| molecular epidemiology of hiv-1 in st petersburg, russia: predominance of subtype a, former soviet union variant, and identification of intrasubtype subclusters. | to examine hiv-1 genetic diversity in st. petersburg. | 2009 | 19363451 |
| rapid increase in hiv rates--orel oblast, russian federation, 1999-2001. | during 1999-2001, the estimated number of cases of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) reported officially in the russian federation increased approximately 16-fold, from 11,000 to 177,000. in 2001, of 49,434 hiv-infected persons for whom a risk factor was identified, 46,274 (94%) were injection-drug users (idus). however, the actual number of hiv-infected persons in russia is estimated to be four to 10 times higher than reported. rapid increases in hiv have been reported in urban areas (e.g., ka ... | 2003 | 12869903 |
| a substantial transmission bottleneck among newly and recently hiv-1-infected injection drug users in st petersburg, russia. | there are limited data on the genetic complexity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) after transmission among a cohort of injection drug users (idus). we used single-genome amplification of hiv-1 env to determine the genotypic characteristics of virus among idus with acute infection in st petersburg, russia. our results indicate that a single variant was transmitted in a majority of cases (9 of 13 participants), which is analogous to what is observed in sexual transmission. these data ... | 2010 | 20423223 |
| [pathological anatomy of hiv infection according to data in saint-petersburg]. | the results of postmortem investigation of 101 cases of hiv infection at its different stages in saint-petersburg are analyzed. the challenges to a pathologist performing the autopsy are discussed. there has been an increase in the number of deaths since 2000, among drug users in particular. macrophacytic transformation and specific hiv-related encephalitis are among the most important changes directly associated with immunodeficiency virus. among secondary infections, cryptococcosis, cytomegaly ... | 2003 | 12669613 |
| hepatitis b in st petersburg, russia (1994-1999): incidence, prevalence and force of infection. | hepatitis b (hb) is thought to be an expanding health problem in russia. the incidence of infection was estimated from mandatorily reported hb cases in st petersburg. the two-sided t-test for independent samples and the loess (locally-weighted regression) smoother were used to compare the age at infection for symptomatic, asymptomatic and chronic infections, by gender. the force of infection was estimated from seroprevalence data (907 sera taken in 1999) using a newly developed nonparametric met ... | 2003 | 12614471 |
| program in russia targets psychological support. | public health officials in russia reported one of the country's first programs aimed at giving psychological support to patients with aids and their families during the fourth international conference on home and community care for persons living with hiv/aids. the program, called ¿the hope¿, started in 1998 and was funded by the local branch of the salvation army. since its inception, the program has provided hiv-positive persons the opportunity to meet in an informal setting. so far 1500 pe ... | 2000 | 12295856 |
| u.s. trains russians for impending aids epidemic. | following the breakup of the soviet union and its social controls, rates of sexually transmitted disease and iv drug use among very young people have increased dramatically in the context of major social and economic problems and an overburdened and antiquated public health infrastructure. there is little awareness of aids and few resources for aids prevention. russia's public health system is unprepared to manage the crush of hiv/aids cases expected to emerge in the country in the years ahead ... | 1999 | 12294477 |
| syphilis among intravenous drug-using population: epidemiological situation in st petersburg, russia. | an epidemic of syphilis and other sexually transmitted infections (sti) in the russian federation is believed to be related to the rise in injection drug use. a study was carried out in collaboration with a non-governmental organization, foundation 'vozvrastcheniye'. | 2002 | 12230926 |
| [aids in russia. it is still possible to stop the epidemic. interview with dr. a.p. koslov]. | according to a.p. koslov, president of the fourth international conference on aids, cancer, and associated diseases held in russia in 1996, the conference represents the first high level discussion of aids risk management in russia. russia has a strong potential for development of a vaccine, having been a key player in the smallpox eradication program in the late 1950s. conditions are difficult at present, but it is possible that russia will be able to develop a practical vaccine for distribut ... | 1996 | 12179251 |
| [the ngos together]. | few nongovernmental organizations (ngos) exist in the russian federation or other former soviet republics. existing ngos are often in formative stages, having little contact with international organizations but entirely dependent on external financing that is usually insufficient. existing as they do in a region undergoing extreme change, they often provoke skepticism or overt hostility from the authorities. the russian foundation of names is an ngo created in 1991 to provide psychological an ... | 1996 | 12179247 |
| a natural intergenotypic recombinant of hepatitis c virus identified in st. petersburg. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) evolution is thought to proceed by mutations within the six genotypes. here, we report on a viable spontaneous hcv recombinant and we show that recombination may play a role in the evolution of this virus. previously, 149 hcv strains from st. petersburg had been subtyped by limited sequencing within the ns5b region. in the present study, the core regions of 41 of these strains were sequenced to investigate the concordance of hcv genotyping for these two genomic regions. t ... | 2002 | 11907242 |
| [the dynamics of the course of hiv infection in patients with concomitant sexually transmitted disease morbidity and viral hepatitides detected in saint petersburg in 1997-1998]. | during the recent 2 years growth in the number of cases of hiv infection, exceeding 1.2-fold the number of cases detected during the preceding 9 years, was registered in st. petersburg. in the structure of patients with detected hiv infection injecting drug users prevailed. among 124 patients with detected hiv infection 28.2% and 46.8% had, respectively, concomitant sexually transmitted diseases (std) and virus hepatitides (vh). due to preventive and antiepidemic measures the std and vh morbidit ... | 2000 | 10994101 |
| circulation of subtype a and gaga/envb recombinant hiv type 1 strains among injecting drug users in st. petersburg, russia, correlates with geographical origin of infections. | countries of the former soviet union are experiencing an emerging hiv-1 epidemic due to a rapid expansion of hiv-1 among injecting drug users (idus). to study the molecular epidemiology of hiv-1 among idus in st. petersburg, russia, virus sequences were obtained from 22 individuals. phylogenetic analysis of the env and gag regions revealed circulation of two major hiv-1 populations, one belonging to hiv-1 subtype a, and another being a recombinant of subtype a and b viruses (gaga/envb). both vir ... | 1999 | 10580409 |
| epidemiology of hiv infection in st. petersburg, russia. | overall hiv-1 prevalence in st. petersburg (leningrad) is extremely low (0.002%). hiv-2 infection has not been detected. the possible mode of virus entry was through sexual contacts with infected foreigners, the earliest documented date being prior to 1982. among 25 seropositive males, 18 are homosexual and five are bisexual, suggesting that the virus is circulating within resident population of homo/bisexual males. the total incidence of new infections has not shown the type of dramatic increas ... | 1993 | 8433286 |
| short communication: molecular epidemiology of hiv type 1 in the republic of dagestan, russian federation: virtually uniform circulation of subtype a, former soviet union variant, with predominance of the v77i(pr) subvariant. | we examine the distribution of viral genetic forms and the presence of antiretroviral drug resistance mutations in hiv-1 infections in the republic of dagestan, in the north caucasus area of russia, where a recent large increase in hiv-1 infections has been documented. samples were collected from 41 hiv-1-infected individuals from dagestan, most of them from the cities of derbent (n = 21) and mahachkala (n = 18). thirty six were injecting drug users and five were infected by heterosexual contact ... | 2010 | 20377421 |
| wide variation in the multiplicity of hiv-1 infection among injection drug users. | recent studies indicate that sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) generally results from productive infection by only one virus, a finding attributable to the mucosal barrier. surprisingly, a recent study of injection drug users (idus) from st. petersburg, russia, also found most subjects to be acutely infected by a single virus. here, we show by single-genome amplification and sequencing in a different idu cohort that 60% of idu subjects were infected by more than ... | 2010 | 20375173 |
| near full-length genome characterization of a newly identified hiv type 1 subtype f variant circulating in st. petersburg, russia. | we report the near full-length genome characterization of an hiv-1 subtype f virus (d88_845) collected in st. petersburg, russia, from a 25-year-old russian woman perinatally infected in 1982. in a bayesian phylogenetic analysis, the genome sequence branched basally to the subsubtype f1 clade. in partial sequences, d88_845 clustered with 13 other subtype f sequences from russia, corresponding to gag (n = 2), pol (n = 3), and env (n = 8) segments. at least 11 of these sequences are from samples c ... | 2009 | 19943791 |
| binge drinking and unsafe sex: a study of narcology hospital patients from st. petersburg, russia. | the purpose of this study was to assess the association between binge alcohol use and unprotected sex in russian substance users. participants (n = 181) were narcology hospital patients assessed on demographics, alcohol use, risky sex, and sexually transmitted disease/human immunodeficiency virus (std/hiv) diagnoses. adjusted generalized estimating equations (gees) logistic regression analysis examined the association between binge drinking and same-day unprotected sex across each of the past 30 ... | 2009 | 19591057 |
| simultaneous recruitment of drug users and men who have sex with men in the united states and russia using respondent-driven sampling: sampling methods and implications. | the sexual acquisition and transmission of hiv cooperative agreement program (sathcap) examined the role of drug use in the sexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) from traditional high-risk groups, such as men who have sex with men (msm) and drug users (du), to lower risk groups in three us cities and in st. petersburg, russia. sathcap employed respondent-driven sampling (rds) and a dual high-risk group sampling approach that relied on peer recruitment for a combined, over ... | 2009 | 19472058 |
| high hiv prevalence, suboptimal hiv testing, and low knowledge of hiv-positive serostatus among injection drug users in st. petersburg, russia. | the purpose of this analysis was to estimate human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) prevalence and testing patterns among injection drug users (idus) in st. petersburg, russia. hiv prevalence among 387 idus in the sample was 50%. correlates of hiv-positive serostatus included unemployment, recent unsafe injections, and history/current sexually transmitted infection. seventy-six percent had been hiv tested, but only 22% of those who did not report hiv-positive serostatus had been tested in the past 1 ... | 2010 | 18843531 |
| heterogeneous condom use in contemporary russia. | using data from a panel survey of a representative probability sample of russian households, we examine how individual traits, locality, and "sex-event context" are associated with condom use in contemporary russia. at the individual level, age has negative effects and measures of risk orientation have positive effects on the probability of condom use; for women, education has positive effects and muslim belief has negative effects. condom use is higher among residents in moscow and st. petersbu ... | 2008 | 18540520 |
| [the problems of infectious diseases through the prism of the saint petersburg summit of eight]. | in 2006, the russian federation first presided in the group of eight. based on its experience in controlling infections, russia proposed the topic of combating infectious diseases to be discussed by the leaders of the eight as one of priorities due to the fact that the russian federation had made a notable advance and that there were serious problems in this field. that year changes were made in the federal law on immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases as to the inclusion of the population's i ... | 2008 | 18368706 |
| rapid hiv testing and prevention of perinatal hiv transmission in high-risk maternity hospitals in st. petersburg, russia. | the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) rapid testing (rt) program. | 2008 | 18226620 |
| alcohol and drug use disorders, hiv status and drug resistance in a sample of russian tb patients. | alcohol use, tuberculosis (tb) drug resistance and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) risk behavior are of increasing concern in russian tb patients. | 2006 | 16704041 |
| tb and hiv in st petersburg, russia: a looming catastrophe? | after decades of improved tuberculosis (tb) control in russia, notification rates started to rise in 1992. russia also faces a fast growing human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) epidemic. | 2005 | 16013768 |
| estimating the prevalence of syringe-borne and sexually transmitted diseases among injection drug users in st petersburg, russia. | injection drug users (idus) are the vanguard of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) epidemic in russia. we sought a non-invasive method to estimate a point prevalence of hiv, hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis c virus (hcv), syphilis and risk behaviours in idus attending the syringe exchange programme (sep) in st petersburg, russia. one hundred and one idus returning syringes to the st petersburg sep were invited to complete a questionnaire requesting demographic, knowledge, and behavioural i ... | 2003 | 14596774 |
| [aids in children based on autopsy data from the kalmyk assr]. | 6 cases of hiv infection were revealed by enzyme immunoassay and immunoblotting among 144 children who had died in elista. another 5 children might have had hiv-infection but laboratory analyses either were lacking or gave doubtful results. laboratory results were negative in 133 children. similar severe changes of the lymphoid system typical for immunodeficiency were found in all children. these changes in hiv infection were characterized by lymphogenic generalized rna infection. complications ... | 1990 | 2149495 |