| the unlinked anonymous hiv prevalence monitoring programme in england and wales: preliminary results. | results are presented from unlinked anonymous hiv-1 testing of specimens collected during 1990 from 8996 genito-urinary medicine clinic attenders, 1421 injecting drug users, and 69,091 pregnant women. one-fifth of homo/bisexual men attending london genito-urinary medicine clinics were infected with hiv-1. the figure was 4% outside london. the prevalence of hiv-1 infection among male heterosexual attenders at genito-urinary medicine clinics who were not known to have injected drugs, was 1% in lon ... | 1991 | 1669780 |
| hiv infection in england and wales: a changing pattern. | of 32,983 specimens from 307 sources in england and wales tested in the virus reference laboratory for anti-hiv between 1984 and 1987, 6491 (20%) were positive. ninety-five per cent of the positive subjects were male and 44% of them were from three london genito-urinary medicine clinics. in 1987 the numbers of newly diagnosed hiv infections decreased in homosexual men and haemophiliacs and increased in injecting drug abusers; 148/1199 (12%) of all the positive findings in 1987 were in females. b ... | 1989 | 2703027 |
| how many people in england and wales risk infection from injecting drug use? | injecting drug users who share equipment may transmit and acquire bloodborne virus infections, including hiv, hepatitis b virus, and hepatitis c virus. even without sharing, injection with non-sterile equipment, drugs, or mixing agents may result in infection due to bacteria or fungi. estimates of the number of people who are currently at risk of infection from injecting drug use are needed in order to plan services and care, and to interpret surveillance data. this paper examines the data from ... | 1995 | 7536591 |
| hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections in england and wales. | | 1993 | 7693206 |
| hiv infection in injecting drug users attending centres in england and wales, 1990-1991. | to monitor trends in hiv infection and associated risk behaviours in injecting drug users (idu) in england and wales. | 1993 | 8280418 |
| tuberculosis and hiv: estimates of the overlap in england and wales. | a study was designed to determine the extent of the interaction between tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection in england and wales. | 1993 | 8497815 |
| the risk of infection with hiv and hepatitis b in individuals who inject steroids in england and wales. | data on injecting anabolic steroid users, within the national unlinked anonymous hiv prevalence monitoring survey of injecting drug users (idus) were analysed to determine their risk of acquiring blood borne viruses. one hundred and forty-nine participants who had injected anabolic steroids in the previous month were identified from 1991-6, contributing 1.4% of all participation episodes in the survey. rates of needle and syringe sharing by steroid users were low. three of the 149 (2.0%) had ant ... | 1998 | 9825789 |
| general paralysis of the insane and aids in old age psychiatry: epidemiology, clinical diagnosis, serology and ethics--the way forward. | while the incidence of general paralysis of the insane (gpi) has declined, aids (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) has emerged as a new illness. today, in england and wales, as many elderly people die from aids as from neurosyphilis, although both diagnoses are rare in this age group. both are serious medical conditions with psychiatric manifestations. for both, serological tests may identify the disease, and treatment may be of benefit, but there is considerable social stigma attached to the ... | 1998 | 9884913 |
| prevalence of hiv, hepatitis b, and hepatitis c antibodies in prisoners in england and wales: a national survey. | prisoners in eight of the 135 prisons in england and wales were surveyed in 1997 and 1998 to study the prevalence of and risk factors for transmission of bloodborne viruses in prison. subjects voluntarily completed a risk factor questionnaire and provided oral fluid specimens for unlinked anonymous testing for the presence of antibodies to hiv, hepatitis c virus (hcv), and the core antigen of hepatitis b virus (hbc). almost 8% (4778) of the total of 60,561 prisoners were eligible and four fifths ... | 2000 | 10902255 |
| mortality of hepatitis b surface antigen-positive blood donors in england and wales. | large population-based cohort studies in areas of high hepatitis b virus (hbv) prevalence have provided the evidence establishing hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) carriage as a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) and liver disease. fewer studies have examined this in western countries, where both hbv infection and carriage are less common and transmission patterns differ. this is the only prospective population-based study to examine this relationship in europe. | 2003 | 12690022 |
| diagnoses of hiv-1 and hiv-2 in england, wales, and northern ireland associated with west africa. | to describe hiv diagnoses, including those of hiv-2 infection, made in england, wales, and northern ireland (e,w&ni) among those probably infected in west africa, and to consider whether there is evidence for ongoing heterosexual transmission within the united kingdom. | 2005 | 16061543 |
| sharps injuries in uk health care: a review of injury rates, viral transmission and potential efficacy of safety devices. | to review the literature on sharps injuries and occupational bloodborne virus transmission in health care in the uk and the worldwide evidence for injury prevention of sharps safety devices. | 2006 | 17065314 |
| the criminalization of hiv transmission in england and wales: a brief review of the issues arising. | the hiv virus has been present in our society for more than two decades. although there was originally much academic interest in the possibility of prosecuting for the reckless transmission of hiv in england and wales, it was thought impossible by many (including the government) under existing legislation. the first prosecution in england in 2003 (following the first uk prosecution in 2001, in scotland) provoked a great deal of surprise not least in the hiv voluntary sector, which has since been ... | 2007 | 17197881 |
| twenty years of selective hepatitis b vaccination: is hepatitis b declining among injecting drug users in england and wales? | injection drug use is a common route of infection for the hepatitis b virus (hbv) in the uk. the aim of this study was to establish the prevalence and force of infection for hbv among injecting drug users (idus) recruited from multiple community and drug agency settings in england and wales between 1990 and 2004. cross-sectional studies of idus in and out of contact with drug agencies were conducted throughout the 15-year period. oral fluid samples were tested for antibodies to the hepatitis b c ... | 2007 | 17650293 |
| epidemiology of herpes simplex virus types 2 and 1 amongst men who have sex with men attending sexual health clinics in england and wales: implications for hiv prevention and management. | the objective was to investigate herpes simplex virus (hsv) epidemiology amongst hiv-positive and hiv-negative men who have sex with men (msm) in england and wales. unlinked anonymous sera from 3,968 msm attending 12 sexual health clinics in 2003 were tested for hiv, hsv-2 and hsv-1 antibodies. fifty-five percent of hiv-positive msm were hsv-2-seropositive, compared to 17% of hiv-negative msm (adj rr: 2.14 [ci: 1.92-2.37]). amongst hiv-positive individuals, there was no significant difference in ... | 2009 | 19941804 |
| occupation and mortality related to alcohol, drugs and sexual habits. | to identify opportunities for targeted prevention, we explored differences in occupational mortality from diseases and injuries related to alcohol consumption, sexual habits and drug abuse. | 2010 | 20407041 |
| genitourinary medicine clinic kc60 coding for first episode genital herpes: a lesson from north of the border? | a survey of the accuracy of applying the kc60 diagnostic code for genital herpes: first attack (c10a) was undertaken by non-consultant career-grade doctors working in genitourinary (gu) medicine in england, wales and northern ireland. in total, 148 forms were returned (58% response). overall, 88/148, 59.5% (95% confidence interval 51.5-67.4%) applied the correct codes for all the clinical scenarios presented. of doctors who personally assigned codes to clinical episodes, 57/104 (54.8%), were cor ... | 2007 | 17686223 |
| assessment of hiv-2 testing practices and reporting in england, wales, and northern ireland. | | 2004 | 15779806 |
| in the shadow of hiv-htlv infection in england and wales, 1987-2001. | like human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), human t-cell leukaemia/ lymphoma viruses (htlv) i and ii are persistent retroviral infections. once infected, the lifetime risk of developing the htlv-associated diseases, malignant or inflammatory, is low (approximately 5%). for those affected, however, these diseases are debilitating, with few treatment options and a poor prognosis. surveillance of htlv infections by the communicable disease surveillance centre (cdsc) has been ongoing since serological ... | 2004 | 15481213 |
| aids programmes: the need for specialist training. | information, education, and communication (iec) is an art and a skill which requires careful planning and an appreciation of complex realities. evidence indicates that some approaches can be particularly effective. it is important that iec efforts are kept in line with the life realities of carefully identified target groups. gender-power relations are a critical dimension of any program. furthermore, carefully-implemented peer-led interventions can reach audiences which other techniques can ... | 1997 | 12347948 |
| acquired immune deficiency syndrome predictions for england and wales (1992-97): sensitivity analysis, information, decision. | some implications of the use of the back-calculation method for estimating future trends in hiv infections and aids incidence in england and wales are explored. "this paper explores in...detail some aspects of the latest projections which have only been hinted at in the report published by the public health laboratory service in 1993. the value of additional information on the hiv epidemic in discriminating between different, otherwise equally plausible, scenarios is demonstrated. the role of th ... | 1995 | 12320135 |
| [std prevention and unplanned pregnancies in great britain]. | the hiv/aids epidemic necessitated promotion of condoms. by the late 1980s condom use had surpassed use of all other contraceptive methods, including oral contraceptives, in the uk. the change from use of a medical contraceptive method to use of a readily available nonmedical method occurred at the same time family practitioners surpassed community family planning centers as contraceptive providers. during the 1980s the rate of women attending family planning clinics fell (15% to 10%, 1980-19 ... | 1995 | 12289997 |
| changing attitudes to condoms through advertising. | advertising of condoms is beset with problems; 6% of adults oppose it, although 50% thought it a good idea. despite the government's aids campaign, condom use grew by only 20% in 1987. of 16- to 34-year old people only 1 in 6 use them. people in the uk, even those at most risk (the under-21s) do not feel threatened by aids because they think it only affects high-risk groups, despite the fact that 308 heterosexual people in england, wales and northern ireland tested positive for hiv antibodies ... | 1988 | 12281490 |
| facts of life for adults. | the editorial commentary reflects the desire for openness in providing contraceptive services for adolescents, rather than pretending that the emperor has new clothes. the simile is used to expose the coverup intended by adults who desire adolescent sexual behavior that does not exist. examples of 4 european countries, (sweden, netherlands, france, and england and wales) who support contraceptive use for teenagers are given. lessons can be learned from these countries which have a 3 times low ... | 1991 | 12222218 |
| exposure of healthcare workers in england, wales, and northern ireland to bloodborne viruses between july 1997 and june 2000: analysis of surveillance data. | | 2001 | 11179157 |
| the control and management of the sexually transmitted diseases: a comparison of the united kingdom and the russian federation. | during the last 20 years, both the united kingdom and the russian federation have seen changes to clinical services for sexually transmitted diseases (stds) health systems and other mechanisms through which stds are controlled. in the uk these changes followed the description of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) and the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv); its causal agent. in russia, the breakdown of the soviet union following glasnost and perestroika, and its associated political, s ... | 1999 | 10582633 |
| hiv serophobia in the mortuary: an algorithm system for handling high-risk forensic cases. | a serophobia of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) is very noticeable in mortuaries handling high-risk cases. the morbid anxiety about occupationally acquired hiv infection in the forensic practice has made mortuary workers unduly overcautious. despite the availability of codes of practice and informed principles of health and safety, there is considerable anxiety that an hiv carrier with no identifiable risk factors may be overlooked or a seronegative body may be inadvertently assu ... | 1997 | 9383938 |
| computer assisted learning (cal) of oral manifestations of hiv disease. | general dental practitioners (gdps) in the uk may wish additional education on relevant aspects of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) disease. the aim of the present study was to develop and assess a computer assisted learning package on the oral manifestations of hiv disease of relevance to gdps. a package was developed using a commercially-available software development tool and assessed by a group of 75 gdps interested in education and computers. fifty-four (72%) of the gdps completed a self- ... | 1996 | 8854425 |
| survey of human immunodeficiency virus infection among pregnant women in england and wales: 1990-93. | we report on the first four years (1990-93) of a survey within the national hiv prevalence monitoring programme. the survey's objective is to monitor the prevalence of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in pregnant women in london and elsewhere in england. the survey--based in forty centres that offer antenatal care in london, greater manchester, west yorkshire, and adjacent non-metropolitan areas--uses repeated cross sectional serosurveillance for anti-hiv-1 and 2 and the unl ... | 1994 | 7527276 |
| epidemiological and statistical aspects of the aids epidemic: introduction. | in 1988, a government working party studied estimates of incidence and prevalence of numbers of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) cases. they investigated a series of epidemiological, statistical and mathematical problems associated with predicting trends in incidences of aids. this paper introduces a series of papers that give a fuller and more technical exposition of the appendixes of that working party report. the papers provide a brief background to the current state of knowledge on ... | 1989 | 2572020 |
| evidence for recent changes in sexual behaviour in homosexual men in england and wales. | over 80% of cases of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) in england and wales have occurred in homosexual men. changes in sexual behaviour in this group may have a substantial influence on the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and will therefore be crucial in determining future cases of aids. this paper critically weighs the indirect and direct evidence for changes in behaviour in homosexual men since the advent of the aids epidemic. the paper reports on falling in ... | 1989 | 2572014 |
| monitoring the prevalence of hiv. | britain's department of health has proposed a program of extensive human immunodeficiecy virus (hiv) testing of unlinked anonymous blood samples from patients in a variety of health care settings in england and wales. the program's aim is to provide estimates of the prevalence of hiv infection in the population, and of the rate of change of prevalence estimates over time. this information will be used to target prevention campaigns to high-risk populations, and to determine future allocations ... | 1989 | 2513926 |
| loglinear models, sexual behavior and hiv: epidemiological implications of heterosexual transmission. | an analysis is presented of sexual behaviour data from a "random" sample (n = 780) of the adult population of england and wales. sex stratified frequency distributions of the reported number of sex partners/time were analysed for heterosexuals, demographic characteristics associated with the number of sex partners/time were identified, and epidemiological parameters (the basic reproductive rate of hiv and the doubling time of the epidemic) were calculated. these analyses suggest that the size of ... | 1990 | 2366147 |
| hiv infection and aids in england and wales: general practitioners' workload and contact with patients. | in mid-1988 a postal survey was conducted of one in five general practitioners in england and wales, to examine their contact with people with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection, with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) or with worries about hiv infection or aids. the response rate was 63.9%. of the 3339 respondents 22.7% knew of an asymptomatic hiv positive patient within their practice, 5.4% knew of a symptomatic hiv positive patient and 6.4% knew of a patient with aids. t ... | 1990 | 2115352 |
| short-term prediction of hiv infection and aids: a critique of the working group's report to the department of health. | the report of the working group on the short-term prediction of aids/hiv (the cox report) is reviewed mainly to assess its calculations of the numbers of people in england and wales who are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). two main methods are used in the report to estimate this total--the direct method and the back projection method. the direct method estimates the number of people infected with hiv by attempting to specify the numbers of people in various at-risk groups, a ... | 1990 | 2099193 |
| complacency, risk perception and the problem of hiv education. | many public surveys on the issue of hiv and aids have concentrated on the relationship between attitudes and knowledge. often this relationship has been found wanting or at most tenuous. a recent survey of 1,002 people in wales has supported these earlier findings, but found additionally that discriminatory and complacent attitudes on aids or towards people with the 'aids virus' are held by a significant proportion of the population. the survey also discovered that people correctly perceive the ... | 1990 | 2083263 |
| loss to follow-up among adults attending human immunodeficiency virus services in england, wales, and northern ireland. | : to assess the extent to which human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-diagnosed adults attending hiv-services in england, wales, and northern ireland are lost to follow-up or attend services intermittently. | 2011 | 21844719 |
| transfusion-transmitted human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) from seroconverting donors is rare in england and wales: results from hiv lookback, october 1995 through december 2008. | background: lookback is considered when human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is detected in a repeat blood donor in case the immediately previous negative donation was donated in the infectious window period (iwp) or the assay(s) produced a false-negative result. hiv lookback investigations undertaken by nhs blood and transplant and the welsh blood service between october 1995 and december 2008 are described. study design and methods: investigations were undertaken into the previous negative donat ... | 2010 | 21175648 |