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detection of intestinal microsporidiosis in diarrhoeal patients infected with the human immunideficiency virus (hiv-1) using pcr and uvitex-2b stain.a total of 105 single fresh stool samples were collected from diarrhoeal patients with (80 hiv-positive and 25 hiv-negative) from the army and the police hospitals, addis ababa. the stool samples were processed by water-ether sedimentation method; they were stained with uvitex-2b technique for microscopic detection of intestinal microsporidium. a portion of all samples were preserved in 200microl pbs containing 2% pvpp ((polyvinylpolypyrolidone) for confirmation with pcr. 18/105(17.2%) of the ca ...200516370539
hepatitis b virus infection among people attending the voluntary counselling and testing centre and anti-retroviral therapy clinic of st paul's general specialised hospital, addis ababa, ethiopia.to determine the prevalence of hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection and its risk factors among people attending the hiv voluntary counselling and testing (vct) centre and anti-retroviral therapy (art) clinic at st paul's general specialised hospital.200817804606
smoking, hiv and non-fatal tuberculosis in an urban african population.most previous studies on smoking and tuberculosis (tb) have not considered the role of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection, and very few have been conducted in sub-saharan africa. we conducted a case-control study on smoking and tb in addis ababa, ethiopia. men aged 18-65 years with tb (n = 72) were compared to men with no history of tb (n = 81). forty-three per cent of cases smoked vs. 25% of controls (or 2.3, adjusted for age, education and self-reported hiv status). given that hiv ap ...200818492341
immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome among hiv/aids patients during highly active antiretroviral therapy in addis ababa, ethiopia.suppression of viral replication is followed by increases in cd4+ lymphocytes, and this has been shown to result in decreased susceptibility to opportunists after initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart). however, clinical aggravations after the initiation of haart have been thought to be due to the restored ability to mount an inflammatory response, or the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (iris). the degree of iris observed in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infe ...200818503170
impact of human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection on clinical presentation, treatment outcome and survival in a cohort of ethiopian children with tuberculosis.childhood tuberculosis (tb) is difficult to diagnose reliably because signs and symptoms are nonspecific and sputum for direct microscopy is difficult to obtain, especially in very young children. this diagnostic dilemma is thought to have increased with the hiv pandemic. few studies on treatment outcome of dually infected children in high endemic countries have been reported. this study examines the impact of hiv infection on clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria and treatment outcome of t ...200212442029
bilateral aid "woefully inadequate".more than 60% of hospital beds in ethiopia are occupied by aids patients. aids is already having a negative impact upon productivity, with some industries and business centers in addis ababa recording a significant loss of competent technical staff due to aids. projections made on the basis of current growth rates in hiv suggest there could be as many as 95,000 orphans in the country by 1996. only three nongovernmental organizations, however, work full-time on hiv/aids in ethiopia, almost exc ...199412287971
molecular epidemiology and drug resistance of mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from ethiopian pulmonary tuberculosis patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection.we have analyzed the molecular epidemiology and drug resistance of 121 mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from consecutive patients with culture-positive pulmonary tuberculosis attending a university hospital outpatient department in addis ababa, ethiopia. restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and spoligotyping were used to analyze the dna fingerprinting patterns. fifty-one (41.2%) of the isolates were found in 13 clusters with two or more identical dna patterns. two such clusters c ...200211980933
herpes simplex virus type 2 seropositivity among urban adults in africa: results from two cross-sectional surveys in addis ababa, ethiopia.although several surveys investigating the epidemiology of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) infection using type-specific immunologic assays have been carried out in africa, none has examined the risk factors for hsv-2 infection in a representative sample from an urban adult population.200211875379
a controlled estimate of the risk of hiv infection in ethiopian children with tuberculosis.to quantify the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in children with tuberculosis (tb) a hospital-based, 1-year prospective, case-control study was performed in addis ababa, ethiopia. children with tb were compared to a control group of children admitted for elective surgery. the control group was also compared to a recent census of the background population. the crude odds ratio for hiv infection was 8.6 (95 % ci 2.2-73). after adjustment for possible confounders in a multivari ...200111811886
risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus infection in ethiopian children with tuberculosis.separate risk factors for hiv infection and for tuberculosis (tb) are well-studied, but it is unclear whether these risk factors still apply in the new epidemiologic situation of dual infection. this study examines risk factors associated with seropositivity for hiv in ethiopian children with clinical tb.200111734713
evaluation of the eiken latex agglutination test for anti-toxoplasma antibodies and seroprevalence of toxoplasma infection among factory workers in addis ababa, ethiopia.sera from 170 factory workers aged 18-45 years enrolled in a pilot study of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1) infection in addis ababa, ethiopia, were screened for anti-toxoplasma immunoglobulin g antibodies by the sabin-feldman test (reference standard) and the eiken latex agglutination test (under evaluation for use in developing countries). based on the sabin-feldman test, the prevalence of anti-toxoplasma antibodies was 80.0% (95% confidence interval 73.9-86.1%). the sensitivity and spe ...19989850391
hiv type 1 subtype c in addis ababa, ethiopia.hiv-1 variants in different geographic regions have been phylogenetically classified into the genetic subtypes a-i and o on the basis of sequence differences in the v3 regions of their gp120 envelope genes. the existence of all hiv-1 subtypes except subtype i has been confirmed in africa. this paper describes the distribution of hiv-1 subtypes in ethiopia. the first ethiopian aids case was reported in 1986 and the aids epidemic has now become a rapidly growing problem in addis ababa, the capi ...19979264295
baseline for the evaluation of an aids programme using prevention indicators: a case study in ethiopia.strategies for preventing transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) include ensuring that individuals have adequate knowledge of how hiv infection can be prevented and encouraging behaviours that decrease risk of hiv infection. in addition, there is evidence that early and appropriate management of other sexually transmitted disease is effective in reducing hiv transmission. programmes and projects promoting prevention of hiv transmission should be evaluated periodically for their effec ...19969002331
sequence analysis of selected regions of the env (v3 loop and gp41) and gag (p7) reading frames of ethiopian human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strains.amplified polymerase chain reaction (pcr) products, corresponding to the v3 loop and gp41 of the env, and p7 of the gag region, from proviral dna of several ethiopian and swedish hiv-1 strains were sequenced. of the six amino acids (gpgraf) that constitute the principal neutralizing determinant (pnd) within the v3 loop, the ethiopian isolates all showed two amino acid changes (gpgqtf). four to five other substitutions were found in the amino acids flanking the pnd. substitution of alanine (a) fo ...19938435043
serological markers for hepatitis b and treponemal infection among hiv carriers from ethiopia.a group of 52 hiv carriers among immigrants who arrived in israel from ethiopia in operation solomon, 1991, is described. a control group was randomly chosen from the same population. hbv serology and treponemal antibodies were obtained from both groups. the frequency of hbv markers was similar in both groups (70% among the hiv carriers and 78.8% in the controls). hbsag was more frequently found among hiv carriers (20%) than in the control group (8.6%). treponemal antibodies were common among hi ...19938349459
distribution of lymphocyte subsets in healthy human immunodeficiency virus-negative adult ethiopians from two geographic locales.immunological values for 562 factory workers from wonji, ethiopia, a sugar estate 114 km southeast of the capital city, addis ababa, ethiopia, were compared to values for 218 subjects from akaki, ethiopia, a suburb of addis ababa, for whom partial data were previously published. the following markers were measured: lymphocytes, t cells, b cells, nk cells, cd4(+) t cells, and cd8(+) t cells. a more in depth comparison was also made between akaki and wonji subjects. for this purpose, various diffe ...200111687459
serological survey of human immunodeficiency virus infection in ethiopia.a serological survey was conducted on 1754 people in various parts of ethiopia from 1982-1987, with no hiv positive findings until 1984. the problem of aids reached epidemic proportion in north america and central africa in the early 1980s. the reasons for delayed appearance and the source of hiv infection in ethiopia are not clear. there were 4 groups of subjects tested. the 1st from 1982-83 consisted of 500 patients: 100 each from asmara, harar, addis ababa, yirga alem, and nekemte; the 2 ...19883215178
national blood requirement, serum alt and hepatitis in ethiopian blood donors.to appraise the national blood requirement and supply, and to determine the impact of alanine aminotransferase (alt) and hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) screening on the blood supply, 407 random blood donor sera were tested for hbsag, human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), and alt activity. hbsag and anti-hiv antibody were determined by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) technique using hepanostica and welcozyme kits, respectively. the western blot test was performed to confirm anti- ...19911659534
hiv seropositivity in a 40-day-old child in addis ababa.in this communication human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) seropositivity is described in a 40-day-old ethiopian child born to parents infected with hiv-i.19892714263
the demographic, social and clinical presentations of one hundred ethiopian patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection.the demographic, social and clinical presentation of 100 hiv positive patients hospitalized in tikur anbessa hospital, addis ababa, ethiopia, between 1986 and 1989 are described. the mean age is 38.2 years with a range of 16 to 58. over 75% of the patients are under 40 years. they came from ten different regions of ethiopia. only 82% of the patients fulfil the provisional world health organization clinical case definition of aids (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). tuberculosis is the commones ...19902364937
human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in patients with lymphoid neoplasia.fourty-four patients with lymphoid neoplasia 37 males and 7 females aged 15 to 75 years, were seen in the department of internal medicine, tikur anbessa (black lion) hospital, addis ababa, ethiopia, between january and december 1988. twenty-seven (61.4%) had non-hodgkin's lymphoma, eleven (25%) hodgkin's disease and six (13.6%) chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. six (22.2%) of the non-hodgkin's lymphoma one, (9.1%) of the hodgkin's disease and none of the chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cases had posi ...19902209577
uptake of provider-initiated counselling and testing among tuberculosis suspects, ethiopia.twenty-seven health centres in addis ababa, ethiopia.201020937185
risky sexual practices and related factors among art attendees in addis ababa public hospitals, ethiopia: a cross-sectional study.abstract: background: many hiv-positive persons avoid risky sexual practices after testing hiv sero-positive. however, a substantial number continue to engage in risky sexual practices that may further transmit the virus, put them at risk of contracting secondary sexually transmitted infections and lead to problems with drug resistance. thus, this study was intended to assess risky sexual practices and related factors among hiv positive art attendees in public hospitals of addis ababa. methods: ...201121631935
demographic impact of aids in a low-fertility urban african setting: projection for addis ababa, ethiopia.the study estimated the potential demographic impact of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) in a low-fertility urban setting in sub-saharan africa. the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) projected using a deterministic mathematical model was put into the aids impact model (aim) of the spectrum policy modelling system to estimate the potential demographic impact ofaids in addis ababa, ethiopia. demographic indicators from 1984 (the start of the hiv epidemic in ethiopia) to 202 ...200212186192
intestinal microsporidiosis in diarrheal patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 in addis ababa, ethiopia.intestinal microsporidiosis is most commonly associated with persistent diarrhea in advanced aids cases. to determine the prevalence and clinical manifestations of this infection in hiv/aids patients, a single fresh stool sample and blood were collected from 243 (214 hiv-positive and 29 hiv-negative) diarrheal patients. the presence of intestinal microsporidiosis in the stool was determined by uvitex-2b staining and a pcr-based detection method. hiv screening was done by using elisa, and reactiv ...200617060696
prevention program of hiv infection in ethiopian new immigrants to israel.in 1991, more than 15,000 ethiopian jews immigrated to israel after spending more than a year in addis ababa. they came from remote villages and had had no contact with modern medicine for centuries. about 2% of these new immigrants were found to be hiv positive. their completely different background forced the israeli government to develop a special educational program explaining about the modes of hiv infection and prevention measures. the staff participating in the program were mainly ethiopi ...19947833554
cryptosporidiosis among medical patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in tikur anbessa teaching hospital, ethiopia.fresh stool specimens, collected at random from 63 medical in-patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), were studied prospectively for cryptosporidium oocyst. the diagnosis of aids was made according to the clinical case definition of the bangui criteria. these patients presented with profuse watery diarrhoea, significant weight loss and other associated symptoms and signs of clinical manifestations of symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. using the modified ki ...19947835259
spirituality, social capital and service: factors promoting resilience among expert patients living with hiv in ethiopia.people living with hiv (plhiv) in ethiopia and other developing nations face numerous challenges to their health and well-being, including poverty, limited healthcare infrastructure and high levels of societal stigma. despite these challenges, resilient trajectories have been observed even within such resource-limited settings. in ethiopia, such resilience is exemplified by the 'expert patients (epts)', hiv-positive lay health workers who function as adherence counsellors, health educators, outr ...201424520996
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