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the prevalence of hepatitis c in a regional level i trauma center population.several studies have examined the prevalence of hepatitis b (hbv) and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in a trauma population. to our knowledge, no one has reported on the prevalence of hepatitis c (hcv). we prospectively studied the prevalence of hcv, as well as hbv, hiv, and syphilis in our adult regional level i trauma center population. two hundred eighty-six consecutive trauma patients were tested for previous exposure to hcv using an anti-hcv mab elisa. patients were also tested for expo ...19921321915
immunologic markers of progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome are time-dependent and illness-specific.since prevalent cohorts may be biased by the duration of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection (onset bias), it is useful to assess the potential predictive value of markers in incident cohorts of hiv-positive subjects for whom the date of seroconversion is known or can reliably be estimated. of 131 homosexual men with hiv-1 seroconversion from new york city and washington, dc, who were evaluated annually beginning in 1982, 60 developed acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) by the end ...19921384311
publicly funded hiv counseling and testing--united states, 1991.human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) counseling and testing (ct) services provided by health departments are a major component of the national hiv-prevention program. the purpose of hiv ct is to 1) reinforce perception of risk by those who are unaware or uninformed, 2) help uninfected persons initiate and sustain behavior changes that reduce their risk for becoming infected, and 3) identify hiv-infected persons who can be referred for early medical care and counseled to practice safer behaviors. t ...19921501603
unannounced simulated patients' observations of physician std/hiv prevention practices.studies describing sexually transmitted disease (std) and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) prevention practices of primary care physicians have relied on physician or patient reports. this study describes physician std/hiv prevention practices as observed by unannounced simulated patient evaluators (spes). spes visited sixty-five primary care physicians. each spe portrayed a sexually active female, new to the area, requesting a consultation on std prevention. one-third of the physicians in the ...19921524860
cell-mediated immune response to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1 in seronegative homosexual men with recent sexual exposure to hiv-1.although human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1 infection is efficiently transmitted by sexual intercourse, some individuals whose sexual behavior places them at extremely high risk for infection have nevertheless remained hiv-1-seronegative. an investigation was undertaken to determine whether such individuals have circulating t helper cells that are sensitized to hiv-1. five very high risk men who had recent sexual exposure to hiv-1 were studied. peripheral blood mononuclear cells from all ...19921533867
human immunodeficiency virus testing experience and hepatitis b vaccination and testing status of healthcare workers in south carolina: implications for compliance with us public health service guidelines.to assess the previous human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) testing experience and the hepatitis b (hb) vaccination and testing status of healthcare workers potentially involved in invasive surgical procedures.19921535641
state regulations governing infection control issues in long-term care.to examine states' regulations governing infections and infection control in long-term-care institutions.19921538044
physician and infection control practitioner hiv/aids reporting characteristics.we surveyed a random sample of south carolina physicians and infection control practitioners about the reporting of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) cases. of physicians surveyed, 79% indicated that hiv infection as well as aids should be reported by name. the following characteristics were associated with those physicians who do not report aids cases: not feeling responsible for reporting, not reporting a case perceived to have been reported in an ...19921585971
population-based monitoring of an urban hiv/aids epidemic. magnitude and trends in the district of columbia.to assess the extent of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) epidemic in the district of columbia and demonstrate an approach to monitoring hiv infection and projecting aids incidence at a community level.19921619741
publicly funded hiv counseling and testing--united states, 1990.a critical component of cdc's national human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-prevention program is support for hiv counseling and testing (ct) services. sixty-five hiv-prevention programs are in health departments in 50 states, the district of columbia, six cities, and eight territories. each calendar quarter, the programs report to cdc aggregate or client record data about the number of 1) pretest counseling sessions, hiv-antibody tests, positive tests, and posttest counseling sessions, by ct site ...19911654500
antibody to human retroviruses among drug users in three east coast american cities, 1972-1976.between 1972 and 1976, 585 persons attending methadone maintenance clinics at east coast veterans hospitals were enrolled in a survey of hepatitis antibody prevalence. sera were tested for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and human t lymphotropic virus (htlv) using both htlv-i and htlv-ii immunoblots. clinical and death records were also reviewed. none of the sera had hiv antibodies (upper 95% confidence limit, 0.5%); however, 103 (18%) had reactivity to htlv. the profile of reactivity suggest ...19911670608
frequency and thoroughness of std/hiv risk assessment by physicians in a high-risk metropolitan area.the us preventive services task force recommends that all primary care physicians assess the sexually transmitted disease/human immunodeficiency virus (std/hiv) risk of all adolescent and adult patients. to determine whether factors amenable to change through continuing medical education are associated with frequent and thorough std/hiv risk assessment, a telephone survey of primary care physicians in the washington, dc metropolitan area was conducted (n = 961). thirty-seven percent of physician ...19911746664
notification of the sex and needle-sharing partners of individuals with human immunodeficiency virus in rural south carolina: 30-month experience.the authors conducted a confidential and voluntary partner notification program to identify and educate the sex and needle-sharing partners of individuals with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in a rural health district in south carolina. during the first 30 months, of 485 named contacts, 290 (60%) were residents of the health district and were contacted and offered testing. of the 290 contacted, 280 (97%)--53 women and 227 men; age range 14-74 years--accepted counseling and testing and 49 ...19911771474
inpatient psychiatric morbidity of hiv-infected soldiers.to determine differences in inpatient psychiatric morbidity, a total of 573 soldiers seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) were matched with 2,266 seronegative soldiers by age, sex, race, marital status, military rank, length of active service, military occupation, and date of hiv test. an hiv-infected individual was seven times more likely to be hospitalized than an uninfected individual. the rate of total hospitalizations was 16 times higher for the hiv-infected soldiers. the ...19911864573
hiv-related characteristics of migrant workers in rural south carolina.after finding human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in a migrant worker named as a syphilis contact, the south carolina department of health and environmental control offered hiv counseling and testing and syphilis screening to migrant workers in the surrounding two-county area. in addition, a brief questionnaire was administered to document demographics and risk behavior. of the 265 workers aged 16 and older in 15 migrant camps, 198 (75%) consented to the survey and testing. of the 198 t ...19911891727
the relationship between outpatient drug costs and disease progression in the human immunodeficiency virus-infected population. the military medical consortium for applied retroviral research.as the focus of the management of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection turns from the treatment of aids to the entire continuum of the disease, projection of long-term healthcare costs becomes increasingly important. rather than a fulminant disease treated primarily inside the hospital, hiv infection will become a chronic condition requiring years of outpatient monitoring and pharmacologic intervention with attending increases in pharmacy costs. the objective of this study was to charact ...19911926913
human immunodeficiency virus infection in urban adolescents: can we predict who is at risk?few studies have evaluated the extent of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in the adolescent population. however, there has been growing concern that sexual and drug experimentation common in this age group may increase their risks of transmitting the virus. between october 1, 1987, and january 31, 1989, a blinded, unlinked hiv seroprevalence study was conducted among all adolescents aged 13 through 19 receiving ambulatory care at children's national medical center and having blood drawn for ot ...19911945639
clinical implications of positive tests for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in asymptomatic blood donors. 19901974833
screening for sexually transmitted diseases by primary care physicians.the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome epidemic has drawn attention to screening for sexually transmitted diseases by primary care physicians. a telephone survey of primary care physicians in an area with a high incidence of stds (washington, dc) to ascertain the determinants and the extent of screening and counseling for stds was completed in 1987. ninety-nine physicians (33 internists, 38 obstetrician/gynecologists, and 28 family/general practitioners), representing 61% of those eligible, comp ...19912000514
prevalence of hiv infection in childbearing women in the united states. surveillance using newborn blood samples.a national, population-based survey was initiated in 1988 to measure the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in women giving birth to infants in the united states. following standardized procedures, residual dried-blood specimens collected on filter paper for newborn metabolic screening were tested anonymously in state public health laboratories for maternal antibody to hiv. as of september 1990, annual survey data were available from 38 states and the district of columbia ...19912002571
the family of hiv seroprevalence surveys: objectives, methods, and uses of sentinel surveillance for hiv in the united states.during 1987-89, the centers for disease control (cdc), in collaboration with state and local health departments, other federal agencies, blood collection agencies, and medical research institutions, implemented a national sentinel surveillance system for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. this ongoing surveillance system, known as the cdc family of hiv seroprevalence surveys, uses standardized survey and hiv serologic testing procedures in a group of sentinel populations from geograph ...19902157233
interaction of human immunodeficiency and papilloma viruses: association with anal epithelial abnormality in homosexual men.during the 7th annual follow-up of our cohort of homosexual men in 1989, we tested the hypotheses that infection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) may enhance the expression of human papilloma virus (hpv) and that the development of anal epithelial abnormality is related to a biologic interaction between these two viruses. overall, 41 (39%) of the 105 men had anal swabs positive for one or more genotypes of hpv 6/11, 16/18 or 31/33/35. twenty-three (53%) of the 43 hiv-positive subjects har ...19902166710
human immunodeficiency virus and the surgeon.to assess the exposure risks for surgeons and nurses treating hiv infected patients at the medical university hospital and the charleston memorial hospital, a retrospective review of hiv positive patients who underwent surgical procedures from 1985-1988 was undertaken. during that period, 150 patients tested positive for hiv of which 30 (20%) underwent 19 surgical procedures. the prevalence of hiv infected patients at our institution has been increasing over the last two years. 5.3% of the patie ...19902214685
"prostitutes as pariah in the age of aids": a content analysis of coverage of women prostitutes in the new york times and the washington post september 1985-april 1988.misrepresentation in the media portrays women prostitutes as sexual transmitters of aids to men. yet careful study of the available data shows male-to-female transmission of the hiv virus is the overwhelming mode of heterosexual transmission of aids. content analysis is performed to analyze the role newspaper coverage played from 1985 through early 1988 in the social construction of prostitutes as a new target group for aids. the results show little concern for the health of prostitutes at risk ...19902267805
human immunodeficiency virus infections in teenagers. seroprevalence among applicants for us military service. the walter reed retrovirus research group.between october 15, 1985, and march 31, 1989, serum specimens from 1 141 164 teenaged youths (aged less than 20 years) who applied for entry into the us military were tested for antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus. overall, 393 teenaged applicants were found to be seropositive (prevalence, 0.34 per 1000). prevalences varied markedly in different geographic locales: less than 0.1 per 1000 throughout the north-central states, compared with greater than 2 per 1000 in urban counties in ma ...19902319667
human immunodeficiency virus: seroprevalence in parturients in rural south carolina.to establish the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in the population of childbearing women in a rural south carolina community, a blinded seroprevalence survey was conducted using all cord blood samples collected during a one-year period at a signal hospital. there were 1,811 live births (57% white, 43% black) during that period. of the 1,365 samples collected and tested, six (0.44%) were hiv-positive by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and three (0.22%) were confirmed by wester ...19902356494
partner acceptance of health department notification of hiv exposure, south carolina.to determine the acceptability of health department notification of sex and needle-sharing partners of persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), we administered an anonymous questionnaire to partners notified of their exposure to hiv during the previous 2 years. of the 202 partners notified, 132 (65%) were locatable and completed the questionnaire. only 12 (9%) thought they may have been exposed to hiv before health department notification. when the 132 partners were asked if the ...19902388381
kaposi's sarcoma in three hiv-1-infected cohorts.we describe the kaposi's sarcoma (ks) experience in three cohorts of homosexual men, subjects with hemophilia, and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) seroconverters. the risk of ks was higher in hiv-1-infected homosexual men from new york city as compared with washington, d.c. and was very low in the hemophilia subjects. while ks accounted for a decreasing proportion of aids cases in homosexual men, the absolute risk per year did not diminish. survival was similar after diagnosis of ks ...19902395084
clinical implications of positive tests for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in asymptomatic blood donors.of 693,000 volunteer blood donors in washington, d.c., who were screened for infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) from july 1985 through december 1988, 284 tested positive on both enzyme immunoassay and western blot assay. to determine the clinical importance of confirmed positive test results in asymptomatic blood donors, we followed 156 donors with positive western blot assays and 80 donors with positive enzyme immunoassays but negative or indeterminate western blots at 6 ...19892571084
seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus in mental health patients.in contrast to the published data on human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in parenteral drug abusers, there is a paucity of data on prison inmates and virtually none on psychiatric inpatients. because our facility serves each of these patients groups, we designed an anonymous seroprevalance study. we tested 1,496 unduplicated sera using sequential enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and western blot tests. the overall prevalence of western blot positive serum was 0.53%. the prevale ...19892709815
delayed hypersensitivity skin testing and anergy in a population of gay men.anergy is almost universal among patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). to determine the prevalence and correlates of anergy in a population at risk for aids, we performed skin tests in 1120 gay men who were enrolled in a prospective study of the natural history of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. anergy, defined as no induration to any of four intradermal antigens, was present in 12%. individually, no induration was detected in response to tetanus toxoid (41%) ...19872822314
concomitant infection of htlv-i and hiv-1: prevalence of igg and igm antibodies in washington, d.c. area.serum samples collected from four groups of individuals in the washington, d.c. area were examined for the presence of igg and igm classes of antibody reacting against htlv-i and hiv-1. these four groups were: (1) healthy adults with negative premarital vdrl test for syphilis (n = 113), (2) miscellaneous common disease patients (n = 155), (3) drug abusers (n = 130), and (4) homosexual men (n = 187). the former two groups are considered to be low-risk groups, and the latter two, high-risk groups. ...19882904886
antiviral antibodies in the sera of homosexual men: correlation with their lifestyle and drug usage.healthy homosexual men between the ages of 21 and 65 years, from the washington, dc (n = 162), and new york city (n = 89) areas, were studied for antibodies in the serum against cytomegalovirus (cmv), herpes simplex virus (hsv) types 1 and 2, and epstein barr virus (ebv) viral capsid antigen (vca). cmv-specific antibodies were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), anti-hsv-1 and -2 antibodies were measured by indirect hemagglutination (iha), and antibodies to ebv vca were measure ...19873029318
contact tracing to identify human immunodeficiency virus infection in a rural community.this report describes a contact investigation conducted in rural south carolina to identify, counsel, and educate persons infected with or exposed to the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). starting with one hiv antibody-positive man and his 19 sex contacts, we identified 83 sex contacts of hiv antibody-positive men. of these, 64 were residents of the county and 63 (98%) agreed to be tested for evidence of hiv infection. eight (13%) were hiv antibody positive. thirty-six initially hiv antibody-n ...19883131555
partner notification for preventing human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection--colorado, idaho, south carolina, virginia. 19883132603
leads from the mmwr. partner notification for preventing human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection--colorado, idaho, south carolina, virginia. 19883392781
coping with aids and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in south carolina. 19873475500
effect of t4 count and cofactors on the incidence of aids in homosexual men infected with human immunodeficiency virus.we prospectively evaluated potential markers and cofactors for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) in 86 homosexual men who were seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus antibodies. during three years of follow-up, 19 men developed aids. risk of aids was clearly predicted by the total number of circulating okt4-positive lymphocytes (t4 count) at enrollment, while the corresponding t8 count was unrelated to subsequent aids development. subjects in manhattan had a higher risk of kap ...19873491911
end-stage renal disease in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: a retrospective review of 38 cases.a retrospective review was conducted to evaluate the influence of risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection on the outcome of patients with end-stage renal disease (esrd). the records of all patients seen at howard university hospital between february 1984 and july 1994 with a diagnosis of hiv infection were reviewed. two hundred seventy-eight patients had a diagnosis of renal failure; 38 of these patients developed end-stage renal failure requiring dialysis. risk factors for ...19957473853
recent infection with human immunodeficiency virus and possible rapid loss of cd4 t lymphocytes.to assess a hypothesized trend that persons recently infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) may have more rapid declines in absolute cd4 t-lymphocyte (cd4+ cell) counts than those who were hiv-infected in earlier years, sequential cd4+ cell counts in three groups who had definable dates of hiv seroconversion between 1978 and 1992 were reviewed. the cd4+ cell counts examined were from some of the longest extant studies in the united states: 100 homosexual and bisexual men engaged in ...19957788428
hiv transmission through donor artificial insemination.to investigate and report cases of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) transmission through donor artificial insemination (ai) before 1986 at five infertility clinics.19957869555
dietary micronutrient intake and risk of progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1)-infected homosexual men.the authors sought to determine if different levels of dietary intake of micronutrients are associated with the progression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). a total of 281 hiv-1 seropositive homosexual/bisexual men were seen semiannually since 1984 at the baltimore/washington, dc site of the multicenter aids cohort study. participants completed a self-administered semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire at baseline. leve ...19937903021
using cd4 counts to evaluate the stages and epidemiology of hiv infection in south carolina public clinic patients.cd4 lymphocyte counts decrease with the duration of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. we used cd4 counts collected for clinical reasons to evaluate the stage of hiv infection and the epidemiology of recent hiv infections among attendees of south carolina's public health clinics.19947907458
completeness of reporting of diagnosed hiv-infected hospital inpatients.to assess the completeness of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) reporting among hospital inpatients whose records listed diagnostic codes for hiv infection but who did not meet the 1987 aids case definition, we conducted a statewide hospital study of admissions between january 1, 1986 and december 31, 1990. of the 396 hiv-infected hospital inpatients identified, 313 (79%) had been reported to the state hiv registry. hiv reporting was less complete for patients who were older and/or were blood p ...19947916051
temporal trends in the incidence of hiv-1-related neurologic diseases: multicenter aids cohort study, 1985-1992.to describe temporal trends in the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-related neurologic diseases in the multicenter aids cohort study from 1985 to 1992.19947936243
the types of drugs used by hiv-infected injection drug users in a multistate surveillance project: implications for intervention.this study sought to describe the drugs used by drug injectors infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and to determine factors associated with the primary injection drug used.19947998639
hiv seroprevalence and reasons for refusing and accepting hiv testing.we sought to evaluate the hiv seropositivity of patients who refused or accepted human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) testing in a south carolina sexually transmitted diseases (std) clinic, and the patients' reasons for refusing or accepting testing.19938108756
improper infection-control practices during employee vaccination programs--district of columbia and pennsylvania, 1993.the improper use of needles and syringes and contamination of multidose medication vials can result in transmission of bloodborne pathogens (e.g., hepatitis b virus [hbv] and human immunodeficiency virus [hiv]) and other infectious agents from patient to patient. since september 1993, cdc has received reports from health-care providers and public health departments in two u.s. cities regarding improper infection-control practices during vaccination of employees at worksite vaccination programs. ...19938259108
american adults' knowledge of hiv testing availability.understanding client needs, knowledge, and preferences about services is necessary to ensure that human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) counseling and testing programs are accessible. this study addressed knowledge of hiv testing availability.19938460728
incentives for physicians to treat hiv-seropositive patients: results of a statewide survey.we asked primary care physicians in south carolina about their knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs regarding patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) and the services they provide for these patients. in support of an effort to develop more effective state policies regarding hiv/aids, the survey focused on conditions under which physicians would provide additional services for such patients; 597 of 900 physicians (66%) responded. among ...19938465215
aids-related knowledge and attitudes of social workers in south carolina.this study examines the association between knowledge of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) and skill among social workers in south carolina and attitudes toward people with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and aids. a stratified random sampling method was used to obtain a representative sample of social workers in south carolina. findings show that aids-related knowledge and skill were significantly associated with improving the general attitudes of social workers toward hiv/aids clie ...19938288150
continued sexual risk behavior among hiv-seropositive, drug-using men--atlanta; washington, d.c.; and san juan, puerto rico, 1993.behaviors associated with increased risk for sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) by infected persons include unprotected intercourse, multiple sex partners, use of crack cocaine, failure to disclose serostatus to sex partners, and trading sex for money or drugs. some sexually active, hiv-infected persons in the united states continue to practice risky behaviors. to characterize continued sexual risk behaviors among hiv-positive, illicit-drug using men, in 1993 cdc analyzed ...19968587570
seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus among inpatient pretrial detainees.medical records of inpatients discharged from a forensic unit in columbia, south carolina, from january 1991 to december 1991 were reviewed to determine the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) seropositivity. results were linked to age, gender, ethnicity, history of intravenous drug use, and axis i diagnoses. hiv status was obtained for 74 percent of patients 18 to 55 years of age. the incidence of hiv seropositivity among patients tested was 5.5 percent, which is greater than 40 tim ...19958605412
aids associated with injecting-drug use--united states, 1995.injecting-drug use is the second most frequently reported risk behavior for infection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). as of december 31, 1995, of 513,486 cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) reported to cdc, 184,359 (36%) were directly or indirectly associated with injecting-drug use. injecting-drug-user (idu)-associated aids cases include persons who are idus (n = 161,891), their heterosexual sex partners (n = 18,710), and children (n = 3,758) whose mothers were idus or s ...19968609881
progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is influenced by cd4 t-lymphocyte count and time since seroconversion.progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) among persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) varies considerably and may be influenced by factors such as age, smoking, number of male partners per year, and cd4 t-lymphocyte count. the loss of cd4 lymphocytes is known to be the dominant factor in the progression to aids. however, it is unclear whether the effect of the cd4 lymphocyte count is of such importance that persons with similar cd4 cell counts who have been infe ...19979098180
trends in drug-resistant tuberculosis in the united states, 1993-1996.with the resurgence of tuberculosis (tb) disease in the late 1980s and early 1990s in the united states, multidrug-resistant (mdr) tb emerged as a serious challenge to tb control. in response, the centers for disease control and prevention in 1993 added drug susceptibility test results to the information collected for the national surveillance system to monitor trends in drug resistance.19979293991
sexual risk behavior and risk factors for hiv-1 seroconversion in homosexual men participating in the tricontinental seroconverter study, 1982-1994.trends in sexual behavior associated with incident infection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1 are described and a case-control study was conducted to examine risk factors for hiv seroconversion in homosexual men who became infected with hiv between 1982 and 1994 from four geographic sites: amsterdam, the netherlands; san francisco, california; vancouver, canada; and sydney, australia. changes in sexual behaviors were evaluated from cohort visits in the preseroconversion, seroconver ...19979326430
comparison of individuals receiving anonymous and confidential testing for hiv.we assessed the magnitude, demographics, seroprevalence, and reasons for site selection among south carolina residents who chose to be tested in bordering states offering anonymous testing for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). residents tested from july 1990 through july 1991 at selected hiv testing sites in bordering states were surveyed and hiv test results were recorded. of the 75 residents tested at these sites, 66 (88%) were white, 44 (59%) were male, and 9 (12.3%) of the 73 whose test re ...19948134856
sexual behavior and condom use--district of columbia, january-february, 1992.from 1980 through 1990, the cumulative incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) in the district of columbia (dc) (2713 cases per 100,000 persons) was approximately eight times that of the surrounding metropolitan area (340 per 100,000) (1). from 1980 through 1986, the aids epidemic primarily involved men who had sex with men; since 1986, the incidence of aids has been increasing among injecting-drug users (idus) and their sex partners (1). although aids incidence in dc has been pro ...19938492796
hiv-1-associated kaposi's sarcoma in a predominantly black population at an inner city hospital.kaposi's sarcoma (ks) associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) is the most common malignancy in patients with aids. it has been most commonly reported in white homosexual men, though a few cases have been reported in blacks.19989634116
human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-associated nephropathy in children from the washington, d.c. area: 12 years' experience.human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-associated nephropathy (hivan) is a clinicopathologic entity that includes proteinuria, azotemia, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis or mesangial hyperplasia, and tubulointerstitial disease. the incidence of hivan is increased in black patients and variable depending on the age and geographic area. the objective of this study was to describe relevant clinical and pathological findings in 30 children with hivan followed at the children's national medical center ...19989692352
foster care of hiv-positive children in the united states.a national study regarding the foster care of children identified as human immunodeficiency virus-positive (hiv-positive) was conducted in 1991. a survey form was sent to the administrators of the state agency responsible for foster care in each state, the district of columbia, and u.s. territories for a total sample size of 55. after followup, all 55 responded for a response rate of 100 percent. the number of children in foster care was ascertained for the current year and cumulatively. in 1991 ...19948303016
epstein-barr virus dna in the blood of infants, young children, and adults by age and hiv status.polymerase chain reaction (pcr) methodology was used to detect epstein-barr virus (ebv) dna in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) from children and adults whose hiv status (i.e., infected or uninfected) is known. initial ebv infections especially occurred in children between the ages of 7 and 24 months. ebv-positive children with vertically acquired hiv infection tended to have a detectable blood level of ebv dna for a period of years, and their ebv dna blood levels often exceeded 10,000 ...19989436761
adapting an effective primary care provider std/hiv prevention training programme.sexually acquired human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection continues to be the major source of hiv infection in the usa. preventing sexual transmission of hiv can be accomplished through patient behaviour change. such behaviour change can also decrease risk of other sexually transmitted diseases (stds) and unwanted pregnancies, both far more common problems than hiv infection. primary care physicians and other providers can increase patients' safe sex practices by conducting effective sexual ...19989625896
risks for hiv infection among persons residing in rural areas and small cities--selected sites, southern united states, 1995-1996.the southern region of the united states accounts for the largest proportion (34%) of the 641,086 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) cases reported through 1997 and for 54% of the 58,689 aids cases among persons residing in rural areas (cdc, unpublished data, 1998). this report describes characteristics of persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) who reside in rural areas and small cities of the southern united states and indicates that, before infection, there was a low p ...19989843355
success in implementing public health service guidelines to reduce perinatal transmission of hiv--louisiana, michigan, new jersey, and south carolina, 1993, 1995, and 1996.in 1994, the public health service (phs) published guidelines for zidovudine (zdv) use to reduce perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) (1), and in 1995 published guidelines for hiv counseling and voluntary testing of pregnant women (2). to directly assess the implementation of these guidelines and to identify barriers to the continued reduction of perinatal transmission, four states that conduct surveillance for hiv/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) (louisiana, mic ...19989733415
discriminant validity of the medical outcomes study cognitive function scale in hiv disease patients.human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection results in a chronic course of disease progression and eventual death. with this disease progression comes decreases in health-related quality of life and cognitive function in many patients. we evaluated the construct and discriminant validity of the medical outcomes study four-item and six-item cognitive function scale in a sample of 162 patients with hiv disease. the patients were assessed at baseline and after 4 months with the cognitive function ...19989737145
evidence for concurrent epidemics of human herpesvirus 8 and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in us homosexual men: rates, risk factors, and relationship to kaposi's sarcoma.we examined human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8) seroprevalence and seroincidence among 245 homosexual men from new york city (nyc) and washington, dc (dc) who have been followed since 1982. an immunofluorescence assay measured antibodies to a latent hhv-8 nuclear antigen. seroprevalence was 20.4% in 1982; seroincidence was approximately 15%/year during 1982-1983 but fell sharply thereafter. nyc men had a higher seroprevalence (odds ratio, 3.43; p<.001) and seroincidence (rate ratio, 2.13; p=.01) than dc ...199910479125
absence of human t-lymphotropic virus type i tax sequences in a population of normal blood donors in the baltimore, md/washington, dc, area: results from a multicenter study.it was reported recently that sequences corresponding to the human t-lymphotropic virus type i (htlv-i) tax gene were detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 8 to 11 percent of healthy blood donors without detectable antibodies to htlv-i. a multicenter blind study was conducted to determine if these results could be independently confirmed.199910504129
neuropsychological functioning in hiv-positive african-american women with a history of drug use.this preliminary investigation examined neuropsychological performance in a sample of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-positive and hiv-negative african-american women with a history of drug use. the study population was comprised of 10 hiv-negative, 9 asymptomatic hiv-positive, 13 symptomatic hiv-positive, and 10 acquired immunodeficiency virus (aids) patients. a neuropsychological battery designed to assess attention, psychomotor processing, verbal memory, and visual memory was administered ...19989828581
complaint hits insurance form question on aids virus. 199210119406
ethics committees: is there a role for them in the laboratory?ethics committees are commonly found in united states health-care institutions. as multidisciplinary committees within the medical staff structure, they are active in education, policy development, and case consultation. clinical pathology laboratories face a number of ethically sensitive issues, including the confidentiality of sensitive data, problems of patient-caregiver or caregiver-patient transfer of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), and conflicts about allocating scarce resources su ...199110118888
hiv-risk behaviors associated with homelessness characteristics in youth.to examine characteristics of youth homelessness associated with engaging in risk behaviors for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv).199910551665
psychiatric diagnoses in adolescents seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus.to provide a descriptive analysis of the prevalence of past and current psychiatric disorders in adolescents positive for the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv).200010710020
high prevalence of alcoholism in dialysis patients.alcoholism is one of the most common psychosocial disorders, affecting approximately 10% of the general population. the impact of alcoholism on the care of patients with other medical illnesses has not been addressed in many of these populations, including patients with end-stage renal disease (esrd) undergoing hemodialysis. we set out to determine the prevalence of alcoholism in an urban hemodialysis population and ascertain whether alcoholism had an effect on compliance in this population. one ...200010845814
perceived hiv-related sexual risks and prevention practices of african american women in the southeastern united states.african american women in the southeastern united states constitute the fastest growing segment of those infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). little data exist about the relationships between hiv infection risks and preventive practices. in this article, we describe a focus group investigation of how hiv-related sexual risks are perceived by 19 heterosexual african american women, ages 18 to 44. data were analyzed and interpreted using content analysis, where key ideas, words, a ...199910889636
human immunodeficiency virus infection in rural areas and small cities of the southeast: contributions of migration and behavior.the design of education and prevention strategies to stem the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) in rural areas depends on having accurate patterns of risk behavior and transmission in local areas. interviews were conducted with people in rural areas and small cities in delaware, florida, georgia and south carolina who were at least 18 years old and infected with hiv in order to describe demographic characteristics, migration patterns and ...200010916312
inaccurate documentation of hiv-positive status in adolescents visiting an urban emergency department.to identify the frequency of documentation of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-positive adolescents' serostatus during urban pediatric emergency room visits, and to examine possible differences between those whose hiv positive serostatus was and was not documented.199910551666
characteristics of individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus and provider interaction in the predominantly rural southeast.this detailed study describes the demographic characteristics, behavioral characteristics, care-seeking behavior, and barriers to health care and social services for patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in the southeast.200111235037
project neighborhoods in action: an hiv-related intervention project targeting drug abusers in washington, dc.project neighborhoods in action was a human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) outreach and intervention program that was conducted with injection drug users and crack users in several inner-city neighborhoods in the district of columbia. study participants were placed randomly in either a standard intervention or an enhanced intervention condition, with more than 800 persons being assigned to each group. drug use frequency dropped from 15.2 days to 12.4 for alcohol (p<.0001), 2.1 days to 1.6 for mari ...199910609592
hiv-infected women's experiences and beliefs related to azt therapy during pregnancy.to explore women's experiences and beliefs concerning zidovudine (azt) therapy during pregnancy, short-answer and open-ended questions were asked of 322 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected women at increased risk for pregnancy. specifically, we examined what women believed they had been told concerning azt therapy during pregnancy by health care professionals and peers, experiences with taking azt, how effective they believed azt therapy to be, and if they would take azt if they became p ...200111359662
rural acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in low and high prevalence areas.too little is understood about the spread of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) in rural america. this study focuses on changes over 5 years in two low prevalence and two high prevalence human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) rural service areas.200010653063
bill would require informing mothers of baby's hiv status.nearly 200 house of representatives members, mostly democrats, have sponsored legislation that would require states to tell parents or other legal guardians if their newborn babies test positive for hiv antibodies. currently, health departments in 45 states, the district of columbia, puerto rico and the virgin islands anonymously screen blood specimens from newborns--results are not disclosed. those in favor of the new legislation, proposed by rep. gary ackerman, d-n.y., believe that alerting a ...199511362489
drug-susceptible tuberculosis outbreak in a state correctional facility housing hiv-infected inmates--south carolina, 1999-2000.during 1999-2000, south carolina's department of corrections (scdc), department of health and environmental control (dhec), and cdc investigated an outbreak of drug-susceptible tuberculosis (tb) that occurred in a state correctional facility housing human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected inmates. all culture-confirmed case-patients have been linked by is6110-based dna fingerprinting of mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. this report describes the outbreak investigation and illustrates the ...200011105766
factors affecting health status in african americans living with hiv/aids.this study surveyed face-to-face 111 african american newly diagnosed and living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (hiv/aids) from the washington d.c. area, to ascertain the use of, and need for, early intervention services. the survey instrument included sections on demographics, level of health functioning and health indicators, social and financial support, and needed services. this article constructs a health status proxy variable from survey items and exa ...200111445015
human herpesvirus 8 infection and kaposi's sarcoma among human immunodeficiency virus-infected and -uninfected women.little is known about the epidemiology of human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8) infections among women. a cross-sectional study was conducted of hhv-8 infection among human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected and high-risk hiv-uninfected women. serological tests with noninduced (latent) and induced (lytic) hhv-8 antigens were used to detect infection among 2483 participants of a multisite cohort. reactivity to latent antigen was present in 4.1% and to induced antigens in 12.0% of women. seven of 8 women ...200111237842
outing hiv (or, the tailor retailored).at the 1996 international conference on aids in vancouver, british columbia, papers were presented on a broad variety of aids-related topics. trends in the global epidemic were discussed, showed that the epidemic is still increasing in asia and africa, and although it is slowing in the united states, the annual rate of heterosexual transmission is increasing. new drug combination results, including using reverse transcriptase inhibitors and/or more protease inhibitors, offer hopeful possibilitie ...199611363891
court to read 'adverse inference' into destruction of evidence.a federal magistrate ruled that the walter reed army medical center conducted a lookback investigation without considering the relevance of the evidence. letha rice received a transfusion during surgery at the center, and the blood was subsequently found to be hiv-positive. the center used the last beads of blood taken from the donor to determine why the donation did not react to standard hiv-antibody tests. this left rice without evidence to present to her own experts. rice has since tested pos ...199611363457
antiretroviral adherence and use of alternative therapies among older hiv-infected adults.to investigate adherence to antiretroviral therapy and use of alternative therapies among older human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected adults, and to assess relationships between antiretroviral adherence and clinical outcomes.200111491273
factors affecting total hospital charges and utilization for south carolina inpatients with hiv/aids in 1994-1996,.this study's analysis addresses trends in hospital utilization and costs for patients with human immunodeficiency virus acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (hiv/aids) from 1994 through 1996 in south carolina, as well as the effect of patient sociodemographics, referrals, and provider characteristics. this is a population-based study of all emergency department visits and hospitalizations occurring during that time period. the total hospital charge per patient significantly increases over time, wh ...200111530769
factors affecting reproductive decisions of african american women living with hiv.this exploratory study used focus groups to examine attitudes and beliefs of hiv-infected african american women of child-bearing age about pregnancy and antiretroviral therapy.200212215005
local 1812, american federation of government employees v. u.s. department of state.a preliminary injunction was denied by the u.s. district court for the district of columbia to stop the department of state's mandatory human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) testing in the medical fitness program for foreign service employees, on the grounds of insufficient likelihood that the plaintiff union representing employees subject to the program would prevail on the merits of either its constitutional claim of unreasonable search and invasion of privacy or its rehabilitation act claim. th ...198711648179
protecting patients from surgical hepatitis c virus infection. 200212083228
kids and condoms.the proposal of the school chancellor in new york city to dispense condoms to the city's 261,000 high school students met with protests from parents and religious groups that espouse abstinence and postponement of sexual activity. in philadelphia there was a tumultuous meeting of the school board and aids prevention advocates. the promotion of condoms for aids prevention has become controversial, some claiming that it promotes promiscuity. in february 1991, there were 167,803 aids cases repor ...199112318167
american council of life insurance v. district of columbia.in 1986, the district of columbia council enacted a law prohibiting health, life, and disability insurers from denying insurance coverage to individuals who have tested positively for aids or aids-related complex (arc), or who have refused to take such a test. the act also imposed a five-year moratorium on the use of aids screening tests for the purposes of adjusting insurance rates. plaintiffs challenged the legality of the act on both constitutional and statutory grounds. in upholding the l ...198611648301
hiv prevention at the grass roots level.in washington, d.c. adolescents are infected with about 1/3 of all sexually transmitted diseases, and the incidence of congenital syphilis is mounting. the district of columbia had a reported aids infection rate of 132.5/100,000 residents between july 1991 and june 1992 compared with 44.8 in new york. a total of 6613 cases were reported of which 6523 afflicted adults and adolescents. only san francisco had more cases with 12,402 cases of adults and adolescents reported. the district of colum ...199212286191
local aids task forces / coordinating bodies.this directory of local acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) task forces and coordinating bodies was prepared by the us conference of mayors to facilitate the exchange of ideas among localities. cited in the directory are 142 bodies--including minority liaisons--from 37 states and the district of columbia. local aids task forces have been established as a means of organizing and coordinating community responses to aids in terms of health services, funding, and risk reduction health educat ...198812315469
human immunodeficiency virus social work program at the walter reed army medical center: a historical perspective.human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection has become a pandemic concern for many nations. when this disease first presented itself in a global manner in the early 1980s, it was accompanied by fear, denial, misunderstanding, social stigma, and a paucity of available support services. the u.s. army was becoming increasingly aware of the potential impact hiv could have on the active forces. a tragic event involving the suicide of a young hiv-infected soldier resulted in the development of a comp ...200314529241
state-by-state data on crime, aids, aging.the united states population data sheet (population reference bureau, 1994), 11th edition, lists information by state concerning crime rate, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), demographic aging, and expected population growth. crime rates for 1992 were highest in the district of columbia (11,407 serious crimes--murder, aggravated assault, burglary, arson, and rape--per 100,000), florida (8358), texas (7085), arizona (7029), and california (6680). they were lowest in west virginia (2610 ...199512319058
epidemiology of hiv and aids among adolescents and young adults in the united states.to describe the current status of the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (hiv/aids) epidemic among adolescents and young adults in the united states. despite reported declines in sexual risk behaviors among adolescents in the past decade, little has been published about the epidemiology of hiv and aids among adolescents and young adults in the united states.200616857526
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