis. pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated in pure growth from the aural and nasal abscesses and also from the dermatitis lesions. extended antibiotic susceptibility testing and the random amplification of polymorphic dna indicated ... | 2003 | 14690073 |
| quantitative estimates of the risk of new outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease as a result of burning pyres. | the risk of dispersing foot-and-mouth disease virus into the atmosphere, and spreading it to susceptible holdings as a result of burning large numbers of carcases together on open pyres, has been estimated for six selected pyres burned during the 2001 outbreak in the uk. the probability of an animal or holding becoming infected was dependent on the estimated level of exposure to the virus predicted from the concentrations of virus calculated by the met office, bracknell. in general, the probabil ... | 2004 | 14979669 |
| fasciolosis causes losses in cattle, sheep and camelids. | | 2003 | 12620032 |
| investigation of trace elements in soil as risk factors in the epidemiology of scrapie. | scrapie is a fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) of sheep and goats which is thought to be caused by a conformational change of the normal prion protein to its pathological isoform. it has been speculated that this change may be mediated by an interaction between the prion protein and various trace elements, in particular manganese and copper, and that the levels of trace elements in soils may therefore be risk factors for tses. this hypothesis was tested by comparing the level o ... | 2004 | 15260441 |
| national survey for salmonella in pigs, cattle and sheep at slaughter in great britain (1999-2000). | the objective of these surveys was to estimate the prevalence of faecal carriage of salmonella in healthy pigs, cattle and sheep at slaughter, and of pig carcase contamination with salmonella. these data can be used as a baseline against which future change in salmonella prevalence in these species at slaughter can be monitored. | 2004 | 15012813 |
| estimation of scrapie prevalence in cull and found-dead sheep on the shetland islands. | | 2004 | 15053138 |
| emergence of an apparently neurotropic maedi-visna virus infection in britain. | | 2004 | 14756507 |
| is mad cow disease caused by a bacteria? | transmissible spongioform enchephalopathies (tse's), include bovine spongiform encephalopathy (also called bse or "mad cow disease"), creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd) in humans, and scrapie in sheep. they remain a mystery, their cause hotly debated. but between 1994 and 1996, 12 people in england came down with cjd, the human form of mad cow, and all had eaten beef from suspect cows. current mad cow diagnosis lies solely in the detection of late appearing "prions", an acronym for hypothesized, ge ... | 2004 | 15325025 |
| characterisation of attaching-effacing escherichia coli isolated from animals at slaughter in england and wales. | escherichia coli isolates were recovered from faecal samples taken from cattle, sheep and pigs at slaughter in england and wales. isolates (n = 1227) selected at random from this collection were each hybridised in colony dot-blot experiments with an eae gene probe that presumptively identified attaching-effacing e. coli (aeec). of the 99 (8.1%) eae positive isolates 72 were of ovine origin, 24 were of bovine origin and three of porcine origin. none were typed as o157:h7 whereas 78 were assigned ... | 2004 | 15288926 |
| modelling the costs of fox predation and preventive measures on sheep farms in britain. | economic analysis is a useful tool to aid decisions on what to do about wildlife impacts, such as those of vertebrate predators on livestock farmers. the case-study of lamb predation by foxes in britain is used to develop a theoretical economic model, with the aim of determining a financially optimal solution to minimise the total costs of livestock predation at the farm-level. total costs include output losses and expenditure on preventive and control measures, in this case indoor housing and l ... | 2004 | 15160739 |
| neurological complications in sheep following administration of parenteral copper. | | 2004 | 15130062 |
| frequent diagnoses of nephrosis in lambs in may. | | 2004 | 15264482 |
| risk factors associated with the prevalence of interdigital dermatitis in sheep from 1999 to 2000. | as part of an investigation into improving the treatment and control of lameness in sheep flocks in england and wales, a postal survey was conducted in november 2000. farmers were asked to estimate the prevalence of footrot and interdigital dermatitis in their flocks. in the ewes the prevalence of interdigital dermatitis remained relatively stable throughout the year, but there was a large increase in lambs during late spring and early summer. logistic regression models were used to assess stati ... | 2004 | 15143999 |
| cosmogenic 7be deposition in north wales: 7be concentrations in sheep faeces in relation to altitude and precipitation. | beryllium-7 (7be) is a cosmogenic radionuclide with a half-life of 53.3 days produced mostly in the stratosphere by cosmic ray spallation of nitrogen and oxygen and entering the lower troposphere by atmospheric circulation processes. most of the nuclide is removed by rainout during precipitation, so given that rainfall generally increases with altitude, it was considered probable that 7be deposition would also be greater at higher altitudes. the aim of this study was to determine if there is any ... | 2005 | 15511568 |
| multiresistant nematodes on a devon farm. | | 2003 | 14640331 |
| risks to farm animals from pathogens in composted catering waste containing meat. | uncooked meat may contain animal pathogens, including bovine spongiform encephalopathy, foot-and-mouth disease virus, african swine fever virus and classical swine fever virus, and to prevent outbreaks of these diseases in farm animals, the disposal of meat from catering waste is controlled under the animal by-products regulations. this paper estimates the risks to farm animals of grazing land on to which compost, produced by the composting of catering waste containing meat, has been applied. th ... | 2004 | 15311800 |
| bovine digital dermatitis and severe virulent ovine foot rot: a common spirochaetal pathogenesis. | a potential pathological role for spirochaetes in bovine digital dermatitis (bovine dd) and severe virulent ovine foot rot (svofr) has been considered and a treponeme isolate obtained from each disease in the uk. in this work, we have investigated the hypothesis that the two diseases may have a shared (common) spirochaetal aetiology. experiments were designed to identify serological similarities and differences between the two spirochaetes; an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was develo ... | 2005 | 15727915 |
| the foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in dumfries and galloway, 2001. 1: characteristics and control. | the foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in dumfries and galloway in south-west scotland comprised 177 infected premises (ips) in 24 geographical clusters, and ran from march 1 until may 23, 2001. initial seeding of infection was by livestock (predominantly sheep) that had passed through longtown market in adjacent cumbria. thereafter, spread within existing, and to new, clusters was associated with the movement of personnel and vehicles, with further transmission by longtown market contacts and acro ... | 2005 | 15751571 |
| fmd and the contiguous cull. | | 2004 | 15508849 |
| control of sheep blowfly strike using fly-traps. | the use of fly-traps for the control of sheep blowfly strike was examined on 12 commercial sheep farms in south west england in 2003. two flocks acted as controls, with no prophylactic blowfly strike control. four flocks of lambs and three flocks of ewes were protected only by blowfly traps, seven of the flocks of ewes and six flocks of lambs were protected by blowfly traps but also had proprietary insecticides applied to them at some stage. there was no difference in the abundance of l. sericat ... | 2006 | 16188387 |
| ivermectin resistance in a terminal sire sheep flock. | | 2004 | 15470974 |
| emergence of fasciolosis in cattle in east anglia. | liver fluke (fasciola hepatica) infection caused weight loss, diarrhoea, decreased milk yield and occasionally death in cattle in east anglia during the winters of 2001 to 2003. the condition had previously been limited mainly to stock imported into this part of britain from endemically infected areas. in composite faecal samples collected by 16 farm animal veterinary practices in norfolk, suffolk and essex, fluke eggs were found in 15 (28.8 per cent) of 52 previously unaffected suckler herds an ... | 2005 | 16272544 |
| surveillance of suspect animal toxicoses with potential food safety implications in england and wales between 1990 and 2002. | the potential chemical contamination incidents investigated by the veterinary laboratories agency (vla) between 1990 and 2002 are reviewed. incidents were identified in the course of the vla's surveillance of food animal disease and further investigations were carried out on behalf of the food standards agency in order to identify and control the contamination of food animals and animal products with chemical hazards. in total 876 incidents were investigated, of which 588 involved the poisoning ... | 2005 | 16227381 |
| the detection and characterisation of dichelobacter nodosus from cases of ovine footrot in england and wales. | footrot, caused by the strictly anaerobic bacterium dichelobacter nodosus, is the most common cause of lameness in sheep in great britain but problems exist in association with its diagnosis and control. the fastidious nature of d. nodosus means that complex media and several weeks are required for characterisation. an alternative method to simplify and enhance the detection of d. nodosus in clinical samples is therefore highly desirable. in terms of control, anecdotal evidence from the farming ... | 2005 | 15917134 |
| borna disease virus and mental health: a cross-sectional study. | borna disease is an infectious neurological disease of horses, sheep and possibly other animals. a role for borna disease virus (bdv) in human neurological and psychiatric illness has been proposed, but this hypothesis remains controversial. | 2005 | 15760925 |
| persistence of salmonella typhimurium dt120 in abattoir paddocks holding sheep. | in the summer of 1999 there was an outbreak of salmonella typhimurium dt120 in people in the north of england which was unusual in being sensitive to antimicrobial drugs. the outbreak was linked to mutton and lamb from a local abattoir, and attention focused on four holding paddocks used to retain sheep before slaughter. in november 1999, samples of soil and faeces were taken from these paddocks and samples of faeces were taken from the concrete race leading from them. salmonella typhimurium was ... | 2005 | 16085722 |
| footrot and interdigital dermatitis in sheep: farmers' practices, opinions and attitudes. | in 1999, a study was initiated to improve the treatment and control of footrot and interdigital dermatitis in sheep flocks in england and wales. in november 2000, a retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in which 392 sheep farmers were asked to estimate the prevalence of footrot and interdigital dermatitis in their flock in the previous 12 months, whether they considered these diseases to be a problem, how they treated and controlled them and their opinion on the success of the treatm ... | 2005 | 16339978 |
| how membrane carriers function: the critical contribution of w.f. widdas (1952) to modern understanding. | this paper reviews the contribution to the field of transport biology of w.f. widdas' paper 'inability of diffusion to account for placental glucose transfer in the sheep and consideration of the kinetics of a possible carrier transfer' published in the journal of physiology in 1952. the importance of this mathematical analysis, and of its assumptions and predictions, has been supported in a number of subsequent publications over the last half century. but its vindication emerges specifically fr ... | 2005 | 16359612 |
| survey of parasite control on sheep farms in south-west england. | | 2006 | 16415233 |
| tyre wire disease causes further losses in cornish cattle in june. | | 2004 | 15384502 |
| comparison of different control strategies for foot-and-mouth disease: a study of the epidemics in canada in 1951/52, hampshire in 1967 and northumberland in 1966. | the measures used to control the epidemics of foot-and-mouth disease in canada in 1951/52 (29 outbreaks) were compared with those used in the epidemic in hampshire in 1967 (29 outbreaks). in both epidemics the disease spread more from premises where the disease was reported late and the imposition of quarantine or restrictions on infected premises was delayed. in hampshire, area restrictions were imposed, susceptible livestock on infected premises and on premises in direct contact were slaughter ... | 2006 | 16400097 |
| genetic diversity among pasteurella multocida strains of avian, bovine, ovine and porcine origin from england and wales by comparative sequence analysis of the 16s rrna gene. | genetic diversity among 86 pasteurella multocida isolates was investigated by comparative sequence analysis of a 1468 bp fragment of the 16s rrna gene. the strains included 79 field isolates recovered from birds (poultry) (22), cattle (21), pigs (26) and sheep (10) within england and wales, four asian isolates associated with bovine haemorrhagic septicaemia, and the type strains of the three subspecies of p. multocida. dulcitol and sorbitol fermentation patterns were also determined to establish ... | 2004 | 15583172 |
| relationship of speed of slaughter on infected premises and intensity of culling of other premises to the rate of spread of the foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in great britain, 2001. | during the foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in the uk in 2001, two major control policies were the rapid identification of cases and the culling of animals on infected premises and on dangerous contact premises. dangerous contact premises were divided into two groups, premises contiguous to an infected premises and non-contiguous premises. in england, the largest numbers of geographically clustered infected premises were in cumbria, the south west (somerset, devon and cornwall) and the settle/cli ... | 2004 | 15478499 |
| looking after the individual to reduce disease in the flock: a binomial mixed effects model investigating the impact of individual sheep management of footrot and interdigital dermatitis in a prospective longitudinal study on one farm. | a total of 160 ewes on one farm in england were studied for 18 months. the incidence of footrot and interdigital dermatitis in individually identified sheep and treatment and flock control measures were recorded. a binomial mixed effect model with the incidence of footrot or interdigital dermatitis as the outcome was used to investigate patterns of association between treatments, flock control measures and the incidence of footrot or interdigital dermatitis. in this one flock, the incidence of f ... | 2007 | 17092589 |
| polymorphism and transcription at the p44-1/p44-18 genomic locus in anaplasma phagocytophilum strains from diverse geographic regions. | a polymorphic multigene family (p44) of anaplasma phagocytophilum encodes the immunodominant 44-kda major outer membrane proteins. with p44-specific pcr and gene-specific probes, p44-1 was found in all human isolates from new york state but not in isolates from minnesota, whereas p44-18 and two other p44 species were found in isolates from both regions. we therefore sequenced the genomic locus corresponding to the p44-1/p44-18 tandem locus of a. phagocytophilum hz in 14 other geographically dive ... | 2004 | 15385454 |
| evaluation of the application of veterinary judgement in the pre-emptive cull of contiguous premises during the epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease in cumbria in 2001. | this paper presents a detailed analysis of the application of contiguous culling in cumbria between may 1 and september 30, during the outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in 2001. the analysis shows that the application of veterinary risk assessment and judgement identified and removed groups of susceptible stock which were at risk of direct transmission of infection and avoided infected animals being left that might have spread the disease. when compared with an automatic contiguous cull, fewer ... | 2004 | 15493602 |
| entrepreneur, sheep farmer, midwife. | | 2005 | 15690885 |
| neuropsychiatric symptoms in past users of sheep dip and other pesticides. | to explore the prevalence and pattern of neuropsychiatric symptoms in past users of sheep dip and other pesticides. | 2007 | 17095551 |
| modelling the initial spread of foot-and-mouth disease through animal movements. | livestock movements in great britain (gb) are well recorded and are a unique record of the network of connections among livestock-holding locations. these connections can be critical for disease spread, as in the 2001 epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in the uk. here, the movement data are used to construct an individual-farm-based model of the initial spread of fmd in gb and determine the susceptibility of the gb livestock industry to future outbreaks under the current legislative requir ... | 2006 | 17015320 |
| richard lower, m.d., physician and surgeon (1631-1691). | richard lower (1631-1691) was a follower of william harvey and conducted extensive studies of the physiology of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. he employed surgery as a key component of his experimental work. he described and employed cardiac massage and maintained arterial oxygenation through positive-pressure respiration. making good use of these procedures, he established the role of the lungs in the "admixture of air" to the blood. lower performed exchange transfusion in dogs and ... | 2004 | 15593472 |
| analysis of data from the passive surveillance of scrapie in great britain between 1993 and 2002. | reports of clinical scrapie in great britain between january 1, 1993 and december 31, 2002 were reviewed. scrapie was confirmed in 4142 sheep on 1099 holdings. the cumulative case and holding incidence risks decreased in 2001, probably owing to the outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease, although there were regional variations. sheep aged between three and four years old constituted the largest affected group. in the period between 1998 and 2002, 51.3 per cent of the cases had the genotype arq/vrq, ... | 2006 | 17158710 |
| descriptive spatial analysis of scrapie-affected flocks in great britain between january 1993 and december 2002. | the spatial distribution of sheep flocks in great britain with confirmed clinical scrapie between january 1993 and december 2002 inclusive was investigated by using kernel density estimation and a cluster scan test statistic. six statistically significant clusters were identified: three were lower risk, and were centred on the north-western coast of scotland, the north-western coast of wales and the south yorkshire/pennine region; three were of higher risk, and were centred in the central south, ... | 2006 | 16891423 |
| subacute symmetrical necrotising encephalopathy in young lambs. | | 2007 | 17545651 |
| survey of parasite control on beef farms in south-west england. | | 2006 | 17099179 |
| the 2001 epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease in the united kingdom: epidemiological and meteorological case studies. | the possibility of the airborne spread of foot-and-mouth disease during the 2001 epidemic in the uk has been investigated in three epidemiological case studies. on the basis of evidence from field investigations, and a simple meteorological analysis, it is concluded that the spread of disease was consistent with the airborne transport of virus. the distances ranged from less than 1 km to 16 km; six of the farms were over 6 km from the source and involved the passage of virus over the sea combine ... | 2005 | 15965003 |
| prevalence, spatial distribution and the effect of control measures on louping-ill virus in the forest of bowland, lancashire. | the complex pathogen-host-vector system of the tick-borne louping-ill virus causes economic losses to sheep and red grouse in upland united kingdom. this paper examines the spatial distribution, incidence and effect of control measures on louping-ill virus in the bowland fells of lancashire. seroprevalence in sheep at the beginning of the study varied within the area and was affected significantly by the frequency of acaricide treatment. there was a clear decrease over 5 years in the effective f ... | 2007 | 17346361 |
| validation of a monoclonal antibody-based capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of campylobacter fetus. | a monoclonal antibody (mab)-based antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was compared with the routine culture methodology for the detection of campylobacter fetus subspecies from bovine and ovine field samples inoculated into clark's transport enrichment medium (tem). the work was a collaboration between two different diagnostic laboratories, one in canada and the other in england. in both labs, tem samples were incubated for 4 days at 35 degrees c and then tested by culture ... | 2005 | 16275938 |
| flock cull due to anthelmintic-resistant nematodes. | | 2007 | 17617547 |
| detection of the genome of chlamydophila abortus in samples taken from the uteri of 304 sheep at an abattoir. | a pcr was used to detect the genome of chlamydophila abortus in samples of uterine tissue collected from 304 sheep by a sterile technique at an abattoir. the stage of pregnancy of the sheep was determined by measuring the dimensions of the embryo/fetus, and its morphology was recorded. only samples from non-pregnant sheep and sheep up to 100 days of gestation were retained; the clinical history of the animals was unknown. the total prevalence of the chlamydial genome was 30.9 per cent, with a si ... | 2007 | 17675631 |
| factors contributing to radiocaesium variability in upland sheep flocks in west cumbria (united kingdom). | following the chernobyl accident in 1986, restrictions were placed on the movement and slaughter of sheep within upland areas of the uk because radiocaesium activity concentrations in their meat exceeded 1000 bq kg(-1) fresh weight. some farms remain under restriction in 2007. from 1991 to 1993 detailed studies were conducted on three sheep farms within the restricted area of west cumbria to systematically assess the various parameters which may contribute to the observed variability in radiocae ... | 2007 | 17720285 |
| recovery from botulism. | | 2007 | 17675640 |
| cryptosporidium parvum infection in orphan lambs on a farm open to the public. | a longitudinal survey was undertaken on an open farm to investigate the occurrence of cryptosporidium species infection in orphan lambs obtained from three local flocks. during an initial pilot study, cryptosporidium oocysts were detected by a fluorescent antibody test (fat) in the faeces of two of 21 lambs aged between one and three weeks derived from one flock (flock a). pooled pen samples of faeces were collected weekly from lambs derived from each flock; oocysts were detected by fat in 24 (4 ... | 2007 | 17617539 |
| copper poisoning in sheep associated with clover. | | 2007 | 17652441 |
| an investigation into the role of chlamydophila spp. in bovine upper respiratory tract disease. | an outbreak of upper respiratory tract disease was investigated in a group of 17 housed home-bred calves on a mixed dairy, beef and sheep farm in devon. conjunctival swabs were collected and tested for chlamydophila spp. dna using a pcr test that detects chlamydophila abortus and chlamydophila psittaci. six of the calves tested gave a positive result. further epidemiological observations and laboratory testing indicated that the adult dairy cows, from which the affected calves originated, were t ... | 2006 | 16624729 |
| acute symptoms following work with pesticides. | serious accidental poisoning by pesticides is rare in the uk, but more minor pesticide-related illness may be under-reported. anecdotally, use of sheep dip has been linked with flu-like symptoms. | 2007 | 17652342 |
| bovine tuberculosis infection in wild mammals in the south-west region of england: a survey of prevalence and a semi-quantitative assessment of the relative risks to cattle. | in the united kingdom, badgers are implicated in the transmission of mycobacterium bovis to cattle, but little information is available on the potential role of other wild mammals. this paper presents the results of the largest systematic uk survey of m. bovis infection in other wild mammals. mammal carcasses (4715) from throughout the south-west region of england were subjected to a systematic post mortem examination, microbiological culture of tissues and spoligotyping of isolates. infection w ... | 2007 | 16434219 |
| naming and recognition of six foot lesions of sheep using written and pictorial information: a study of 809 english sheep farmers. | in 2005, 3000 questionnaires were sent to a random sample of english sheep farmers from a list kept by the english beef and lamb executive (eblex) to investigate whether farmers could correctly name six common foot lesions in sheep from a characteristic picture and a written description. the lesions were interdigital dermatitis (id), footrot (fr), contagious ovine digital dermatitis (codd), shelly hoof, foot abscess and toe granuloma. in addition, farmers were asked to report the total percent o ... | 2008 | 17688961 |
| fmd in surrey: epidemiological investigations 'ongoing'. | | 2007 | 17966156 |
| rickets in sheep flocks in northern england. | | 2008 | 18204038 |
| control and management of sheep mange and pediculosis in great britain. | the patterns of insecticide use for the prevention and control of sheep lice and psoroptes mites, in england, wales and scotland, in 2003-2004, were examined using data from a retrospective questionnaire. overall, 375 of the 966 (39%) farmers who responded said that they treated at least once to prevent louse infestation. for scab, 426 of the 966 (44%) farmers who responded said that they had treated prophylactically to prevent the disease. there were no significant differences between regions i ... | 2008 | 18495347 |
| ulcerative vulvitis and balanitis in sheep flocks. | outbreaks of ulcerative vulvitis and balanitis occurred in three commercial sheep flocks in england and wales. between 29 and 44 per cent of the ewes were affected; most of the lesions resolved in three weeks. pathogens such as mycoplasmas, which have previously been associated with these conditions, were not detected despite using improved laboratory techniques. in one of the flocks, ovine herpesvirus type 2 was detected by pcr in the blood of two acutely affected ewes, from the vulval ulcers o ... | 2008 | 18641377 |
| clinical and laboratory investigations of the outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in southern england in 2007. | a case of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) on a cattle farm in normandy, surrey, was confirmed on friday august 3, 2007, the first case in the uk since 2001. the infection was detected nearby on a second farm on august 6. on september 12, fmd was confirmed on a farm approximately 20 km from normandy in egham, and this was followed by cases on five more farms in that area in the next three weeks. the majority of the infected farms consisted of multiple beef cattle holdings in semi-urban areas. in tot ... | 2008 | 18676997 |
| bluetongue--where are we now? | | 2008 | 18931359 |
| transmission dynamics and mechanisms of endemicity of scrapie in the uk sheep population. | summaryscrapie is a fatal neurological disease of sheep which is endemic in the united kingdom. it is one of the family of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) that includes bse. in this paper, we developed a micro-simulation model for scrapie in the uk sheep population, incorporating the genetic and structural diversity of the population and infectious contact between flocks through trading. the simulation was fitted to epidemiological data from a range of sources. we found a detect ... | 2009 | 18687155 |
| bluetongue control strategy. | | 2008 | 18791212 |
| prevalence and regional distribution of scab, lice and blowfly strike in great britain. | the prevalence of psoroptic mange (sheep scab), louse infestation and blowfly strike in sheep in great britain between march 2003 and february 2004 was investigated by means of a retrospective postal survey, stratified by region. of the 3530 questionnaires sent out, 1067 were returned completed, a response rate of 30.2 per cent. overall, 9 per cent of the farmers reported at least one outbreak of scab, 10.7 per cent reported an outbreak of lice and 75 per cent reported at least one case of blowf ... | 2006 | 16751308 |
| an exploration of the drivers to bio-security collective action among a sample of uk cattle and sheep farmers. | at present, collective action regarding bio-security among uk cattle and sheep farmers is rare. despite the occurrence of catastrophic livestock diseases such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) and foot and mouth disease (fmd), within recent decades, there are few national or local farmer-led animal health schemes. to explore the reasons for this apparent lack of interest, we utilised a socio-psychological approach to disaggregate the cognitive, emotive and contextual factors driving bio- ... | 2008 | 18692923 |
| important negatives. | | 2008 | 18291337 |
| tracing the source of campylobacteriosis. | campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial gastro-enteritis in the developed world. it is thought to infect 2-3 million people a year in the us alone, at a cost to the economy in excess of us $4 billion. c. jejuni is a widespread zoonotic pathogen that is carried by animals farmed for meat and poultry. a connection with contaminated food is recognized, but c. jejuni is also commonly found in wild animals and water sources. phylogenetic studies have suggested that genotypes pathogenic ... | 2008 | 18818764 |
| bluetongue vaccination in england. | | 2008 | 19013825 |
| prevalence of attaching and effacing escherichia coli serogroup o103 in orphan lambs on an open farm in eastern england. | | 2007 | 17873270 |
| clinical signs and pathology shown by british sheep and cattle infected with bluetongue virus serotype 8 derived from the 2006 outbreak in northern europe. | four poll dorset sheep and four holstein-friesian cattle were infected with the northern european strain of bluetongue virus (btv), btv-8, to assess its pathogenicity in uk breeds. the time course of infection was monitored in both species by using real-time reverse transcriptase-pcr (rt-pcr), conventional rt-pcr and serology. two of the sheep developed severe clinical signs that would have been fatal in the field; the other two were moderately and mildly ill, respectively. the cattle were clini ... | 2007 | 17720961 |
| surveillance. november 2008. | | 2009 | 19151403 |
| microbiological surveillance of private water supplies in england: the impact of environmental and climate factors on water quality. | a passive surveillance system captured information on 34,904 microbiological samples from 11,233 private drinking water supplies within england as well as the associated constructional, climatic and environmental variables. escherichia coli was detected in 6588 (18.87%) of samples and at least one positive sample was detected from 3638 (32.39%) of sites. however, this estimate of supplies failing to meet the european drinking water e. coli standard was probably an underestimate as the more sampl ... | 2009 | 19303126 |
| characteristics, prevalence and aetiology of lesions of the oral mucosa in adult sheep. | a total of 214 sheep with lesions of the oral mucosa were recorded at the veterinary laboratories agency regional laboratories between march 15, 2002 and february 28, 2003. using denominator data from the scrapie abattoir survey a prevalence of 0.95 per cent (95 per cent ci 0.82 to 1.10 per cent) was recorded, and using the fallen stock survey a prevalence of 1.15 per cent (95 per cent ci 0.64 to 1.91 per cent) was recorded. the lesions varied widely and included dental pad lesions in 20 per cen ... | 2006 | 16714432 |
| visitor perceptions of rural landscapes: a case study in the peak district national park, england. | maintaining national parks is an integral policy tool to conserve rare habitats. however, because national parks are funded by taxpayers, they must also serve the needs of the general public. increasingly, and thanks to today's diverse society, there is evidence that this creates challenges for park managers who are pulled in two opposing directions: to conserve nature on the one hand and to meet different visitor expectations on the other. this tension was explored in the peak district national ... | 2009 | 18672323 |
| two unusual bovine spongiform encephalopathy cases detected in great britain. | bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) was first identified in great britain (gb) in 1986 and was subsequently detected in many other countries, worldwide. a decade after the start of the bovine epidemic, the first cases of new variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease (vcjd) in humans were linked to probable ingestion of bse infected tissue, highlighting a new zoonotic disease. an abnormal protease-resistant protein (prp(res)) in a diseased subject, derived from a post-translational change of a normal ... | 2009 | 19497088 |
| fly abundance and climate as determinants of sheep blowfly strike incidence in southwest england. | the relationships between abundance of the blowfly lucilia sericata (meigen) (diptera: calliphoridae), climate, animal management procedures and the incidence of cutaneous myiasis (blowfly strike) in sheep were examined in three sheep pasture systems in southwest england during the summers of 2002 and 2003. in each year, flies were collected using liver-baited sticky targets, daily weather and routine husbandry practices were noted and the age-class of each animal infested and body position of e ... | 2007 | 17897363 |
| cryptosporidium species in lambs submitted for diagnostic postmortem examination in england and wales. | | 2008 | 19060318 |
| statistical modeling of holding level susceptibility to infection during the 2001 foot and mouth disease epidemic in great britain. | an understanding of the factors that determine the risk of members of a susceptible population becoming infected is essential for estimating the potential for disease spread, as opposed to just focusing on transmission from an infected population. furthermore, analysis of the risk factors can reveal important characteristics of an epidemic and further develop understanding of the processes operating. | 2010 | 19647465 |
| establishing relative release kinetics of faecal indicator organisms from different faecal matrices. | a laboratory assay for comparative characterization of various faecal matrices with respect to faecal indicator organism (fio) release using, artificial rain water. | 2009 | 19422475 |
| verocytotoxigenic escherichia coli o157 in animals on public amenity premises in england and wales, 1997 to 2007. | at the request of the public health authorities, 31 public amenity premises in england and wales containing animals of various species were investigated for the presence of verocytotoxigenic escherichia coli (vtec) o157 between 1997 and 2007, because of putative associations with human cases. vtec o157 was confirmed in one or more species on 19 (61.3 per cent) of the premises. there were significant associations between the presence of vtec o157 and the number of species sampled, the size of the ... | 2009 | 19411683 |
| expression and identification of folate-sensitive fragile sites in british suffolk sheep (ovis aries). | an investigation to understand the dynamics and biological significance of fragile site expression, and identification of 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (fudr) induced chromosomal gaps/breaks, were carried out in an experimental flock of 45 suffolk sheep. the statistical comparison revealed, highly significant variation in the frequency of chromosomal fragile site expression between control and fudr cultures. mean (+/- s.d.) values for cells with gaps and breaks, or aberrant cell count (ac), and the numbe ... | 2008 | 19147906 |