| hiv-1 prevalence and risk factors among sexually transmitted disease clinic attenders in trinidad. | to study trends in prevalence and to ascertain risk factors for hiv-1 among sexually transmitted disease (std) clinic attenders in trinidad. | 1995 | 7794544 |
| direct and indirect estimates of hiv-1 incidence in a high-prevalence population. | while the worldwide aids epidemic continues to expand, directly measured incidence data are difficult to obtain. methods to reliably estimate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) incidence from more easily available data are particularly relevant in those parts of the world where prevalence is rising in heterosexually exposed populations. the authors set out to estimate hiv-1 incidence in a population of heterosexual sexually transmitted disease clinic attendees in trinidad who had a know ... | 1998 | 9583713 |
| a distinctive clade b hiv type 1 is heterosexually transmitted in trinidad and tobago. | hiv-1 transmission worldwide is predominantly associated with heterosexual activity, and non-clade b viruses account for the most spread. the hiv-1 epidemic in trinidad/tobago and the caribbean shares many features with such heterosexual epidemics, including a prominent role for coincident sexually transmitted diseases. this study evaluates the molecular epidemiology of hiv-1 in trinidad/tobago during a period when abrupt transition from homosexual to heterosexual transmission occurred in the ab ... | 2000 | 10984542 |
| the caribbean--reflecting global contrasts. | this paper addresses the dilemma facing the caribbean in the establishment of policies that would lead to hiv prevention. the caribbean are a collection of numerous cultures, languages, politics, and economies. it has a high number of aids cases relative to it's population size. at the onset of the aids epidemic, a series of bad studies led to the conclusion that haitians were a "risk group" for hiv infection, consequences of which are irreparable. the aids epidemic has been characterized by ... | 1990 | 12282758 |
| prevention and care: trinidad's twin messages. | trinidad and tobago are using educational programs to help the prevention of the spread of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). they have used posters and dramatic presentations on television, and have timed presentations to key periods like carnival activities. also, popular singing groups have been used to send the message to young people. both government and private groups are focusing their efforts on care for people with aids. the red cross, in concert with family planning organiz ... | 1990 | 12282759 |
| learning through experience. | after the first aids patients were diagnosed in 1983 in trinidad and tobago, every nurse attended a large group lecture on hiv/aids which lasted 1 or 2 days. even though the information acquired helped them greatly in infection control, the lectures did not prepare them adequately for caring for aids patients. the nurses did not want to treat aids patients and would not make home visits. they feared infection with hiv and stigmatization through their contact with aids patients. they often be ... | 1992 | 12286729 |
| aids costs in trinidad and tobago. | in 1983, there were only eight registered cases of aids in trinidad and tobago, all among male homosexuals and bisexuals. by the beginning of 1992, however, trinidad and tobago was ranked 17th worldwide among 164 countries for which aids-case data had been collected in terms of the number of reported cases of aids per 100,000 population. moreover, by 1992, of the 175 new cases reported for which risk factors could be established, 77.1% were from among the heterosexual population, with 10.3% of ... | 1994 | 12346421 |
| counseling and testing for hiv / aids prevention. | researchers at the kenya association of professional counselors (kapc) hope to discover whether hiv testing accompanied by personalized, one-on-one counseling can influence individuals to adopt preventive behaviors and lower their risk of hiv infection. counseling and testing has long been an essential component of hiv/aids programs in developed countries. however, this is the first large-scale randomized research on its effectiveness as a tool for behavior change in developing countries. the ... | 1996 | 12347584 |
| hiv seroprevalence and risk factors in female substance abusers seeking rehabilitation in trinidad and tobago. | crack cocaine use, especially among females, is associated with risky sexual behaviour. data from 122 female substance abusers admitted to a rehabilitation centre in trinidad and tobago between 1996 and 2002 were retrospectively reviewed to determine human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) seroprevalence and other associated risk factors. hiv seroprevalence was 19.7%, eight times higher than in the general population. factors significantly associated with hiv infection were use of crack cocaine, low ... | 2004 | 15352743 |
| poor educational attainment and sexually transmitted infections associated with positive hiv serostatus among female in-patient substance abusers in trinidad and tobago. | female crack cocaine users are at high risk for hiv infection. data from 121 female substance abusers admitted to an all-female rehabilitation center in trinidad and tobago between 1996 and 2002 were reviewed retrospectively to determine human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) seroprevalence and associated risk factors. hiv seroprevalence was 19.8%, which is six times higher than in the general population. the univariate analysis identified the following factors associated with hiv infection: poor ed ... | 2006 | 16769451 |
| confidence intervals for biomarker-based human immunodeficiency virus incidence estimates and differences using prevalent data. | prevalent biologic specimens can be used to estimate human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) incidence using a two-stage immunologic testing algorithm that hinges on the average time, t, between testing hiv-positive on highly sensitive enzyme immunoassays and testing hiv-positive on less sensitive enzyme immunoassays. common approaches to confidence interval (ci) estimation for this incidence measure have included 1) ignoring the random error in t or 2) employing a bonferroni adjustment of the box me ... | 2007 | 17056640 |
| adh1c*2 allele is associated with alcohol dependence and elevated liver enzymes in trinidad and tobago. | variants in alcohol dehydrogenase (adh) genes differ between ethnic groups and have, in some studies, been found to be associated with alcohol dependence and alcoholic liver disease. this study sought to determine whether an association exists between adh (adh1c previously adh3, adh1b*2 previously adh2*2) genotypes, alcohol dependence, drinking history, and liver function tests in the two major ethnic groups of trinidad and tobago (tt). one hundred and forty-five alcohol-dependent individuals of ... | 2006 | 17134660 |
| association of the adhib*3 allele with alcohol-related phenotypes in trinidad. | two of the class i alcohol dehydrogenase (adh) genes located on chromosome 4 (adh1b and adh1c) encode for multiple isozymes that differ in their kinetic properties. at the adh1b locus, 3 polymorphisms are present (adh1b(*)1, adh1b(*)2, adh1b(*)3). adh1b(*)2 (found mostly in individuals of east asian and jewish descent) and adh1b(*)3 (found mostly in individuals of african decent) alleles encode for a more active enzyme variants than adh1b(*)1 and the presence of these alleles has been associated ... | 2007 | 17250612 |
| association of aldh1 promoter polymorphisms with alcohol-related phenotypes in trinidad and tobago. | two polymorphisms in the promoter region of the gene encoding cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase (aldh1a1), aldh1a1*2 and aldh1a1*3, have recently been identified. the present study sought to determine whether an association exists between aldh1a1 genotypes, alcohol dependence, drinking history, and liver function tests in the two major ethnic groups of trinidad and tobago (tt). | 2007 | 17286337 |
| prevalence and risk factors for hiv infection in pregnant women in north trinidad. | the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in the caribbean is reported to be second only to sub saharan africa. hiv in pregnancy has become an increasingly important focus of attention in hiv research because of its role in contributing to spread of the infection. this study sought to establish the prevalence and risk factors associated with hiv infection among antenatal women in the northwest region of trinidad. | 2006 | 17373304 |
| trends in hiv/tb coinfection in trinidad and tobago for the period 1998-2007. | the aim of this study was to extend the description of the epidemiologic pattern of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)/tuberculosis (tb) coinfection from 1998 to 2007 in a high hiv/aids prevalence country. | 2009 | 19246416 |
| significantly longer envelope v2 loops are characteristic of heterosexually transmitted subtype b hiv-1 in trinidad. | in trinidad and the wider caribbean, subtype b human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (hiv-1b) overwhelmingly accounts for hiv infection among heterosexuals; this contrasts with the association of hiv-1b with homosexual transmission and injecting drug use globally. the hiv envelope contains genetic determinants of cell tropism and evasion from immune attack. in this study we investigate the genetic properties of the env v1-c4 of hiv-1b soon after transmission to trinidadian heterosexuals. this will ... | 2011 | 21698149 |
| transmission of htlv-i and hiv among homosexual men in trinidad. | risk for human t-cell lymphotropic virus type (htlv-i) and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection was evaluated in 100 homosexual or bisexual men from trinidad. high seropositivity for htlv-i (15% vs 2.4% in the general population) was linked to duration of homosexuality and numbers of partners, suggesting that htlv-i, like hiv, can be transmitted by homosexual sex. forty percent of homosexuals compared with 0.19% of the general population were seropositive for hiv, and sexual contact with ... | 1987 | 2883330 |